Rubico Inc F-1, filed Dec 11, 2025
Rubico Inc. (RUBI)
As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on December 11, 2025.
Registration No. 333-
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form F-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
Rubico Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
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Republic of the Marshall Islands (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
4412 (Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |
N/A (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
20 Iouliou Kaisara Str
19002 Paiania
Athens, Greece
+30 210 812 8107
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant's principal executive offices)
Watson Farley & Williams LLP
Attention: Will Vogel, Esq.
120 West 45th Street, 20th Floor
New York, New York 10036
+1 (212) 922-2200
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to:
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Will Vogel, Esq. Watson Farley & Williams LLP 120 West 45th Street, 20th Floor New York, New York 10036 +1 (212) 922-2200 (telephone number) |
Barry I. Grossman, Esq. Matthew Bernstein, Esq. Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP 1345 Avenue of the Americas, 11th Floor New York, New York 10105 +1 (212) 370-1300 (telephone number) |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are being offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☒
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.
Emerging growth company ☒
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☒
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED DECEMBER 11, 2025
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
Up to 2,570,093 Common Shares
Up to 2,570,093 Pre-funded Warrants to Purchase Common Shares (and up to 2,570,093 Common Shares Underlying Pre-Funded Warrants)
Rubico Inc.
We are offering up to 2,570,093 shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Common Shares”), at an assumed public offering price of $2.14 per Common Share, which is based on the closing price of our Common Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) on December 10, 2025.
We are also offering to each purchaser whose purchase of the Common Shares would otherwise result in the purchaser’s, together with its affiliates, beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, up to 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Shares immediately following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase pre-funded warrants in lieu of Common Shares (each, a “Pre-funded Warrant”). Each Pre-funded Warrant will be exercisable for one Common Share. Subject to limited exceptions, a holder of Pre-funded Warrants will not have the right to exercise any portion of its Pre-funded Warrants if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, up to 9.99%) of the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. The purchase price of each Pre-funded Warrant will be equal to the price per Common Share, minus $0.01, and the exercise price of each Pre-funded Warrant will be $0.01 per Common Share. The Pre-funded Warrants will be immediately exercisable (subject to the beneficial ownership cap) and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-funded Warrants are exercised in full. For each Pre-funded Warrant we sell, the number of Common Shares that we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis.
The actual public offering price per Common Share (or Pre-funded Warrant) will be determined between us and the underwriters at the time of pricing, based upon a number of factors, including our history and our prospects, the industry in which we operate, our past and present operating results and the general condition of the securities markets at the time of this offering, and may be at a discount to the current market price of our Common Shares. Therefore, the assumed public offering price used in this prospectus may not be indicative of the final offering price.
Our Common Shares are listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “RUBI.”
There is no established trading market for the Pre-funded Warrants and we do not expect an active trading market to develop. We do not intend to list the Pre-funded Warrants on any securities exchange or other trading market. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Pre-funded Warrants will be limited.
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and, as such, we may elect to comply with certain reduced reporting requirements. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company.”
The Common Shares sold in this offering include preferred stock purchase rights which trade with the Common Shares and are also being registered under the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.
We have a multi-class capital structure consisting of Common Shares and Series D Preferred Shares. Our common shareholders are entitled to one vote for each Common Share held. Each Series D Preferred Share has the voting power of 1,000 Common Shares and counts for 1,000 votes for purposes of determining quorum at a meeting of shareholders, subject to certain adjustments to satisfy minimum voting right financing agreement covenants. Except as otherwise required by law or provided by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Statement of Designation for our Series D Preferred Shares, holders of our Series D Preferred Shares and holders of our Common Shares shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders. Please see the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of Capital Stock” for further information regarding our capital structure, and the rights, including the voting rights, privileges, and preferences of the holders of our shares. The Lax Trust, an irrevocable trust established for the benefit of certain family members of the President, Chief Executive Officer and Director of Top Ships Inc. (the “Parent”)—a public company incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands—Mr. Evangelos Pistiolis, is the sole beneficial owner of our Series D Preferred Shares. The Series D Preferred Shares held by the Lax Trust represent 98.0% of our total voting power. Because the Lax Trust beneficially owns the majority of our voting power, it has the ability to control us and our affairs, including, among other matters, the election of our Board of Directors and, as a result, the ability of our common shareholders to influence our corporate matters is limited. Please see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and this Offering—Our controlling shareholder has significant influence over us, and a trust established for the benefit of his family may be deemed to beneficially own, directly or indirectly, 100% of our Series D Preferred Shares, and thereby to control the outcome of matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote.”
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 12 of this prospectus for a discussion of information that should be considered in connection with an investment in our securities.
Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
| Per Common Share | Per Pre-funded Warrant | Total | ||||||||
| Public offering price | $ | $ | ||||||||
| Underwriting discounts and commissions(1) | $ | $ | ||||||||
| Proceeds, before expenses, to us(2) | $ | $ |
| (1) | The underwriting discounts and commissions shall equal 6.0% of the gross proceeds of the securities sold by us in this offering. We have also agreed to reimburse Maxim Group LLC, the representative of the underwriters (the “Representative”), for certain expenses. We refer you to the section entitled “Underwriting” of this prospectus for additional information regarding total compensation and other items of value payable to the underwriters. |
| (2) | The Representative may also exercise its option to purchase an additional 385,513 Common Shares from us, at the public offering price, less the underwriting discount, for 45 days from the date of this prospectus. |
The offering will settle delivery versus payment or receipt versus payment, as the case may be. We expect to deliver the securities offered hereby on or about , 2025, subject to satisfaction of certain customary closing conditions.
Sole Book-Running Manager
Maxim Group LLC
The date of this prospectus is , 2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS
You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered to you. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized any other person to provide you with additional, different or inconsistent information. If anyone provides you with additional, different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC” or the “Commission”), is effective. We are not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information appearing in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of this prospectus unless otherwise specified herein. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date. Information contained on our website does not constitute part of this prospectus.
The market data and other statistical information used throughout this prospectus has been compiled from publicly available information and industry publications. These sources generally state that the information they provide is believed to be reliable however, it is subject to subjective assessments and changes and cannot always be verified with complete certainty due to limits on the availability and reliability of raw data, the voluntary nature of the data gathering process and other limitations and uncertainties inherent in any market research and statistical survey. Therefore, the accuracy and completeness of the information are not guaranteed and estimates and beliefs based on such data may not be reliable. In addition, such market data and statistical information may be different from other sources and may not reflect all or even a comprehensive set of the actual events and transactions occurring in the market. Although we are responsible for all of the disclosures contained in this prospectus and we believe that such market data and statistical information is reliable, we have not independently verified its accuracy or completeness. In addition, some data is also based on our good faith estimates and our management’s understanding of industry conditions. Such data involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the headings “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in this prospectus.
This section summarizes material information that appears later in this prospectus and is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information and financial statements included elsewhere herein. This summary may not contain all of the information that may be important to you. As an investor or prospective investor, you should carefully review the entire prospectus, including the risk factors and the more detailed information that appears later in this prospectus before you consider making an investment in our securities.
Unless otherwise indicated, references in this prospectus to “Rubico,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us,” refer to Rubico Inc. or any one or more of its subsidiaries, or to such entities collectively. References in this registration statement to the “Parent” refer to Top Ships Inc. References to our “Fleet Manager” or “CSI” are to Central Shipping Inc, a related party of our Parent and us, which performs the day-to-day management of our fleet.
Unless otherwise indicated, references to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars,” “USD” and “$” in this prospectus are to the lawful currency of the United States of America. We use the term “deadweight tons”, or “dwt”, expressed in metric tons, each of which is equivalent to 1,000 kilograms, in describing the size of vessels.
Further, unless otherwise indicated, the information presented in this prospectus gives effect to a one-for-thirty reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding common shares that became effective on December 2, 2025.
Our Company
We are a global provider of shipping transportation services. We specialize in the ownership of vessels. The vessels initially comprising our fleet and each of the vessels we may acquire in the future is or will be owned through a separate wholly owned subsidiary.
We are an international owner and operator of two modern, fuel efficient eco, 157,000 dwt Suezmax tankers, the M/T Eco Malibu with an age of 4.5 years and the M/T Eco West Coast with an age of 4.7 years, each focusing on the transportation of crude oil.
We were incorporated by the Parent under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands on August 11, 2022 to serve as the holding company for two of its vessel-owning subsidiaries, Athenean Empire Inc. (the “Athenean Rubico Predecessor” or “Athenean”) and Roman Empire Inc. (the “Roman Rubico Predecessor” or “Roman” and, together with the Athenean Rubico Predecessor, the “Rubico Predecessor”) that were contributed to us by the Parent in connection with the distribution of our issued and outstanding Common Shares (including the related preferred stock purchase rights), to the Parent’s shareholders and warrant holders (the “Spin-Off”). The financial statements presented in this registration statement are carve-out financial statements from the Parent’s consolidated historical financial statements. The carve-out financial statements in this registration statement include audited combined carve- out financial statements of the Rubico Predecessor as of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out financial statements and related notes thereto for the Rubico Predecessor, as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2025.
Chartering of our Fleet
We intend to expand our fleet into other seaborne transportation sectors depending on available opportunities, opportunistically considering further expansion into Suezmax crude oil tanker vessels as well as diversification into other sectors related to seaborne transportation of goods or passengers, including recreational transportation, depending on our assessment of market conditions and available opportunities at the time when an acquisition is possible. Our targets may include newbuilding vessels or vessels from the secondhand market, including acquisitions from unrelated third parties, the Parent or other related parties.
Management of our Company and our Fleet
Prior to the consummation of the Spin-Off, we entered into a letter agreement (the “CSI Letter Agreement”) with our Fleet Manager, a related party affiliated with the family of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our controlling shareholder, which detailed the terms on which any vessels we may acquire will be managed. Both Athenean and Roman, our vessel-owning subsidiaries, entered into management agreements, each a Management Agreement and together the Management Agreements, with our Fleet Manager on May 28, 2020. Both the Management Agreements and the CSI Letter Agreement can only be terminated subject to an eighteen-month advance notice, subject to a termination fee equal to twelve months of fees payable under the CSI Letter Agreement or each of the Management Agreements.
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Pursuant to the CSI Letter Agreement as well as each of the Management Agreements, we pay a management fee of $651 per day per vessel for the provision of technical, commercial, operation, insurance, bunkering and crew management, commencing three months before the vessel is scheduled to be delivered by the shipyard. In addition, each of the Management Agreements provides and the CSI Letter Agreement provides for payment to our Fleet Manager of: (i) $592 per day for superintendent visits plus actual expenses; (ii) a chartering commission of 1.25% on all freight, hire and demurrage revenues; (iii) a commission of 1.00% on all gross vessel sale proceeds or the purchase price paid for vessels and (iv) a financing fee of 0.2% on derivative agreements and loan financing or refinancing. Our Fleet Manager also performs supervision services for any newbuilding vessel we may acquire while the vessel is under construction, for which we pay our Fleet Manager the actual cost of the supervision services plus a fee of 7% of such supervision services.
Our Fleet Manager provides, at cost, all accounting, reporting and administrative services. Finally, each of the Management Agreements provide and the CSI Letter Agreement provides for a performance incentive fee for the provision of management services to be determined at the discretion of our board of directors (the “Board of Directors” or the “Board”). Each of the Management Agreements and the CSI Letter Agreement has an initial term of five years, after which they will both continue to be in effect until terminated by either party subject to an eighteen-month advance notice of termination. Pursuant to the terms of each of the Management Agreements and the terms of the CSI Letter Agreement, all fees payable to our Fleet Manager are adjusted annually according to the US Consumer Price Inflation (“CPI”) of the previous year and if CPI is less than 2% then a 2% increase is effected.
For further information, please see “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions”
Our Competitive Strengths
Opportunity for growth. We believe we will be well positioned to opportunistically expand and maximize our current fleet due to competitive cost structure, strong customer relationships and experienced management team.
Demonstrated access to financing. We believe that we are well placed to take advantage of business opportunities due to the Fleet Manager’s operational platform, which we aim to leverage, along with our Fleet Manager’s demonstrated access to financing at the Parent. We believe that our ability to access financing will continue to allow us to capture additional market opportunities when they arise.
Our Fleet Manager’s commercial relationships, reputation and track record. We believe that our Fleet Manager’s network of commercial relationships and reputation and track record in building shipping fleets should provide us with access to attractive acquisition, chartering and vessel financing opportunities.
Modern, Fuel Efficient, Scrubber Fitted Fleet. Our vessels have the latest-generation, fuel efficient design and specifications. We believe that modern, fuel-efficient vessels like ours command higher charter rates than conventional vessels.
Our Business Strategies
Opportunistic and sector-agnostic vessel acquisition strategy. We plan to exploit opportunities in any sector related to seaborne transportation of goods or passengers, including recreational transportation that provides an attractive demand and supply profile as well as a positive market outlook in the medium to long-term by acquiring vessels trading in this sector. The decision for entering a new sector will be based on robust fundamentals and thoughtful analysis of factors affecting both the demand side and the supply side, while the selection of the target vessel will be subject to strict qualitative criteria including the environmental performance and energy efficiency of the acquisition candidates.
Expand our fleet through accretive acquisitions. We intend to grow our current fleet through timely and selective acquisitions of additional vessels at attractive valuations. In evaluating acquisitions, we consider and analyze, among other things, our expectation of fundamental developments in the shipping industry, the level of liquidity in the resale and charter market, the vessel condition and technical specifications, the expected remaining useful life, as well as the overall strategic positioning of our fleet and customers. For vessels acquired with charters attached, we also consider the credit quality of the charterer and the duration and terms of the contracts in place. Based on our Fleet Manager’s successful track record, commercial expertise and reputation in the marketplace as well as our transparent and public corporate structure, we believe that we are well-positioned to source off-market opportunities to acquire secondhand vessels. As a result, we may be able to acquire vessels on more favorable terms than would be obtained without access to such opportunities.
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Access to attractive chartering opportunities. Our Fleet Manager has built relationships with many well-known charterers, which we believe is the result of its and our Parent’s reputation for reliable service, safety and dependability. Through a combination of fixed period time charters and spot charters, our Parent and Fleet Manager have historically provided services to many national, regional and international oil companies, charterers and oil traders, including Shell, BP, ExxonMobil, Petrobras, ConocoPhillips, Pemex, Hellenic Petroleum, Glencore, Clearlake, Vitol and Trafigura. We focus on the needs of our customers and intend to acquire tankers and upgrade our fleet based on the requirements and specifications of our charterers, which we believe will enable us to obtain repeat business from our customers.
Environmental, Social, Governance, or ESG, Practices: We actively manage a broad range of ESG initiatives, taking into consideration their expected impact on the sustainability of our business over time, and the potential impact of our business on society and the environment. Scrubber installations, Existing Vessel Design Index, or EEXI, upgrades, and Energy Saving Devices (“ESDs”) installations, weather routing, slow steaming, ballast and trim optimization during the ballast voyage legs, application of noise reduction designs and frequent propeller and hull cleaning policy constitute examples of the environmental practices our management team has deployed. Moreover, we pay considerable attention to our human resources both on our vessels, or vessels we may acquire and ashore, proven by a variety of practices, including, gender discrimination elimination, performance KPIs, worldwide training and medical insurance.
Recent and Other Developments Summary
On June 23, 2025, we entered into a share purchase agreement to sell 2,500 Common Shares at a purchase price of $600.00 per Common Share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $1.5 million, in a private placement pursuant to exemptions from registration under the Securities Act (the “Private Placement”). Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, the purchasers in the Private Placement received customary registration rights and are subject to lock-up restrictions on resale of the Common Shares sold in the Private Placement for a period of 45 days following the commencement of trading of the Common Shares on an exchange. The closing of the Private Placement was conditioned on the consummation of the Spin-Off distribution.
On July 21, 2025, we entered into a common shares purchase agreement (the “Equity Line Purchase Agreement”) and a registration rights agreement (the “Equity Line Registration Rights Agreement”) with B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (the “Selling Shareholder”). Pursuant to the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, we have the right to sell to the Selling Shareholder, from time to time during the term of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, up to $30,000,000 of our Common Shares, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Equity Line Purchase Agreement. Sales of our Common Shares pursuant to the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any sales, are solely at our option, and we are under no obligation to sell any securities to the Selling Shareholder under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement. In accordance with our obligations under the Equity Line Registration Rights Agreement, we have registered under the Securities Act the resale by the Selling Shareholder of up to 15,500,000 of our Common Shares that we may, in our sole discretion, elect to sell to the Selling Shareholder in one or more transactions from time to time during the term of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, of which we have sold 480,144 Common Shares to the Selling Shareholder under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement as of December 10, 2025. Our right to cause the Selling Shareholder to purchase our Common Shares is subject to certain conditions set forth in the Equity Line Purchase Agreement.
On August 1, 2025, the Spin-Off distribution was consummated and on August 4, 2025, the Private Placement closed. Our Common Shares began trading on Nasdaq under the symbol “RUBI” on August 4, 2025.
On August 7, 2025, we entered into the New Huarong SLBs (as defined below) in the aggregate amount of $84.0 million, for the purpose of refinancing the Huarong SLB (as defined below) and AVIC SLB (as defined below) secured by the vessels M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu, respectively. The New Huarong SLBs closed on November 6, 2025 and November 12, 2025 for M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu, respectively. The refinancing was facilitated through a five-day short-term related-party bridge loan. For more information, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operating and Financing Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities—New Financings Committed under Sale and Leaseback Agreements—New Huarong SLBs.”
On November 6, 2025, we closed a firm commitment underwritten public offering (the “November Offering”) of 410,509 units, each consisting of one Common Share and one Class A Warrant to purchase one Common Share (the “Class A Warrants”), at a public offering price of $36.54 per unit.
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We also granted Maxim Group LLC a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 61,576 Common Shares at the offering price and/or Class A Warrants to purchase up to 61,576 Common Shares, to cover over-allotments. On November 6, 2025, the Representative partially exercised its over-allotment option with respect to Class A Warrants to purchase up to 61,576 Common Shares.
In addition, we agreed to issue to the Representative warrants to purchase a number of Common Shares equal to 5.0% of the total number of Common Shares sold in the November Offering, including any Common Shares sold pursuant to the over-allotment option granted to the Representative (the “November Representative Warrants”). 20,525 November Representative Warrants to purchase up to 20,525 Common Shares were issued in connection with the closing of the November Offering. The November Representative Warrants have substantially similar terms as the Class A Warrants issued in the November Offering.
The aggregate gross proceeds to us from the November Offering, before deducting underwriting discounts and other expenses payable by us, were approximately $7.5 million.
As of December 10, 2025, 472,065 Class A Warrants have been exercised for 1,384,662 Common Shares and all outstanding November Representative Warrants have been exercised for 76,387 Common Shares.
On November 21, 2025, we entered into an agreement to extend the duration of the time charter parties with Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd. (“Clearlake”) for a fixed term of a minimum of 47 months and a maximum of 49 months for the vessels M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu. The agreed daily rate of the extended period is $29,990.
On December 2, 2025, we completed a one-for-thirty reverse stock split of our Common Shares. There was no change in the number of our authorized Common Shares. All numbers of Common Shares and earnings per share amounts in this prospectus (excluding the documents incorporated by reference or the financial statements included in the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part) have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this reverse stock split.
On December 4, 2025, we entered into a letter of intent (the “Newbuilding LOI”) for the potential acquisition from the Parent of a newbuilding mega yacht, the M/Y Sanlorenzo 1150Exp (the “Newbuilding Yacht”), with expected delivery in the second quarter of 2027. We will make an advance cash payment of $4.0 million that will be credited against the acquisition price of the Newbuilding Yacht or refunded to us to the extent we do not elect to purchase the Newbuilding Yacht. The exclusivity period under the Newbuilding LOI will expire on March 31, 2026. Up to that date, we will conduct a due diligence process and evaluation of the potential transaction taking into account market conditions and other factors, and there can be no assurance that the potential transaction will be consummated. A special independent committee composed of independent members of the Board of Directors will negotiate and approve any potential acquisition of the Newbuilding Yacht under the Newbuilding LOI.
Corporate Information
Rubico Inc. is a holding company existing under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Our executive offices are currently located at 20 Iouliou Kaisara Str, 19002, Paiania, Athens, Greece and our telephone number is +30 210 812 8107. Our website is www.rubicoinc.com. The Commission maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information that we file electronically at www.sec.gov. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, these websites is not incorporated by reference herein and does not form part of this prospectus.
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Risk Factors Summary
An investment in our securities is subject to a number of risks, including risks relating to our industry, business and corporate structure. The following summarizes some, but not all, of these risks, the occurrence of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, which could cause the trading price of our Common Shares to decline and could result in a loss of all or part of your investment. Please carefully consider all of the information discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus for a more thorough description of these and other risks.
Risks Relating to Our Industry
| • | The international tanker industry has historically been both cyclical and volatile. | |
| • | The current state of the world financial market and current economic conditions could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. | |
| • | Our financial results may be adversely affected by the outbreak of epidemic and pandemic diseases, and the related governmental responses thereto. | |
| • | Volatility of SOFR could affect our profitability, earnings, and cash flows. | |
| • | We are subject to complex laws and regulations, including environmental regulations that can adversely affect the cost, manner or feasibility of doing business. | |
| • | We are subject to international safety regulations and requirements imposed by classification societies and the failure to comply with these regulations may subject us to increased liability, may adversely affect our insurance coverage and may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports. | |
| • | Climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions may adversely impact our operations and markets. | |
| • | Increasing growth of electric vehicles could lead to a decrease in trading and the movement of crude oil worldwide. | |
| • | Our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, may suffer damage due to the inherent operational risks of the tanker industry and we may experience unexpected dry-docking costs, which may adversely affect our business and financial condition. | |
| • | The market value of our vessels, and those we may acquire in the future, may fluctuate significantly, which could cause us to incur losses if we decide to sell them following a decline in their market values or we may be required to write down their carrying value, which will adversely affect our earnings. | |
| • | An over-supply of tanker capacity may lead to reductions in charter hire rates and profitability. | |
| • | If our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, call on ports located in countries or territories that are the subject of sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government or other governmental authorities, it could lead to monetary fines or adversely affect our business, reputation and the market for our Common Shares. | |
| • | Recent actions by the U.S. and China imposing new port fees could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results. | |
| • | Political instability, terrorist or other attacks, war, international hostilities and public health threats can affect the tanker industry, which may adversely affect our business. | |
| • | Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels could adversely affect our business. | |
| • | Increased inspection procedures and tighter import and export controls could increase costs and disrupt our business. | |
| • | We rely on our information systems to conduct our business, and failure to protect these systems against security breaches could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, if these systems fail or become unavailable for any significant period of time, our business could be harmed. |
Risks Relating to Our Company
| • | Our financing arrangements contain restrictive covenants that may limit our liquidity and corporate activities, which could limit our operational flexibility and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. | |
| • | Servicing current and future debt will limit funds available for other purposes and could impair our ability to react to changes in our business. | |
| • | Our Parent and certain of our Parent’s executive officers have been subject to litigation in the past and we may be subject to similar or other litigation in the future. | |
| • | Our current fleet consists of two Suezmax tanker vessels. Any limitation in the availability or operation of these vessels could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. | |
| • | We expect to be dependent on a limited number of customers for a large part of our revenues, and failure of such counterparties to meet their obligations could cause us to suffer losses or negatively impact our results of operations and cash flows. | |
| • | If we fail to manage our planned growth properly, we may not be able to successfully expand our market share. | |
| • | Our flexible acquisition strategy entails certain risks and uncertainties associated with our opportunistic entry into ownership of a new class of vessels, and we cannot assure you that we will complete any such acquisition or manage such risks successfully. | |
| • | A limited number of financial institutions hold our cash and their failure may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. | |
| • | Delays or defaults by the shipyards in the construction of any newbuildings could increase our expenses and diminish our net income and cash flows. | |
| • | Our ability to obtain additional debt financing may be dependent on our ability to charter our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, the performance of our charters and the creditworthiness of our charterers. | |
| • | The industry for the operation of tanker vessels and the transportation of oil is highly competitive and we may not be able to compete for charters with new entrants or established companies with greater resources. | |
| • | We may be unable to attract and retain key management personnel and other employees in the international tanker shipping industry, which may negatively impact the effectiveness of our management and our results of operations. | |
| • | If labor interruptions are not resolved in a timely manner, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and available cash. | |
| • | If we expand our business, we will need to improve our operations and financial systems and staff; if we cannot improve these systems or recruit suitable employees, our performance may be adversely affected. | |
| • | A drop in spot charter rates may provide an incentive for some charterers to default on their charters, which could affect our cash flow and financial condition. | |
| • | An increase in operating costs could decrease earnings and available cash. | |
| • | Rising fuel prices may adversely affect our profits. | |
| • | Inflation could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. | |
| • | The aging of our fleet may result in increased operating costs in the future, which could adversely affect our earnings. | |
| • | Unless we set aside reserves or are able to borrow funds for vessel replacement, our revenue will decline at the end of a vessel’s useful life, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. |
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| • | Purchasing and operating secondhand vessels may result in increased operating costs and vessels off-hire, which could adversely affect our earnings. | |
| • | We may not have adequate insurance to compensate us if we lose any vessels that we acquire. | |
| • | We may be subject to increased premium payments, or calls, as we obtain some of our insurance through protection and indemnity associations. | |
| • | Increasing regulation as well as scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders and other market participants with respect to our Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) policies may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks. | |
| • | A shift in consumer demand from crude oil towards other energy sources or changes to trade patterns for crude oil and refined petroleum products may have a material adverse effect on our business. | |
| • | Technological innovation and quality and efficiency requirements from our customers could reduce our charter hire income and the value of our vessels, or vessels we may acquire. | |
| • | Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or the FCPA, could result in fines, criminal penalties, and an adverse effect on our business. | |
| • | The smuggling of drugs or other contraband onto our vessels, or vessels we may acquire may lead to governmental claims against us. | |
| • | Maritime claimants could arrest our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, which could interrupt our cash flow. | |
| • | Governments could requisition our vessels, or vessels we acquire, during a period of war or emergency, resulting in loss of earnings. | |
| • | U.S. federal tax authorities could treat us as a “passive foreign investment company,” which could have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders. | |
| • | We may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our U.S. source income, which would reduce our earnings. | |
| • | Changing laws and evolving reporting requirements could have an adverse effect on our business. | |
| • | We may be unable to make, on a timely or cost-effective basis, the changes necessary to operate as a publicly traded company, and we may experience increased costs after the Spin-Off. | |
| • | We have no operating history as a publicly traded company, and our historical financial information is not necessarily representative of the results we would have achieved as a publicly traded company and may not be a reliable indicator of our future results. | |
| • | We may not be able to access the credit and capital markets at the times and in the amounts needed on acceptable terms. |
Risks Relating to our Relationship with our Fleet Manager and its Affiliates
| • | We are dependent on our Fleet Manager, an affiliate of our controlling shareholder, to perform the day-to-day management of our fleet. | |
| • | Our Fleet Manager is a privately held company and there may be limited or no publicly available information about it. | |
| • | Our Fleet Manager may have conflicts of interest between us and its other clients. |
Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and this Offering
| • | A trading market that will provide you with adequate liquidity may not develop. The price of our Common Shares may fluctuate significantly. Further, there is no guarantee of a continuing public market to resell our Common Shares. | |
| • | We have in the past and may in the future rely in part on equity issuances, which will not require shareholder approval, to fund our growth, and such equity issuances could dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of our Common Shares. | |
| • | The market price of our Common Shares has been and may in the future be subject to significant fluctuations. | |
| • | We may experience rapid and substantial share price volatility unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Common Shares. | |
| • | A possible “short squeeze” due to a sudden increase in demand of our Common Shares that largely exceeds supply may lead to further price volatility in our Common Shares. | |
| • | As a newly incorporated company, we may not have the surplus or net profits required by law to pay dividends. The declaration and payment of dividends will always be subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors. Our Board of Directors may not declare dividends in the future. | |
| • | Our controlling shareholder has significant influence over us, and a trust established for the benefit of his family may be deemed to beneficially own, directly or indirectly, 100% of our Series D Preferred Shares, and thereby to control the outcome of matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote. | |
| • | We are a “foreign private issuer,” which could make our Common Shares less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our stock price. | |
| • | We are a “controlled company” under Nasdaq corporate governance rules and we therefore are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements that could adversely affect our public shareholders. | |
| • | Issuance of preferred shares, such as our Series D Preferred Shares and our Series A Participating Preferred Stock, may adversely affect the voting power of our common shareholders have a dilutive effect on them and have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares. | |
| • | We cannot predict the impact our multi-class capital structure may have on the market price or liquidity of our Common Shares. | |
| • | Anti-takeover provisions in our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws could make it difficult for our shareholders to replace or remove our current Board of Directors or could have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares. | |
| • | We are an “emerging growth company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Common Shares less attractive to investors. | |
| • | We are incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, which does not have a well-developed body of corporate law, and as a result, shareholders may have fewer rights and protections under Marshall Islands law than under a typical jurisdiction in the United States. | |
| • | As a Marshall Islands corporation with principal executive offices in Greece and subsidiaries in the Marshall Islands, our operations may be subject to economic substance requirements. | |
| • | It may not be possible for investors to serve process on or enforce U.S. judgments against us. | |
| • | Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation include forum selection provisions for certain disputes between us and our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees. | |
| • | We may not achieve the intended benefits of having forum selection provisions if they are found to be unenforceable. | |
| • | Since we have broad discretion in how we use the proceeds from this offering, we may use the proceeds in ways with which you disagree. | |
| • | The public offering price in this offering will be set by our Board and does not necessarily indicate the actual or market value of our Common Shares. | |
| • | There is no public market for the Pre-funded Warrants in this offering. | |
| • | We may fail to meet the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, which could cause our Common Shares to be delisted. |
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Formation Transactions
We are an international owner and operator of two modern, fuel efficient eco, 157,000 dwt Suezmax tankers, the M/T Eco Malibu with an age of 4.5 years and the M/T Eco West Coast with an age of 4.7 years, each focusing on the transportation of crude oil. The vessels of our fleet were contributed to us by the Parent in connection with the Spin-Off.
The Spin-Off distribution occurred on August 1, 2025. The Spin-Off distribution was pro rata to the beneficial holders of the Parent’s outstanding common shares and to beneficial holders of the Parent’s outstanding common stock purchase warrants on an as-exercised basis to the extent such warrants contain anti-dilution provisions conferred an interest equivalent to the Spin-Off distribution, in each case as of June 16, 2025, the record date of the Spin-Off, so that such holders maintained the same proportionate interest (on a fully-diluted basis) in each respective class of shares of the Parent and of us both immediately before and immediately after the Spin-Off. A new series of preferred shares (the “Series D Preferred Shares”) distributed to the holder of the Series D preferred shares of the Parent was created to mirror the rights of the Series D perpetual preferred shares of the Parent. The holder of the Series D preferred shares of the Parent is the Lax Trust, which is an irrevocable trust established for the benefit of certain family members of the President, Chief Executive Officer and Director of the Parent, Mr. Evangelos Pistiolis. In connection with the Spin-Off, the Parent distributed 100,000 Series D Preferred Shares. The Parent did not distribute the Series D Preferred Shares to its common shareholders in connection with the Spin-Off.
On June 23, 2025, in connection with the Spin-Off, Nasdaq approved the listing of our Common Shares under the symbol “RUBI.” The Common Shares began trading on Nasdaq on August 4, 2025, the trading day following the consummation of the Spin-Off.
We have a multi-class capital structure consisting of Common Shares and Series D Preferred Shares. Our common shareholders are entitled to one vote for each Common Share held. Each Series D Preferred Share has the voting power of 1,000 Common Shares and counts for 1,000 votes for purposes of determining quorum at a meeting of shareholders, subject to certain adjustments to satisfy minimum voting right financing agreement covenants. Except as otherwise required by law or provided by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Statement of Designation for our Series D Preferred Shares, holders of our Series D Preferred Shares and holders of our Common Shares shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders. Please see the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of Capital Stock” for further information regarding our capital structure, and the rights, including the voting rights, privileges, and preferences of the holders of our shares.
The Lax Trust is the sole beneficial owner of our Series D Preferred Shares. The Series D Preferred Shares held by the Lax Trust represent 98.0% of our total voting power. Because the Lax Trust beneficially owns the majority of our voting power, it has the ability to control us and our affairs, including, among other matters, the election of our Board of Directors and, as a result, the ability of our common shareholders to influence our corporate matters is limited. Please see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and this Offering—Our controlling shareholder has significant influence over us, and a trust established for the benefit of his family may be deemed to beneficially own, directly or indirectly, 100% of our Series D Preferred Shares, and thereby to control the outcome of matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote.”
Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer
As a non-U.S. company which qualifies as a “foreign private issuer” subject to reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), we are subject to different requirements under the U.S. securities laws than U.S. domestic issuers. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Company— We are a “foreign private issuer,” which could make our Common Shares less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our stock price.” and “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”
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Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:
| • | exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal controls over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Sarbanes-Oxley; |
| • | exemption from new or revised financial accounting standards applicable to public companies until such standards are also applicable to private companies; and |
| • | exemption from compliance with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and financial statements. |
We may take advantage of these provisions until the end of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of this offering or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will cease to be an emerging growth company if we have more than $1.235 billion in “total annual gross revenues” during the most recently completed fiscal year, or we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in the past three years, or we become a “large accelerated filer”. For as long as we take advantage of the reduced reporting obligations, the information that we provide shareholders may be different from information provided by other public companies.
We are choosing to take advantage of these reduced burdens, save for the exemption from new or revised financial accounting standards applicable to public companies until such standards are also applicable to private companies. We are choosing to “opt out” of such extended transition period and will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth public companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.
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| Issuer | Rubico Inc. | |
| Securities offered by us | Up to 2,570,093 Common Shares (or up to 2,955,606 Common Shares if the Representative exercises its over-allotment option in full), at an assumed public offering price of $2.14 per Common Share, which is based on the closing price of our Common Shares on Nasdaq on December 10, 2025.
We are also offering to each purchaser whose purchase of Common Shares in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, up to 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Shares immediately following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase, if the purchaser so chooses, Pre-funded Warrants in lieu of the Common Shares that would otherwise result in the purchaser’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, up to 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Shares.
This prospectus also relates to the offering of the Common Shares issuable upon exercise of the Pre-funded Warrants.
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| Description of the Pre-funded Warrants | Each Pre-funded Warrant will be exercisable for one Common Share. Subject to limited exceptions, a holder of Pre-funded Warrants will not have the right to exercise any portion of its Pre-funded Warrants if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, up to 9.99%) of the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. The purchase price of each Pre-funded Warrant will equal the price per one Common Share, minus $0.01, and the exercise price of each Pre-funded Warrant will be $0.01 per Common Share. The Pre-funded Warrants are immediately exercisable (subject to the beneficial ownership cap) and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-funded Warrants are exercised in full.
For more information regarding the Pre-funded Warrants, you should carefully read the section titled “Description of the Pre-funded Warrants” in this prospectus. | |
| Preferred share purchase rights | Our Common Shares include preferred share purchase rights, as described under the section “Description of Capital Stock” in this prospectus. | |
| Common shares to be outstanding immediately after this offering1 | 5,026,206 Common Shares, assuming no exercise of the Pre-funded Warrants (or 5,411,719 Common Shares if the Representative exercises its over-allotment option in full, assuming no exercise of the Pre-funded Warrants). | |
| Over-allotment option | The Representative has a 45-day option extending from the date of this prospectus to purchase a maximum of 385,513 additional Common Shares from us to cover over-allotments. |
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| Use of proceeds | We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $5.1 million (or approximately $5.9 million if the Representative exercises its over-allotment option in full), after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
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| We currently intend to use the net proceeds of this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, to fund a portion of the purchase price for our potential acquisition of the Newbuilding Yacht, or if the Newbuilding Yacht acquisition is not consummated, for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, funding for working capital needs, debt repayments, and expanding our fleet into seaborne transportation of goods or passengers, including recreational transportation. Our targets may include newbuilding vessels or vessels from the secondhand market, including acquisitions from unrelated third parties, the Parent or other related parties. | ||
| At this time, we have not specifically identified any vessels to acquire, other than the Newbuilding Yacht, nor have we identified a material single use for which we intend to use the net proceeds, and, accordingly, we are not able to allocate the net proceeds among any of these potential uses in light of the variety of factors that will impact how such net proceeds are ultimately utilized by us. The foregoing represents our current intentions with respect to the use of the net proceeds of this offering based upon our present plans and business conditions, but our management will have significant flexibility and discretion in applying the net proceeds. The occurrence of unforeseen events or changed business conditions could result in the application of the net proceeds of this offering in a manner other than as described above. The principal purpose of this offering is to obtain additional capital to fund our operations and growth. |
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| Listing | Our Common Shares are listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “RUBI”. There is no established public trading market for the Pre-funded Warrants and we do not expect such market to develop. We do not intend to list the Pre-funded Warrants on any securities exchange or other trading market. | |
| Risk factors | An investment in our securities involves substantial risks. You should read this prospectus carefully, including the section entitled “Risk Factors” and the financial statements and the related notes to those statements included elsewhere in this prospectus before investing in our securities. |
| (1) | Based on 2,456,113 Common Shares issued and outstanding as of December 10, 2025. Not including 80 Common Shares issuable under our 20 outstanding Class A Warrants or our 2025 Equity Incentive Plan. Unless otherwise indicated, this prospectus reflects and assumes no exercise of the Pre-funded Warrants offered hereby. |
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You should carefully consider the following risk factors that may affect our business, future operating results and financial condition, as well as the other information set forth in this prospectus, before making a decision to invest in our securities. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, operating results, cash flows, financial condition, and ability to pay dividends could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our securities would likely decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks not currently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also adversely affect us.
Risks Relating to Our Industry
The international tanker industry has historically been both cyclical and volatile.
The international tanker industry in which we operate is cyclical, with attendant volatility in charter hire rates, vessel values and industry profitability. For tanker vessels, the degree of charter rate volatility has varied widely. The Baltic Dirty Tanker Index, or the BDTI, a U.S. dollar daily average of charter rates issued by the Baltic Exchange that takes into account input from brokers around the world regarding crude oil fixtures for various routes and oil tanker vessel sizes, has been volatile. In 2024, the BDTI reached a high of 1,552 and a low of 860. Although the BDTI was 1,371 as of December 9, 2025, there can be no assurance that the tanker charter market will continue to increase, and the market could again decline. Recent heightened volatility in charter prices has resulted primarily from the war between Russia and Ukraine and sanctions on Russian exports of crude oil and petroleum products, and there is great uncertainty about the future impact of those events. Additionally, the war between Israel and Hamas, conflicts between Israel and Iran and between the United States and Iran have resulted in increased tensions in the Middle East region, including missile attacks by the Houthis on vessels in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Such circumstances have had and could in the future result in adverse consequences for the tanker industry. In general, volatility in charter rates depends, among other factors, on (i) supply and demand for tankers, (ii) the demand for crude oil and petroleum products, (iii) the inventories of crude oil and petroleum products in the United States and in other industrialized nations, (iv) oil refining volumes, (v) oil prices, and (vi) any restrictions on crude oil production imposed by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, and non-OPEC oil producing countries.
Currently, both of our vessels are employed on time charters. However, changes in spot rates and time charter rates can affect the revenues we receive from operations in the event our charterers default or seek to renegotiate the charter hire, as well as the value of our vessels, or vessels we acquire, even if our vessels are employed under long-term time charters. Our ability to re-charter our vessels, or vessels we acquire on the expiration or termination of their time or bareboat charters and the charter rates payable under any renewal or replacement charters will depend upon, among other things, economic conditions in the tanker markets and several other factors outside of our control and we cannot guarantee that any renewal or replacement charters we enter into will be sufficient to allow us to operate our vessels profitably. If we are not able to obtain new contracts in direct continuation with existing charters or for newly acquired vessels, or if new contracts are entered into at charter rates substantially below the existing charter rates or on terms otherwise less favorable compared to existing contracts terms, our revenues and profitability could be adversely affected and we may not be able to comply with the financial covenants in our financing arrangements. A decline in charter hire rates will also likely cause the value of our vessels, or vessels we acquire to decline which could lead us to record impairment adjustments to the carrying values of our fleet.
Fluctuations in charter rates and vessel values result from changes in the supply and demand for vessels and changes in the supply and demand for oil. Factors affecting the supply and demand for our vessels, or vessels we acquire are outside of our control and are unpredictable. The nature, timing, direction and degree of changes in the tanker industry conditions are also unpredictable.
Factors that influence demand for tanker vessel capacity include:
| • | supply and demand for oil carried; | |
| • | changes in oil production; | |
| • | oil prices; | |
| • | the distance oil is to be moved by sea; | |
| • | any restrictions on crude oil production imposed by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, and non-OPEC oil producing countries; |
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| • | global and regional economic and political conditions, including “trade wars” and developments in international trade, national oil reserves policies, fluctuations in industrial and agricultural production, armed conflicts and work stoppages; | |
| • | increases in the production of oil in areas linked by pipelines to consuming areas, the extension of existing, or the development of new pipeline systems in markets we may serve, or the conversion of existing non-oil pipelines to oil pipelines in those markets; | |
| • | worldwide and regional availability of refining capacity and inventories; | |
| • | environmental and other legal and regulatory developments; | |
| • | economic slowdowns caused by public health events or inflationary pressures and resultant governmental responses; | |
| • | currency exchange rates; | |
| • | weather, natural disasters and other acts of God; | |
| • | increased use of renewable and alternative sources of energy; | |
| • | competition from alternative sources of energy, other shipping companies and other modes of transportation; and | |
| • | international sanctions, embargoes, import and export restrictions, nationalizations, piracy and wars or other conflicts, including the wars between Russia and Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas; tensions between Israel and Iran and between the United States and Iran; or the Houthi crisis in and around the Red Sea. |
The factors that influence the supply of tanker capacity include:
| • | the number of newbuilding deliveries; | |
| • | current and expected newbuilding orders for vessels; | |
| • | the scrapping rate of older vessels; | |
| • | the availability of financing for new or secondhand tankers; | |
| • | the price of steel; | |
| • | speed of vessel operation; | |
| • | vessel freight rates, which are affected by factors that may affect the rate of newbuilding, swapping and laying up of vessels; | |
| • | the price of steel and vessel equipment; | |
| • | technological advances in the design, capacity propulsion technology, and fuel consumption efficiency of vessels; | |
| • | potential conversion of vessels for alternative use; | |
| • | changes in environmental and other regulations that may limit the useful lives of vessels; | |
| • | port or canal congestion; | |
| • | national or international regulations that may effectively cause reductions in the carrying capacity of vessels or early obsolescence of tonnage; | |
| • | environmental concerns and regulations, including ballast water management, low sulfur fuel consumption regulations, and reductions in CO2 emissions; |
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| • | the number of vessels that are out of service at a given time, namely those that are laid-up, drydocked, awaiting repairs or otherwise not available for hire, including those that are in dry-dock for the purpose of installing exhaust gas cleaning systems, known as scrubbers; and | |
| • | changes in global petroleum production. |
The factors affecting the supply and demand for tankers have been volatile and are outside of our control, and the nature, timing and degree of changes in industry conditions are unpredictable. Market conditions have been volatile in recent years and continued volatility may reduce demand for transportation of oil over longer distances and increase the supply of tankers, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, ability to pay dividends and existing contractual obligations.
The current state of the world financial market and current economic conditions could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Various macroeconomic factors, including rising inflation, higher interest rates, global supply chain constraints, and the effects of overall economic conditions and uncertainties such as those resulting from the current and future conditions in the global financial markets, could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay dividends. Inflation and rising interest rates may negatively impact us by increasing our operating costs and our cost of borrowing. Interest rates, the liquidity of the credit markets and the volatility of the capital markets could also affect the operation of our business and our ability to raise capital on favorable terms, or at all. Adverse economic conditions also affect demand for goods and oil. Reduced demand for these or other products could result in significant decreases in rates we obtain for chartering our vessels. In addition, the cost for crew members, oils and bunkers, and other supplies may increase. Furthermore, we may experience losses on our holdings of cash and investments due to failures of financial institutions and other parties. Difficult economic conditions may also result in a higher rate of losses on our accounts receivable due to credit defaults. As a result, downturns in the worldwide economy could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and ability to pay dividends.
The world economy continues to face a number of challenges, including the wars between Ukraine and Russia, and Israel and Hamas, tensions between the United States and Iran, and Israel and Iran and tensions in and around the Red Sea and Russia and NATO tensions, China and Taiwan disputes, United States and China trade relations, instability between Iran and the West, hostilities between the United States and North Korea, political unrest and conflict in the Middle East, the South China Sea region, and other geographic countries and areas, terrorist or other attacks (including threats thereof) around the world, war (or threatened war) or international hostilities, and epidemics or pandemics, and banking crises or failures. See also “—Our financial results may be adversely affected by the outbreak of epidemic and pandemic diseases, and the related governmental responses thereto.” In addition, the continuing war in Ukraine, the length and breadth of which remains highly unpredictable, has led to increased economic uncertainty amidst fears of a more generalized military conflict or significant inflationary pressures, due to the increases in fuel and grain prices following the sanctions imposed on Russia. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict the intensity and duration of the war between Israel and Hamas or the Houthi rebel attacks on shipping in and around the Red Sea and their impact on the world economy is uncertain. On October 9, 2025, Israel, Hamas, the United States and other countries in the region agreed to a framework for a ceasefire in Gaza between Israel and Hamas, which if sustained, could reduce regional instability in the Eastern Mediterranean. However, whether the ceasefire will be sustained or will result in a lasting de-escalation of tensions in the region is unknown. Such events may have unpredictable consequences and contribute to instability in the global economy or cause a decrease in worldwide demand for certain goods and, thus, shipping.
In Europe, concerns regarding the possibility of sovereign debt defaults by European Union, or EU, member countries, although generally alleviated, have in the past disrupted financial markets throughout the world, and may lead to weaker consumer demand in the European Union, the U.S. and other parts of the world. The withdrawal of the UK from the European Union, or Brexit, further increases the risk of additional trade protectionism. Brexit, or similar events in other jurisdictions, could impact global markets, including foreign exchange and securities markets; any resulting changes in currency exchange rates, tariffs, treaties and other regulatory matters could in turn adversely impact our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.
In addition, the recent economic slowdown in the Asia Pacific region, particularly in China, may exacerbate the effect of the weak economic trends in the rest of the world. Before the global economic financial crisis that began in 2008, China had one of the world’s fastest growing economies in terms of gross domestic product, or GDP, which had a significant impact on shipping demand. China’s GDP growth rate for the year ended December 31, 2022, was approximately 3.0%, one of its lowest rates in 50 years, thought to be mainly caused by the country’s zero-COVID policy and strict lockdowns. For the year ended December 31, 2024, China reported that its GDP growth rate recovered to 5.0%. Looking ahead, China’s economic growth is expected to remain steady, with forecasts projecting a GDP growth rate of around 5.0% for 2025. Although the Chinese government has implemented economic stimulus measures, it is possible that China and other countries in the Asia Pacific region will continue to experience volatile, slowed or even negative economic growth in the near future. Changes in the economic conditions of China, and changes in laws or policies adopted by its government or the implementation of these laws and policies by local authorities, including with regards to tax matters and environmental concerns (such as achieving carbon neutrality), could affect vessels that are either chartered to Chinese customers or that call to Chinese ports, vessels that undergo drydocking at Chinese shipyards and Chinese financial institutions that are generally active in ship financing, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.
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Furthermore, governments have and may continue to turn to trade barriers to protect their domestic industries against foreign imports, thereby depressing shipping demand. In April 2025, the U.S. government announced a baseline tariff of 10% on products imported from all countries and an additional individualized reciprocal tariff on the countries with which the United States has the largest trade deficits. Many of these reciprocal tariffs went into effect in August 2025. In March 2025, the U.S. government imposed a 25% tariff on steel and aluminum imports, which was later raised to 50% in June 2025. In August 2025, the U.S. government announced a 25% tariff on India in response to its continued importation of Russian oil, which is in addition to the existing 25% reciprocal tariff on India. Also in August 2025, however, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled that many of the tariffs imposed under the Trump Administration exceed presidential authority and therefore are invalid, though the decision has been stayed and is under review by the U.S. Supreme Court. This introduces additional uncertainty as to the scope and durability of existing and future tariff measures. Increased tariffs by the United States have led and may continue to lead to the imposition of retaliatory tariffs by foreign jurisdictions. Additionally, the U.S. government has announced and rescinded multiple tariffs on several foreign jurisdictions, which has increased uncertainty regarding the ultimate effect of the tariffs on economic conditions. Although we are continuing to monitor the economic effects of such announcements, as well as opportunities to mitigate their related impacts, costs and other effects associated with the tariffs remain uncertain.
Protectionist developments, or the perception that they may occur, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions, and may significantly reduce global trade.
Moreover, increasing trade protectionism may cause an increase in (i) the cost of goods exported from regions globally, particularly from the Asia-Pacific region, (ii) the length of time required to transport goods and (iii) the risks associated with exporting goods. Such increases may further reduce the quantity of goods to be shipped, shipping time schedules, voyage costs and other associated costs, which could have an adverse impact on our charterers’ business, operating results and financial condition and could thereby affect their ability to make timely charter hire payments to us and to employ our vessels. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. See also “—Recent actions by the U.S. and China imposing new port fees could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results.”
Credit markets in the United States and Europe have in the past experienced significant contraction, deleveraging and reduced liquidity, and there is a risk that the U.S. federal government and state governments and European authorities may continue to implement a broad variety of governmental action and/or introduce new financial market regulations. Global financial markets and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, volatile and we face risks associated with the trends in the global economy, such as changes in interest rates, instability in the banking and securities markets around the world, the risk of sovereign defaults, and reduced levels of growth, among other factors. Major market disruptions and the current adverse changes in market conditions and regulatory climate worldwide may adversely affect our business, results or operations or impair our ability to borrow under any future financial arrangements we may enter into contemplating borrowing from the public and/or private equity and debt markets. Many lenders have increased interest rates, enacted tighter lending standards, refused to refinance existing debt at all or on terms similar to current debt and reduced (or in some cases ceased to provide) funding to borrowers and other market participants, including equity and debt investors and, in some cases, have been unwilling to provide financing on attractive terms or even at all. Due to these factors, we cannot be certain that financing will be available if needed and to the extent required, on acceptable terms or at all. In the absence of available financing or financing in favorable terms, we may be unable to complete vessel acquisitions, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures.
Our financial results may be adversely affected by the outbreak of epidemic and pandemic diseases, and the related governmental responses thereto.
Global public health threats, such as the COVID-19 outbreak, influenza and other highly communicable diseases or viruses, outbreaks which have from time to time occurred in various parts of the world in which we operate, including China, could disrupt global financial markets and economic conditions and adversely impact our operations, the timing of completion of any future newbuilding projects, as well as the operations of our customers.
For example, the outbreak of COVID-19 caused severe global disruptions, with governments in affected countries imposing travel bans, quarantines and other emergency public health measures. Although the incidence and severity of COVID-19 and its variants have diminished over time, similar restrictions, and future prevention and mitigation measures against outbreaks of epidemic and pandemic diseases, are likely to have an adverse impact on global economic conditions, which could materially and adversely affect our future operations. As a result of such measures, our vessels may not be able to call on, or disembark from ports located in regions affected by the outbreak. In addition, we may experience severe operational disruptions and delays, unavailability of normal port infrastructure and services including limited access to equipment, critical goods and personnel, disruptions to crew changes, quarantine of ships and/or crew, counterparty solidity, closure of ports and custom offices, as well as disruptions in the supply chain and industrial production, which may lead to reduced cargo demand, among other potential consequences attendant to epidemic and pandemic diseases.
The extent to which our business, operating results, cash flows, financial condition, financings, value of our vessels or vessels we may acquire and ability to pay dividends may be negatively affected by future pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of infectious diseases is highly uncertain and will depend on numerous evolving factors that we cannot predict, including, but not limited to (i) the duration and severity of the infectious disease outbreak; (ii) the imposition of restrictive measures to combat the outbreak and slow disease transmission; (iii) the introduction of financial support measures to reduce the impact of the outbreak on the economy; (iv) shortages or reductions in the supply of essential goods, services or labor; and (v) fluctuations in general economic or financial conditions tied to the outbreak, such as a sharp increase in interest rates or reduction in the availability of credit. We cannot predict the effect that a future infectious disease outbreak, pandemic or epidemic may have on our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition, which could be material and adverse.
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Volatility of SOFR could affect our profitability, earnings, and cash flows.
While our financing agreements previously used London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), including during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, in 2023 we amended our financing agreements to transition from LIBOR to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or “SOFR,” in line with current market practice and hence in 2024 all our financing agreements are based on SOFR. As a result, none of our financing arrangements currently utilizes LIBOR.
An increase in SOFR, including as a result of interest rate increases that could be effected by the United States Federal Reserve in response to rising inflation, would affect the amount of interest payable under our existing financing agreements, which, in turn, could have an adverse effect on our profitability, earnings, cash flow and ability to pay dividends. Furthermore, as a secured rate backed by government securities, SOFR may be less likely to correlate with the funding costs of financial institutions. As a result, parties may seek to adjust spreads relative to SOFR in underlying contractual arrangements. Therefore, the use of SOFR-based rates may result in interest rates and/or payments that are higher or lower than the rates and payments that were expected when interest was based on LIBOR. If SOFR performs differently than expected or if our lenders insist on a different reference rate to replace SOFR, that could increase our borrowing costs (and administrative costs to reflect the transaction), which would have an adverse effect on our profitability, earnings, and cash flows. Alternative reference rates may behave in a similar manner or have other disadvantages or advantages in relation to our future indebtedness and the transition to SOFR or other alternative reference rates in the future could have a material adverse effect on us.
In order to manage any future exposure to interest rate fluctuations, we may from time-to-time use interest rate derivatives to effectively fix any floating rate debt obligations. No assurance can, however, be given that the use of these derivative instruments, if any, may effectively protect us from adverse interest rate movements. The use of interest rate derivatives may affect our results through mark to market valuation of these derivatives. Also, adverse movements in interest rate derivatives may require us to post cash as collateral, which may impact our free cash position, and have the potential to cause us to breach covenants in our financing agreements that require maintenance of certain financial positions and ratios.
We are subject to complex laws and regulations, including environmental regulations that can adversely affect the cost, manner or feasibility of doing business.
Our operations are subject to numerous laws and regulations in the form of international conventions and treaties, national, state and local laws and national and international regulations in force in the jurisdictions in which our vessels, or vessels we acquire will operate or are registered, which can significantly affect the operation of our vessels, or vessels we acquire. These regulations include, but are not limited to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973, as from time to time amended and generally referred to as MARPOL, including the designation of Emission Control Areas, or ECAs, thereunder, the International Convention on Load Lines of 1966, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, generally referred to as CLC, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, or Bunker Convention, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1974, or SOLAS, the International Safety Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention, or ISM Code, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, or the BWM Convention, the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or OPA, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or CERCLA, the U.S. Clean Water Act, the U.S. Clean Air Act, the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, or the MTSA, and European Union regulations. Compliance with such laws, regulations and standards, where applicable, may require installation of costly equipment or operational changes and may affect the resale value or useful lives of our vessels, or vessels we acquire. We may also incur additional costs in order to comply with other existing and future regulatory obligations, including, but not limited to, costs relating to air emissions, the management of ballast waters, maintenance and inspection, development and implementation of emergency procedures and insurance coverage or other financial assurance of our ability to address pollution incidents. These costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. A failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may result in administrative and civil penalties, criminal sanctions or the suspension or termination of our operations.
Environmental laws often impose strict liability for remediation of spills and releases of oil and hazardous substances, which could subject us to liability without regard to whether we were negligent or at fault. Under OPA, for example, owners, operators and bareboat charterers are jointly and severally strictly liable for the discharge of oil within the 200-mile exclusive economic zone around the United States. Events such as the 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon and the subsequent release of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, or other events, may result in further regulation of the shipping industry, and modifications to statutory liability schemes, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. An oil spill could result in significant liability, including fines, penalties and criminal liability and remediation costs for natural resource damages under other federal, state and local laws, as well as third-party damages. We are required to satisfy insurance and financial responsibility requirements for potential oil (including marine fuel) spills and other pollution incidents. Although insurance covers certain environmental risks, there can be no assurance that such insurance will be sufficient to cover all such risks or that any claims will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition and our ability to pay dividends, if any, in the future.
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We are subject to international safety regulations and requirements imposed by classification societies and the failure to comply with these regulations may subject us to increased liability, may adversely affect our insurance coverage and may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports.
The operation of our vessels, or vessels we acquire is affected by the requirements set forth in the United Nations’ International Maritime Organization’s International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention, or ISM Code. The ISM Code requires ship owners, ship managers and bareboat charterers to develop and maintain an extensive “Safety Management System” that includes the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for safe operation and describing procedures for dealing with emergencies. We expect that any vessels that we acquire in the future will be ISM Code-certified when delivered to us. The failure of a shipowner or bareboat charterer to comply with the ISM Code may subject it to increased liability, may invalidate existing insurance or decrease available insurance coverage for the affected vessels and may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports, including United States and European Union ports.
In addition, the hull and machinery of every commercial vessel must be classed by a classification society authorized by its country of registry. The classification society certifies that a vessel is safe and seaworthy in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea. If a vessel does not maintain its class and/or fails any annual survey, intermediate survey or special survey, the vessel will be unable to trade between ports and will be unemployable, which will negatively impact our revenues and results from operations.
Climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions may adversely impact our operations and markets.
Due to concern over the risk of climate change, a number of countries and the IMO have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, regulatory frameworks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These regulatory measures may include, among others, adoption of cap-and-trade regimes, carbon taxes, taxonomy of ‘green’ economic activities, increased efficiency standards and incentives or mandates for renewable energy. In July 2023, the IMO adopted the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships. The initial strategy identifies levels of ambition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In April 2025, the IMO net-zero framework was approved by MEPC 83, including the new fuel standard for ships and a global pricing mechanism for emissions. These regulations were approved as amendments and submitted for adoption as legally binding, but in October 2025 the MEPC agreed to adjourn the meeting on adoption until 2026.
Since January 1, 2020, ships must either remove sulfur from emissions or buy fuel with low sulfur content, which may lead to increased costs and supplementary investments for ship owners. The interpretation of “fuel oil used on board” includes use in main engine, auxiliary engines and boilers. Shipowners may comply with this regulation by (i) using 0.5% sulfur fuels on board, which are available around the world but at a higher cost; (ii) installing scrubbers for cleaning of the exhaust gas; or (iii) by retrofitting vessels to be powered by liquefied natural gas, which may not be a viable option due to the lack of supply network and high costs involved in this process. While currently both our vessels have scrubbers installed, costs of compliance with these regulatory changes for any non-scrubber vessels we may acquire may be significant and may have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows and financial position.
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Additional greenhouse regulations may result in increased implementation and compliance costs and expenses, such as:
| • | IMO Data Collection System (DCS): Since 2019, the IMO data collection system, (the “IMO DCS”), which requires vessels above 5,000 gross tons to report consumption data for fuel oil, hours under way and distance travelled. This IMO DCS covers any maritime activity carried out by ships, including dredging, pipeline laying, and offshore installations. Data is reported annually to the flag state, which is used to calculating a ship’s operational carbon intensity indicator (CII). |
| • | Amendments to MARPOL Annex VI: Beginning in January 2023, Annex VI imposed reporting requirements in connection with the implementation of the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index, or EEXI, and carbon intensity indicator, or CII, framework, which amendments became effective on May 1, 2024. Beginning in January 2023, Annex VI requires EEXI and CII certification. The first annual reporting was to be completed in 2023, with initial ratings given in 2024. The first annual reporting was to be completed in 2023, with initial ratings given in 2024. |
| • | Net zero greenhouse emissions in the EU by 2050: in 2021, the EU adopted a European Climate Law (Regulation (EU) 2021/1119), establishing the aim of reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by 2050, with an intermediate target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. In July 2021, the European Commission launched the “Fit for 55” to support the climate policy agenda. As of January 2019, large ships calling at EU ports have been required to collect and publish data on carbon dioxide emissions and other information. |
In addition, although the emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping are not currently subject to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which entered into force in 2005 and required adopting countries to implement national programs to reduce emissions of certain gases, or the Paris Agreement (discussed further below), a new treaty may be adopted in the future that includes restrictions on shipping emissions. Compliance with changes in laws, regulations and obligations relating to climate change affects the propulsion options in subsequent vessel designs and could increase our costs related to acquiring new vessels, operating and maintaining our existing vessels and require us to install new emission controls, acquire allowances or pay taxes related to our greenhouse gas emissions or administer and manage a greenhouse gas emissions program. Revenue generation and strategic growth opportunities may also be adversely affected.
Furthermore, on January 1, 2024 the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, or the ETS, for ships sailing into and out of EU ports came into effect, and the FuelEU Maritime Regulation came into effect on January 1, 2025. The ETS applies gradually over the period from 2024 to 2026, and thereafter. 40% of allowances would have to be surrendered in 2025 for the year 2024; 70% of allowances would have to be surrendered in 2026 for the year 2025; and 100% of allowances would have to be surrendered in 2027 for the year 2026. The compliance deadline will be September 30 of each year. Compliance is on a companywide (rather than per ship) basis and “shipping company” is defined widely to capture both the ship owner and any contractually appointed commercial operator/ship manager/bareboat charterer who assumes all duties and responsibilities for the ship under the ISM Code, as well as the responsibility for full compliance under the ETS and the ISM Code. If the latter contractual arrangement is entered into this needs to be reflected in a certified mandate signed by both parties and presented to the administrator of the scheme. The cap under the ETS would be set by taking into account EU MRV system emissions data for the years 2018 and 2019, adjusted, from year 2021 and is to capture 100% of the emissions from intra-EU maritime voyages; 100% of emissions from ships at berth in EU ports and 50% of emissions from voyages which start or end at EU ports (but the other destination is outside the EU). Furthermore, the EU Emissions Trading Directive 2023/959/EC makes clear that all maritime allowances are to be auctioned and there will be no free allocation. 78.4 million emissions allowances are to be allocated specifically to maritime. If we do not have allowances, we will be forced to purchase allowances from the market, which can be costly. To prepare for and manage the administrative aspects of EU ETS compliance, we have made significant investments in new systems, including personnel, data management, cost recovery mechanisms, revised service agreement terms and transparent emissions reporting procedures. However, the cost of future compliance and of our future EU emissions and costs to purchase an allowance for emissions (if we must purchase in order to comply) are unknown and difficult to predict, and are based on a number of factors, including the size of our fleet, our trips within and to and from the EU, and the prevailing cost of allowances.
Additionally, on July 25, 2023, the European Council of the European Union adopted the Fuel EU Maritime Regulation 2023/1805 (“FuelEU”) under the FuelEU Initiative of its “Fit-for-55” package which sets limitations on the acceptable yearly greenhouse gas intensity of the energy used by covered vessels. Among other things, FuelEU requires that greenhouse gas intensity of fuel used by covered vessels is reduced by 2% which started on January 1, 2025, with additional reductions contemplated every five years (up to 80% by 2050). Shipping companies may enter into pooling mechanisms with other shipping companies in order to achieve compliance, bank surplus emissions and borrow compliance balances from future years. A FuelEU Document of Compliance is required to be kept on board a vessel to show compliance by June 30, 2026. Both the ETS and FuelEU schemes have significant impacts on the management of the vessels calling to EU ports, by increasing the complexity and monitoring of, and costs associated with the operation of vessels and affecting the relationships with our time charterers.
Compliance with changes in laws, regulations, and obligations relating to climate change affects the propulsion options in subsequent vessel designs and could increase our costs related to acquiring new vessels, operating and maintaining our existing tanker vessels and require us to install new emission controls, acquire allowances or pay taxes related to our greenhouse gas emissions or administer and manage a greenhouse gas emissions program. Revenue generation and strategic growth opportunities may also be adversely affected.
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Adverse effects upon the oil and gas industry relating to climate change, including growing public concern about the environmental impact of climate change, may also adversely affect demand for our services. For example, increased regulation of greenhouse gases or other concerns relating to climate change may reduce the demand for oil and gas in the future or create greater incentives for use of alternative energy sources. In addition, the physical effects of climate change, including changes in weather patterns, extreme weather events, rising sea levels, scarcity of water resources, may negatively impact our operations. Any long-term material adverse effect on the oil and gas industry could have a significant financial and operational adverse impact on our business that we cannot predict with certainty at this time.
Increasing growth of electric vehicles could lead to a decrease in trading and the movement of crude oil worldwide.
The IEA noted in its Global EV Outlook 2024 that total electric cars sold annually worldwide grew from about 120,000 in 2012 to more than 14 million in 2023, bringing the total number of electric cars to approximately 40 million, more than six times the number from 2018. Electric car sales in the first quarter of 2024 were 3 million, up over 30% from the same quarter of 2023. This was driven mainly by China, which sold about half a million more electric cars than over the same period in 2023. IEA forecasts are for electric vehicles (“EVs”) to grow from 40 million in 2023 to 240 million by 2030, which the IEA forecasts would reduce worldwide demand for oil products by 6 million barrels per day in 2030. IEA estimates that EV operations in 2019 avoided the consumption of almost 0.7 million barrels per day of oil products. According to the World Economic Forum, there were about 1.1 billion cars registered in 2015 and there will be about 2 billion cars registered by 2040. A growth in EVs worldwide may result in decreased demand for our vessels and lower charter rates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, and ability to make cash distributions.
Our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, may suffer damage due to the inherent operational risks of the tanker industry and we may experience unexpected dry-docking costs, which may adversely affect our business and financial condition.
The operation of an ocean-going vessel carries inherent risks. Our vessels, or vessels we may acquire and their cargoes are at risk of being damaged or lost because of events such as marine disasters, bad weather and other acts of God, business interruptions caused by mechanical failures, grounding, fire, explosions and collisions, human error, war, terrorism, piracy, epidemic and pandemic diseases, quarantine and other circumstances or events. These hazards may result in death or injury to persons, loss of revenues or property, the payment of ransoms, environmental damage, higher insurance rates, damage to our customer relationships or delay or re-routing, which may also subject us to litigation. In addition, the operation of tankers has unique operational risks associated with the transportation of oil. An oil spill may cause significant environmental damage, and the costs associated with a catastrophic spill could exceed the insurance coverage available to us. Compared to other types of vessels, tankers are exposed to a higher risk of damage and loss by fire, whether ignited by a terrorist attack, collision, or other cause, due to the high flammability and high volume of the oil transported in such tankers.
If our vessels, or vessels we may acquire suffer damage, they may need to be repaired at a dry-docking facility. The costs of dry-dock repairs are unpredictable and may be substantial. We may have to pay dry-docking costs that our insurance does not cover in full. The loss of earnings while these vessels are being repaired and repositioned, as well as the actual cost of these repairs, would decrease our earnings. In addition, space at dry-docking facilities is sometimes limited and not all dry-docking facilities are conveniently located. We may be unable to find space at a suitable dry-docking facility or our vessels, or vessels we may acquire may be forced to travel to a dry-docking facility that is not conveniently located to our vessels’ positions. The loss of earnings while these vessels are forced to wait for space or to travel to more distant dry-docking facilities would decrease our earnings.
The market value of our vessels, and those we may acquire in the future, may fluctuate significantly, which could cause us to incur losses if we decide to sell them following a decline in their market values or we may be required to write down their carrying value, which will adversely affect our earnings.
The fair market value of our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, may increase and decrease depending on the following factors:
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| • | general economic and market conditions affecting the shipping industry; | |
| • | prevailing level of charter rates; | |
| • | competition from other shipping companies; | |
| • | types, sizes and ages of vessels; | |
| • | the availability of other modes of transportation; | |
| • | supply and demand for vessels; | |
| • | shipyard capacity and slot availability; | |
| • | cost of newbuildings; | |
| • | price of steel; | |
| • | exchange rate levels; | |
| • | number of tankers scrapped; | |
| • | governmental or other regulations; and | |
| • | technological advances and the development, availability, and cost of nuclear power, natural gas, coal, renewable energy, and other alternative sources of energy. |
If we sell any of our vessels or any vessel we may acquire at a time when vessel prices have fallen, the sale price may be less than the vessel’s carrying amount in our financial statements, in which case we will realize a loss. Vessel prices can fluctuate significantly, and in the case where the market value falls below the carrying amount, we will evaluate the vessel for a potential impairment adjustment. If the estimate of undiscounted cash flows, excluding interest charges, expected to be generated by the use of the vessel is less than its carrying amount, we may be required to write down the carrying amount of the vessel to its fair value in our financial statements and incur a loss and a reduction in earnings.
An over-supply of tanker capacity may lead to reductions in charter hire rates and profitability.
The market supply of tankers is affected by a number of factors such as demand for energy resources, crude oil, petroleum products and chemicals, as well as strong overall economic growth of the world economy. If the capacity of new tankers delivered exceeds the capacity of such tankers being scrapped and lost, vessel capacity will increase, which could lead to reductions in asset prices and charter rates. The impact of the sanctions on Russian exports of crude oil and petroleum products is uncertain and has generated increased volatility in the supply of tankers available for worldwide trade. As of December 5, 2025, newbuilding orders have been placed for an aggregate of approximately 16.7% of the existing global tanker fleet, with the bulk of deliveries expected during 2027.
An over-supply of oil tankers would increase the oil tanker charter hire rate volatility and we may not be able to find profitable charters for our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.
If our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, call on ports located in countries or territories that are the subject of sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government or other governmental authorities, it could lead to monetary fines or adversely affect our business, reputation and the market for our Common Shares.
Our business could be adversely impacted if we are found to have violated economic sanctions under the applicable laws of the European Union, the United States or another applicable jurisdiction against countries such as Iran, North Korea, and Cuba. U.S. economic sanctions, for example, prohibit a wide scope of conduct, target numerous countries and individuals, and are frequently updated or changed.
Many economic sanctions relate to our business, including prohibitions on certain kinds of trade with countries, such as exportation or re-exportation of commodities, or prohibitions against certain transactions with designated nationals who may be operating under aliases or through non-designated companies.
Additionally, the U.S. Iran Threat Reduction Act amended the Exchange Act, to require issuers that file annual or quarterly reports under Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act to include disclosure in their annual and quarterly reports as to whether the issuer or its affiliates have knowingly engaged in certain activities prohibited by sanctions against Iran or transactions or dealings with certain identified persons. We are subject to this disclosure requirement.
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While our vessels have not called on ports located in countries or territories that are the subject of country-wide or territory-wide sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government or other applicable governmental authorities (“Sanctioned Jurisdictions”) in violation of applicable sanctions or embargo laws and although we intend to maintain compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws, and we endeavor to take precautions reasonably designed to ensure compliance with such laws, it is possible that, in the future, our vessels may call on ports in Sanctioned Jurisdictions in violation of applicable sanctions or embargo laws on charterers' instructions and without our consent. If such activities result in a violation of sanctions or embargo laws, we could be subject to monetary fines, penalties, or other sanctions, and our reputation and the market for our Common Shares could be adversely affected.
The U.S. sanctions and embargo laws and regulations vary in their application, as they do not all apply to the same covered persons or proscribe the same activities, and such sanctions and embargo laws and regulations may be amended or expanded over time.
In particular, the ongoing war in Ukraine could result in the imposition of further economic sanctions by the United States and the European Union against Russia. Current or future counterparties of ours may be affiliated with persons or entities that are or may be in the future the subject of sanctions imposed by the governments of the U.S., European Union, and/or other international bodies. If we determine that such sanctions require us to terminate existing or future contracts to which we, or our subsidiaries, are party or if we are found to be in violation of such applicable sanctions, our results of operations may be adversely affected or we may suffer reputational harm.
Although we believe that we have been in compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations, and intend to maintain such compliance, any such violation could result in fines, penalties or other sanctions that could severely impact our ability to access U.S. capital markets and conduct our business, and could result in some investors deciding, or being required, to divest their interest, or not to invest, in us. In addition, certain institutional investors may have investment policies or restrictions that prevent them from holding securities of companies that have contracts with countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. The determination by these investors not to invest in, or to divest from, our Common Shares may adversely affect the price at which our Common Shares trade. Moreover, our charterers may violate applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations as a result of actions that do not involve us or our vessels, and those violations could in turn negatively affect our reputation. Investor perception of the value of our Common Shares may also be adversely affected by the consequences of war, the effects of terrorism, civil unrest and governmental actions in countries or territories that we operate in.
Recent actions by the U.S. and China imposing new port fees could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results.
The United States Trade Representative (USTR) has recently put forward significant trade actions under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 with the aim of addressing China’s dominance in the maritime, logistics, and shipbuilding industries. These actions have the potential to dramatically increase the port fees and therefore the overall operating expenses for ships calling at U.S. ports. Specifically, the USTR has enacted a series of fees that would function as direct increases to port-related costs.
The action generally includes a fee targeting Chinese owners and operators for each instance a vessel owned or operated by a Chinese entity enters a U.S. port. The fee would be calculated at a rate of $50 per net ton of the vessel for each port entrance beginning October 14, 2025 and increasing over time, plateauing at $140 per net ton in 2028.
Another fee focuses on operators with fleets comprised of Chinese-built vessels. Under the action, in the case of a vessel not subject to the fees on Chinese owners and operators described above, fees generally would be imposed each time a Chinese-built vessel enters a U.S. port. The fee relevant to our vessels generally would be calculated at a rate of $18 per net ton of the vessel for each port entrance beginning October 14, 2025 and increasing over time, plateauing at $33 per net ton in 2028. There are several exceptions to this fee, including for vessels with capacity of 55,000 dwt or less, vessels arriving to the US empty or in ballast, and vessels entering a port in the continental United States from a voyage of less than 2,000 nautical miles from a foreign port or point.
The actual implementation of this action remains uncertain. Specifics, such as applicability to SLB arrangements with Chinese leasing financiers, have not been clarified. Of the two vessels we operate, neither was constructed in China and we currently don’t have any newbuilding vessel orders in any Chinese shipyard. However, both of the vessels are subject to SLB arrangements with China-based lessors. In an SLB, the lessor is the registered owner of the vessel. It is currently unclear whether the vessels would be subject to fees on Chinese owners due to the SLB arrangements.
In response to the USTR action, on October 10, 2025, China announced retaliatory port fees, effective October 14, 2025, applicable to vessels calling at Chinese ports which are built or flagged in the U.S. or owned or operated by certain U.S.-linked persons. There is significant uncertainty as to the scope of applicability of these new port fees and how they will be implemented. On November 10, 2025, U.S. and Chinese authorities suspended the application of each respective set of port fees for one year. Substantial uncertainty remains as to how the port fees will be assessed after the end of the suspension period, scheduled to begin November 10, 2026.
Further retaliatory measures from China or other nations could further compound disruptions and cost increases within the global shipping industry. In addition to direct port fee increases, other retaliatory actions by China or other countries could indirectly impact port-related costs, disrupt global shipping patterns and potentially increase congestion and costs at ports worldwide, including U.S. ports.
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Given the potential magnitude of these port-related fees and the many uncertainties surrounding their implementation, it is not possible at this time to fully predict the ultimate financial impact. However, if the action or similar measures are implemented, port fees for our vessels or vessels we charter and our operating costs for voyages calling at U.S. or Chinese ports could materially increase.
Even though port fees are typically borne by the charterer, if port fees are assessed due to our or the lessor’s ownership of the relevant vessel, it is possible that charterers may demand that we bear these costs or otherwise reduce the applicable charter rate. This, in turn, could significantly reduce our profitability, negatively impact our ability to compete effectively, and materially and adversely affect our operations and financial results.
Political instability, terrorist or other attacks, war, international hostilities and public health threats can affect the tanker industry, which may adversely affect our business.
We conduct most of our operations outside of the United States and our business, operating results, cash flows, financial conditions, and available cash may be adversely affected by changing economic, political, and governmental conditions in the countries and regions in which our vessels or other vessels we may acquire are employed or registered. Moreover, we operate in a sector of the economy that is likely to be adversely impacted by the effects of political uncertainty and armed conflicts, including the wars between Ukraine and Russia, between Israel and Hamas, Hezbollah and Iran, tensions between the United States and Iran and between Russia and NATO, China and Taiwan disputes, United States and China trade relations, instability between Iran and the West, hostilities between the United States and North Korea and the U.S. and Panama, political unrest and conflicts in the Middle East, the South China Sea region, the Red Sea region (including missile attacks controlled by the Houthis on vessels transiting the Red Sea or Gulf of Aden), and other countries and geographic areas, geopolitical events, such as Brexit or another withdrawal from the European Union, terrorist or other attacks (or threats thereof) around the world, and war (or threatened war) or international hostilities. Such events may contribute to further economic instability in the global financial markets, international commerce and could also adversely affect our ability to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us or at all.
The war between Russia and Ukraine may lead to further regional and international conflicts or armed action. This war has disrupted supply chains and caused instability in the energy markets and the global economy, with effects on shipping freight rates, which have experienced volatility. The United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, among other countries, have announced unprecedented economic sanctions and other penalties against certain persons, entities, and activities connected to Russia, including removing Russian-based financial institutions from the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication payment system and restricting imports of Russian oil, liquified natural gas, and coal. These sanctions have caused supply disruptions in the oil and gas markets and could continue to cause significant volatility in energy prices, which could result in increased inflation and may trigger a recession in the U.S. and China, among other regions. While much uncertainty remains regarding the global impact of the war in Ukraine, it is possible that such tensions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. Moreover, we will be subject to additional insurance premiums in case we transit through or call to any port or area designated as listed areas by the Joint War Committee or other organizations. These factors may also result in the weakening of the financial condition of our charterers, suppliers, counterparties, and other agents in the shipping industry. As a result, our business, operating results, cash flows, and financial condition may be negatively affected since our operations are dependent on the success and economic viability of our counterparties.
The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine could result in the imposition of further economic sanctions by the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, or other countries against Russia, trade tariffs, or embargoes with uncertain impacts on the markets in which we operate. In addition, the U.S. and certain other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries have been supplying Ukraine with military aid. U.S. officials have also warned of the increased possibility of Russian cyberattacks, which could disrupt the operations of businesses involved in the shipping industry, including ours, and could create economic uncertainty particularly if such attacks spread to a broad array of countries and networks. While much uncertainty remains regarding the global impact of the war in Ukraine, it is possible that such tensions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.
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The Russian Foreign Harmful Activities Sanctions program includes prohibitions on the import of certain Russian energy products into the United States, including crude oil, petroleum, petroleum fuels, oils, liquefied natural gas and coal, as well as prohibitions on all new investments in Russia by U.S. persons, among other restrictions. Furthermore, the United States, the EU and other countries have also prohibited a variety of specified services related to the maritime transport of Russian Federation origin crude oil and petroleum products, including trading/commodities brokering, financing, shipping, insurance (including reinsurance and protection and indemnity), flagging, and customs brokering. These prohibitions took effect on December 5, 2022 with respect to the maritime transport of crude oil and took effect on February 5, 2023 with respect to the maritime transport of other petroleum products. An exception exists to permit such services when the price of the seaborne Russian oil into non-EU countries does not exceed the relevant price cap; but implementation of this price exception relies on a recordkeeping and attestation process that allows each party in the supply chain of seaborne Russian oil to demonstrate or confirm that oil has been purchased at or below the price cap. Violations of the price cap policy or the risk that information, documentation, or attestations provided by parties in the supply chain are later determined to be false may pose additional risks adversely affecting our business.
Furthermore, the intensity and duration of the war between Israel and Hamas is difficult to predict and its impact on the world economy and our industry is uncertain. Beginning in late 2023, vessels in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden have been subject to attempted hijackings and attacks by drones and projectiles characterized by Houthi groups in Yemen as a response to the war between Israel and Hamas. An increasing number of companies have rerouted their vessels to avoid transiting the Red Sea, incurring greater shipping costs and delays. For vessels transiting the region, war risk premiums have increased substantially, and should these attacks continue, we could similarly experience a significant increase in our insurance costs and we may not be adequately insured to cover losses from these incidents, however since currently all our vessels are on time charter these increased war premiums if any will be paid by our charterers. While much uncertainty remains regarding the global impact of the war between Israel and Hamas, it is possible that such tensions could result in the eruption of further hostilities in other regions, including in and around the Red Sea, and could adversely affect our business, financial conditions, operating results, and cash flows.
In the past, other political conflicts have also resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways, and other efforts to disrupt international shipping, particularly in the Arabian Gulf region. The ongoing war in Ukraine has previously resulted in missile attacks on commercial vessels in the Black Sea. The recent outbreak of conflict in and around the Red Sea has also resulted in missile attacks on vessels. Acts of terrorism and piracy have also affected vessels trading in regions such as the Gulf of Guinea, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia, and the Indian Ocean. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our future performance, operating results, cash flows, financial position, and our ability to pay cash distributions to our shareholders.
Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels could adversely affect our business.
Acts of piracy have historically affected ocean-going vessels trading in regions of the world such as the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia, the Indian Ocean, and the Gulf of Guinea region off the coast of Nigeria, which has experienced increased incident of piracy in recent years. Sea piracy incidents continue to occur, particularly in the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Strait of Malacca, and there has been a recent resurgence of such incidents in the Gulf of Aden. Acts of piracy could result in harm or danger to the crews that man our vessels and other vessels we may acquire. Additionally, if piracy attacks occur in regions in which our vessels and other vessels we may acquire are deployed being characterized as “war risk” zones by insurers or if our vessels and other vessels we may acquire are deployed in Joint War Committee “war and strikes” listed areas, premiums payable for insurance coverage could increase significantly and such insurance coverage may be more difficult to obtain, if available at all. In addition, crew and security equipment costs, including costs that may be incurred to employ onboard security armed guards, could increase in such circumstances. Furthermore, while we believe the charterer remains liable for charter payments when a vessel is seized by pirates, the charterer may dispute this and withhold charter hire until the vessel is released. A charterer may also claim that a vessel seized by pirates was not “on-hire” for a certain number of days and is therefore entitled to cancel the charterparty, a claim that we would dispute. We may not be adequately insured to cover losses from these incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, any detention hijacking as a result of an act of piracy against our vessels and other vessels we may acquire, or an increase in cost or unavailability of insurance for our vessels and other vessels we may acquire could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
Increased inspection procedures and tighter import and export controls could increase costs and disrupt our business.
International shipping is subject to various security and customs inspections and related procedures in countries of origin and destination. Inspection procedures can result in the seizure of, delay in the loading, off-loading or delivery of, the contents of our vessels, or vessels we may acquire or the levying of customs duties, fines or other penalties against us. It is possible that changes to inspection procedures could impose additional financial and legal obligations on us. Furthermore, changes to inspection procedures could also impose additional costs and obligations on our customers and may, in certain cases, render the shipment of certain types of cargo uneconomical or impractical. Any such changes or developments may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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We rely on our information systems to conduct our business, and failure to protect these systems against security breaches could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, if these systems fail or become unavailable for any significant period of time, our business could be harmed.
The efficient operation of our business is dependent on computer hardware and software systems both onboard our vessels, or vessels we may acquire and at our onshore offices. Information systems are vulnerable to security breaches by computer hackers and cyber terrorists. We rely on industry-accepted security measures and technology to securely maintain confidential and proprietary information kept on our information systems. However, these measures and technology may not adequately prevent cybersecurity breaches, the access, capture or alteration of information by criminals, the exposure or exploitation of potential security vulnerabilities, the installation of malware or ransomware, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced data or data loss. In addition, the unavailability of the information systems or the failure of these systems to perform as anticipated for any reason could disrupt our business and could result in decreased performance and increased operating costs, causing our business and results of operations to suffer. Any significant interruption or failure of our information systems or any significant breach of security could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, as well as our cash flows, including cash available for dividends to our stockholders.
Additionally, any changes in the nature of cyber threats might require us to adopt additional procedures for monitoring cybersecurity, which could require additional expenses and/or capital expenditures. Most recently, the war between Russia and Ukraine has been accompanied by cyber-attacks against the Ukrainian government and other countries in the region. It is possible that these attacks could have collateral effects on additional critical infrastructure and financial institutions globally, which could adversely affect our operations. It is difficult to assess the likelihood of such threat and any potential impact at this time.
In July 2023, the SEC adopted rules requiring the mandatory disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents, as well as cybersecurity governance and risk management practices. A failure to make the required disclosure could result in the imposition of injunctions, fines and other penalties by the SEC. Complying with these obligations could cause us to incur substantial costs and could increase negative publicity surrounding any cybersecurity incident.
Risks Relating to Our Company
Our financing arrangements contain restrictive covenants that may limit our liquidity and corporate activities, which could limit our operational flexibility and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our financing arrangements in the form of the bareboat charters in connection with the sale and leaseback agreements (“SLBs”) of our vessels contain, and any future financing arrangements we may enter into are expected to contain, customary covenants, events of default and termination event clauses, including cross-default provisions and restrictive covenants and performance requirements that may affect our operational and financial flexibility. Such restrictions could affect, and in many respects limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability to incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, create liens, sell assets, or engage in mergers or acquisitions. These restrictions could also limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions or meet extraordinary capital needs or otherwise restrict corporate activities. There can be no assurance that such restrictions will not adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs.
As a result of these restrictions, we may need to seek permission from our lenders and other financing counterparties in order to engage in some corporate actions. Our lenders' and other financing counterparties' interests may be different from ours and we may not be able to obtain their permission when needed. This may prevent us from taking actions that we believe are in our best interests, which may adversely impact our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.
A failure by us to meet our payment and other obligations, including our financial covenant requirements, could lead to defaults under our financing facilities or any future financing facilities. If we are not in compliance with our covenants and we are not able to obtain covenant waivers or modifications, the current or future owners of our leased vessels or the banks that finance or future vessels, as appropriate, could retake possession of our vessels or require us to pay down our indebtedness to a level where we are in compliance with our covenants or sell vessels in our fleet. Events beyond our control, including changes in the economic and business conditions in the shipping markets in which we operate, interest rate developments, changes in the funding costs of our banks, changes in vessel earnings and asset valuations and outbreaks of epidemic and pandemic diseases may affect our ability to comply with these covenants. We could lose our vessels if we default on our financing facilities, which would negatively affect our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.
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Servicing current and future debt will limit funds available for other purposes and could impair our ability to react to changes in our business.
We must dedicate a portion of our cash flow from operations to pay the principal and interest on our indebtedness. These payments limit funds otherwise available for working capital, capital expenditures and other purposes. As of June 30, 2025, we had a total indebtedness of $73.7 million, including deferred finance fees. Our current or future debt could have other significant consequences on our operations. For example, it could:
| • | increase our vulnerability to general economic downturns and adverse competitive and industry conditions; | |
| • | require us to dedicate a substantial portion, if not all, of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes; | |
| • | limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; | |
| • | place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to competitors that have less debt or better access to capital; | |
| • | limit our ability to raise additional financing on satisfactory terms or at all; and | |
| • | adversely impact our ability to comply with the financial and other restrictive covenants of our current or future financing arrangements, which could result in an event of default under such agreements. |
Furthermore, our current or future interest expense will increase if interest rates increase. If we do not have sufficient earnings, we may be required to refinance all or part of our current or future debt, sell assets, borrow more money or sell more securities, and we cannot guarantee that the resulting proceeds therefrom, if any, will be sufficient to meet our ongoing capital and operating needs. Because interest paid on loans is generally a margin plus a reference rate, such as SOFR, that is subject to change, our actual interest costs would increase as the reference rate increases. During an inflationary period, such as one we are currently experiencing, the SOFR or similar reference rate will generally be increased, thus costing us more money to service our debt obligations and reducing our results of operations and cash flow. Any event of default under a financing agreement pursuant to which we have granted security could permit the relevant financier to exercise its rights as a secured lender and take the relevant collateral, which may include our vessels.
Our Parent and certain of our Parent’s executive officers have been subject to litigation in the past and we may be subject to similar or other litigation in the future.
Our Parent and certain of its executive officers were defendants in purported class-action lawsuits pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York, brought on behalf of its shareholders. The lawsuits alleged violations of Sections 9, 10(b), 20(a) and/or 20A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated hereunder. On August 3, 2019, the Eastern District Court of New York dismissed the case with prejudice. On August 26, 2019, plaintiffs appealed the dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. On April 2, 2020, the Court of Appeals issued a summary order affirming the District Court’s decision dismissing Plaintiffs’ claims and denying leave to amend and the case was finally concluded in our Parent’s favor.
We may, from time to time, be a party to other litigation in the normal course of business. Monitoring and defending against legal actions, whether or not meritorious, is time-consuming for our management and detracts from our ability to fully focus our internal resources on our business activities. In addition, our legal fees and costs incurred in connection with such activities and any legal fees of co-defendants for which we are deemed responsible may be significant and we could, in the future, be subject to judgments or enter into settlements of claims for significant monetary damages. A decision adverse to our interests could result in the payment of substantial damages and could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow, results of operations and financial position.
With respect to any litigation, our insurance may not reimburse us or may not be sufficient to reimburse us for the expenses or losses we may suffer in contesting and concluding such lawsuit. Furthermore, our insurance does not cover legal fees associated with co-defendants. Substantial litigation costs, including the substantial self-insured retention that we are required to satisfy before any insurance applied to the claim, or an adverse result in any litigation may adversely impact our business, operating results or financial condition.
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Our current fleet consists of two Suezmax tanker vessels. Any limitation in the availability or operation of these vessels could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our current fleet consists of two Suezmax tanker vessels. Until we identify and acquire additional vessels, we will depend upon these two vessels for all of our revenue. If our vessels are unable to generate revenues as a result of off-hire time, early termination of the applicable time charters or otherwise, our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay dividends could be materially adversely affected. Our vessels are both employed on time charter contracts with a single charterer and, until we identify and acquire additional vessels, we will rely upon one charterer for all of our revenue.
We expect to be dependent on a limited number of customers for a large part of our revenues, and failure of such counterparties to meet their obligations could cause us to suffer losses or negatively impact our results of operations and cash flows.
During 2024, 100% of our revenues derived from one charterer, Clearlake , which is the charterer of both of our vessels. Such agreement subjects us to counterparty risks. The ability of Clearlake to perform its obligations under its contracts with us will depend on a number of factors that are beyond our control and may include, among other things, general economic conditions, the condition of the maritime industry, the overall financial condition of the counterparty, charter rates received for specific types of vessels, work stoppages or other labor disturbances. The combination of a reduction of cash flow resulting from declines in world trade, a reduction in borrowing bases under reserve-based credit facilities and the lack of availability of debt or equity financing may result in a significant reduction in the ability of charterers to make charter payments to us. In addition, in depressed market conditions, charterers and customers may no longer need a vessel that is then under charter or contract or may be able to obtain a comparable vessel at lower rates. As a result, charterers and customers may seek to renegotiate the terms of their existing charter agreements or avoid their obligations under those contracts. Should one of our counterparties fail to honor its obligations under agreements with us, we could sustain significant losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
If we fail to manage our planned growth properly, we may not be able to successfully expand our market share.
Our fleet currently consists of two vessels and we may acquire additional vessels in the future. We intend to expand our fleet into other seaborne transportation sectors depending on available opportunities, opportunistically considering further expansion into Suezmax crude oil tanker vessels as well as diversification into other sectors related to seaborne transportation of goods or passengers, including recreational transportation. Our future growth will primarily depend on our ability to:
| • | generate excess cash flow for investment without jeopardizing our ability to cover current and foreseeable working capital needs (including debt service); | |
| • | raise equity and obtain required financing for our existing and new operations; | |
| • | identify opportunities in the tanker sector and other seaborne transportation sectors or related sectors; | |
| • | locate and acquire suitable vessels; | |
| • | identify and consummate acquisitions or joint ventures; | |
| • | integrate any acquired business successfully with our existing operations; | |
| • | our manager’s ability to hire, train and retain qualified personnel and crew to manage and operate our growing business and fleet; | |
| • | enhance our customer base; and | |
| • | manage expansion. |
Growing any business by acquisition presents numerous risks such as undisclosed liabilities and obligations, difficulty in obtaining additional qualified personnel, managing relationships with customers and suppliers and integrating newly acquired operations into existing infrastructures. Furthermore, our current operating and financial systems may not be adequate if we implement a plan to expand the size of our fleet, and our attempts to improve those systems may be ineffective. We may not be successful in executing our growth plans and we may incur significant additional expenses and losses in connection therewith.
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Our flexible acquisition strategy entails certain risks and uncertainties associated with our opportunistic entry into ownership of a new class of vessels, and we cannot assure you that we will complete any such acquisition or manage such risks successfully.
We intend to expand our fleet into other seaborne transportation sectors depending on available opportunities, opportunistically considering further expansion into Suezmax crude oil tanker vessels as well as diversification into sectors related to seaborne transportation of goods or passengers, including recreational transportation. However, there can be no assurance that we will successfully identify any such opportunities in the future or complete any such acquisition in other sectors.
Our management team and CSI may not have experience in any other sector we enter and may not identify such opportunities or manage such expansion successfully.
A limited number of financial institutions hold our cash and their failure may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
A limited number of financial institutions, including institutions located in Greece and the Netherlands, hold all of our cash. Our cash balances have been deposited from time to time with banks in Greece and the Netherlands. Our cash balances are not covered by insurance in the event of default by these financial institutions. Several banks, including Credit Suisse, have recently been subject to extraordinary resolution procedures or sale because of the risk of such a default. The occurrence of such a default could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and we may lose part or all of our cash that we deposit with such banks.
Delays or defaults by the shipyards in the construction of any newbuildings could increase our expenses and diminish our net income and cash flows.
As of the date of this registration statement, we do not have any contracts for newbuilding vessels. We may enter into contracts for newbuilding vessels in the future. Vessel construction projects are generally subject to risks of delay that are inherent in any large construction project, which may be caused by numerous factors, including shortages of equipment, materials or skilled labor, unscheduled delays in the delivery of ordered materials and equipment or shipyard construction, failure of equipment to meet quality and/or performance standards, financial or operating difficulties experienced by equipment vendors or the shipyard, unanticipated actual or purported change orders, inability to obtain required permits or approvals, design or engineering changes and work stoppages and other labor disputes, adverse weather conditions or any other events of force majeure. Significant delays could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, failure to complete a project on time may result in the delay of revenue from that vessel, and we may continue to incur costs and expenses related to delayed vessels, such as supervision expenses.
Our ability to obtain additional debt financing may be dependent on our ability to charter our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, the performance of our charters and the creditworthiness of our charterers.
Our inability to re-charter our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, and the actual or perceived credit quality of our charterers, and any defaults by them, may materially affect our ability to obtain the additional capital resources that we will require to purchase additional vessels or maintain our existing fleet or may significantly increase our costs of obtaining such capital. Our inability to obtain financing, or receiving financing at a higher than anticipated cost, may materially affect our results of operation and our ability to implement our business strategy.
The industry for the operation of tanker vessels and the transportation of oil is highly competitive and we may not be able to compete for charters with new entrants or established companies with greater resources.
We will employ our tankers and any additional vessels we may acquire in a highly competitive market that is capital intensive and highly fragmented. The operation of tanker vessels and the transportation of cargoes shipped in these vessels, as well as the shipping industry in general, is extremely competitive. Competition arises primarily from other vessel owners, including major oil companies as well as independent tanker shipping companies, some of whom have substantially greater resources than we do. Competition for the transportation of oil can be intense and depends on price, location, size, age, condition and the acceptability of the vessel and its operators to the charterers. Due in part to the highly fragmented market, competitors with greater resources could enter and operate larger fleets through consolidations or acquisitions that may be able to offer better prices and fleets than us.
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We may be unable to attract and retain key management personnel and other employees in the international tanker shipping industry, which may negatively impact the effectiveness of our management and our results of operations.
Our success will depend to a significant extent upon the abilities and efforts of our management team. All of our executive officers are employees of Central Mare Inc., or Central Mare, a related party affiliated with the family of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our controlling shareholder, and we will enter into agreements with Central Mare for the compensation of our executive officers and certain other employees. The loss of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business prospects and financial condition. Difficulty in hiring and retaining personnel could adversely affect our results of operations. We do not maintain “key man” life insurance on any of our officers.
If labor interruptions are not resolved in a timely manner, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and available cash.
The Fleet Manager is responsible for recruiting, mainly through a crewing agent, the senior officers and all other crew members for our vessels and all other vessels we may acquire. If not resolved in a timely and cost-effective manner, industrial action or other labor unrest could prevent or hinder our operations from being carried out as we expect and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and available cash.
If we expand our business, we will need to improve our operations and financial systems and staff; if we cannot improve these systems or recruit suitable employees, our performance may be adversely affected.
Our current operating and financial systems may not be adequate if we implement a plan to expand the size of our fleet, and our attempts to improve those systems may be ineffective. If we are unable to operate our financial and operations systems effectively or to recruit suitable employees as we expand our fleet, our performance may be adversely affected.
A drop in spot charter rates may provide an incentive for some charterers to default on their charters, which could affect our cash flow and financial condition.
When we enter into a time charter or bareboat charter, rates under that charter are fixed throughout the term of the charter. If the spot charter rates in the tanker shipping industry become significantly lower than the time charter equivalent rates that some of our charterers are obligated to pay us under our then existing charters, the charterers may have incentive to default under that charter or attempt to renegotiate the charter. If our charterers fail to pay their obligations, we would have to attempt to re-charter our vessels, or vessels we may acquire at lower charter rates, and as a result we could sustain significant losses which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and financial condition, which would affect our ability to meet our future loans or current leaseback obligations. If our future lenders choose to accelerate our indebtedness and foreclose their liens, or if the owners of our sold and leased back vessels or any leased vessels we may acquire choose to repossess vessels in our fleet as a result of a default under any SLBs, our ability to continue to conduct our business would be impaired.
An increase in operating costs could decrease earnings and available cash.
Vessel operating costs include the costs of crew, fuel (for spot-chartered vessels), provisions, deck and engine spares and stores, insurance and maintenance and repairs, which depend on a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Some of these costs, primarily relating to insurance and enhanced security measures, have been increasing. If any of our vessels or, vessels we may acquire, suffer damage, they may need to be repaired at a dry-docking facility. The costs of dry-docking repairs are unpredictable and can be substantial. Increases in any of these expenses could decrease our earnings and available cash.
Rising fuel prices may adversely affect our profits.
Fuel is a significant expense if vessels are under voyage charter or if consumed during ballast days. Moreover, the cost of fuel will affect the profit we can earn on the short-term or spot market. Upon redelivery of vessels at the end of a time charter, we may be obliged to repurchase the fuel on board at prevailing market prices, which could be materially higher than fuel prices at the inception of the time charter period. As a result, an increase in the price of fuel may adversely affect our profitability. The price and supply of fuel is unpredictable and fluctuates based on events outside our control, including geopolitical events, supply and demand for oil and gas, actions by OPEC and other oil and gas producers, war and unrest in oil producing countries and regions, regional production patterns, and environmental concerns. Further, fuel may become much more expensive in the future, which may reduce the profitability and competitiveness of our business versus other forms of transportation, such as truck or rail.
Inflation could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
Inflation could have an adverse impact on our operating results and subsequently on our financial condition both directly through the increase of various costs necessary for the operation of our vessels, and any vessels we may acquire in the future, such as crew, repairs and materials, and indirectly through its adverse impact on the world economy in terms of increasing interest rates and slowdown of global growth. If inflationary pressures intensify further, we may be unable to raise our charter rates enough to offset the increasing costs of our operations, which would decrease our profit margins. Inflation may also raise our costs of capital, which would result in the deterioration of our financial condition.
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The aging of our fleet may result in increased operating costs in the future, which could adversely affect our earnings.
In general, the cost of maintaining a vessel in good operating condition increases with the age of the vessel. As our vessels and any vessel we may acquire in the future age, operating and other costs will increase. In the case of bareboat charters, operating costs are borne by the bareboat charterer. Cargo insurance rates also increase with the age of a vessel, making older vessels less desirable to charterers. Governmental regulations, including environmental regulations, safety or other equipment standards related to the age of vessels may require expenditures for alterations or the addition of new equipment to our vessels, or vessels we may acquire and may restrict the type of activities in which our vessels, or vessels we may acquire may engage. As our fleet ages, market conditions might not justify those expenditures or enable us to operate our vessels, or vessels we may acquire profitably during the remainder of their useful lives.
Unless we set aside reserves or are able to borrow funds for vessel replacement, our revenue will decline at the end of a vessel’s useful life, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Unless we maintain reserves or are able to borrow or raise funds for vessel replacement, we will be unable to replace the vessels in our fleet upon the expiration of their remaining useful lives. We estimate that our vessels have a useful life of up to 25 years from the date of their initial delivery from the shipyard. In case we acquire secondhand vessels, they are depreciated from the date of their acquisition through their remaining estimated useful life. Our cash flows and income are dependent on the revenues earned by the chartering of our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, to customers. If we are unable to replace the vessels in our fleet upon the expiration of their useful lives, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.
Purchasing and operating secondhand vessels may result in increased operating costs and vessels off-hire, which could adversely affect our earnings.
We may expand our fleet through the acquisition of secondhand vessels. While we rigorously inspect previously owned or secondhand vessels prior to purchase, this does not normally provide us with the same knowledge about their condition and cost of any required (or anticipated) repairs that we would have had if these vessels had been built for and operated exclusively by us. Accordingly, we may not discover defects or other problems with such vessels prior to purchase. Any such hidden defects or problems, when detected, may be expensive to repair, and if not detected, may result in accidents or other incidents for which we may become liable to third parties. Also, when purchasing previously owned vessels, we do not receive the benefit of warranties from the builders if the vessels we buy are older than one year. In general, the costs to maintain a vessel in good operating condition increase with the age and type of the vessel. In the case of chartered-in vessels, we run the same risks.
Governmental regulations, safety or other equipment standards related to the age of vessels may require expenditures for alterations, or the addition of new equipment, to our vessels, or vessels we may acquire and may restrict the type of activities in which the vessels may engage. As our vessels, or vessels we may acquire age, market conditions may not justify those expenditures or enable us to operate our vessels profitably during the remainder of their useful lives.
We may not have adequate insurance to compensate us if we lose any vessels that we acquire.
There are a number of risks associated with the operation of ocean-going vessels, including mechanical failure, collision, fire, human error, war, terrorism, piracy, loss of life, contact with floating objects, property loss, cargo loss or damage and business interruption due to political circumstances in foreign countries, hostilities and labor strikes. Any of these events may result in loss of revenues, increased costs and decreased cash flows. In addition, the operation of any vessel is subject to the inherent possibility of marine disaster, including oil spills and other environmental mishaps.
We carry insurance for our vessels and intend to carry insurance for all vessels we acquire against those types of risks commonly insured against by vessel owners and operators. These insurances include hull and machinery insurance, protection and indemnity insurance (which includes environmental damage and pollution insurance coverage), freight demurrage and defense and war risk insurance. Reasonable insurance rates can best be obtained when the size and the age/trading profile of the fleet is attractive. As a result, rates become less competitive as a fleet downsizes.
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We do not currently maintain strike or off-hire insurance, which would cover the loss of revenue during extended vessel off-hire periods, such as those that occur during an unscheduled drydocking due to damage to the vessel from accidents except in cases of loss of hire up to a limited number of days due to war or a piracy event. Other events that may lead to off-hire periods include natural or man-made disasters that result in the closure of certain waterways and prevent vessels from entering or leaving certain ports. Accordingly, any extended vessel off-hire, due to an accident or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on our business and our results of operations and operating cash flow.
Changes in the insurance markets attributable to the risk of terrorism in certain locations around the world could make it difficult for us to obtain certain types of coverage. In addition, the insurance that may be available to us may be significantly more expensive than our existing coverage.
We may not be adequately insured to cover losses against all risks, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Additionally, our insurers may refuse to pay particular claims and our insurance may be voidable by the insurers if we take, or fail to take, certain action, such as failing to maintain certification of our vessels with applicable maritime regulatory organizations. Any significant uninsured or underinsured loss or liability could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, and ability to pay dividends. It may also result in protracted legal litigation.
In the future, we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates for the vessels we acquire. The insurers may not pay particular claims. Our insurance policies also contain deductibles for which we will be responsible as well as limitations and exclusions that may increase our costs or lower our revenue.
We may be subject to increased premium payments, or calls, as we obtain some of our insurance through protection and indemnity associations.
We may be subject to increased premium payments, or calls, in amounts based on our claim records and the claim records of our Fleet Manager as well as the claim records of other members of the protection and indemnity associations through which we receive insurance coverage for tort liability, including pollution-related liability. In addition, our protection and indemnity associations may not have enough resources to cover claims made against them. Our payment of these calls could result in significant expense to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Increasing regulation as well as scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders and other market participants with respect to our Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) policies may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks.
Companies across all industries are facing increasing scrutiny relating to their ESG policies. Investor advocacy groups, certain institutional investors, investment funds, lenders and other market participants are increasingly focused on ESG practices and in recent years have placed increasing importance on the implications and social cost of their investments. The increased focus and activism related to ESG and similar matters may hinder access to capital, as investors and lenders may decide to reallocate capital or to not commit capital as a result of their assessment of a company’s ESG practices. Companies which do not adapt to or comply with investor, lender or other evolving industry shareholder expectations and standards, or which are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, may suffer from reputational damage and the business, financial condition, and/or stock price of such a company could be materially and adversely affected.
We may face increasing pressures from investors, lenders and other market participants, who are increasingly focused on climate change, to prioritize sustainable energy practices, reduce our carbon footprint and promote sustainability. As a result, we may be required to implement more stringent ESG procedures or standards so that our existing and future investors and lenders remain invested in us and make further investments in us, especially given the highly focused and specific trade of crude oil transportation in which we are presently engaged. If we do not meet these standards, our business and/or our ability to access capital could be harmed.
On March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted final rules to enhance and standardize climate-related and ESG-related disclosures by public companies and in public offerings. The final rules would have added extensive and prescriptive disclosure items requiring companies, including foreign private issuers, to disclose climate-related risks and certain emissions. Specifically, the rules would have required the inclusion of certain climate-related financial metrics in a note to companies’ audited financial statements. The rules were challenged in federal court before they became effective and, in April 2024, the SEC announced that it would voluntarily stay the effectiveness of the rules pending judicial review. On June 12, 2025, the SEC formally withdrew the rules. While the current SEC leadership determined to withdraw these rules, the SEC could again change its policy priorities, under a future presidential administration or otherwise, and may propose similar rules in the future.
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Additionally, certain investors and lenders may exclude shipping companies, such as us, from their investing portfolios altogether due to environmental, social and governance factors. These limitations in both the debt and equity capital markets may affect our ability to develop as our plans for growth may include accessing the equity and debt capital markets. If those markets are unavailable, or if we are unable to access alternative means of financing on acceptable terms, or at all, we may be unable to implement our business strategy, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to service our indebtedness. Further, it is likely that we will incur additional costs and require additional resources to monitor, report and comply with wide ranging ESG requirements. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
Moreover, from time to time, we may incur additional costs, establish and publicly announce goals and commitments in respect of certain ESG items. While we may create and publish voluntary disclosures regarding ESG matters from time to time, many of the statements in those voluntary disclosures are based on hypothetical expectations and assumptions that may or may not be representative of current or actual risks or events or forecasts of expected risks or events, including the costs associated therewith. Such expectations and assumptions are necessarily uncertain and may be prone to error or subject to misinterpretation given the long timelines involved and the lack of an established single approach to identifying, measuring and reporting on many ESG matters. If we fail to achieve or improperly report on our progress toward achieving our environmental goals and commitments, the resulting scrutiny from market participants or regulators could adversely affect our reputation and/or our access to capital.
A shift in consumer demand from crude oil towards other energy sources or changes to trade patterns for crude oil and refined petroleum products may have a material adverse effect on our business.
A significant portion of our earnings are related to the crude oil industry. A shift in the consumer demand from crude oil towards other energy resources such as wind energy, solar energy, hydrogen energy, or nuclear energy will potentially affect the demand for our vessels and any vessel we may acquire in the future. This could have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows, and financial position.
Seaborne trading and distribution patterns are primarily influenced by the relative advantage of the various sources of production, locations of consumption, pricing differentials, and seasonality. Changes to the trade patterns of crude oil and oil products may have a significant negative or positive impact on ton-miles and, therefore, the demand for our tanker vessels. This could have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows, and financial position.
Technological innovation and quality and efficiency requirements from our customers could reduce our charter hire income and the value of our vessels, or vessels we may acquire.
Our customers, in particular those in the oil industry, have a high and increasing focus on quality and compliance standards with their suppliers across the entire supply chain, including the shipping and transportation segment. Our continued compliance with these standards and quality requirements is vital for our operations. Charter hire rates and the value and operational life of a vessel are determined by a number of factors including the vessel’s efficiency, operational flexibility and physical life. Efficiency includes speed, fuel economy and the ability to load and discharge cargo quickly. Flexibility includes the ability to enter harbors, utilize related docking facilities and pass through canals and straits. The length of a vessel’s physical life is related to its original design and construction, its maintenance and the impact of the stress of operations. If new vessels are built that are more efficient or more flexible or have longer physical lives than our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, competition from these more technologically advanced vessels could adversely affect the amount of charter hire payments we receive for our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, and the resale value of our vessels, or vessels we may acquire could significantly decrease which may have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows and financial position.
Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or the FCPA, could result in fines, criminal penalties, and an adverse effect on our business.
We may operate in a number of countries throughout the world, including countries known to have a reputation for corruption. We are committed to doing business in accordance with applicable anti-corruption laws and have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that is consistent and in full compliance with the FCPA. We are subject, however, to the risk that we, our affiliated entities or our or their respective officers, directors, employees, and agents may take actions determined to be in violation of such anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA. In addition, actual or alleged violations could damage our reputation and ability to do business. Furthermore, detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations is expensive and can consume significant time and attention of our senior management. Any such violation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil and/or criminal penalties, curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, and might adversely affect our business, earnings or financial condition.
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The smuggling of drugs or other contraband onto our vessels, or vessels we may acquire may lead to governmental claims against us.
Our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, may call in ports where smugglers may attempt to hide drugs and other contraband on vessels, with or without the knowledge of crew members. To the extent our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, are found with contraband, whether inside or attached to the hull of our vessels and whether with or without the knowledge of any of our crew, we may face governmental or other regulatory claims which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay dividends. Under some jurisdictions, vessels used for the conveyance of illegal drugs could result in forfeiture of the subject vessel to the government of such jurisdiction.
Maritime claimants could arrest our vessels, or vessels we may acquire, which could interrupt our cash flow.
Crew members, suppliers of goods and services to a vessel, shippers of cargo and other parties may be entitled to a maritime lien against that vessel for unsatisfied debts, claims or damages. In many jurisdictions, a maritime lienholder may enforce its lien by “arresting” or “attaching” a vessel through foreclosure proceedings. The arrest or attachment of our vessels or vessels we acquire could result in a significant loss of earnings for the related off-hire period. In addition, in jurisdictions where the “sister ship” theory of liability applies, a claimant may arrest the vessel which is subject to the claimant’s maritime lien and any “associated” vessel, which is any vessel owned or controlled by the same owner. In countries with “sister ship” liability laws, claims might be asserted against us or any of our vessels for liabilities of any other vessels we may own.
Governments could requisition our vessels, or vessels we acquire, during a period of war or emergency, resulting in loss of earnings.
A government could requisition our vessels for title or hire. Requisition for title occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and becomes the owner. Requisition for hire occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and effectively becomes the charterer at dictated charter rates. Generally, requisitions occur during a period of war or emergency. Although we would be entitled to compensation in the event of a requisition, the amount and timing of payment of such compensation is uncertain. Government requisition of our vessels or vessels we may acquire could negatively impact our revenues should we not receive adequate compensation.
U.S. federal tax authorities could treat us as a “passive foreign investment company,” which could have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders.
A foreign corporation will be treated as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for any taxable year consists of certain types of “passive income” or (2) at least 50% of the average value of the corporation’s assets produce or are held for the production of those types of “passive income.” For purposes of these tests, “passive income” includes dividends, interest, gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents and royalties other than rents and royalties which are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. Income derived from the performance of services does not constitute “passive income” for this purpose. U.S. shareholders of a PFIC are subject to a disadvantageous U.S. federal income tax regime with respect to the income derived by the PFIC, the distributions they receive from the PFIC and the gain, if any, they derive from the sale or other disposition of their shares in the PFIC.
In general, income derived from the bareboat charter of a vessel should be treated as “passive income” for purposes of determining whether a foreign corporation is a PFIC, and such vessel should be treated as an asset which produces or is held for the production of “passive income.” On the other hand, income derived from the time charter of a vessel should not be treated as “passive income” for such purpose, but rather should be treated as services income; likewise, a time chartered vessel should generally not be treated as an asset which produces or is held for the production of “passive income.”
We believe that the Rubico Predecessor was not a PFIC for its 2024 taxable year and we do not expect to be treated as a PFIC in the current or subsequent taxable years. In this regard, we intend to treat the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from our time chartering activities as services income, rather than rental income. Accordingly, we believe that our income from our time chartering activities does not constitute ‘‘passive income,’’ and the assets that we own and operate in connection with the production of that income do not constitute passive assets.
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There is, however, no direct legal authority under the PFIC rules addressing our proposed method of operation. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the United States Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, or a court of law will accept our position, and there is a risk that the IRS or a court of law could determine that we are a PFIC. Moreover, no assurance can be given that we would not constitute a PFIC for any future taxable year if there were to be changes in the nature and extent of our operations.
Our U.S. shareholders may face adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences and certain information reporting obligations if we were treated as a PFIC. Under the PFIC rules, unless those shareholders make an election available under the Code (which election could itself have adverse consequences for such shareholders, as discussed below under “Tax Considerations—United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders— Taxation of U.S. Holders Making a Timely QEF Election”), such shareholders would be liable to pay U.S. federal income tax at the then prevailing income tax rates on ordinary income plus interest upon excess distributions and upon any gain from the disposition of their Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants, as if the excess distribution or gain had been recognized ratably over the shareholder’s holding period of the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants. See “Tax Considerations—United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders” for a more comprehensive discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders if we were treated as a PFIC.
We may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our U.S. source income, which would reduce our earnings.
Under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, 50% of the gross shipping income of a vessel owning or chartering corporation, such as ourselves and our subsidiaries, that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States is characterized as U.S. source shipping income and such income is subject to a 4% U.S. federal income tax without allowance for deduction, unless that corporation qualifies for exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code.
We took the position for U.S. federal income tax reporting purposes that the Rubico Predecessor was not subject to U.S. federal income taxation for the 2022, 2023 and 2024 taxable years. However, there are factual circumstances beyond our control that could cause us to lose the benefit of the exemption and thereby become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our U.S. source shipping income. Due to the factual nature of the issues involved, we may not qualify for exemption under Section 883 of the Code for 2025 or any future taxable year.
Changing laws and evolving reporting requirements could have an adverse effect on our business.
Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to reporting requirements, including the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, may create additional compliance requirements for us. To maintain high standards of corporate governance and public disclosure, we have invested in, and continue to invest in, reasonably necessary resources to comply with evolving standards.
GDPR broadens the scope of personal privacy laws to protect the rights of European Union citizens and requires organizations to report on data breaches within 72 hours and be bound by more stringent rules for obtaining the consent of individuals on how their data can be used. Non-compliance with GDPR may expose entities to significant fines or other regulatory claims which could have an adverse effect on our business, and results of operations.
We may be unable to make, on a timely or cost-effective basis, the changes necessary to operate as a publicly traded company, and we may experience increased costs after the Spin-Off.
Following the Spin-Off, we now need to provide internally or obtain from unaffiliated third parties some of the services we received from the Parent. We may be unable to replace these services in a timely manner or on terms and conditions as favorable as those we receive from the Parent. We may be unable to successfully establish the infrastructure or implement the changes necessary to operate independently or may incur additional costs. If we fail to obtain the services necessary to operate effectively or if we incur greater costs in obtaining these services, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We have no operating history as a publicly traded company, and our historical financial information is not necessarily representative of the results we would have achieved as a publicly traded company and may not be a reliable indicator of our future results.
We derived the historical financial information included in this registration statement in part from the Parent’s consolidated financial statements, and this information does not necessarily reflect the results of operations and financial position we would have achieved as a separate publicly-traded company during the periods presented or those that we will achieve in the future. This is primarily because of the following factors:
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| • | Prior to the Spin-Off, we operated as part of the Parent’s broader corporate organization, and the Parent performed various corporate functions for us. Our historical financial information reflects allocations of corporate expenses from the Parent for these and similar functions. These allocations may not reflect the costs we will incur for similar services in the future as a publicly traded company. |
| • | Our historical financial information does not reflect changes that we expect to experience in the future as a result of our separation from the Parent, including changes in our cost structure, personnel needs, tax structure, financing and business operations. As part of Parent, we enjoyed certain benefits from the Parent’s operating diversity, size, borrowing leverage and available capital for investments, and we may lose these benefits after the Spin-Off. As a separate entity, we may be unable to purchase services and technologies or access capital markets on terms as favorable to us as those we obtained as part of the Parent prior to the Spin-Off. |
Following the Spin-Off, we are responsible for the additional costs associated with being a publicly traded company, including costs related to corporate governance, investor and public relations and public reporting. In addition, certain costs incurred by the Parent, including executive oversight, accounting, treasury, tax, legal, human resources, occupancy, procurement, information technology and other shared services, have historically been allocated to us by the Parent; but these allocations may not reflect the future level of these costs to us as we begin to provide these services ourselves. Therefore, our historical financial statements may not be indicative of our future performance as a separate publicly traded company. We cannot assure you that our operating results will continue at a similar level when we are a separate publicly traded company. For additional information about our past financial performance and the basis of presentation of our financial statements, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operating and Financing Review and Prospects” and our historical financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this registration statement.
We may not be able to access the credit and capital markets at the times and in the amounts needed on acceptable terms.
From time to time, we may need to access the capital markets to obtain long-term and short-term financing. We have not previously accessed the capital markets as a separate public company, and our access to, and the availability of, financing on acceptable terms and conditions in the future will be impacted by many factors, including our financial performance, our credit ratings or absence thereof, the liquidity of the overall capital markets and the state of the economy. We cannot assure you that we will have access to the capital markets at the times and in the amounts needed or on terms acceptable to us.
Risks Relating to our Relationship with our Fleet Manager and its Affiliates
We are dependent on our Fleet Manager, an affiliate of our controlling shareholder, to perform the day-to-day management of our fleet.
Our executive management team is provided by Central Mare. We subcontract the day-to-day vessel management of our fleet, including crewing, maintenance and repair to our Fleet Manager. Furthermore, upon delivery of any vessels we may acquire, we expect to subcontract their day-to-day management to our Fleet Manager. Our Fleet Manager is a related party affiliated with the family of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our controlling shareholder. We are dependent on our Fleet Manager for the technical and commercial operation of our fleet as well as for all accounting and reporting functions and the loss of our Fleet Manager’s services or its failure to perform obligations to us could materially and adversely affect the results of our operations. If our Fleet Manager suffers material damage to its reputation or relationships it may harm our ability to:
| • | continue to operate our vessels, or vessels we may acquire and service our customers; |
| • | renew existing charters upon their expiration; |
| • | obtain new charters; |
| • | obtain financing on commercially acceptable terms; |
| • | maintain satisfactory relationships with our customers and suppliers; and |
| • | successfully execute our growth strategy. |
Our Fleet Manager is a privately held company and there may be limited or no publicly available information about it.
Our Fleet Manager is a privately held company. The ability of our Fleet Manager to provide services for our benefit will depend in part on its own financial strength. Circumstances beyond our control could impair our Fleet Manager’s financial strength, and there may be limited publicly available information about its financial condition. As a result, an investor in our Common Shares might have little advance warning of problems affecting our Fleet Manager, even though these problems could have a material adverse effect on us.
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Our Fleet Manager may have conflicts of interest between us and its other clients.
We subcontract the day-to-day vessel management of our fleet, including crewing, maintenance and repair to our Fleet Manager. Our Fleet Manager may provide similar services for vessels owned by other shipping companies, and it also may provide similar services to companies with which our Fleet Manager is affiliated, including the Parent. These responsibilities and relationships could create conflicts of interest between our Fleet Manager’s performance of its obligations to us, on the one hand, and our Fleet Manager’s performance of its obligations to its other clients, on the other hand. These conflicts may arise in connection with the crewing, supply provisioning and operations of the vessels in our fleet versus vessels owned by other clients of our Fleet Manager. In particular, our Fleet Manager may give preferential treatment to vessels owned by other clients whose arrangements provide for greater economic benefit to our Fleet Manager. These conflicts of interest may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and this Offering
A trading market that will provide you with adequate liquidity may not develop. The price of our Common Shares may fluctuate significantly. Further, there is no guarantee of a continuing public market to resell our Common Shares.
Prior to the Spin-Off, there was no public market for our Common Shares. We do not know the extent to which investor interest will lead to the development of a trading market or how liquid that market might be. You may not be able to resell your Common Shares at or above the initial trading price. Additionally, the lack of liquidity may result in wide bid-ask spreads, contribute to significant fluctuations in the market price of the Common Shares and limit the number of investors who are able to buy the Common Shares.
Further there is no guarantee that we will be able to maintain listing on Nasdaq for any period of time by perpetually satisfying Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements. Our failure to continue to meet these requirements may result in our securities being delisted. We cannot assure you that any continuing public market to resell our Common Shares will be available.
We have in the past and may in the future rely in part on equity issuances, which will not require shareholder approval, to fund our growth, and such equity issuances could dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of our Common Shares.
We may issue additional Common Shares or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future in connection with, among other things, future vessel acquisitions or repayment of outstanding indebtedness, without shareholder approval, in a number of circumstances.
As part of our business strategy, we have in the past and may in the future rely in part on issuances of equity, warrants or preferred securities, which may carry voting rights and may be convertible or exercisable into Common Shares, to fund the growth of our fleet. We may issue such securities in private placements, including to related parties, or in registered offerings.
In addition to the offering registered under the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement entered into with B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (the “Selling Shareholder”) we have the right to sell to the Selling Shareholder, from time to time during the term of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, up to $30,000,000 of our Common Shares, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Equity Line Purchase Agreement. We have registered under the Securities Act the resale by the Selling Shareholder of up to 15,500,000 of our Common Shares of which we have sold 480,144 Common Shares to the Selling Shareholder under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement as of December 10, 2025.
Our issuance of additional Common Shares, including pursuant to the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, or otherwise upon conversion of convertible securities or exercise of warrants, or other equity securities of equal or senior rank, or with voting rights, may have the following effects:
| • | Our existing common shareholders’ proportionate ownership interest in us will decrease; |
| • | the amount of cash available for dividends payable per Common Share may decrease; |
| • | the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding Common Share may be diminished; and |
| • | the market price of our Common Shares may decline. |
The market price of our Common Shares has been and may in the future be subject to significant fluctuations.
The market price of our Common Shares has been and may in the future be subject to significant fluctuations as a result of many factors, some of which are beyond our control. Among the factors that could in the future affect our stock price are:
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| • | variations in our results of operations; |
| • | changes in market valuations of similar companies and stock market price and volume fluctuations generally; |
| • | changes in earnings estimates or the publication of research reports by analysts; |
| • | speculation in the press or investment community about our business or the shipping industry generally; |
| • | strategic actions by us or our competitors such as acquisitions or restructurings; |
| • | the thin trading market for our Common Shares, which makes it somewhat illiquid; |
| • | regulatory developments; |
| • | additions or departures of key personnel; |
| • | general market conditions; and |
| • | domestic and international economic, market and currency factors unrelated to our performance. |
The stock markets in general, and the markets for shipping and shipping stocks in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that has sometimes been unrelated to the operating performance of individual companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our Common Shares.
We may experience rapid and substantial share price volatility unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Common Shares.
As a relatively small-capitalization company with relatively small public float, we may experience greater share price volatility, extreme price run-ups or rapid price declines, larger spreads in bid and ask prices, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. Such volatility, including any share price run-up, may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Common Shares. In addition, holders of our Common Shares may experience losses, which may be material, if the price of our Common Shares declines after this offering or if such investors purchase our Common Shares prior to any price decline.
For example, on November 25, 2025, the trading price of our Common Shares ranged from an intra-day high of $8.58 to an intra-day low of $5.81, on trading volume of approximately 21.7 million shares.
Furthermore, if the trading volumes of our Common Shares are low, investors buying or selling in relatively small quantities may be able to easily influence the price of our Common Shares. Such low volume of trades could also cause the price of our Common Shares to fluctuate greatly, with large percentage changes in share price occurring in any trading day session. Holders of our Common Shares may also not be able to readily liquidate their investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. Broad market fluctuations and general economic and political conditions may also adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our Common Shares. A decline in the market price of our Common Shares also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional Common Shares or other securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. Also see “—The market price of our Common Shares has been and may in the future be subject to significant fluctuations” above.
A possible “short squeeze” due to a sudden increase in demand of our Common Shares that largely exceeds supply may lead to further price volatility in our Common Shares.
Investors may purchase our Common Shares to hedge existing exposure in our Common Shares or to speculate on the price of our Common Shares. Speculation on the price of our Common Shares may involve long and short exposures. To the extent aggregate short exposure exceeds the number of Common Shares available for purchase in the open market, investors with short exposure may have to pay a premium to repurchase our Common Shares for delivery to lenders of our Common Shares. Those repurchases may in turn, dramatically increase the price of our Common Shares until investors with short exposure are able to purchase additional Common Shares to cover their short position. This is often referred to as a “short squeeze.” Following such a short squeeze, once investors purchase the shares necessary to cover their short position, the price of our Common Shares may rapidly decline. A short squeeze could lead to volatile price movements in our Common Shares that are not directly correlated to the performance or prospects of our company.
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As a newly incorporated company, we may not have the surplus or net profits required by law to pay dividends. The declaration and payment of dividends will always be subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors. Our Board of Directors may not declare dividends in the future.
The declaration, timing and amount of any dividend is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our earnings, financial condition, market prospects and our growth strategy, capital expenditure requirements, dividends to holders of our preferred shares, investment opportunities, restrictions in our financing arrangements, the provisions of Marshall Islands law affecting the payment of dividends to shareholders, overall market conditions and other factors.
In addition, we may incur expenses or liabilities, including extraordinary expenses, decreases in revenues, including as a result of unanticipated off-hire days or loss of a vessel, or increased cash needs, or be subject to other circumstances in the future, including as a result of the risks described in this registration statement and any future reports we may file with the SEC, that could reduce or eliminate the amount of cash that we have available for distribution as dividends. Our growth strategy contemplates that we will finance the acquisition of additional vessels in part through raising equity capital. However, if external sources of funds on terms acceptable to us are limited, our Board of Directors may determine to finance acquisitions with cash from operations, which would reduce or even eliminate the amount of cash available for the payment of dividends. In addition, any credit facilities that we may enter into or the terms of preferred shares which we may issue in the future may include restrictions on our ability to pay dividends on our Common Shares. Further, under the terms of our current financing arrangements, and possibly any future financing arrangements, we will not be permitted to pay dividends that would result in an event of default or if an event of default has occurred and is continuing. As a result of these and other factors, we cannot assure you that our Board of Directors will declare dividend payments on our Common Shares in the future.
Further, Marshall Islands law generally prohibits the payment of dividends if the company is insolvent or would be rendered insolvent upon payment of such dividend, and dividends may be declared and paid out of our operating surplus. Dividends may also be declared or paid out of net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and for the preceding fiscal year. As a newly incorporated company, we may not have the required surplus or net profits to pay dividends, and we may be unable to pay dividends in any anticipated amount or at all.
Our controlling shareholder has significant influence over us, and a trust established for the benefit of his family may be deemed to beneficially own, directly or indirectly, 100% of our Series D Preferred Shares, and thereby to control the outcome of matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote.
The Lax Trust may be deemed to beneficially own, directly or indirectly, all of the 100,000 outstanding Series D Preferred Shares. Each Series D Preferred Share carries 1,000 votes.
By the Lax Trust’s beneficial ownership of 100% of our Series D Preferred Shares, following the Spin-Off and the Private Placement, the Lax Trust may be deemed to beneficially own 98.0% of our total voting power and to control the outcome of matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote, including the election of our directors and other significant corporate actions.
In order to satisfy the minimum percentage of voting of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis contained in our SLBs as described below as well as any future such minimum voting rights financing agreement covenants, the voting rights per share of Series D Preferred Shares are adjusted such that during the term of any facility containing such a minimum voting percentage covenant, the combined voting power controlled by Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis or any related parties affiliated with Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis and the Lax Trust does not fall below a majority of our total voting power, irrespective of any new common or preferred share issuances. Both the number of the Series D Preferred Shares and the votes per Series D Preferred Share are not adjusted in case of splits, subdivisions, reverse stock splits or combinations of the Company’s outstanding shares.
This concentration of ownership may delay, deter or prevent acts that would be favored by our other shareholders or deprive shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our business, and it is possible that the interests of Lax Trust, Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis or the family of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis may conflict with our interests and the interests of our other holders of shares. Any such conflicts of interest could result in our entry into transactions on terms not determined by market forces. In addition, this concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our shares because investors may perceive disadvantages in owning shares in a company with such concentrated shareholding. This concentration of ownership of our voting shares could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and the trading price of our Common Shares.
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We are a “foreign private issuer,” which could make our Common Shares less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our stock price.
We are a “foreign private issuer,” as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. As a “foreign private issuer” the rules governing the information that we disclose differ from those governing U.S. corporations pursuant to the Exchange Act. We are not required to file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or provide current reports on Form 8-K disclosing significant events within four days of their occurrence. In addition, our officers and directors are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchase and sales of our securities. Our exemption from the rules of Section 16 of the Exchange Act regarding sales of Common Shares by insiders means that you will have less data in this regard than shareholders of U.S. companies that are subject to the Exchange Act. Moreover, we are exempt from the proxy rules, and proxy statements that we distribute will not be subject to review by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. Accordingly, there may be less publicly available information concerning us than there is for other U.S. public companies that are not foreign private issuers. These exemptions and scaled disclosure requirements are not related to our status as an emerging growth company and will continue to be available to us even if we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company but remain a foreign private issuer. These factors could make our Common Shares less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our stock price.
We could lose our foreign private issuer status under U.S. securities laws. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher. We would then also be required to file periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We may then also be required to modify certain of our policies to comply with good or required governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers. Such conversion and modifications will involve additional costs.
We are a “controlled company” under Nasdaq corporate governance rules and we therefore are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements that could adversely affect our public shareholders.
Since the Lax Trust beneficially owns a majority of the voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital, we qualify as a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq listing rules. Under these rules a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including, without limitation (i) the requirement that a majority of the Board of Directors consist of independent directors, (ii) the requirement that the compensation of our officers be determined or recommended to the Board of Directors by a compensation committee that is comprised solely of independent directors, and (iii) the requirement that director nominees be selected or recommended to the Board of Directors by a majority of independent directors or a nominating and corporate governance committee comprised solely of independent directors.
We do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption. Our status as a controlled company, however, could cause our Common Shares to appear less attractive to certain investors or otherwise harm our trading price.
Issuance of preferred shares, such as our Series D Preferred Shares and our Series A Participating Preferred Stock, may adversely affect the voting power of our common shareholders have a dilutive effect on them and have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares.
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation currently authorize our Board of Directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, with respect to, among other things, dividends, conversion, voting, redemption, liquidation and the number of shares constituting any series without shareholders’ approval. Our Board of Directors has issued, and may in the future issue, preferred shares with voting rights superior to those of the Common Shares, such as the Series D Preferred Shares or the Series A Participating Preferred Stock, which could have a dilutive effect on our common shareholders. If our Board of Directors determines to issue preferred shares, such issuance may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that shareholders may consider favorable. The issuance of preferred shares with voting and conversion rights may also adversely affect the voting power of the holders of Common Shares. This could substantially impede the ability of public shareholders to benefit from a change in control and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares and our shareholders' ability to realize any potential change of control premium.
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We cannot predict the impact our multi-class capital structure may have on the market price or liquidity of our Common Shares.
We cannot predict whether our multi-class capital structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Common Shares or have other adverse consequences for our shareholders. For example, certain index providers have policies that restrict or prohibit the inclusion of companies with multi-class share structures in certain of their indices. Under such policies, our multi-class capital structure would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices, and as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices will not be investing in our Common Shares. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from stock indices would likely preclude investment in our Common Shares by many of these funds. Additionally, the holding of low-voting stock, such as our Common Shares, may not be permitted by the investment policies of certain institutional investors, or may be less attractive to other investors. As a result, the market price or liquidity of our Common Shares could be adversely affected.
Anti-takeover provisions in our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws could make it difficult for our shareholders to replace or remove our current Board of Directors or could have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares.
Several provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws have anti-takeover effects. These provisions are intended to avoid costly takeover battles, lessen our vulnerability to a hostile change of control and enhance the ability of our Board to maximize shareholder value in connection with any unsolicited offer to acquire our Company. However, these anti-takeover provisions could make it difficult for our shareholders to change the composition of our Board of Directors in any one year, preventing them from changing the composition of our management. In addition, the same provisions may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that some shareholders may consider favorable.
These provisions:
| • | authorize our Board of Directors to issue “blank check” preferred stock without shareholder approval, including preferred shares with superior voting rights, such as the Series D Preferred Shares; |
| • | provide for a classified Board of Directors with staggered, three-year terms; |
| • | permit the removal of any director only for cause; |
| • | prohibiting shareholder action by written consent unless the written consent is signed by all shareholders entitled to vote on the action; |
| • | limiting the persons who may call special meetings of shareholders; and |
| • | establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by shareholders at meetings of shareholders. |
In addition, in connection with the Spin-Off we entered into a shareholders’ rights agreement pursuant to which our Board of Directors may cause the substantial dilution of any person that attempts to acquire us without the approval of our Board of Directors.
These anti-takeover provisions including provisions of our shareholders’ rights agreement, could substantially impede the ability of our shareholders to impose a change in control and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of our Common Shares and your ability to realize any potential change of control premium.
We are an “emerging growth company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Common Shares less attractive to investors.
We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. While we have elected to take advantage of some of the reduced reporting obligations, we are choosing to “opt-out” of the extended transition period relating to the exemption from new or revised financial accounting standards. We cannot predict if investors will find our Common Shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Common Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Common Shares and our share price may be more volatile.
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In addition, under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Sarbanes-Oxley, for so long as we are an emerging growth company. For as long as we take advantage of the reduced reporting obligations, the information that we provide shareholders may be different from information provided by other public companies.
We are incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, which does not have a well-developed body of corporate law, and as a result, shareholders may have fewer rights and protections under Marshall Islands law than under a typical jurisdiction in the United States.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, our Amended and Restated Bylaws, and by the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act, or the BCA. The provisions of the BCA resemble provisions of the corporation laws of a number of states in the United States. However, there have been few judicial cases in the Republic of the Marshall Islands interpreting the BCA. The rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under the law of the Republic of the Marshall Islands are not as clearly established as the rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in certain United States jurisdictions. Shareholder rights may differ as well. While the BCA does specifically incorporate the non-statutory law, or judicial case law, of the State of Delaware and other states with substantially similar legislative provisions, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions by management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a United States jurisdiction.
As a Marshall Islands corporation with principal executive offices in Greece and subsidiaries in the Marshall Islands, our operations may be subject to economic substance requirements.
The Council of the European Union, or the Council, routinely publishes a list of “non-cooperative jurisdictions” for tax purposes, which includes countries that the Council believes need to improve their legal framework and to work towards compliance with international standards in taxation. In February 2023, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, among others, was placed by the EU on the list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for lacking in the enforcement of economic substance requirements and was subsequently removed from such list in October 2023. EU member states have agreed upon a set of measures, which they can choose to apply against the listed countries, including increased monitoring and audits, withholding taxes, and non-deductibility of costs, and although we are not currently aware of any such measures being adopted, they can be adopted by one or more EU members states in the future. The European Commission has stated it will continue to support member states’ efforts to develop a more coordinated approach to sanctions for the listed countries. EU legislation prohibits certain EU funds from being channeled or transited through entities in non-cooperative jurisdictions.
We are a Marshall Islands corporation with principal executive offices in Greece. The Marshall Islands has enacted economic substance regulations with which we may be obligated to comply. Those regulations require certain entities that are not otherwise tax resident elsewhere that carry out particular activities to comply with an economic substance test whereby the entity must show that it (i) is directed and managed in the Marshall Islands in relation to that relevant activity, (ii) carries out core income-generating activity in relation to that relevant activity in the Marshall Islands (although it is being understood and acknowledged by the regulators that income-generating activities for shipping companies will generally occur in international waters), and (iii) having regard to the level of relevant activity carried out in the Marshall Islands, has (a) an adequate amount of expenditures in the Marshall Islands, (b) adequate physical presence in the Marshall Islands, and (c) an adequate number of qualified employees in the Marshall Islands.
If we fail to comply with our obligations under this legislation or any similar law applicable to us in any other jurisdictions, we could be subject to financial penalties and spontaneous disclosure of information to foreign tax officials or with respect to the Marshall Islands economic substance requirements, revocation of the formation documents and dissolution of the applicable non-compliant Marshall Islands entity or struck from the register of companies in related jurisdictions. Any of the foregoing could be disruptive to our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, and operating results. Accordingly, any implementation of, or changes to, any of the economic substance regulations that impact us could increase the complexity and costs of carrying on business in these jurisdictions, and thus could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We do not know what actions the Marshall Islands may take, if any, to remove itself from the list of “non-cooperative jurisdictions” if it should be placed back on the list; how quickly the EU would react to any changes in regulations of the Marshall Islands; or how EU banks or other counterparties will react while we or our subsidiaries remain as entities organized and existing under the laws of the Marshall Islands during a period if the Marshall Islands is again placed on the list of “non-cooperative jurisdictions.” The effect of the EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, and any noncompliance by us with legislation or regulations adopted by the Marshall Islands to achieve removal from the list, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and operating results.
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It may not be possible for investors to serve process on or enforce U.S. judgments against us.
We and our subsidiaries are incorporated in jurisdictions outside the U.S. and substantially all of our assets and those of our subsidiaries are located outside the U.S. In addition, all of our directors and officers are non-residents of the U.S., and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these non-residents are located outside the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. investors to serve process within the U.S. upon us, our subsidiaries or our directors and officers or to enforce a judgment against us for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in the countries in which we or our subsidiaries are incorporated or where our assets or the assets of our subsidiaries are located (1) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our subsidiaries based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws or (2) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us or our subsidiaries based on those laws.
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation include forum selection provisions for certain disputes between us and our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, (A) to the fullest extent permitted by law, the High Court of the Republic of Marshall Islands shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any internal corporate claim, intra-corporate claim, or claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, including (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee or shareholder of the Company to the Company or the Company’s shareholders, and (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the BCA or our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation or Amended and Restated Bylaws, and (B) the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if such court does not have jurisdiction over such claim, any other federal district court of the United States) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for all claims arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, as applicable, and any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder, to the extent such claims would be subject to federal or state jurisdiction pursuant to the Securities Act or Exchange Act, as applicable, and after giving effect to clause (A) above. Therefore, to the fullest extent permitted by law, we have selected the High Court of the Republic of the Marshall Islands as the exclusive forum for any derivative action alleging a violation of the Securities Act or Exchange Act. Although our forum selection provisions shall not relieve us of our statutory duties to comply with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and our shareholders are not deemed to have waived our compliance with such laws, rules, and regulations, as applicable, our forum selection provisions may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, and may increase the costs associated with such lawsuits, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Please also see below, “—We may not achieve the intended benefits of having forum selection provision if they are found to be unenforceable.”
We may not achieve the intended benefits of having forum selection provisions if they are found to be unenforceable.
Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder and Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation include a forum selection clause which provides that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the High Court of the Republic of Marshall Islands shall be the sole and exclusive forum any internal corporate claim, intra-corporate claim, or claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, including, among others, any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, and that, subject to the foregoing, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if such court does not have jurisdiction over such claim, any other federal district court of the United States) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for all claims arising under the Securities Act or Exchange Act, to the extent such claims would be subject to federal or state jurisdiction pursuant to the Securities Act or Exchange Act, as applicable. Therefore, to the fullest extent permitted by law, we have selected the High Court of the Republic of the Marshall Islands as the exclusive forum for any derivative action alleging a violation of the Securities Act or Exchange Act. The enforceability of similar forum selection provisions in other companies’ governing documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that in connection with any action a court could find the forum selection provisions contained in our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable (in whole or in part) in such action. For example, with respect to derivative actions arising under the Exchange Act, there is currently disagreement among federal Courts of Appeals in the United States (a circuit split between the Courts of Appeals for the Seventh and Ninth Circuits) as to whether a forum selection clause which requires that derivative actions be brought in a specified forum other than the federal courts would contravene Section 27 of the Exchange Act under certain circumstances. The circuit split follows a line of cases that analyze the enforceability of forum selection provisions in the context of derivative Securities Act and Exchange Act claims. Accordingly, the applicability of the provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation selecting a Marshall Islands forum for certain types of claims may be limited with respect to such claims arising under the Securities Act or Exchange Act and, as a result, under certain such circumstances, the effect of our forum selection provisions may be uncertain. As a result, we could be required to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions, incur additional costs with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, or otherwise not receive the benefits that we expect our forum selection provisions to provide, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Since we have broad discretion in how we use the proceeds from this offering, we may use the proceeds in ways with which you disagree.
Our management will have significant flexibility in applying the net proceeds of this offering. You will be relying on the judgment of our management with regard to the use of these net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that the net proceeds will be invested in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us. The failure of our management to use such funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flow.
The public offering price in this offering will be set by our Board and does not necessarily indicate the actual or market value of our Common Shares.
Our Board, or a committee designated by the Board, will approve the public offering price and other terms of this offering after considering, among other things: the current market price of our Common Shares; trading prices of our Common Shares over time; the volatility of our Common Shares; our current financial condition and the prospects for our future cash flows; the availability of and likely cost of capital of other potential sources of capital; the characteristics of interested investors and market and economic conditions at the time of the offering. The public offering price is not intended to bear any relationship to the book value of our assets or our past operations, cash flows, losses, financial condition, net worth or any other established criteria used to value securities. The public offering price may not be indicative of the fair value of our Common Shares.
There is no public market for the Pre-funded Warrants in this offering.
There is no established public trading market for the Pre-funded Warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply for listing of the Pre-funded Warrants on any securities exchange or recognized trading system. Without an active market, the liquidity of the Pre-funded Warrants will be limited.
We may fail to meet the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, which could cause our Common Shares to be delisted.
There can be no assurance that we will remain in compliance with Nasdaq’s listing qualification rules, or that our Common Shares will not be delisted, which could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, our Common Shares.
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The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides safe harbor protections for forward-looking statements in order to encourage companies to provide prospective information about their business. We desire to take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and are including this cautionary statement in connection therewith. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our or our management's expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future and other statements that are other than statements of historical fact. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.
The forward-looking statements in this prospectus are based upon various assumptions, many of which are based, in turn, upon further assumptions, including without limitation, management's examination of historical operating trends, data contained in our records and other data available from third parties. Although we believe that these assumptions were reasonable when made, because these assumptions are inherently subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies which are difficult or impossible to predict and are beyond our control, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or accomplish these expectations, beliefs or projections. As a result, you are cautioned not to rely on any forward-looking statements.
Many of these statements are based on our assumptions about factors that are beyond our ability to control or predict and are subject to risks and uncertainties that are described more fully in the section entitled “Risk Factors.” Any of these factors or a combination of these factors could materially affect our future results of operations and the ultimate accuracy of the forward-looking statements. In addition to these important factors, important factors that, in our view, could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include among other things:
| • | our ability to maintain or develop new and existing customer relationships with major crude oil companies and major commodity traders, including our ability to enter into long-term charters for our vessels and those we may acquire in the future; |
| • | our future operating and financial results; |
| • | our future vessel acquisitions, our business strategy and expected and unexpected capital spending or operating expenses, including any dry-docking, crewing, bunker costs and insurance costs; |
| • | our financial condition and liquidity, including our ability to pay amounts that we owe and to obtain financing in the future to fund capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate activities; |
| • | oil tanker industry trends, including fluctuations in charter rates and vessel values and factors affecting vessel supply and demand; |
| • | our ability to take delivery of, integrate into our fleet, and employ any newbuildings we may acquire or order in the future and the ability of shipyards to deliver vessels on a timely basis; |
| • | our dependence on our Parent and our fleet manager to operate our business; |
| • | the aging of our vessels, and those we may acquire in the future, and resultant increases in operation and dry-docking costs; |
| • | the ability of our vessels, and any vessels we may acquire in the future, to pass classification inspections and vetting inspections by oil majors; |
| • | significant changes in vessel performance, including increased vessel breakdowns; |
| • | the creditworthiness of our charterers and the ability of our contract counterparties to fulfill their obligations to us; |
| • | our ability to repay outstanding indebtedness, to obtain additional financing and to obtain replacement charters for our vessels, and any vessels we may acquire in the future, in each case, at commercially acceptable rates or at all; |
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| • | changes to governmental rules and regulations or actions taken by regulatory authorities and the expected costs thereof; |
| • | our ability to maintain the listing of our Common Shares on Nasdaq or another trading market, in particular, after this offering; |
| • | our ability to comply with additional costs and risks related to our environmental, social and governance policies; |
| • | potential liability from litigation and our vessel operations, including purported discharge of pollutants; |
| • | changes in general economic and business conditions; |
| • | general domestic and international political conditions, potential disruption of shipping routes due to accidents, political events, including “trade wars,” piracy, acts by terrorists or other hostilities or conflicts, including the war in Ukraine, the war between Israel and Hamas, tensions between the United States and Iran and between Israel and Iran or the Houthi crisis in and around the Red Sea; |
| • | changes in production of or demand for oil, either globally or in particular regions; |
| • | the strength of world economies and currencies, including fluctuations in charterhire rates and vessel values; |
| • | potential liability from future litigation and potential costs due to our vessel operations, and the operation of any vessels we may acquire in the future, including due to any environmental damage and vessel collisions; |
| • | the length and severity of public health threats, epidemics and pandemics and other disease outbreaks and their impact on the demand for commercial seaborne transportation and the condition of the financial markets and governmental responses thereto; and |
| • | other factors discussed in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus. |
Should one or more of the foregoing risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Consequently, there can be no assurance that actual results or developments anticipated by us will be realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will have the expected consequences to, or effects, on us. Given these uncertainties, prospective investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.
We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable laws. If one or more forward-looking statements are updated, no inference should be drawn that additional updates will be made with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.
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We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $5.1 million (or approximately $5.9 million if the Representative exercises its over-allotment option in full), after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
We currently intend to use the net proceeds of this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, to fund a portion of the purchase price for our potential acquisition of the Newbuilding Yacht, or if the Newbuilding Yacht acquisition is not consummated, for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, funding for working capital needs, debt repayments, and expanding our fleet into seaborne transportation of goods or passengers, including recreational transportation. Our targets may include newbuilding vessels or vessels from the secondhand market, including acquisitions from unrelated third parties, the Parent or other related parties. At this time, we have not specifically identified any vessels to acquire, other than the Newbuilding Yacht, nor have we identified a material single use for which we intend to use the net proceeds, and, accordingly, we are not able to allocate the net proceeds among any of these potential uses in light of the variety of factors that will impact how such net proceeds are ultimately utilized by us. The foregoing represents our current intentions with respect to the use of the net proceeds of this offering based upon our present plans and business conditions, but our management will have significant flexibility and discretion in applying the net proceeds. The occurrence of unforeseen events or changed business conditions could result in the application of the net proceeds of this offering in a manner other than as described above. The principal purpose of this offering is to obtain additional capital to fund our operations and growth.
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The following table sets forth our capitalization and indebtedness as of June 30, 2025:
| 1. | on an actual basis; |
| 2. | on an adjusted basis to give effect to the 1-for-30 reverse stock split effected on December 2, 2025 and the following transactions which occurred between June 30, 2025 and December 10, 2025: |
| • | our issuance of 104,411 Common Shares, par value $0.01 per share, as adjusted for cancellation of fractional shares, and 100,000 Series D Preferred Shares (see “Description of Capital Stock—Preferred Shares”) in conjunction with the Spin-Off distribution, including 2,500 Common Shares issued at a purchase price of $600.00 per Common Share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $1.5 million in the Private Placement, | |
| • | $2.0 million of scheduled debt repayments and $73.6 million prepayments under the AVIC, Huarong and the New Huarong SLB facilities, | |
| • | the receipt of $84.0 million from the sale and leaseback of M/T Eco Malibu and M/T Eco West Cost ($42.0 million per vessel) from Huarong (the sale and leaseback will be accounted as a financing transaction); | |
| • | the issuance and sale of 480,144 Common Shares under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement for net proceeds of $3.0 million; and | |
| • | the sale of 410,509 Common Shares, the issuance of 1,384,662 Common Shares upon the exercise of Class A Warrants sold in the November Offering for net proceeds of $6.9 million; and the issuance of 76,387 Common Shares upon the exercise of the November Representative Warrants; and |
| 3. | on an as further adjusted basis giving effect to the issuance and sale of 2,570,093 Common Shares in this offering, at an assumed public offering price of $2.14 per share, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The pro forma as further adjusted information below is illustrative only, and our capitalization following the closing of this offering will be adjusted based on the actual public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. |
| Based on our audited carve-out financial statements of the Rubico Predecessor: | ||||||||||||
| (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars, except number of shares and per share data) Debt:(1) (2) | Actual | As Adjusted | As Further Adjusted | |||||||||
| Current portion of long -term debt | 4,222 | 4,322 | 4,322 | |||||||||
| Non-current portion of long -term debt | 69,477 | 77,785 | 77,785 | |||||||||
| Total debt | 73,699 | 82,107 | 82,107 | |||||||||
| Parent company equity (3) | ||||||||||||
| Net parent investment | 33,037 | — | — | |||||||||
| Common shares | — | 25 | 50 | |||||||||
| Series D preferred shares | — | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | — | 44,413 | 49,488 | |||||||||
| Total Parent company equity | 33,037 | 44,439 | 49,539 | |||||||||
| Total capitalization | 106,736 | 126,546 | 131,646 | |||||||||
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| (1) | Our indebtedness (both current and non-current portions) is secured by titles on our vessels and is guaranteed by the Parent. |
| (2) | The capitalization table does not take into account any amortization of deferred finance fees incurred after June 30, 2025. |
| (3) | In connection with the Spin-Off, the Parent contributed the Rubico Predecessor to us as a capital contribution in exchange for 101,911 newly issued Common Shares, as adjusted for cancellation of fractional shares, par value $0.01 per share, including the related preferred stock purchase rights (and assuming the cancellation of our existing outstanding Common Shares that are held by the Parent), and 100,000 newly issued Series D Preferred Shares, as further described under “Our Company” and “Description of Capital Stock.” |
| (4) |
The accounting treatment for the warrants issued in the November Offering has not been finalized as of the date of this prospectus. The capitalization table on an as adjusted basis reflects the gross proceeds from the November Offering and the exercise of the warrants issued in the November Offering. Accordingly, the allocation of total proceeds between Common Shares, and Additional paid-in capital is presented for illustrative purposes and may change upon completion of the Company’s evaluation of the appropriate accounting treatment. |
| (5) | The accounting treatment for the Pre-funded Warrants has not been finalized as of the date of this prospectus. |
Pro Forma Earnings per Common Share
The following table sets forth our pro forma earnings per common share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 and for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2025, giving effect to the issuance of 101,911 common shares in connection with the Spin-Off for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and the issuance of 2,456,113 common shares in connection with the Spin-Off, sales of Common Shares under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, the November Offering (including shares issued upon the exercise of warrants issued in the November Offering) and the Private Placement for the year ended 2024 and for the six months ended June 30, 2025, par value $0.01 per share, as if such shares were issued at the beginning of the applicable period.
| Year ended December 31, | Six months ended June 30, | |||||||||||||||||||
| (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars, except number of shares and per share data) | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2024 | 2025 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income | 10,661 | 6,631 | 5,944 | 3,512 | 3,976 | |||||||||||||||
| Pro-Forma weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 101,911 | 101,911 | 2,456,113 | 101,911 | 2,456,113 | |||||||||||||||
| Pro forma earnings per common share, basic and diluted | 104.61 | 65.07 | 2.42 | 34.46 | 1.62 | |||||||||||||||
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The declaration, timing and amount of any dividend is subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our earnings, financial condition, market prospects, capital expenditure requirements, dividends to holders of our preferred shares, investment opportunities, restrictions in our financing arrangements, the provisions of the Marshall Islands law affecting the payment of dividends to shareholders, overall market conditions and other factors. We have not declared any dividends since our inception. Our Board of Directors may review and amend our dividend policy from time to time in light of our plans for future growth and other factors.
In addition, we may incur expenses or liabilities, including extraordinary expenses, decreases in revenues, including as a result of unanticipated off-hire days or loss of a vessel, or increased cash needs, or be subject to other circumstances in the future, including as a result of the risks described in this registration statement and any future reports we may file with the SEC, that could reduce or eliminate the amount of cash that we have available for distribution as dividends. Our growth strategy contemplates that we will finance the acquisition of additional vessels in part through raising equity capital. However, if external sources of funds on terms acceptable to us are limited, our Board of Directors may determine to finance acquisitions with cash from operations, which would reduce or even eliminate the amount of cash available for the payment of dividends. In addition, any credit facilities that we may enter into or the terms of preferred shares which we may issue in the future may include restrictions on our ability to pay dividends on our Common Shares. Further, under the terms of our current financing arrangements, and possibly any future financing arrangements, we will not be permitted to pay dividends that would result in an event of default or if an event of default has occurred and is continuing. As a result of these and other factors, we cannot assure you that our Board of Directors will declare dividend payments on our Common Shares in the future.
In addition, since we are a holding company with no material assets other than the shares of our subsidiaries and affiliates through which we conduct our operations, our ability to pay dividends will depend on our subsidiaries and affiliates distributing to us their earnings and cash flow.
Further, Marshall Islands law generally prohibits the payment of dividends if the company is insolvent or would be rendered insolvent upon payment of such dividend, and dividends may be declared and paid out of our operating surplus. Dividends may also be declared or paid out of net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and for the preceding fiscal year. As a newly incorporated company, we may not have the required surplus or net profits to pay dividends, and we may be unable to pay dividends in any anticipated amount or at all.
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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, included herein. Those financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and, among other things, include more detailed information regarding the basis of presentation for the following information.
Factors Affecting our Results of Operations
We believe that the important measures for analyzing trends in the results of our operations consist of the following:
Calendar days. We define calendar days as the total number of days the vessels were in our possession for the relevant period. Calendar days are an indicator of the size of our fleet during the relevant period and affect both the amount of revenues and expenses that we record during that period.
Available days. We define available days as the number of calendar days less the aggregate number of days that our vessels are off-hire due to scheduled repairs, or scheduled guarantee inspections in the case of new buildings, vessel upgrades or special or intermediate surveys and the aggregate amount of time that we spend positioning our vessels. Companies in the shipping industry generally use available days to measure the number of days in a period during which vessels should be capable of generating revenues. Our calculation of Available Days may not be comparable to that reported by other companies due to differences in methods of calculation.
Operating days. We define operating days as the number of available days in a period less the aggregate number of days that our vessels are off-hire due to unforeseen technical circumstances. The shipping industry uses operating days to measure the aggregate number of days in a period that our vessels actually generate revenues. Our calculation of Operating Days may not be comparable to that reported by other companies due to differences in methods of calculation.
Fleet utilization. We calculate fleet utilization by dividing the number of operating days during a period by the number of available days during that period. The shipping industry uses fleet utilization to measure a company’s efficiency in finding suitable employment for its vessels and minimizing the number of days that its vessels are off-hire for reasons other than scheduled repairs or scheduled guarantee inspections in the case of new buildings, vessel upgrades, special or intermediate surveys and vessel positioning. We believe monitoring Fleet utilization assists management in making decisions regarding areas where we may be able to improve efficiency and increase revenue and as such provides useful information to investors regarding the efficiency of our operations.
TCE Revenues / TCE Rates. We define TCE, or time charter equivalent, revenues as revenues minus voyage expenses. Voyage expenses primarily consist of port, canal and fuel costs that are unique to a particular voyage, which would otherwise be paid by a charterer under a time charter, as well as commissions. We believe that presenting revenues net of voyage expenses neutralizes the variability created by unique costs associated with particular voyages or the deployment of vessels on the spot market and facilitates comparisons between periods on a consistent basis. We calculate daily TCE rates by dividing TCE revenues by operating days for the relevant time period. TCE revenues include demurrage revenue, which represents fees charged to charterers associated with our spot market voyages when the charterer exceeds the agreed upon time required to load or discharge a cargo. Our calculation of TCE may not be similar to other method of calculation of other companies.
In the shipping industry, economic decisions are based on vessels’ deployment upon anticipated TCE rates, and industry analysts typically measure shipping freight rates in terms of TCE rates. This is because under time-charter and bareboat contracts the customer usually pays the voyage expenses, while under voyage charters the ship-owner usually pays the voyage expenses, which typically are added to the hire rate at an approximate cost. Consistent with industry practice, we use TCE rates because it provides a means of comparison between different types of vessel employment and, therefore, assists our decision-making process.
In evaluating our financial condition, we focus on the below measures to assess our historical operating performance and we use future estimates of the same measures to assess our future financial performance. In assessing the future performance of our fleet, the greatest uncertainty relates to future charter rates at the expiration of a vessel’s present period employment, whether under a time charter or a bareboat charter. Decisions about future purchases and sales of vessels are based on the availability of excess internal funds, the availability of financing and the financial and operational evaluation of such actions and depend on the overall state of the shipping market and the availability of relevant purchase candidates.
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Time Charter Revenues
Our time charter revenues are driven primarily by the number and size of vessels in our fleet, the number of operating days during which our vessels generate revenues and the amount of daily charterhire that our vessels earn under charters, which, in turn, are affected by a number of factors, including our decisions relating to vessel acquisitions and disposals, the amount of time that we spend positioning our vessels, the amount of time that our vessels spend in dry-dock undergoing repairs, maintenance and upgrade work, the duration of the charter, the age, condition and specifications of our vessels, levels of supply and demand in the global transportation market for oil and oil products and other factors affecting spot market charter rates such as vessel supply and demand imbalances.
Vessels operating on period charters, time charters or bareboat charters provide more predictable cash flows, but can yield lower profit margins than vessels operating in the short-term, or spot, charter market during periods characterized by favorable market conditions. Vessels operating in the spot charter market, either directly or through a pool arrangement, could generate revenues that are less predictable, but could enable us to capture increased profit margins during periods of improvements in charter rates, although we could be exposed to the risk of declining charter rates, which could have a materially adverse impact on our financial performance. If we employ vessels on period charters, future spot market rates may be higher or lower than the rates at which we have employed our vessels on period time charters.
Under a time charter, the charterer typically pays us a fixed daily charter hire rate and bears all voyage expenses, including the cost of bunkers (fuel oil) and port and canal charges. We remain responsible for paying the chartered vessel’s operating expenses, including the cost of crewing, insuring, repairing and maintaining the vessel, the costs of spares and consumable stores, tonnage taxes and other miscellaneous expenses, and we also pay commissions to CSI, one or more unaffiliated ship brokers and charterer to in-house brokers associated with the charterer for the arrangement of the relevant charter.
Under a bareboat charter, the vessel is chartered for a stipulated period of time, which gives the charterer possession and control of the vessel, including the right to appoint the master and the crew. Under bareboat charters, all voyage and operating costs are paid by the charterer.
As of the date of this registration statement, all of our vessels are bareboat chartered-in under our SLB agreements, which are accounted for as financings. We may in the future operate vessels in the spot market until the vessels have been chartered under appropriate medium to long-term charters.
Vessel Operating Expenses
Vessel operating expenses include crew wages and related costs, the cost of insurance, expenses relating to repairs and maintenance, the costs of spares and consumable stores, tonnage taxes and value added tax, or VAT, and other miscellaneous expenses. We analyze vessel operating expenses on a U.S. dollar per day basis. Additionally, vessel operating expenses can fluctuate due to factors beyond our control, such as unplanned repairs and maintenance attributable to damages or regulatory compliance and factors which may affect the shipping industry in general, such as developments relating to insurance premiums, or developments relating to the availability of crew.
Voyage Expenses
Voyage expenses primarily consist of port charges, including canal dues, bunkers (fuel costs) and commissions. All these expenses, except commissions, are paid by the charterer under a time charter or bareboat charter contract. The amount of voyage expenses is primarily driven by the routes that the vessels travel, the amount of ports called on, the canals crossed and the price of bunker fuels paid.
Dry-docking Costs
Dry-docking costs relate to regularly scheduled intermediate survey or special survey dry-docking necessary to preserve the quality of our vessels as well as to comply with international shipping standards and environmental laws and regulations. Dry-docking costs can vary according to the age of the vessel, the location where the dry-dock takes place, shipyard availability, local availability of manpower and material, and the billing currency of the yard. Please see “Note 2 — “Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements.” In the case of tankers, dry-docking costs may also be affected by new rules and regulations. For further information please see “Business— Environmental and Other Regulations.”
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Management Fees—Related Party
As from May 28, 2020, the Athenean Rubico Predecessor and Roman Rubico Predecessor, our vessel owning subsidiaries, have outsourced to CSI, a related party controlled by the family of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis, all operational, technical and commercial functions relating to the chartering and operation of M/Ts Eco Malibu and Eco West Coast. For further information, please see “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.”
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses represent an allocation of the expenses incurred by our Parent based on the number of calendar days of our vessels to total calendar days of the Parent’s fleet. These expenses consisted mainly of executive compensation (including bonuses), professional fees, utilities and directors' liability insurance.
A portion of our general and administrative expense is denominated in Euros and is, therefore, affected by the conversion rate of the U.S. dollar versus the Euro.
Inflation
Although inflation has had a moderate impact on our vessel operating expenses and corporate overheads, management does not consider inflation to be a significant risk to direct costs in the current and foreseeable economic environment. It is anticipated that insurance costs, which have risen over the last three years, may well continue to rise over the next few years. Oil transportation is a specialized area and the number of vessels is increasing. There will therefore be an increased demand for qualified crew and this has and will continue to put inflationary pressure on crew costs. However, in a shipping downturn, costs subject to inflation can usually be controlled because shipping companies typically monitor costs to preserve liquidity and encourage suppliers and service providers to lower rates and prices in the event of a downturn.
Interest and Finance Costs
We incur interest expense on outstanding indebtedness under our financing facilities, which we include in interest and finance costs. We also incur finance costs in establishing those facilities which are deferred and amortized over the period of the respective facility. The amortization of the finance costs is presented in interest and finance costs.
Main components of managing our business and main drivers of profitability
The management of financial, general and administrative elements involved in the conduct of our business and ownership of our vessels requires the following main components:
| • | management of our financial resources, including banking relationships, i.e., administration of bank loans, sale and leasebacks and bank accounts; |
| • | management of our accounting system and records and financial reporting; |
| • | administration of the legal and regulatory requirements affecting our business and assets; and |
| • | management of the relationships with our service providers and customers. |
The principal factors that affect our profitability, cash flows and shareholders’ return on investment include:
| • | charter rates and periods of charter hire for our tankers; |
| • | utilization of our tankers (earnings efficiency); |
| • | levels of our tankers operating expenses and dry-docking costs; |
| • | depreciation and amortization expenses; |
| • | financing costs; and |
| • | fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. |
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| Year ended December 31, 2022 compared with year ended December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||
| (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) | Year Ended December 31, | change YE22 v YE23 | ||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | $ | % | |||||||||||||
| Revenues | 24,784 | 24,478 | (306 | ) | -1 | % | ||||||||||
| EXPENSES: | ||||||||||||||||
| Voyage expenses | 508 | 508 | - | 0 | % | |||||||||||
| Vessel operating expenses | 4,901 | 4,816 | (85 | ) | -2 | % | ||||||||||
| Vessel depreciation | 4,480 | 4,480 | - | 0 | % | |||||||||||
| Management fees-related parties | 528 | 550 | 22 | 4 | % | |||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | 394 | 1,688 | 1,294 | 328 | % | |||||||||||
| Operating income | 13,973 | 12,436 | (1,537 | ) | -11 | % | ||||||||||
| OTHER EXPENSES: | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest and finance costs | (3,312 | ) | (5,867 | ) | (2,555 | ) | 77 | % | ||||||||
| Interest income | - | 62 | 62 | 100 | % | |||||||||||
| Total other expenses, net | (3,312 | ) | (5,805 | ) | (2,493 | ) | 75 | % | ||||||||
| Net Income | 10,661 | 6,631 | (4,030 | ) | -38 | % | ||||||||||
Year on Year Comparison of Operating Results
During the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues, voyage expenses, vessel operating expenses, vessel depreciation and management fees-related parties remained approximately on the same levels as the vessels remained on the same time-charters and their utilization didn’t vary between the years.
General and administrative expenses
During the year ended December 31, 2023, our general and administrative expenses increased by $1.3 million, or 328%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, due to the allocation of $1.3 million of bonuses to the Parent’s CEO declared in 2023 (with no bonuses being declared in 2022).
Interest and Finance Costs
During the year ended December 31, 2023, interest and finance costs increased by $2.6 million, or 77%, compared to the same period in 2022 mainly due to:
| • | a $2.0 million increase in interest costs mainly due to the increase in the variable interest rate of our credit facilities (LIBOR and SOFR) which increased from 4.22% in January 2023 to 5.37% in December 2023, while LIBOR ranged from 0.10% in January 2022 to 4.22% in December 2022; |
| • | an increase of $0.6 million in amortization of deferred financing fees due to the acceleration of the amortization of deferred financing fees relating to the prepayment of the ABN and the Alpha Bank facilities (see “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities—Prepayments of senior secured loans)”. |
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| Year Ended December 31, | change YE23 v YE24 | |||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | $ | % | |||||||||||||
| Revenues | 24,478 | 24,205 | (273 | ) | -1 | % | ||||||||||
| EXPENSES: | ||||||||||||||||
| Voyage expenses | 508 | 495 | (13 | ) | -3 | % | ||||||||||
| Vessel operating expenses | 4,816 | 4,655 | (161 | ) | -3 | % | ||||||||||
| Vessel depreciation | 4,480 | 4,181 | (299 | ) | -7 | % | ||||||||||
| Management fees-related party | 550 | 567 | 17 | 3 | % | |||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | 1,688 | 1,887 | 199 | 12 | % | |||||||||||
| Operating income | 12,436 | 12,420 | (16 | ) | 0 | % | ||||||||||
| OTHER EXPENSES: | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest and finance costs | (5,867 | ) | (6,501 | ) | (634 | ) | 11 | % | ||||||||
| Interest income | 62 | 25 | (37 | ) | -60 | % | ||||||||||
| Total other expenses, net | (5,805 | ) | (6,476 | ) | (671 | ) | 12 | % | ||||||||
| Net Income | 6,631 | 5,944 | (687 | ) | -10 | % | ||||||||||
Year on Year Comparison of Operating Results
During the year ended December 31, 2024, revenues, voyage expenses, vessel operating expenses and management fees-related parties remained approximately on the same levels as the vessels remained on the same time-charters and their utilization didn’t vary between the years.
General and administrative expenses
During the year ended December 31, 2024, our general and administrative expenses increased by $0.2 million, or 12%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, mainly due to an increase of $0.2 million of bonuses allocated to us from the Parent compared to the same period in 2023.
Vessel depreciation
During the year ended December 31, 2024, Vessel depreciation decreased by $0.3 million, or 7%, compared to the same period in 2023, due to the fact that effective January 1, 2024, we revised our scrap rate estimate from $300 to $430 per lightweight ton, a fact that increased the residual value per vessel by $3.2 million leading to a corresponding decrease in depreciable value over the average remaining 21.3 years of useful life of the vessels).
Interest and finance costs
During the year ended December 31, 2024, Interest and finance costs increased by $0.6 million, or 11%, compared to the same period in 2023, mainly due to an increase of $1.1 million in interest expense (mainly due to the refinancing of all our vessels in December 2023 that resulted in an aggregate increase of debt outstanding of $20.9 million, at the time of refinancing) offset by a decrease in amortization of finance charges of $0.5 million (mainly due to the acceleration of finance charges of $0.6 million of the ABN and Alpha Bank facilities in December 2023 due to their refinancing, please see “—Debt Facilities” below).
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Six months ended June 30, 2024 compared with the six months ended June 30, 2025
| (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) | Six months ended June 30 | Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | 6M24 v 6M25 | ||||||||||||||
| $ | % | |||||||||||||||
| Revenues | 12,036 | 11,970 | (66 | ) | -1 | % | ||||||||||
| EXPENSES: | ||||||||||||||||
| Voyage expenses | 247 | 244 | (3 | ) | -1 | % | ||||||||||
| Vessel operating expenses | 2,349 | 2,352 | 3 | 0 | % | |||||||||||
| Vessel depreciation | 2,093 | 2,089 | (4 | ) | 0 | % | ||||||||||
| Management fees-related parties | 282 | 288 | 6 | 2 | % | |||||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | 211 | 253 | 42 | 20 | % | |||||||||||
| Operating income | 6,854 | 6,744 | (110 | ) | -2 | % | ||||||||||
| OTHER EXPENSES: | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest and finance costs | (3,365 | ) | (2,768 | ) | 597 | -18 | % | |||||||||
| Interest income | 23 | - | (23 | ) | -100 | % | ||||||||||
| Total other expenses, net | (3,342 | ) | (2,768 | ) | 574 | -17 | % | |||||||||
| Net Income | 3,512 | 3,976 | 464 | 13 | % | |||||||||||
Period in Period Comparison of Operating Results
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, revenues, voyage expenses, vessel operating expenses, vessel depreciation, management fees-related parties and general and administrative expenses remained approximately on the same levels as the vessels remained on the same time-charters and their utilization didn’t vary compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024.
Interest and finance costs
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, Interest and finance costs decreased by $0.6 million or 18% due to the decrease of the average SOFR between the two periods by approximately 1% and the decrease of the average outstanding loan balances (based on which interest is calculated) by $4.4 million.
Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company
We had less than $1.235 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, which means that we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage or specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:
| • | exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal controls over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of Sarbanes-Oxley; |
| • | exemption from compliance with any new requirements adopted by the PCAOB, requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and financial statements. |
We may take advantage of these provisions until the end of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of this offering or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will cease to be an emerging growth company if, among other things, we have more than $1.235 billion in “total annual gross revenues” during the most recently completed fiscal year. We may choose to take advantage of some, but not all, of these reduced burdens. For as long as we take advantage of the reduced reporting obligations, the information that we provide shareholders may be different from information provided by other public companies. We are choosing to “opt out” of the extended transition period relating to the exemption from new or revised financial accounting standards and as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth public companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since our formation, our principal sources of funds have been funds in the form of equity or working capital provided by our Parent, operating cash flow, long-term borrowing and equity offerings. Our principal use of funds has been capital expenditures to build our vessels, maintain the quality of our vessels, comply with international shipping standards and environmental laws and regulations and fund working capital requirements.
Our business is capital intensive and its future success will depend on our ability to maintain a high-quality fleet through the acquisition of newer vessels and the selective sale of older vessels. Future acquisitions are subject to management’s expectation of future market conditions, our ability to acquire vessels on favorable terms and our liquidity and capital resources.
As of December 31, 2023, we had an indebtedness of $80.0 million, which includes $1.8 million of unamortized financing fees, amounting to a total indebtedness of $81.8 million. As of December 31, 2023, our cash and cash equivalent balances amounted to $3.8 million, held in U.S. Dollar accounts, $1.0 million of which are classified as restricted cash.
As of December 31, 2024, we had an indebtedness of $75.8 million, which includes $1.6 million of unamortized financing fees, amounting to a total indebtedness of $77.4 million. As of December 31, 2024, our cash and cash equivalent balances amounted to $2.2 million, held in U.S. Dollar accounts, $1.0 million of which are classified as restricted cash.
As of June 30, 2025, we had an indebtedness of $73.7 million, which includes $1.5 million of unamortized financing fees, amounting to a total indebtedness of $75.2 million. As of June 30, 2025, our cash and cash equivalent balances amounted to $1.5 million, held in U.S. Dollar accounts, $1.0 million of which are classified as restricted cash.
As of the date of this registration statement we have no contractual commitments for the acquisition of any vessel or for any material capital expenditures with respect to our existing vessels in the twelve-month period following the end of the period covered by our financial statements. See “—Debt Facilities” below for a description of amortization payments due under our financing agreements. Our cash flow projections indicate that cash on hand and cash to be provided by operating activities as well as net proceeds from the Private Placement and public equity offerings will be sufficient to cover the liquidity needs that become due in the twelve-month period following the end of the period covered by our financial statements.
Working Capital Requirements and Sources of Capital
As of June 30, 2025, we had a working capital deficit (current assets less current liabilities) of $6.7 million. A significant part of the working capital deficit relates to pre-collected revenue presented in Unearned revenue ($2.2 million). For the six months ended June 30, 2025 we realized a net income of $4.0 million and generated cash flow from operations of $6.6 million. In our opinion we will be able to finance our working capital deficit and our obligations as they come due over the next twelve months following the date of this registration statement.
Our medium and long-term liquidity requirements relate to the operation and maintenance expenditure of our vessels and we may also consider potential acquisitions of assets. Sources of funding for our medium- and long-term liquidity requirements include cash flows from operations, new debt financing and proceeds from equity offerings.
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Our operating cash flow, provided that SOFR expectations for 2025 remain as they are as of the date of this registration statement, is expected to slightly decrease since the Company was spun-off from its Parent on August 1, 2025 and hence we expect to incur increased general and administrative expenses as a publicly-listed company when compared to the period up to June 30, 2025 (please see “—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Interest Rate Risk”).
Cash Flow Information
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were $3.4 million, $3.8 million, $2.2 million and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2022, 2023, 2024 and June 30, 2025, respectively.
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were $1.5 million as of June 30, 2025.
Net Cash from Operating Activities.
Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $0.6 million, or 10%, in the six months ended June 30, 2025 to $6.6 million, compared to $6.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024.
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $1.3 million, or 11%, in the year ended December 31, 2024 to $10.5 million, compared to $11.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2023.
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $3.7 million, or 24%, in the year ended December 31, 2023 to $11.8 million, compared to $15.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2022.
Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $2.2 million, or 17%, for 2022 to $15.5 million, compared to $13.3 million for 2021.
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 totaled $4.6 million. This consisted mainly of $4.2 million of depreciation expenses and $0.2 million of amortization of deferred financing costs. The cash inflow from operations was increased by a $0.7 million increase in current liabilities and offset by a $0.5 million increase in current assets.
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 totaled $5.2 million. This consisted mainly of $4.5 million of depreciation expenses and $0.7 million of amortization of deferred financing costs.
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Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 totaled $4.7 million. This consisted mainly of $4.5 million of depreciation expenses and $0.2 million of amortization of deferred financing costs. The cash inflow from operations was increased by a $0.2 million increase in current liabilities.
Net Cash from Investing Activities.
No cash was used in or provided by investing activities in the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2025.
There was no net cash used in or provided by investing activities in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024.
Net cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.1 million that comprised of advances for vessels under construction of 2021, paid in 2022.
Net Cash from Financing Activities.
Net cash used in financing activities in the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $7.3 million, consisting of $5.1 million payments to the Parent and $2.2 million of principal payments of long-term debt.
Net cash used in financing activities in the period ended December 31, 2024 was $12.1 million, consisting of $7.6 million of principal payments of long-term debt, $4.4 million of net advances to the Parent and $0.1 million payments of financing costs.
Net cash used in financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2023 was $11.5 million, consisting of $82.0 million of proceeds from long term debt, offset by $61.2 million of long-term debt prepayments, $25.6 million of advances to the Parent, $5.0 million of principal payments of long-term debt and $1.7 million payments of financing costs.
Net cash used in financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2022 was $15.9 million, consisting of $10.5 million payments to the Parent and $5.4 million of principal payments of long-term debt.
Debt Facilities
Prepayments of senior secured loans
ABN Facility
On March 18, 2021, we entered into a credit facility with ABN AMRO for $36.8 million for the financing of the vessel M/T Eco West Coast. This facility was drawn down in full. The credit facility was repayable in 24 consecutive quarterly installments of $0.61 million commencing in June 2021, plus a balloon installment of $22.0 million payable together with the last installment.
The facility bore interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 2.50%. From June 23, 2023, ABN Amro switched the facility’s variable rate from LIBOR to Compounded SOFR. On December 14, 2023, this facility was fully prepaid using part of the proceeds from the AVIC SLB (see “—New Financings Committed under Sale and Leaseback Agreements—AVIC SLB”).
Alpha Bank Facility
On May 6, 2021, we entered into a credit facility with Alpha Bank for $38.0 million for the financing of the vessel M/T Eco Malibu. This facility was drawn down in full. The credit facility was repayable in 12 consecutive quarterly installments of $0.75 million and 12 consecutive quarterly installments of $0.63 million, commencing three months from draw down, and a balloon payment of $21.5 million payable together with the last installment. The facility bore interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 3.00%. From June 9, 2023, Alpha Bank switched the facility’s variable rate from LIBOR to Term SOFR. On December 21, 2023, this facility was fully prepaid through part of the proceeds from the Huarong SLB (see “—New Financings Committed under Sale and Leaseback Agreements—Huarong SLB”).
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New Financings Committed under Sale and Leaseback Agreements
AVIC SLB
On December 14, 2023, we consummated an SLB (the “AVIC SLB”) with AVIC International Leasing Co., Ltd (“AVIC”) in the amount of $41.0 million, for the purpose of refinancing the indebtedness secured by the vessel M/T Eco West Coast. We bareboat chartered back the vessel for a period of ten years at bareboat hire rates comprising 120 consecutive monthly installments of $0.18 million and a balloon payment of $19.0 million payable together with the last installment, plus interest based on Term SOFR plus a margin of 2.65% per annum. As part of this transaction, we have continuous options to buy back the vessel at purchase prices stipulated in the bareboat charter agreement depending on when the option will be exercised. At the end of the ten-year period, we have an obligation to buy back the vessel at a cost represented by the balloon payment. On August 8, 2025, we exercised the purchase option on the M/T Eco West Coast in connection with the refinancing of the AVIC SLB by the New Huarong SLBs described below. The purchase option price is expected to be approximately $36.6 million, and the purchase is expected to occur in December 2025, subject to satisfaction of closing conditions set forth in the relevant bareboat charter agreement.
Huarong SLB
On December 20, 2023, we consummated an SLB (the “Huarong SLB”) with China Huarong Shipping Financial Leasing Co Ltd. (“Huarong”) in the amount of $41.0 million, for the purpose of refinancing the indebtedness secured by the vessel M/T Eco Malibu. We bareboat chartered back the vessel for a period of ten years at bareboat hire rates comprising 120 consecutive monthly installments of $0.18 million and a balloon payment of $19.0 million payable together with the last installment, plus interest based on Term SOFR plus a margin of 2.50% per annum. As part of this transaction, we have continuous options to buy back the vessel at purchase prices stipulated in the bareboat charter agreement depending on when the option will be exercised. At the end of the ten-year period, we have an obligation to buy back the vessel at a cost represented by the balloon payment. On August 8, 2025, we exercised the purchase option on the M/T Eco Malibu in connection with the refinancing of the Huarong SLB by the New Huarong SLBs described below. The purchase option price is expected to be approximately $36.8 million, and the purchase is expected to occur in December 2025, subject to satisfaction of closing conditions set forth in the relevant bareboat charter agreement.
The Parent has entered into agreements to refinance the financing agreements with China Merchants Bank Financial Leasing Co. Ltd. (“CMBFL”), which are expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2025. We expect to enter into amendments to the AVIC and Huarong SLBs with the lenders pursuant to which we together with the Parent will become joint guarantors of the SLBs. As of the date of this registration statement both we and our Parent are in compliance with all covenants in the AVIC and Huarong SLBs.
We also expect to provide a corporate guarantee to CMBFL. CMBFL is the financier of three of our Parent’s vessels and, as of the date of this registration statement, their aggregate outstanding loan balance to the Parent is $141.8 million.
New Huarong SLBs
On August 7, 2025, we entered into an SLB in the amount of $42.0 million, for the purpose of refinancing the AVIC SLB secured by the vessel M/T Eco West Coast (together with the SLB secured by the vessel M/T Eco Malibu entered into on the same date, the “New Huarong SLBs”). Pursuant to the SLB terms, we will bareboat charter back the vessel for a period of ten years at bareboat hire rates comprising of 120 consecutive monthly installments of $0.18 million along with a purchase obligation of $20.0 million at the expiry of the bareboat charter, bearing an interest rate of 3-month term SOFR plus a margin of 1.95% per annum. Under the SLB terms, we will have the option to buy back the vessel following the end of the first year at purchase prices stipulated in the bareboat charter agreement depending on when the option is exercised.
On August 7, 2025, we entered into an SLB in the amount of $42.0 million, for the purpose of refinancing the Huarong SLB secured by the vessel M/T Eco Malibu. Pursuant to the SLB terms, we will bareboat charter back the vessel for a period of ten years at bareboat hire rates comprising of 120 consecutive monthly installments of $0.19 million along with a purchase obligation of $19.0 million at the expiry of the bareboat charter, bearing an interest rate of 3-month term SOFR plus a margin of 2.1% per annum. Under the SLB terms, we will have the option to buy back the vessel following the end of the first year at purchase prices stipulated in the bareboat charter agreement depending on when the option is exercised.
In connection with the New Huarong SLBs described above, Rubico Inc. and the Parent each provided a guarantee of the obligations of our vessel-owning subsidiaries under the respective SLB. The New Huarong SLBs, and the relevant appurtenant guarantees, contain customary covenants and event of default clauses, including cross-default provisions and restrictive covenants and performance requirements including that Rubico Inc. maintain a leverage ratio (as defined in the relevant corporate guarantees) of no more than 85% and (ii) minimum liquid funds (as defined in the relevant corporate guarantees) of $0.50 million in connection with the SLB of M/T Eco Malibu and $0.40 million in connection with the SLB of M/T Eco West Coast.
The New Huarong SLBs closed on November 6, 2025 and November 12, 2025 for M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu, respectively.
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Trend Information
Our results of operations depend primarily on the charter rates earned by our vessels. Over the course of 2024, the BDTI reached a high of 1,552 and a low of 860. Historically and even more so since the start of the financial crisis in 2008 the performance of the BDTI has been characterized by high volatility. Although the BDTI was 1,371 as of December 9, 2025, there can be no assurance that the tanker charter market will continue to increase, and the market could again decline.
Meanwhile, the war in Ukraine has amplified the volatility in the tanker market. In the short term, the effect of the invasion of Ukraine has been positive for the tanker market, yet the overall longer-term effect on ton-mile demand is uncertain given that cargoes exported previously from Russia will need to be substituted by cargoes from different sources due to the oil and oil products embargo enacted by the United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom.
In addition, the continuing war in Ukraine led to increased economic uncertainty amidst fears of a more generalized military conflict or significant inflationary pressures, due to the increases in fuel and grain prices following the sanctions imposed on Russia. Whether the present dislocation in the markets and resultant inflationary pressures will transition to a long-term inflationary environment is uncertain, and the effects of such a development on charter rates, vessel demand and operating expenses in the sector in which we operate are uncertain. As described above, the initial effect of the invasion in Ukraine on the tanker freight market was positive, despite the short-term volatility in charter rates and increases on specific items of operating costs. If these conditions are sustained, the longer-term net impact on the tanker market and our business would be difficult to predict. However, such events may have unpredictable consequences, and contribute to instability in the global economy, a decrease in supply or cause a decrease in worldwide demand for certain goods and, thus, shipping. Regarding the possible impact of supply chain disruptions that have or may emanate from the military conflict in Ukraine, our operations have not been affected materially and we do not expect them to be in the future.
Furthermore, the intensity and duration of the war between Israel and Hamas is difficult to predict and its impact on the world economy and our industry is uncertain. Beginning in late 2023, vessels in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden have been subject to attempted hijackings and attacks by drones and projectiles characterized by Houthi groups in Yemen as a response to the war between Israel and Hamas. A number of companies have rerouted their vessels to avoid transiting the Red Sea, incurring greater shipping costs and delays and for vessels transiting the region, war risk premium has increased substantially. While much uncertainty remains regarding the global impact of the war between Israel and Hamas, it is possible that such tensions could result in the eruption of further hostilities in other regions, including in and around the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Regarding the possible impact of supply chain disruptions that have or may emanate from the war between Israel and Hamas, our operations have not been affected materially and we do not expect them to be materially affected in the future.
Inflation has had a moderate impact on our vessel operating expenses and corporate overheads. It is anticipated that insurance costs, which have risen over the last three years, may well continue to rise over the next few years. Oil transportation is a specialized area and the number of vessels is increasing. There will therefore be an increased demand for qualified crew and this has and will continue to put inflationary pressure on crew costs. However, in a shipping downturn, costs subject to inflation can usually be controlled because shipping companies typically monitor costs to preserve liquidity and encourage suppliers and service providers to lower rates and prices in the event of a downturn.
For further discussion of industry trends, refer to “—Business—The International Shipping Industry.”
EBITDA
EBITDA which is not a measure prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP (i.e., a “Non-US GAAP” measure) is used as a supplemental financial measure by management and external users of financial statements, such as investors, to assess our financial and operating performance. We define EBITDA as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. We believe that this non-U.S. GAAP financial measure assists our management and investors by increasing the comparability of our performance from period to period. This is achieved by excluding the potentially disparate effects between periods of interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and which items are affected by various and possibly changing financing methods, capital structure and historical cost basis and which items may significantly affect results of operations between periods.
This Non-U.S. GAAP measure should not be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or superior to financial measures prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In evaluating EBITDA, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments in this presentation. Our definition of EBITDA may not be the same as reported by other companies in the shipping industry or other industries. EBITDA does not represent and should not be considered as an alternative to operating income or cash flow from operations, as determined by U.S. GAAP.
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Reconciliation of Net Income to EBITDA
| PERIOD AND YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, | ||||||||||||
| (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||
| Net Income | 10,661 | 6,631 | 5,944 | |||||||||
| Add: Vessel depreciation | 4,480 | 4,480 | 4,181 | |||||||||
| Add: Interest and finance costs | 3,312 | 5,867 | 6,501 | |||||||||
| Less: Interest Income | - | (62 | ) | (25 | ) | |||||||
| EBITDA | 18,453 | 16,916 | 16,601 | |||||||||
| SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, | ||||||||
| (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||
| Net Income | 3,512 | 3,976 | ||||||
| Add: Vessel depreciation | 2,093 | 2,089 | ||||||
| Add: Interest and finance costs | 3,365 | 2,768 | ||||||
| Less: Interest Income | (23 | ) | — | |||||
| EBITDA | 8,947 | 8,833 | ||||||
Performance Indicators
The figures shown below are non-GAAP financial and non-financial statistical metrics used by management to measure performance of our vessels. For the “Fleet Data” figures, there are no comparable U.S. GAAP measures.
| PERIOD AND YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, | ||||||||||||
| (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||
| Fleet Data: | ||||||||||||
| Calendar days | 730 | 730 | 732 | |||||||||
| Available days | 730 | 730 | 732 | |||||||||
| Operating days | 730 | 730 | 732 | |||||||||
| Fleet utilization | 100.00 | % | 100.00 | % | 100.00 | % | ||||||
| Average Daily Results: | ||||||||||||
| TCE rate | 33,254 | 32,836 | 32,391 | |||||||||
| Daily Vessel Operating Expenses | 6,714 | 6,597 | 6,359 | |||||||||
Time charter equivalent rate, or TCE rate, is a metric of the average daily revenue performance of a vessel. Our definition of TCE may not be the same as reported by other companies in the shipping industry or other industries. Our method of calculating TCE rate is determined by dividing TCE revenues by operating days for the relevant time period. TCE revenues are revenues minus voyage expenses. Voyage expenses primarily consist of port, canal and fuel costs that are unique to a particular voyage, which would otherwise be paid by the charterer under a time charter contract, but are payable by us in the case of a voyage charter, as well as commissions. TCE revenues and TCE rate, which are standard shipping industry performance metrics, provide additional supplemental information in conjunction with shipping revenues, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure. We use TCE rates and TCE revenues to compare period-to-period changes in our performance and it assists investors and our management in evaluating our financial performance. The following table reconciles our net revenues from vessel to TCE rate.
We define vessel operating expenses to include crew wages and related costs, spares and consumable stores, insurance, maintenance and repairs and registration, taxes and other related expenses. Daily vessel operating expenses are calculated by dividing vessel operating expenses by fleet calendar days for the relevant time period. Our ability to control our fixed and variable expenses, including our daily vessel operating expenses, also affects our financial results.
| PERIOD AND YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, | ||||||||||||
| (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars, except for daily rates) | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||
| Revenues | 24,784 | 24,478 | 24,205 | |||||||||
| Voyage expenses | (508 | ) | (508 | ) | (495 | ) | ||||||
| Time charter equivalent revenues | 24,276 | 23,970 | 23,710 | |||||||||
| Operating days | 730 | 730 | 732 | |||||||||
| Daily time charter equivalent rate | 33,254 | 32,836 | 32,391 | |||||||||
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Critical Accounting Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of those financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.
Critical accounting estimates are those that reflect significant judgments of uncertainties and potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We have described below what we believe is our most critical accounting estimate, because it generally involves a comparatively higher degree of judgment in its application. For a description of all our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to our audited carve-out financial statements included in this registration statement.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
Critical accounting estimates are those estimates made in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
We prepared our carve-out financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates in the application of our accounting policies based on our best assumptions, judgments and opinions. We base these estimates on the information currently available to us and on various other assumptions we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Following is a discussion of the accounting policies that involve a high degree of judgment and the methods of their application. For a further description of our material accounting policies, please read Note 2 of the carve-out financial statements included elsewhere in this registration statement.
We evaluate the existence of impairment indicators whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying values of our long-lived assets are not recoverable. Such indicators of potential impairment include, vessel sales and purchases, business plans and overall market conditions. If there are indications for impairment present, we determine undiscounted projected net operating cash flows for each vessel and compare it to the vessel’s carrying value. If the carrying value of the related vessel exceeds its undiscounted projected net operating net cash flows, the carrying value is reduced to its fair value.
The carrying values of our vessels and any vessels we may acquire may not represent their fair market value at any point in time since the market prices of second-hand vessels tend to fluctuate with changes in charter rates and the cost of newbuildings.
Although we believe that the assumptions used to evaluate potential impairment are reasonable and appropriate, such assumptions are highly subjective. There can be no assurance as to how long charter rates and vessel values will remain at their current levels or whether they will improve or decrease by any significant degree. Charter rates may be at depressed levels for some time, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability, and future assessments of vessel impairment.
In order to perform the undiscounted cash flow test, we make assumptions about future charter rates, commissions, vessel operating expenses, dry-dock costs, fleet utilization, scrap rates used to calculate estimated proceeds at the end of vessels’ useful lives and the estimated remaining useful lives of the vessels. These assumptions are based on historical trends as well as future expectations. The undiscounted projected net operating cash flows are determined by considering the charter revenues from existing time charters for the fixed fleet days and an estimated daily time charter equivalent for the unfixed days (based on the ten-year historical averages of the one-year, three-year and five-year time charter rates) over the remaining useful life of each vessel, which we estimate to be 25 years from the date of initial delivery from the shipyard. Expected outflows for scheduled vessels’ maintenance and vessel operating expenses are based on historical data, and adjusted annually assuming an average annual inflation derived from the most recent twenty-year average consumer price index. Effective fleet utilization, average commissions, dry-dock costs and scrap values are also based on historical data.
In Note 2 to our audited carve-out financial statements included in this registration statement we discuss our policy for impairing the carrying value of our vessels. During the past two years, the market values of Suezmax tankers have been increasing and hence we believe that there are no indications for impairment of our vessels. Thus, no undiscounted cash flow tests were deemed necessary to be performed for any of our vessels. Therefore, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, this is not considered a critical accounting estimate.
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As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, based on third party valuations, the basic charter-free market value of our operating vessels was higher than their carrying value by approximately 58% and 66.7%, respectively.
Our estimates of basic charter-free market value assume that our vessels are in good and seaworthy condition without need for repair and if inspected would be certified in class without notations of any kind. Our estimates are based on third party valuations from established shipbrokers.
Our vessels are currently employed under long-term time charters. For more information, see “—Business—Business Overview—Our Fleet.”
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
Currently, our financing facilities use variable interest rates as we pay interest at SOFR plus a margin. Consequently, we are exposed to risks associated with changes in SOFR, since we have not entered into any hedging contracts to protect against such interest rate fluctuations. Furthermore, in the future, depending on our vessel acquisitions and financing arrangements, our exposure to risks associated with changes in interest rates relating to any unhedged variable–rate borrowings, according to which we will pay interest at SOFR plus a margin (and if applicable a credit adjustment spread) may increase. As such increases in interest rates could affect our results of operations and ability to service our debt.
Based on the amount of our outstanding fluctuating interest rate indebtedness, as of December 31, 2024, a hypothetical one percentage point increase in the U.S. dollar SOFR would increase our interest rate expense for 2025, on an annualized basis, by approximately $0.77 million
Based on the amount of our outstanding fluctuating interest rate indebtedness, as of December 31, 2023, a hypothetical one percentage point increase in the U.S. dollar SOFR would increase our interest rate expense for 2024, on an annualized basis, by approximately $0.82 million.
Based on the amount of our outstanding fluctuating interest rate indebtedness, as of December 31, 2022, a hypothetical one percentage point increase in the applicable interest rate would increase our interest rate expense for 2023, on an annualized basis, by approximately $0.71 million.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We generate all of our revenue in U.S. dollars. The minority of our operating expenses and part of our general and administration expenses are anticipated to be in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Euro. For accounting purposes, expenses incurred in other currencies are converted into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of each transaction. We do not consider the risk from exchange rate fluctuations to be material for our results of operations. However, the portion of our business conducted in other currencies could increase in the future, which could expand our exposure to losses arising from exchange rate fluctuations. We have not hedged currency exchange risks associated with our expenses.
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History and Development of our Company
We are an international owner and operator of two modern, fuel efficient eco, 157,000 dwt Suezmax tankers, the M/T Eco Malibu with an age of 4.5 years and the M/T Eco West Coast with an age of 4.7 years, each focusing on the transportation of crude oil.
We intend to expand our fleet into other seaborne transportation sectors depending on available opportunities, opportunistically considering further expansion into Suezmax crude oil tanker vessels as well as diversification into other sectors related to seaborne transportation of goods or passengers, including recreational transportation, depending on our assessment of market conditions and available opportunities at the time when an acquisition is possible. Our targets may include newbuilding vessels or vessels from the secondhand market, including acquisitions from unrelated third parties, the Parent or other related parties.
Currently, we do not have any agreements or commitments to acquire additional vessels.
We were incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, pursuant to the BCA, on August 11, 2022. Our executive offices are currently located at 20 Iouliou Kaisara Str, 19002, Paiania, Athens, Greece and our telephone number is +30 210 812 8107. Our website is www.rubicoinc.com. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information that we file electronically at www.sec.gov. Information on such websites does not constitute a part of this registration statement and is not incorporated by reference herein.
On March 18, 2021, we entered into a credit facility with ABN Amro for $36.8 million for the financing of the vessel M/T Eco West Coast (see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operating and Financing Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities—Prepayments of senior secured loans—ABN Facility.”) The facility bore interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 2.50%. From June 23, 2023, ABN Amro switched the facility’s variable rate from LIBOR to Compounded SOFR. On December 14, 2023, this facility was fully prepaid using part of the proceeds from the AVIC SLB (see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operating and Financing Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities—New Financings Committed under Sale and Leaseback Agreements—AVIC SLB.”)
On May 6, 2021, we entered into a credit facility with Alpha Bank for $38.0 million for the financing of the vessel M/T Eco Malibu (see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operating and Financing Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities—Prepayments of senior secured loans—Alpha Bank Facility”). The facility bore interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 3.00%. From June 9, 2023, Alpha Bank switched the facility’s variable rate from LIBOR to Term SOFR. On December 21, 2023, this facility was fully prepaid through part of the proceeds from the Huarong SLB (see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operating and Financing Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities—New Financings Committed under Sale and Leaseback Agreements—Huarong SLB”).
On December 14, 2023, we consummated an SLB with AVIC in the amount of $41.0 million, for the purpose of refinancing the indebtedness secured over the M/T Eco West Coast. For more information, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operating and Financing Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities—New Financings Committed under Sale and Leaseback Agreements—AVIC SLB.”
On December 20, 2023, we consummated an SLB with Huarong in the amount of $41.0 million, for the purpose of refinancing the indebtedness secured over the M/T Eco Malibu. For more information, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operating and Financing Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities—New Financings Committed under Sale and Leaseback Agreements—Huarong SLB.”
On August 7, 2025, we entered into the New Huarong SLBs in the aggregate amount of $84.0 million, for the purpose of refinancing the Huarong SLB and the AVIC SLB secured by the vessels M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu, respectively. The New Huarong SLBs closed on November 6, 2025 and November 12, 2025 for M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu, respectively. For more information, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Operating and Financing Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt Facilities—New Financings Committed under Sale and Leaseback Agreements—New Huarong SLBs.”
On November 6, 2025, we closed the November Offering of 410,509 units, each consisting of one Common Share and one Class A Warrant, at a public offering price of $36.54 per unit.
We also granted the Representative a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 61,576 Common Shares at the offering price and/or Class A Warrants to purchase up to 61,576 Common Shares, to cover over-allotments. On November 6, 2025, the Representative partially exercised its over-allotment option with respect to Class A Warrants to purchase up to 61,576 Common Shares.
In addition, we agreed to issue to the Representative the November Representative Warrants. 20,525 November Representative Warrants to purchase up to 20,525 Common Shares were issued in connection with the closing of the November Offering. The November Representative Warrants have substantially similar terms as the Class A Warrants issued in the November Offering.
The aggregate gross proceeds to us from the November Offering, before deducting underwriting discounts and other expenses payable by the us, were approximately $7.5 million.
As of December 10, 2025, Class A Warrants have been exercised for 1,384,662 Common Shares and all outstanding November Representative Warrants have been exercised for 76,387 Common Shares.
On November 21, 2025, we entered into an agreement to extend the duration of the time charter parties with Clearlake for a fixed term of a minimum of 47 months and a maximum of 49 months for the vessels M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu. The agreed daily rate of the extended period is $29,990.
On December 2, 2025, we completed a one-for-thirty reverse stock split of our Common Shares. There was no change in the number of our authorized Common Shares. All numbers of Common Shares and earnings per share amounts in this prospectus (excluding the documents incorporated by reference or the financial statements included in the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part) have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this reverse stock split.
On December 4, 2025, we entered into the Newbuilding LOI for the potential acquisition from the Parent of the Newbuilding Yacht, with expected delivery in the second quarter of 2027. We will make an advance cash payment of $4.0 million that will be credited against the acquisition price of the Newbuilding Yacht or refunded to us to the extent we do not elect to purchase the Newbuilding Yacht. The exclusivity period under the Newbuilding LOI will expire on March 31, 2026. Up to that date, we will conduct a due diligence process and evaluation of the potential transaction taking into account market conditions and other factors, and there can be no assurance that the potential transaction will be consummated. A special independent committee composed of independent members of the Board of Directors will negotiate and approve any potential acquisition of the Newbuilding Yacht under the Newbuilding LOI.
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Formation Transactions
The vessels of our fleet were contributed to us by the Parent in connection with the Spin-Off.
The Spin-Off distribution was pro rata to the beneficial holders of the Parent’s outstanding common shares and to beneficial holders of the Parent’s outstanding common stock purchase warrants on an as- exercised basis to the extent such warrants contain anti-dilution provisions conferred an interest equivalent to the Spin-Off distribution, in each case as of June 16, 2025, the record date of the Spin-Off, so that such holders maintained the same proportionate interest (on a fully-diluted basis) in each respective class of shares of the Parent and of us both immediately before and immediately after the Spin-Off. The Series D Preferred Shares distributed to the holder of the Series D preferred shares of the Parent were created to mirror the rights of the Series D perpetual preferred shares of the Parent. The holder of the Series D preferred shares of the Parent is the Lax Trust, which is an irrevocable trust established for the benefit of certain family members of the President, Chief Executive Officer and Director of the Parent, Mr. Evangelos Pistiolis. In connection with the Spin-Off, the Parent distributed 100,000 Series D Preferred Shares. The Parent did not distribute the Series D Preferred Shares to its common shareholders in connection with the Spin-Off.
On June 23, 2025, in connection with the Spin-Off, Nasdaq approved the listing of our Common Shares under the symbol “RUBI.” The Common Shares began trading on Nasdaq on August 4, 2025, the trading day following the consummation of the Spin-Off.
We have a multi-class capital structure consisting of Common Shares and Series D Preferred Shares. Our common shareholders are entitled to one vote for each Common Share held. Each Series D Preferred Share has the voting power of 1,000 Common Shares and counts for 1,000 votes for purposes of determining quorum at a meeting of shareholders, subject to certain adjustments to satisfy minimum voting right financing agreement covenants. Except as otherwise required by law or provided by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Statement of Designation for our Series D Preferred Shares, holders of our Series D Preferred Shares and holders of our Common Shares shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders. Please see the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of Capital Stock” for further information regarding our capital structure, and the rights, including the voting rights, privileges, and preferences of the holders of our shares.
The Lax Trust is the sole beneficial owner of our Series D Preferred Shares. The Series D Preferred Shares held by the Lax Trust represent 98.0% of our total voting power. Because the Lax Trust beneficially owns the majority of our voting power, it has the ability to control us and our affairs, including, among other matters, the election of our Board of Directors and, as a result, the ability of our common shareholders to influence our corporate matters is limited. Please see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Common Shares and this Offering—Our controlling shareholder has significant influence over us, and a trust established for the benefit of his family may be deemed to beneficially own, directly or indirectly, 100% of our Series D Preferred Shares, and thereby to control the outcome of matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote.”
Business Overview
Our Fleet
We are an international owner and operator of two modern, fuel efficient eco, 157,000 dwt Suezmax tanker, the M/T Eco Malibu with an age of 4.5 years and the M/T Eco West Coast with an age of 4.7 years, each focusing on the transportation of crude oil.
The following table lists the vessels in our fleet as of the date of this registration statement:
| Vessel Name | Year Built | Dwt | Yard | Charterer | End of firm period | Charterer’s Optional Periods | Gross Rate fixed period/ options | Type of Employment | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| M/T Eco West Coast | 2021 | 157,000 | Hyundai | Clearlake | January 2031 | 1+1 years | $32,850 up to January 2027 and 29,990 afterwards / $34,750 / $36,750 |
Time Charter(1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| M/T Eco Malibu | 2021 | 157,000 | Hyundai | Clearlake | January2031 | 1+1 years |
$32,850 up to January 2027 and 29,990 afterwards / |
Time Charter(1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1) | Both of our vessels are chartered by Clearlake. According to the provisions of each time charter, the Rubico Predecessor is entitled to terminate the charter in case of the charterer’s failure of punctual and regular payment of hire, while the charterer may cancel the relevant charter if we are in breach of certain maintenance obligations under the relevant agreement, if the relevant vessel is not available for a scheduled voyage due to the action of third parties, or if the relevant vessel is or is expected to be off-hire for more than sixty consecutive days due to certain mechanical or operational causes. In addition, both parties have the option to terminate the relevant charter in case of the outbreak of war or hostilities between two or more of the United States, the United Kingdom, the former U.S.S.R. (except that declaration of war or hostilities solely between any two or more of the countries or republics having been part of the former U.S.S.R. shall be exempted), the People’s Republic of China and the Marshall Islands. |
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Our Business Strategy
Competitive Strengths
Opportunity for growth. We believe we will be well positioned to opportunistically expand and maximize our current fleet due to competitive cost structure, strong customer relationships and experienced management team.
Demonstrated access to financing. We believe that we are well placed to take advantage of business opportunities due to the Fleet Manager’s operational platform, which we aim to leverage, along with our Fleet Manager’s demonstrated access to financing at the Parent. We believe that our ability to access financing will continue to allow us to capture additional market opportunities when they arise.
Our Fleet Manager’s commercial relationships, reputation and track record. We believe that our Fleet Manager’s network of commercial relationships and reputation and track record in building shipping fleets should provide us with access to attractive acquisition, chartering and vessel financing opportunities.
Modern, Fuel Efficient, Scrubber Fitted Fleet. Our vessels have the latest-generation, fuel efficient design and specifications. We believe that modern, fuel-efficient vessels like ours command higher charter rates than conventional vessels.
Strategies
Opportunistic and sector-agnostic vessel acquisition strategy. We plan to exploit opportunities in any sector related to seaborne transportation of goods or passengers, including recreational transportation that provides an attractive demand and supply profile as well as a positive market outlook in the medium to long-term by acquiring vessels trading on this sector. The decision for entering a new sector will be based on robust fundamentals and thoughtful analysis of factors affecting both the demand side and the supply side, while the selection of the target vessel will be subject to strict qualitative criteria including the environmental performance and energy efficiency of the acquisition candidates.
Expand our fleet through accretive acquisitions. We intend to grow our current fleet through timely and selective acquisitions of additional vessels at attractive valuations. In evaluating acquisitions, we consider and analyze, among other things, our expectation of fundamental developments in the shipping industry, the level of liquidity in the resale and charter market, the vessel condition and technical specifications, the expected remaining useful life, as well as the overall strategic positioning of our fleet and customers. For vessels acquired with charters attached, we also consider the credit quality of the charterer and the duration and terms of the contracts in place. Based on our Fleet Manager’s successful track record, commercial expertise and reputation in the marketplace as well as our transparent and public corporate structure, we believe that we are well-positioned to source off-market opportunities to acquire secondhand vessels. As a result, we may be able to acquire vessels on more favorable terms than what would be obtained without access to such opportunities.
Access to attractive chartering opportunities. Our Fleet Manager has built relationships with many well-known charterers, which we believe is the result of its and our Parent’s reputation for reliable service, safety and dependability. Through a combination of fixed period time charters and spot charters, our Parent and Fleet Manager have historically provided services to many national, regional and international oil companies, charterers and oil traders, including Shell, BP, ExxonMobil, Petrobras, ConocoPhillips, Pemex, Hellenic Petroleum, Glencore, Clearlake, Vitol and Trafigura. We focus on the needs of our customers and intend to acquire tankers and upgrade our fleet based on the requirements and specifications of our charterers, which we believe will enable us to obtain repeat business from our customers.
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Environmental, Social, Governance, or ESG, Practices. We actively manage a broad range of ESG initiatives, taking into consideration their expected impact on the sustainability of our business over time, and the potential impact of our business on society and the environment. Scrubber installations, Existing Vessel Design Index, or EEXI, upgrades, and ESDs installations, weather routing, slow steaming, ballast and trim optimization during the ballast voyage legs, application of noise reduction designs and frequent propeller and hull cleaning policy constitute examples of the environmental practices our management team has deployed. Moreover, we pay considerable attention to our human resources both on our vessels, or vessels we may acquire and ashore, proven by a variety of practices, including, gender discrimination elimination, performance KPIs, worldwide training and medical insurance.
Management of Our Fleet
Prior to the consummation of the Spin-Off, we entered into the CSI Letter Agreement with our Fleet Manager, a related party affiliated with the family of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our controlling shareholder, that detailed the terms on which any vessels we may acquire will be managed. Both Athenean and Roman, our vessel-owning subsidiaries, have entered into the Management Agreements with our Fleet Manager on May 28, 2020. Both the Management Agreements and the CSI Letter Agreement can only be terminated subject to an eighteen-month advance notice, subject to a termination fee equal to twelve months of fees payable under the CSI Letter Agreement or each of the Management Agreements.
Pursuant to the CSI Letter Agreement as well as each of the Management Agreements, we currently pay a management fee of $670 per day per vessel for the provision of technical, commercial, operation, insurance, bunkering and crew management, commencing three months before the vessel is scheduled to be delivered by the shipyard. In addition, each of the Management Agreements and the CSI Letter Agreement provide for payment to our Fleet Manager of: (i) $609 per day for superintendent visits plus actual expenses; (ii) a chartering commission of 1.25% on all freight, hire and demurrage revenues; (iii) a commission of 1.00% on all gross vessel sale proceeds or the purchase price paid for vessels and (iv) a financing fee of 0.2% on derivative agreements and loan financing or refinancing. Our Fleet Manager will also perform supervision services for any newbuilding vessel we may acquire while the vessel is under construction, for which we will pay our Fleet Manager the actual cost of the supervision services plus a fee of 7% of such supervision services.
Our Fleet Manager provides, at cost, all accounting, reporting and administrative services. Finally, each of the Management Agreements and the CSI Letter Agreement provide for a performance incentive fee for the provision of management services to be determined at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Each of the Management Agreements and the CSI Letter Agreement have an initial term of five years, after which they will both continue to be in effect until terminated by either party subject to an eighteen-month advance notice of termination. Pursuant to the terms of each of the Management Agreements and the intended terms of the CSI Letter Agreement, all fees payable to our Fleet Manager are adjusted annually according to the CPI of the previous year and if CPI is less than 2% then a 2% increase is effected.
Employment of Our Fleet
As of the date of this registration statement, both of our current vessels are chartered on a time charter by Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd. For both of our vessels, we had entered into time charters with Clearlake for a period of three years at a firm daily rate of $33,950, with a charterer’s option to extend for two additional years at $34,750 and $36,750, respectively. On July 6, 2023, our Parent entered into an agreement with Clearlake to extend the duration of the fixed period of the time charterparties of both vessels to a fixed term of a minimum of 30 months and maximum of 36 months. The daily rate of the extended period was agreed at $32,850, with the daily rates of the optional periods remaining the same. The time charter for M/T Eco Malibu commenced on May 15, 2021, with the fixed term expiring between September 13, 2026 and March 13, 2027 and the time charter for M/T Eco West Coast commenced on March 30, 2021, with the fixed term expiring between July 30, 2026 and January 30, 2027, with the fixed term depending on the period elected by the charterer as set out above. A time charter is generally a contract to provide your ship for a predefined period to the charterer for an agreed daily US$ rate. This rate can be fixed or index-linked, with the latter mounting volatility of freight earnings, as shipping freight indices fluctuate on a seasonal and year-to-year basis. Fluctuations derive from imbalances in the availability of cargoes for shipment and the number of vessels available at any given time to transport these cargoes. Vessels operating in the time charter market ensure that there will be employment on the vessel for the defined period, while the index-linked hire rate may enable us to capture increased profit margins during periods of improvements in tanker vessel charter rates.
The International Shipping Industry
The seaborne transportation industry is a vital link in international trade, with ocean going vessels representing the most efficient and often the only method of transporting large volumes of basic commodities and finished products. Demand for tankers is dictated by world oil demand and trade, which is influenced by many factors, including international economic activity; geographic changes in oil production, processing, and consumption; oil price levels; inventory policies of the major oil and oil trading companies; and strategic inventory policies of countries such as the United States, China and India.
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Shipping demand, measured in ton-miles, is a product of (a) the amount of cargo transported in ocean going vessels, multiplied by (b) the distance over which this cargo is transported. The distance is the more variable element of the ton-mile demand equation and is determined by seaborne trading patterns, which are principally influenced by the locations of production and consumption. Seaborne trading patterns are also periodically influenced by geo-political events that divert vessels from normal trading patterns, as well as by inter-regional trading activity created by commodity supply and demand imbalances. Tonnage of oil shipped is primarily a function of global oil consumption, which is driven by economic activity as well as the long-term impact of oil prices on the location and related volume of oil production. Tonnage of oil shipped is also influenced by transportation alternatives (such as pipelines) and the output of refineries.
Demand for tankers and tonnage of oil shipped is primarily a function of global oil consumption, which is driven by economic activity, as well as the long-term impact of oil prices on the location and related volume of oil production. Global oil demand returned to limited growth in 2010 and has since been expanding at a modest pace, as a steady rise in Asia has outweighed decreasing demand in Europe and in the United States, with a notable exception for 2020 and 2021 in which years the COVID-19 epidemic dramatically reduced oil demand. According to the International Energy Agency, global oil demand increased to 102.6 million barrels/day in 2024, compared to 101.7 million barrels/day in 2023.
We strategically monitor developments in the tanker industry on a regular basis and, subject to market demand, will seek to enter into shorter or longer time or bareboat charters according to prevailing market conditions.
We will compete for charters on the basis of price, vessel location, size, age and condition of the vessel, as well as on our reputation as an operator. We will arrange our time charters and bareboat charters through the use of brokers, who negotiate the terms of the charters based on market conditions. We currently compete primarily with owners of tankers in Suezmax class size. Ownership of tankers is highly fragmented and is divided among major oil companies and independent vessel owners.
Customers
The only customer of the Rubico Predecessor during the last year was Clearlake.
Seasonality
Historically, oil trade and, therefore, charter rates increased in the winter months and eased in the summer months as demand for oil and oil products in the Northern Hemisphere rose in colder weather and fell in warmer weather. The tanker industry, in general, has become less dependent on the seasonal transport of heating oil than a decade ago as new uses for oil and oil products have developed, spreading consumption more evenly over the year. This is most apparent from the higher seasonal demand during the summer months due to energy requirements for air conditioning and motor vehicles. This seasonality may affect operating results. However, to the extent that our vessels, or any vessels we may acquire are chartered at fixed rates on a long-term basis, seasonal factors will not have a significant direct effect on our business.
Environmental and Other Regulations
Government regulation and laws significantly affect the ownership and operation of our fleet. We are subject to international conventions and treaties, national, state and local laws and regulations in force in the countries in which our vessels and other vessels we may acquire may operate or are registered relating to safety and health and environmental protection including the storage, handling, emission, transportation and discharge of hazardous and non-hazardous materials, and the remediation of contamination and liability for damage to natural resources. Compliance with such laws, regulations and other requirements entails significant expense, including vessel modifications and implementation of certain operating procedures.
A variety of government and private entities subject our vessels and other vessels we may acquire to both scheduled and unscheduled inspections. These entities include the local port authorities (applicable national authorities such as the United States Coast Guard, (the “USCG”), harbor master or equivalent), classification societies, flag state administrations (countries of registry) and charterers, particularly terminal operators. Certain of these entities require us to obtain permits, licenses, certificates and other authorizations for the operation of our vessels and other vessels we may acquire. Failure to maintain necessary permits or approvals could require us to incur substantial costs or result in the temporary suspension of the operation of one or more of our vessels and other vessels we may acquire.
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Increasing environmental concerns have created a demand for vessels that conform to stricter environmental standards. We are required to maintain operating standards for our vessels and other vessels we may acquire that emphasize operational safety, quality maintenance, continuous training of our officers and crews and compliance with United States and international regulations. We believe that the operation of our vessels is in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations and that our vessels have all material permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations necessary for the conduct of our operations. However, because such laws and regulations frequently change and may impose increasingly stricter requirements, we cannot predict the ultimate cost of complying with these requirements, or the impact of these requirements on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels and other vessels we may acquire. In addition, a future serious marine incident that causes significant adverse environmental impact could result in additional legislation or regulation that could negatively affect our profitability.
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
The IMO, the United Nations agency for maritime safety and the prevention of pollution by vessels, adopted the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, collectively referred to as MARPOL 73/78 and herein as “MARPOL,” the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1974 (“SOLAS Convention”), and the International Convention on Load Lines of 1966 (the “LL Convention”) and International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (“STCW”). MARPOL establishes environmental standards relating to oil leakage or spilling, garbage management, sewage, air emissions, handling and disposal of noxious liquids and the handling of harmful substances in packaged forms. MARPOL is applicable to dry bulk, tanker and LNG carriers, among other vessels, and is divided into six Annexes, each of which regulates a different source of pollution. Annex I relates to oil leakage or spilling; Annexes II and III relate to harmful substances carried in bulk, in liquid or in packaged form, respectively; Annexes IV and V relate to sewage and garbage management, respectively; and Annex VI, lastly, relates to air emissions.
Since 2014, the IMO’s Marine Environmental Protection Committee, or the “MEPC,” amendments to MARPOL Annex I Condition Assessment Scheme, or “CAS” have required compliance with the 2011 International Code on the Enhanced Programme of Inspections during Surveys of Bulk Carriers and Oil Tankers, or “ESP Code,” which provides for enhanced inspection programs. Effective July 1, 2024, amendments to the ESP Code became effective, addressing inconsistencies on examination of ballast tanks at annual surveys for bulk carriers and oil tankers.
Air Emissions
In September of 1997, the IMO adopted Annex VI to MARPOL to address air pollution from vessels. Effective May 2005, Annex VI sets limits on sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from all commercial vessel exhausts and prohibits “deliberate emissions” of ozone depleting substances (such as halons and chlorofluorocarbons), emissions of volatile compounds from cargo tanks, and the shipboard incineration of specific substances. Annex VI also includes a global cap on the sulfur content of fuel oil and allows for special areas to be established with more stringent controls on sulfur emissions, as explained below. Emissions of “volatile organic compounds” from certain vessels, and the shipboard incineration (from incinerators installed after January 1, 2000) of certain substances (such as polychlorinated biphenyls, (“PCBs”) are also prohibited. We believe that our vessels are currently compliant in all material respects with these regulations.
The Marine Environment Protection Committee (“MEPC”) adopted amendments to Annex VI regarding emissions of sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, particulate matter and ozone depleting substances, which entered into force on July 1, 2010. The amended Annex VI seeks to further reduce air pollution by, among other things, implementing a progressive reduction of the amount of sulfur contained in any fuel oil used on board ships. Effective January 1, 2020, there has been a global limit of 0.5% m/m sulfur oxide emissions (reduced from 3.50%). This limitation can be met by using low-sulfur compliant fuel oil, alternative fuels or exhaust gas cleaning systems (or “EGCS”). Ships are required to obtain bunker delivery notes and International Air Pollution Prevention (“IAPP”) Certificates from their flag states that specify sulfur content. Additionally, at MEPC 73, amendments to Annex VI to prohibit the carriage of bunkers above 0.5% sulfur on ships became effective on March 1, 2020. Fuels with higher sulfur content than required by Reg. 14 of Annex VI can still be delivered to a ship, provided the ship uses equivalent measures, such as an EGCS. Additional amendments to Annex VI revising, among other terms, the definition of “Sulphur content of fuel oil” (if the flashpoint is under 70°C) and “low-flashpoint fuel” and pertaining to the sampling and testing of onboard fuel oil, became effective in April 2022. Amendments to Annex VI requiring bunker delivery notes to include a flashpoint of fuel oil or a statement that the flashpoint has been measured at or above 70°C as mandatory information became effective on May 1, 2024. Additional amendments intended to prevent the supply of oil fuel not complying with SOLAS flashpoint requirements, and adding new definitions regarding probability of ignition, will become effective January 1, 2026. These regulations subject ocean-going vessels to stringent emissions controls, and may cause us to incur substantial costs.
MEPC 77 adopted a non-binding resolution which urges member states and ship operators to voluntarily use distillate or other cleaner alternative fuels or methods of propulsion that are safe for ships and could contribute to the reduction of black carbon emissions from ships when operating in or near the Arctic.
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Sulfur content standards are even stricter within certain “Emission Control Areas,” or (“ECAs”). As of January 1, 2015, ships operating within an ECA were not permitted to use fuel with sulfur content in excess of 0.1% m/m. Amended Annex VI establishes procedures for designating new ECAs. Currently, the IMO has designated five ECAs, including specified portions of the Baltic Sea area, North Sea area, North American area and United States Caribbean Sea area. In December 2022, the Committee adopted Resolution MEPC.361(79) establishing a new ECA for the Mediterranean Sea as a whole. These amendments entered into force on May 1,2025. At MEPC 82, the IMO adopted additional amendments to Annex VI designating the Canadian Arctic and the Norwegian Sea as ECAs, which will enter into force on March 1, 2026, taking effect from March 1, 2027. Ocean-going vessels in these areas will be subject to stringent emission controls and ocean-going vessels trading in ECAs are subject to increased operational costs due to the higher price of fuel with low sulfur content and may cause us to incur additional costs. Other areas in China are subject to local regulations that impose stricter emission controls. If other ECAs are approved by the IMO, or other new or more stringent requirements relating to emissions from marine diesel engines or port operations by vessels are adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) or the states where we operate, compliance with these regulations could entail significant capital expenditures or otherwise increase the costs of our operations.
MEPC 79 adopted amendments to Annex VI on the reporting of mandatory values related to the implementation of the IMO short-term GHG reduction measure, including attained EEXI, CII and rating values to the IMO DCS, which became effective May 1, 2024. MEPC 80 adopted the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships with enhanced targets to mitigate harmful emissions. The revised IMO GHG Strategy comprises a common ambition to ensure an uptake of alternative zero and near-zero GHG fuels by 2030 and to achieve net-zero emissions from international shipping by 2050. The IMO net-zero framework was approved by MEPC 83, including the new fuel standard for ships and a global pricing mechanism for emissions. These regulations were approved as amendments and submitted for adoption as legally binding, but in October 2025 the MEPC agreed to adjourn the meeting on adoption until October 2026.
Amended Annex VI also establishes new tiers of stringent nitrogen oxide emissions standards for marine diesel engines, depending on their date of installation. Now Annex VI provides for a three-tier reduction in NOx emissions from marine diesel engines, with the final tier (or Tier III) to apply to engines installed on vessels constructed on or after January 1, 2016 and which operate in the North American ECA or the U.S. Caribbean Sea ECA, to vessels constructed on or after January 1, 2021 and operating in the Baltic Sea ECA or North Sea ECA, to vessels with keels laid on or after January 1, 2025 operated in the Canadian Arctic ECA, and to certain vessels as early as March 1, 2026 and operating in the Norwegian Sea ECA, as well as ECAs designated in the future by the IMO. The EPA promulgated equivalent (and in some senses stricter) emissions standards in late 2009. Additionally, amendments to Annex II, which strengthen discharge requirements for cargo residues and tank washings in specified sea areas (including North West European waters, Baltic Sea area, Western European waters and Norwegian Sea), came into effect in January 2021. If other ECAs are approved by the IMO, or other new or more stringent requirements relating to emissions from marine diesel engines or port operations by vessels are adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) or the states where we operate, compliance with these regulations could entail significant capital expenditures or otherwise increase the costs of our operations.
As determined at the MEPC 70, Regulation 22A of MARPOL Annex VI became effective as of March 1, 2018, and requires ships above 5,000 gross tonnage to collect and report annual data on fuel oil consumption to an IMO database, with the first year of data collection having commenced on January 1, 2019. The IMO used such data as the first step in its roadmap (through 2023) for developing its strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships, as discussed further below.
As of January 1, 2013, MARPOL made mandatory certain measures relating to energy efficiency for ships. All ships are now required to develop and implement Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plans (“SEEMPS”), and new ships must be designed in compliance with minimum energy efficiency levels per capacity mile as defined by the Energy Efficiency Design Index (“EEDI”). Additionally, MEPC 75 adopted amendments to MARPOL Annex VI which brought forward the effective date of the EEDI's "phase 3" requirements from January 1, 2025, to April 1, 2022, for several ship types, including gas carriers, general cargo ships, and LNG carriers. MEPC 81 adopted amendments to the guidelines for the development of SEEMPs, including methodology for collecting data. These amendments went into effect on August 1, 2025.
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Additionally, MEPC 76 adopted amendments to Annex VI which impose new regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships. The revised Annex VI entered into force in November 2022, and includes requirements to assess and measure the energy efficiency of all ships and set the required attainment values, with the goal of reducing the carbon intensity of international shipping. The requirements include (1) a technical requirement to reduce carbon intensity based on a new Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (“EEXI”), and (2) operational carbon intensity reduction requirements based on a new operational carbon intensity indicator (“CII”). The attained EEXI is required to be calculated for ships of 400 gross tonnage and above, in accordance with different values set for ship types and categories. With respect to the CII requirement, which took effect from January 1, 2023, ships of 5,000 gross tonnage are required to document and verify their actual annual operational CII achieved against a determined required annual operational CII. All ships that fall under the new CII regime are required to have a CII rating of C or above in order to be compliant. Ships that have a CII rating of D for three consecutive years or E, are required to submit a corrective action plan, to show how the required index (C or above) would be achieved or else they will be deemed non-compliant. The EEXI and CII certification requirements entered into effect on January 1, 2023. MEPC 79 adopted amendments to Annex VI on the reporting of mandatory values related to the implementation of the IMO short-term GHG reduction measure, including attained EEXI, CII and rating values to the IMO DCS, which became effective on May 1, 2024.
Additionally, MEPC 76 adopted amendments requiring ships of 5,000 gross tonnage and above to revise their SEEMP to include methodology for calculating the ship’s attained annual operation CII and the required annual operational CII, on or before June 1, 2023. MEPC 76 also approved amendments to MARPOL Annex I to prohibit the use and carriage for use as fuel of heavy fuel oil (or HFO) by ships in Arctic waters on and after July 1, 2024. For ships subject to Regulation 12A (oil fuel tank protection), the prohibition will become effective on or after July 1, 2029.
Pursuant to the IMO’s short-term targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the shipping industry by 2030, we may incur costs to comply with these revised standards. Additional or new conventions, laws and regulations may be adopted that could require the installation of expensive emission control systems and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
Safety Management System Requirements
The SOLAS Convention was amended to address the safe manning of vessels and emergency training drills. The Convention of Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, or the LLMC, sets limitations of liability for a loss of life or personal injury claim or a property claim against ship owners. We believe that our vessels are in substantial compliance with SOLAS and LLMC standards.
Under Chapter IX of the SOLAS Convention, or the International Safety Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention, or the ISM Code, our operations are also subject to environmental standards and requirements. The ISM Code requires the party with operational control of a vessel to develop an extensive safety management system that includes, among other things, the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for operating its vessels safely and describing procedures for responding to emergencies. We rely upon the safety management system that we and our technical management team have developed for compliance with the ISM Code. The failure of a vessel owner or bareboat charterer to comply with the ISM Code may subject such party to increased liability, may decrease available insurance coverage for the affected vessels and may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports.
The Military Sealift Command adopted amendments to modernize the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (or GMDSS), which entered into force on January 1, 2024. The amendments, which include amendments to SOLAS, may require vessel owners/operators to ensure their radio equipment is compliant.
The ISM Code requires that vessel operators obtain a Safety Management Certificate (or “SMC”) for each vessel they operate. This certificate evidences compliance by a vessel’s management with the ISM Code requirements for a safety management system. No vessel can obtain a safety management certificate unless its manager has been awarded a Document of Compliance (or “DOC”), issued by each flag state (or Recognized Organization (“RO”) on behalf of the flag administration), under the ISM Code. We have obtained applicable Documents of Compliance for our offices and safety management certificates for our vessel. The DOC & SMC are renewed as required.
Amendments to SOLAS chapter II-2, intended to prevent the supply of oil fuel not complying with SOLAS flashpoint requirements, requiring that ships carrying oil fuel must, prior to bunkering, be provided with a declaration certifying that the oil fuel supplied is in conformity with SOLAS regulation II.2/4.2.1, will enter into effect January 1, 2026.
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Regulation II-1/3-10 of the SOLAS Convention governs ship construction and stipulates that ships over 150 meters in length must have adequate strength, integrity, and stability to minimize risk of loss or pollution. Goal-based standards amendments in SOLAS regulation II-1/3-10 entered into force in 2012, and from July 1, 2016 with respect to new oil tankers and bulk carriers. Regulation II-1/3-10 requires that all oil tankers and bulk carriers of 150 meters in length and above, for which the building contract is placed on or after July 1, 2016, satisfy applicable structural requirements conforming to the functional requirements of the International Goal-based Ship Construction Standards for Bulk Carriers and Oil Tankers, or GBS Standards. Amendments to the International Code on the Enhanced Programme of Inspections during Surveys of Bulk Carriers and Oil Tankers, 2011 became effective, addressing inconsistencies on examination of ballast tanks at annual surveys for bulk carriers and oil tankers.
Amendments to the SOLAS Convention Chapter VII apply to vessels transporting dangerous goods and require those vessels be in compliance with the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (“IMDG Code”). Effective January 1, 2018, the IMDG Code includes (1) updates to the provisions for radioactive material, reflecting the latest provisions from the International Atomic Energy Agency, (2) new marking, packing and classification requirements for dangerous goods and (3) new mandatory training requirements. Amendments which took effect on January 1, 2020, also reflect the latest material from the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, including (1) new provisions regarding IMO type 9 tank, (2) new abbreviations for segregation groups; and (3) special provisions for carriage of lithium batteries and of vehicles powered by flammable liquid or gas. Amendments to the IMDG Code relating to segregation requirements for certain substances, and classification and transport of carbon came into effect in June 2022. Updates to the IMDG Code, in line with the updates to the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, which set the recommendations for all transport modes, became effective January 1, 2024.
The IMO has also adopted the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (“STCW”). As of February 2017, all seafarers are required to meet the STCW standards and be in possession of a valid STCW certificate. Flag states that have ratified SOLAS and STCW generally employ the classification societies, which have incorporated SOLAS and STCW requirements into their class rules, to undertake surveys to confirm compliance.
Actions by the IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee and United States agencies indicate that cybersecurity regulations for the maritime industry are likely to be further developed in the near future in an attempt to combat cybersecurity threats. For example, effective January 2021, cyber-risk management systems must be incorporated by ship-owners and managers. Additional requirements apply to U.S.-flagged vessels. This might cause companies to create additional procedures for monitoring cybersecurity, which could require additional expenses and/or capital expenditures. The impact of such regulations is hard to predict at this time.
Pollution Control and Liability Requirements
The IMO has negotiated international conventions that impose liability for pollution in international waters and the territorial waters of the signatories to such conventions. For example, the IMO adopted an International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, or the BWM Convention, in 2004. The BWM Convention entered into force globally on September 8, 2017. The BWM Convention requires ships to manage their ballast water to remove, render harmless, or avoid the uptake or discharge of new or invasive aquatic organisms and pathogens within ballast water and sediments. The BWM Convention’s implementing regulations call for a phased introduction of mandatory ballast water exchange requirements, to be replaced in time with mandatory concentration limits, and require all ships to carry a ballast water record book and an international ballast water management certificate.
Specifically, ships over 400 gross tons generally must comply with a “D-1 standard,” requiring the exchange of ballast water only in open seas and away from coastal waters. The “D-2 standard” specifies the maximum amount of viable organisms allowed to be discharged, and compliance dates vary depending on the IOPP renewal dates. For most ships, compliance with the D-2 standard involves installing on-board systems to treat ballast water and eliminate unwanted organisms. Ballast Water Management systems (or BWMS), which include systems that make use of chemical, biocides, organisms or biological mechanisms, or which alter the chemical or physical characteristics of the Ballast Water, must be approved in accordance with IMO Guidelines (Regulation D-3). Pursuant to the BWM Convention amendments that entered into force in October 2019, BWMS installed on or after October 28, 2020 shall be approved in accordance with BWMS Code, while BWMS installed before October 23, 2020 must be approved taking into account guidelines developed by the IMO or the BWMS Code. MEPC 72’s amendments to the BWM Convention requires all ships to meet the D-2 standard. The cost of compliance could increase for ocean carriers and may have a material effect on our operations. However, many countries already regulate the discharge of ballast water carried by vessels from country to country to prevent the introduction of invasive and harmful species via such discharges. The U.S., for example, requires vessels entering its waters from another country to conduct mid-ocean ballast exchange, or undertake some alternate measure, and to comply with certain reporting requirements. Amendments to the BWM Convention concerning commissioning testing of BWMS became effective in 2022, and other amendments concerning the form of the Ballast Water Record Book entered into force on February 1, 2025.
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The IMO adopted the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, as amended by different Protocols in 1976, 1984, and 1992, and amended in 2000, the CLC. Under the CLC and depending on whether the country in which the damage results is a party to the 1992 Protocol to the CLC, a vessel's registered owner may be strictly liable for pollution damage caused in the territorial waters of a contracting state by discharge of persistent oil, subject to certain exceptions. The 1992 Protocol changed certain limits on liability expressed using the International Monetary Fund currency unit, the Special Drawing Rights. The limits on liability have since been amended so that the compensation limits on liability were raised. The right to limit liability is forfeited under the CLC where the spill is caused by the shipowner's actual fault and under the 1992 Protocol where the spill is caused by the shipowner's intentional or reckless act or omission where the shipowner knew pollution damage would probably result. The CLC requires ships over 2,000 tons covered by it to maintain insurance covering the liability of the owner in a sum equivalent to an owner's liability for a single incident. We have protection and indemnity insurance for environmental incidents. P&I Clubs in the International Group issue the required Bunkers Convention "Blue Cards" to enable signatory states to issue certificates. We will ensure that our vessels are in possession of a CLC State issued certificate attesting that the required insurance coverage is in force as required by law.
The IMO also adopted the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, or the Bunker Convention, to impose strict liability on ship owners (including the registered owner, bareboat charterer, manager or operator) for pollution damage in jurisdictional waters of ratifying states caused by discharges of bunker fuel. The Bunker Convention requires registered owners of ships over 1,000 gross tons to maintain insurance for pollution damage in an amount equal to the limits of liability under the applicable national or international limitation regime (but not exceeding the amount calculated in accordance with the LLMC). With respect to non-ratifying states, liability for spills or releases of oil carried as fuel in a ship’s bunkers typically is determined by the national or other domestic laws in the jurisdiction where the events or damages occur.
Ships are required to maintain a certificate attesting that they maintain adequate insurance to cover an incident. In jurisdictions such as the United States where the Bunker Convention has not been adopted, various legislative schemes or common law govern, and liability is imposed either on the basis of fault or on a strict-liability basis.
Anti-Fouling Requirements
In 2001, the IMO adopted the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, or the “Anti-fouling Convention,” which entered into force on September 17, 2008, and prohibits the use of organotin compound coatings to prevent the attachment of mollusks and other sea life to the hulls of vessels. Vessels of over 400 gross tons engaged in international voyages are required to undergo an initial survey before the vessel is put into service or before an International Anti-fouling System Certificate is issued for the first time; and subsequent surveys when the anti-fouling systems are altered or replaced. In 2023, amendments to the Anti-fouling Convention came into effect which includes controls on the biocide cybutryne; ships shall not apply cybutryne or re-apply anti-fouling systems containing cybutryne from January 1, 2023.
We have obtained Anti-fouling System Certificates for our vessels that is subject to the Anti-fouling Convention.
Compliance Enforcement
Noncompliance with the ISM Code or other IMO regulations may subject the ship owner or bareboat charterer to increased liability, may lead to decreases in available insurance coverage for affected vessels and may result in the denial of access to, or detention in, some ports. The USCG and European Union authorities have indicated that vessels not in compliance with the ISM Code by applicable deadlines will be prohibited from trading in U.S. and European Union ports, respectively. As of the date of this registration statement, our vessels are ISM Code certified. However, there can be no assurance that such certificates will be maintained in the future. The IMO continues to review and introduce new regulations. It is impossible to predict what additional regulations, if any, may be passed by the IMO and what effect, if any, such regulations might have on our operations.
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United States Regulations
The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or OPA, established an extensive regulatory and liability regime for the protection and clean-up of the environment from oil spills. OPA affects all “owners and operators” whose vessels trade or operate within the U.S., its territories and possessions or whose vessels operate in U.S. waters, which includes the U.S.’s territorial sea and its 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone around the U.S. The U.S. has also enacted the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or CERCLA, which applies to the discharge of hazardous substances other than oil, except in limited circumstances, whether on land or at sea. OPA and CERCLA both define “owner and operator” in the case of a vessel as any person owning, operating or chartering by demise, the vessel. Both OPA and CERCLA impact our operations.
Under OPA, vessel owners and operators are “responsible parties” and are jointly, severally and strictly liable (unless the spill results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war) for all containment and clean-up costs and other damages arising from discharges or threatened discharges of oil from their vessels, including bunkers (fuel). OPA defines these other damages broadly to include:
| (i) | injury to, destruction or loss of, or loss of use of, natural resources and related assessment costs; |
| (ii) | injury to, or economic losses resulting from, the destruction of real and personal property; |
| (iii) | loss of subsistence use of natural resources that are injured, destroyed or lost; |
| (iv) | net loss of taxes, royalties, rents, fees or net profit revenues resulting from injury, destruction or loss of real or personal property, or natural resources; |
| (v) | lost profits or impairment of earning capacity due to injury, destruction or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; and |
| (vi) | net cost of increased or additional public services necessitated by removal activities following a discharge of oil, such as protection from fire, safety or health hazards, and loss of subsistence use of natural resources. |
OPA contains statutory caps on liability and damages; such caps do not apply to direct cleanup costs. Effective March 2023, the USCG adjusted the limits of OPA liability for a tank vessel, other than a single-hull tank vessel, over 3,000 gross tons liability to the greater of $2,500 per gross ton or $21,521,000 (subject to periodic adjustment for inflation), for non-tank vessels, edible oil tank vessels, and any oil spill response vessels, to the greater of $1,300 per gross ton or $1,076,000 (subject to periodic adjustment for inflation). These limits of liability do not apply if an incident was proximately caused by the violation of any applicable U.S. federal safety, construction or operating regulation by a responsible party (or its agent, employee or a person acting pursuant to a contractual relationship) or a responsible party’s gross negligence or willful misconduct. The limitation on liability similarly does not apply if the responsible party fails or refuses to (i) report the incident as required by law where the responsible party knows or has reason to know of the incident; (ii) reasonably cooperate and assist as requested in connection with oil removal activities; or (iii) without sufficient cause, comply with an order issued under the Federal Water Pollution Act (Section 311 (c), (e)) or the Intervention on the High Seas Act.
CERCLA contains a similar liability regime whereby owners and operators of vessels are liable for clean-up, removal and remedial costs, as well as damages for injury to, or destruction or loss of, natural resources, including the reasonable costs associated with assessing the same, and health assessments or health effects studies. There is no liability if the discharge of a hazardous substance results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war. Liability under CERCLA is limited to the greater of $300 per gross ton or $5.0 million for vessels carrying a hazardous substance as cargo and the greater of $300 per gross ton or $500,000 for any other vessel. These limits do not apply (rendering the responsible person liable for the total cost of response and damages) if the release or threat of release of a hazardous substance resulted from willful misconduct or negligence, or the primary cause of the release was a violation of applicable safety, construction or operating standards or regulations. The limitation on liability also does not apply if the responsible person fails or refused to provide all reasonable cooperation and assistance as requested in connection with response activities where the vessel is subject to OPA.
OPA and CERCLA each preserve the right to recover damages under existing law, including maritime tort law. OPA and CERCLA both require owners and operators of vessels to establish and maintain with the USCG evidence of financial responsibility sufficient to meet the maximum amount of liability to which the particular responsible person may be subject. Vessel owners and operators may satisfy their financial responsibility obligations by providing a proof of insurance, a surety bond, qualification as a self-insurer or a guarantee. We comply and plan to comply going forward with the USCG’s financial responsibility regulations by providing applicable certificates of financial responsibility.
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The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in additional regulatory initiatives or statutes, including higher liability caps under OPA, new regulations regarding offshore oil and gas drilling, and a pilot inspection program for offshore facilities. However, several of these initiatives and regulations have been or may be revised. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement’s, or BSEE, revised Production Safety Systems Rule, or PSSR, effective December 27, 2018, modified and relaxed certain environmental and safety protections under the 2016 PSSR. Compliance with any new requirements of OPA and future legislation or regulations applicable to the operation of our vessels and other vessels we may acquire could negatively impact the cost of our operations and adversely affect our business.
OPA specifically permits individual states to impose their own liability regimes with regard to oil pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries, provided they accept, at a minimum, the levels of liability established under OPA and some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for oil spills. Many U.S. states that border a navigable waterway have enacted environmental pollution laws that impose strict liability on a person for removal costs and damages resulting from a discharge of oil or a release of a hazardous substance. These laws may be more stringent than U.S. federal law. Moreover, some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for discharge of pollutants within their waters, although in some cases, states which have enacted this type of legislation have not yet issued implementing regulations defining vessel owners’ responsibilities under these laws. We intend to comply with all applicable state regulations in the ports where the Company’s vessels call.
We currently maintain pollution liability coverage insurance in the amount of $1 billion per incident for each of our vessels. If the damages from a catastrophic spill were to exceed our insurance coverage, that could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operation.
Other United States Environmental Initiatives
The U.S. Clean Air Act of 1970 (including its amendments of 1977 and 1990), or CAA, requires the EPA to promulgate standards applicable to emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air contaminants. The CAA requires states to adopt State Implementation Plans, or SIPs, some of which regulate emissions resulting from vessel loading and unloading operations which may affect our vessels and other vessels we may acquire.
The U.S. Clean Water Act, or CWA, prohibits the discharge of oil, hazardous substances and ballast water in U.S. navigable waters unless authorized by a duly-issued permit or exemption, and imposes strict liability in the form of penalties for any unauthorized discharges. The CWA also imposes substantial liability for the costs of removal, remediation and damages and complements the remedies available under OPA and CERCLA. In 2015, the EPA expanded the definition of “waters of the United States,” or WOTUS, thereby expanding federal authority under the CWA. In August 2023, the EPA and Department of the Army issued a final rule to amend the revised WOTUS definition to conform the definition of WOTUS to the U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Clean Water Act in its decision dated May 25, 2023. The final rule became effective September 8, 2023 and operates to limit the Clean Water Act. On March 12, 2025, the EPA announced it would work with the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers to review the definition of WOTUS and undertake a rulemaking process to revise the definition of WOTUS. On November 17, 2025, the EPA and Army Corps proposed a new definition of WOTUS to align with the Supreme Court’s decision, narrowing federal jurisdiction and clarifying exclusions. Public comments close January 5, 2026.
The EPA and the USCG have also enacted rules relating to ballast water discharge, compliance with which requires the installation of equipment on our vessels and other vessels we may acquire to treat ballast water before it is discharged or the implementation of other port facility disposal arrangements or procedures at potentially substantial costs, and/or otherwise restrict our vessels and other vessels we may acquire from entering U.S. Waters. The EPA will regulate these ballast water discharges and other discharges incidental to the normal operation of certain vessels within United States waters pursuant to the Vessel Incidental Discharge Act, or VIDA, which was signed into law on December 4, 2018 and requires that the USCG develop implementation, compliance and enforcement regulations regarding ballast water. On October 26, 2020, the EPA published a Notice of Proposed rulemaking for Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance under VIDA, and in November 2020, held virtual public meetings. On October 18, 2023, the EPA published a Supplemental Notice to the Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance, which shares new ballast water information that the EPA received from the USCG. On September 20, 2024, the EPA finalized national standards of performance for non-recreational vessels 79-feet in length and longer with respect to incidental discharges and on October 9, 2024, these Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance were published. Within two years of publication, the USCG is required to develop corresponding implementing regulations. Currently USCG ballast water management regulations adopted under the U.S. National Invasive Species Act, or NISA, require mid-ocean ballast exchange programs and installation of approved USCG technology for all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks bound for U.S. ports or entering U.S. waters.
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Therefore, until new USCG regulations are final and enforceable, non-military, non-recreational vessels greater than 79 feet in length must continue to comply with the requirements of the VGP, including submission of a Notice of Intent (“NOI”) or retention of a PARI form and submission of annual reports. We have submitted NOIs for all our vessels where required. Compliance with the EPA, U.S. Coast Guard and state regulations requires the installation of ballast water treatment equipment on our vessels or the implementation of other port facility disposal procedures at potentially substantial cost, or may otherwise restrict our vessels from entering U.S. waters. Our vessels are equipped with ballast water treatment systems, which are subject to functionality monitoring and treated ballast water sampling and analysis, in compliance with the requirements stipulated in EPA VGP 2013.
European Union Regulations
In October 2009, the European Union amended a directive to impose criminal sanctions for illicit ship-source discharges of polluting substances, including minor discharges, if committed with intent, recklessly or with serious negligence and the discharges individually or in the aggregate result in deterioration of the quality of water. Aiding and abetting the discharge of a polluting substance may also lead to criminal penalties. The directive applies to all types of vessels, irrespective of their flag, but certain exceptions apply to warships or where human safety or that of the ship is in danger. Criminal liability for pollution may result in substantial penalties or fines and increased civil liability claims. Regulation (EU) 2015/757 of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 29, 2015 (amending EU Directive 2009/16/EC) governs the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport, and, subject to some exclusions, requires companies with ships over 5,000 gross tonnage to monitor and report carbon dioxide emissions annually, which may cause us to incur additional expenses. As of January 2019, large ships calling at EU ports have been required to collect and publish data on carbon dioxide emissions and other information. The system entered into force on March 1, 2018. July 2020 saw the European Parliament’s Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety vote in favor of the inclusion of vessels of 5,000 gross tons and above in the EU Emissions Trading System (in addition to voting for a revision to the monitoring, reporting and verification of CO2 emissions). In September 2020, the European Parliament adopted the proposal from the European Commission to amend the regulation on monitoring carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport. From January 1, 2025, the EU MRV mandates monitoring and reporting of GHG emissions for ships between 400GT and 5,000GT (general cargo and offshore ships).
On July 14, 2021, the European Commission published a package of draft proposals as part of its “Fit for 55” environmental legislative agenda and as part of the wider EU Green Deal growth strategy. There are two key initiatives relevant to maritime arising from the proposals: (a) a bespoke emissions trading scheme for maritime (Maritime ETS) which commenced in 2024 and applies to all ships above a gross tonnage of 5000; and (b) a FuelEU regulation which seeks to require all ships above a gross tonnage of 5000 to carry on board a “FuelEU certificate of compliance” from June 30, 2028 as evidence of compliance with the limits on the greenhouse gas intensity of the energy used on-board by a ship and with the requirements on the use of on-shore power supply (OPS) at berth.
ETS was agreed in December 2022 and FuelEU was passed into law on July 25, 2023 and entered into force on January 1, 2025. More specifically, Maritime ETS is to apply gradually over the period from 2024 to 2026. In 2025, shipping companies would have to surrender 40% of ETS allowances for 2024 emissions; in 2026 shipping companies would have to surrender 70% of ETS allowances for the 2025 missions; and 100% in 2027 for 2026 emissions. The first compliance deadline has just passed and going forward compliance is required on 30 September of each year. The cap under the ETS would be set by taking into account EU MRV system emissions data for the years 2018 and 2019, adjusted, from year 2021 and is to capture 100% of the emissions from intra-EU maritime voyages; 100% of emissions from ships at berth in EU ports; and 50% of emissions from voyages which start or end at EU ports (but the other destination is outside the EU). Over time, amendments have emerged that will allow 100% of non-EU emissions to be caught , as a result of the IMO’s recent failure to introduce global market measures. All maritime allowances will be auctioned and there will be no free allocation for the shipping sector. From a risk management perspective, new systems, including data management systems, personnel, cost recovery mechanisms, revised service agreement terms, and emissions reporting procedures will have to be put in place, at significant cost, to prepare for and manage the administrative aspects of ETS compliance.
Additionally, on July 25, 2023, the European Council of the European Union adopted FuelEU under the FuelEU Initiative of its “Fit-for-55” package which sets limitations on the acceptable yearly greenhouse gas intensity of the energy used by covered vessels. Due to delays in the incorporation of the regulation into the EEA Agreement, there will be delays in its implementation in Europe. Among other things, the Maritime Fuel Regulation requires that greenhouse gas intensity of fuel used by covered vessels is reduced by 2% starting January 1, 2025, with additional reductions contemplated every five years (up to 80% by 2050). Shipping companies may enter into pooling mechanisms with other shipping companies in order to achieve compliance, bank surplus emissions and borrow compliance balances from future years. Decisions whether to pool, bank or borrow Fuel EU compliance balances will have to be made by 30 April 2026. A FuelEU Document of Compliance is required to be kept on board a vessel to show compliance by June 30, 2026. Both the ETS and FuelEU schemes have significant impacts on the management of the vessels calling to EU ports, by increasing the complexity and monitoring of, and costs associated with the operation of vessels and affecting the relationships with our time charterers.
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Responsible recycling and scrapping of ships are becoming increasingly important issues for shipowners and charterers alike as the industry strives to replace old ships with cleaner, more energy efficient models. The recognition of the need to impose recycling obligations on the shipping industry is not new. In 2009, the IMO adopted the Hong Kong Ship Recycling Convention (the “Hong Kong Convention”), which sets standards for ship recycling. Concerned at the lack of progress in satisfying the conditions needed to bring the Hong Kong Convention into force, the EU published its own Ship Recycling Regulation 1257/2013 (SRR) in 2013, with a view to facilitating early ratification of the Hong Kong Convention both within the EU and in other countries outside the EU. The 2013 regulations are vital to responsible ship recycling in the EU. SRR requires that, from December 31, 2020, all existing ships sailing under the flag of EU member states and non-EU flagged ships calling at an EU port or anchorage must carry on-board an Inventory of Hazardous Materials (IHM) with a certificate or statement of compliance, as appropriate. For EU-flagged vessels, a certificate (either an Inventory Certificate or Ready for Recycling Certificate) will be necessary, while non-EU flagged vessels will need a Statement of Compliance. Now that the Hong Kong Convention has been ratified and will enter into force on June 26, 2025, it is expected the EU Ship Recycling Regulation will be reviewed in light of this. Notably, the Hong Kong Convention has seen weak implementation and poor results to date, suggesting the EU may elect not to alter its regulation for the moment.
The European Union has adopted several regulations and directives requiring, among other things, more frequent inspections of high-risk ships, as determined by type, age, and flag as well as the number of times the ship has been detained. The European Union also adopted and extended a ban on substandard ships and enacted a minimum ban period and a definitive ban for repeated offenses. The regulation also provided the European Union with greater authority and control over classification societies, by imposing more requirements on classification societies and providing for fines or penalty payments for organizations that failed to comply. Furthermore, the EU has implemented regulations requiring vessels to use reduced sulfur content fuel for their main and auxiliary engines. The EU Directive (EU) 2016/802 of the Council of 11 May 2016 introduced requirements parallel to those in Annex VI relating to the sulfur content of marine fuels. In addition, the EU imposed a 0.1% maximum sulfur requirement for fuel used by ships at berths in the Baltic, the North Sea, and the English Channel (the so-called “SOx-Emission Control Area”). As of January 2020, EU member states must also ensure that ships in all EU waters, except the SOx-Emission Control Area, use fuels with a 0.5% maximum sulfur content.
EU Directive 2004/35/CE (as amended) regarding the prevention and remedying of environmental damage addresses liability for environmental damage (including damage to water, land, protected species and habitats) on the basis of the “polluter pays” principle. Operators whose activities caused the environmental damage are liable for the damage (subject to certain exceptions). With regard to specified activities causing environmental damage, operators are strictly liable. The directive applies where damage has already occurred and where there is an imminent threat of damage. The directive requires preventative and remedial actions, and that operators report environmental damage or an imminent threat of such damage.
In 2021, the EU adopted a European Climate Law (Regulation (EU) 2021/1119), establishing the aim of reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by 2050, with an intermediate target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. In July 2021, the European Commission launched the Fit for 55 (described above) to support the climate policy agenda.
On November 10, 2022, the EU Parliament adopted the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (“CSRD“). EU member states have 18 months to integrate it into national law. The CSRD will create new, detailed sustainability reporting requirements and will significantly expand the number of EU and non-EU companies subject to the EU sustainability reporting framework. The required disclosures will go beyond environmental and climate change reporting to include social and governance matters (for example, respect for employee and human rights, anti- corruption and bribery, corporate governance and diversity and inclusion). In addition, it will require disclosure regarding the due diligence processes implemented by a company in relation to sustainability matters and the actual and potential adverse sustainability impacts of an in-scope company’s operations and value chain. The CSRD will begin to apply for financial years starting in 2024 to large EU and non-EU undertakings subject to certain financial and employee thresholds being met. New systems, personnel, data management systems and reporting procedures will have to be put in place, at significant cost, to prepare for and manage the administrative aspect of CSRD compliance. We note that following the publication of the Omnibus package of proposals on February 26, 2025 which are designed to simplify EU regulations and cut red tape, the application of all reporting requirements in the CSRD for companies that are due to report in 2026 and 2027 is postponed to 2028 (in respect of the 2027 financial year). The Omnibus package was approved by the EU Parliament on November 13, 2025 and will simplify compliance for SMEs and all companies with up to 1,750 employees and with turnover less than €450 million will be outside the scope of the CSRD. For the companies in scope (above 1,750 employees and €450 million turnover), the Commission will adopt a delegated act to revise and simplify the existing sustainability reporting standards (ESRS). The final text of revised CSRD is due to be adopted in December 2025 or January 2026. If enacted, CSRD amendments will need to be transposed into national legislation of Member States by the end of 2026.
International Labor Organization
The International Labor Organization (the “ILO”) is a specialized agency of the UN that has adopted the Maritime Labor Convention 2006 (“MLC 2006”). A Maritime Labor Certificate and a Declaration of Maritime Labor Compliance is required to ensure compliance with the MLC 2006 for all ships above 500 gross tonnage or over and are either engaged in international trade. We believe that our vessels are in substantial compliance with and are certified to meet MLC 2006 and its amendments.
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Greenhouse Gas Regulation
Currently, the emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping are not subject to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (this task having been delegated to the IMO), which entered into force in 2005 and pursuant to which adopting countries have been required to implement national programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with targets extended through 2020. In December 2009, more than 27 nations, including the U.S. and China, signed the Copenhagen Accord, which includes a non-binding commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris resulted in the Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016 and does not directly limit greenhouse gas emissions from ships. On January 20, 2025, President Donald Trump signed an executive order initiating the United States' withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, which withdrawal will take effect on January 27, 2026.
At MEPC 70 and MEPC 71, a draft outline of the structure of the initial strategy for developing a comprehensive IMO strategy on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships was approved. In accordance with this roadmap, a MEPC 80 in July 2023, the IMO adopted the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, which revoked the 2018 initial strategy. The 2023 IMO GHG Strategy identifies a number of levels of ambition, including (1) decreasing the carbon intensity from ships through implementation of further phases of energy efficiency for new ships; (2) reducing carbon dioxide emissions per transport work, as an average across international shipping, by at least 40% by 2030, comparted to 2008; and (3) uptake of zero or near-zero Green House Gas (“GHG”) emission technologies, fuels, and/or energy sources, striving to represent 10% of the energy sources used by international shipping by 2030; and (4) to reach net-zero GHG emissions by or around 2050. The IMO net-zero framework was approved by MEPC 83, including the new fuel standard for ships and a global pricing mechanism for emissions. These measures were submitted for adoption as legally binding, but in October 2025 the MEPC agreed to adjourn the meeting on adoption until 2026. The pricing mechanism could be in the form of a global carbon levy or in the form of a global emissions trading scheme thus removing the need for the existing fragmented and localized schemes as are present in the EU, China, Japan and Singapore. UK too is consulting on introducing a UK based emissions trading scheme (UK ETS) to apply from 2026 for ships above 5000GT but for domestic voyages only (i.e. voyages taking place between two UK ports). These regulations could cause us to incur additional substantial expenses.
As noted above, at the MEPC 70 meeting in October 2016 adopted a mandatory data collection system (DCS) which requires ships above 5,000 gross tons to report consumption data for fuel oil, hours under way and distance travelled. Unlike the EU MRV (see below), the IMO DCS covers any maritime activity carried out by ships, including dredging, pipeline laying, ice-breaking, fish-catching and off-shore installations. The SEEMPs of all ships covered by the IMO DCS must include a description of the methodology for data collection and reporting. After each calendar year, the aggregated data are reported to the flag state. If the data have been reported in accordance with the requirements, the flag state issues a statement of compliance to the ship. Flag states subsequently transfer this data to an IMO ship fuel oil consumption database, which is part of the Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS) platform. IMO will then produce annual reports, summarizing the data collected. Thus, currently, data related to the GHG emissions of ships above 5,000 gross tons calling at ports in the European Economic Area (EEA) must be reported in two separate, but largely overlapping, systems: the EU MRV, which applies since 2018, and the IMO DCS – which applies since 2019. The proposed revision of Regulation (EU) 2015/757 adopted on 4 February 2019 aims to align and facilitate the simultaneous implementation of the two systems however it is still not clear when the proposal will be adopted.
IMO’s MEPC 76 adopted amendments to Annex VI requiring ships to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The Revised MARPOL Annex VI entered into force on November 1, 2022. The revised Annex VI includes carbon intensity measures (requirements for ships to calculate their Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) following technical means to improve their energy efficiency and to establish their annual operational carbon intensity indicator and rating. MEPC 79 adopted amendments to Annex VI to revise the IMO DCS and reporting requirements in connection with the implementation of the EEXI and the CII framework, which amendments became effective on May 1, 2024.
In 2021, the EU adopted a European Climate Law (Regulation (EU) 2021/1119), establishing the aim of reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by 2050, with an intermediate target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. In July 2021, the European Commission launched the Fit for 55 (described above) to support the climate policy agenda. Starting in January 2018, large ships over 5,000 gross tonnage calling at EU ports have been required to collect and publish data on carbon dioxide emissions and other information. As previously discussed, regulations relating to the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions from the maritime sector in the European Union’s carbon market are also forthcoming.
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In the United States, the EPA issued a finding that greenhouse gases endanger the public health and safety, adopted regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from certain mobile sources, and proposed regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from large stationary sources. The EPA or individual U.S. states could enact environmental regulations that could negatively affect our operations. For example, the EPA held a public hearing in January 2023 on a proposal to achieve comprehensive emissions and in December 2023, issued a final rule to sharply reduce emissions of methane and other air pollution from oil and natural gas operations, including storage vessels. In 2024, the EPA issued a final Waste Emissions Charge rule to reduce methane emissions, applicable to waste emissions from high-emitting oil and gas facilities. On March 14, 2025, a joint Congressional resolution, signed by President Trump, disapproved the 2024 Waste Emissions Charge Rule, such that it is no longer in effect. The EPA is evaluating options and obligations with respect to implementing Clean Air Act section 136(c-g) (pertaining to methane emissions and waste reduction).
Any passage of climate control legislation or other regulatory initiatives by the IMO, the EU, the U.S. or other countries where we operate, or any treaty adopted at the international level to succeed the Kyoto Protocol or Paris Agreement, that restricts emissions of greenhouse gases could require us to make significant financial expenditures which we cannot predict with certainty at this time. Even in the absence of climate control legislation, our business may be indirectly affected to the extent that climate change may result in sea level changes or certain weather events.
Vessel Security Regulations
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States, there have been a variety of initiatives intended to enhance vessel security such as the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, or MTSA.
To implement certain portions of the MTSA, the USCG issued regulations requiring the implementation of certain security requirements aboard vessels operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and at certain ports and facilities, some of which are regulated by the EPA.
Similarly, Chapter XI-2 of the SOLAS Convention imposes detailed security obligations on vessels and port authorities and mandates compliance with the International Ship and Port Facilities Security Code, or the ISPS Code. The ISPS Code is designed to enhance the security of ports and ships against terrorism. To trade internationally, a vessel must attain an International Ship Security Certificate, or ISSC, from a recognized security organization approved by the vessel’s flag state. Ships operating without a valid certificate may be detained, expelled from, or refused entry at a port until they obtain an ISSC. The various requirements, some of which are found in the SOLAS Convention, include, for example, on-board installation of automatic identification systems to provide a means for the automatic transmission of safety-related information from among similarly equipped ships and shore stations, including information on a ship’s identity, position, course, speed and navigational status; on-board installation of ship security alert systems, which do not sound on the vessel but only alert the authorities on shore and our Fleet Manager; the development of vessel security plans; ship identification number to be permanently marked on a vessel’s hull; a continuous synopsis record kept onboard showing a vessel’s history including the name of the ship, the state whose flag the ship is entitled to fly, the date on which the ship was registered with that state, the ship’s identification number, the port at which the ship is registered and the name of the registered owner(s) and their registered address; and compliance with flag state security certification requirements.
The USCG regulations, intended to align with international maritime security standards, exempt non-U.S. vessels from MTSA vessel security measures, provided such vessels have on board a valid ISSC that attests to the vessel’s compliance with the SOLAS Convention security requirements and the ISPS Code. Future security measures could have a significant negative financial impact on us.
All vessels have been issued with ISSC, which is subject to Verifications that have ensured that the security system and any associated security equipment of the vessel fully complies with the applicable requirements of MTSA and the ISPS Code, is in satisfactory condition and fit for the service for which the vessel is intended.
The cost of vessel security measures has also been affected by the escalation in the frequency of acts of piracy against ships, notably off the coast of Somalia, including the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea areas and the West Africa area including the Gulf of Guinea. Substantial loss of revenue and other costs may be incurred as a result of detention of a vessel or additional security measures, and the risk of uninsured losses could significantly affect our business. Costs are incurred in taking additional security measures in accordance with Best Management Practices to Deter Piracy, notably those contained in the BMP5 industry standard.
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Inspection by Classification Societies
The hull and machinery of every commercial vessel must be classed by a classification society authorized by its country of registry. The classification society certifies that a vessel is safe and seaworthy in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and SOLAS. Most insurance underwriters make it a condition for insurance coverage and lending that a vessel be certified “in class” by a classification society which is a member of the International Association of Classification Societies, the IACS. The IACS has adopted harmonized Common Structural Rules, or the Rules, which apply to oil tankers and bulk carriers constructed on or after July 1, 2015. The Rules attempt to create a level of consistency between IACS Societies. Our vessels are certified as being “in class” by their Classification Society (American Bureau of Shipping).
A vessel must undergo annual surveys, intermediate surveys, dry-dockings and special surveys. In lieu of a special survey, a vessel’s machinery may be on a continuous survey cycle, under which the machinery would be surveyed periodically over a five-year period. Every vessel is also required to be drydocked every 30 to 36 months for inspection of the underwater parts of the vessel. If any vessel does not maintain its class and/or fails any annual survey, intermediate survey, dry-docking or special survey, the vessel will be unable to carry cargo between ports and will be unemployable and uninsurable which could cause us to be in violation of certain covenants in our financing arrangements. Any such inability to carry cargo or be employed, or any such violation of covenants, could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risk of Loss and Liability Insurance
General
The operation of any cargo vessel includes risks such as mechanical failure, physical damage, collision, property loss, cargo loss or damage and business interruption due to political circumstances in foreign countries, piracy incidents, hostilities and labor strikes. In addition, there is always an inherent possibility of marine disaster, including oil spills and other environmental mishaps, and the liabilities arising from owning and operating vessels in international trade. OPA, which imposes virtually unlimited liability upon shipowners, operators and bareboat charterers of any vessel trading in the exclusive economic zone of the United States for certain oil pollution accidents in the United States, has made liability insurance more expensive for shipowners and operators trading in the United States market. We carry insurance coverage as customary in the shipping industry. However, not all risks can be insured, specific claims may be rejected and we might not be always able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates.
Hull & Machinery and War Risks Insurances
We maintain marine hull and machinery and war risks insurances, which include the risk of actual or constructive total loss, for our vessel. Our vessels are covered up to at least their fair market value with a deductible of $150,000 per incident. We also maintain increased value coverage for our vessels. Under this increased value coverage, in the event of total loss of the relevant vessel, we will be able to recover the sum insured under the increased value policy in addition to the sum insured under the hull and machinery policy. Increased value insurance also covers excess liabilities which are not recoverable under our hull and machinery policy by reason of under insurance.
Protection and Indemnity Insurance
Protection and indemnity insurance, provided by mutual protection and indemnity associations, or P&I Associations, covers our third-party liabilities in connection with our shipping activities. This includes third-party liability and other related expenses of injury, illness or death of crew, passengers and other third parties, loss or damage to cargo, claims arising from collisions with other vessels, damage to other third-party property such as fixed and floating objects, pollution arising from oil or other substances, salvage, towing and other related costs, including wreck removal. Protection and indemnity insurance is a form of mutual indemnity insurance, extended by protection and indemnity mutual associations, or “clubs.”
Our coverage limit is as per International Group’s rules, where there are standard sub-limits for oil pollution at $1 billion, passenger liability at $2 billion and seamen liabilities at $3 billion. The 12 P&I Associations that comprise the International Group insure approximately 90% of the world’s commercial tonnage and have entered into a pooling agreement to reinsure each association’s liabilities in excess of each association’s own retention of $10 million up to, currently, approximately $8.9 billion. As a member of a P&I Association, which is a member of the International Group, we are subject to calls payable to the associations based on our claim records as well as the claim records of all other members of the individual associations and members of the shipping pool of P&I Associations comprising the International Group.
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Permits and Authorizations
We are required by various governmental and quasi-governmental agencies to obtain certain permits, licenses and certificates with respect to our vessels and other vessels we may acquire. The kinds of permits, licenses and certificates required depend upon several factors, including the commodity transported, the waters in which the vessel operates, the nationality of the vessel’s crew and the age of a vessel. We believe that we have obtained all permits, licenses and certificates currently required to permit our vessels to operate as planned. Additional laws and regulations, environmental or otherwise, may be adopted which could limit our ability to do business or increase the cost of us doing business in the future.
Organizational Structure
Rubico Inc. is the owner of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the Rubico Predecessor, Athenean Empire Inc. and Roman Empire Inc., each incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Rubico Inc. was incorporated on August 11, 2022 as Central Tactical Acquisitions Inc. and on March 3, 2023 its articles of incorporation were amended to effect a change in the name of the corporation to Rubico Inc.
Property, Plants and Equipment
We do not own any real estate property. We maintain our principal executive offices at 20 Iouliou Kaisara Str, 19002, Paiania, Athens, Greece. Other than our vessels, we do not have any material property. See “Business—Business Overview—Our Fleet”.
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Directors and Executive Officers
Set forth below are the names, ages and positions of our directors and executive officers. Members of our Board of Directors are elected annually on a staggered basis, and each director elected holds office for a three-year term. Officers are elected from time to time by vote of our Board of Directors and hold office until a successor is elected. The business address of each of our directors and executive officers listed below is 20 Iouliou Kaisara Str, 19002, Paiania, Athens, Greece.
| Name | Age | Position |
| Kalliopi Ornithopoulou | 66 | Director, President, Chairwoman, Chief Executive Officer |
| Nikolaos Papastratis | 46 | Director, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary |
| Aristovoulos Christinis | 71 | Independent Non-Executive Director |
| George Xiradakis | 61 | Independent Non-Executive Director |
| George M. Daskalakis | 70 | Independent Non-Executive Director |
Biographical information with respect to each of our directors and executives is set forth below.
Kalliopi Ornithopoulou has more than 40 years of maritime and international business experience in the areas of finance and banking. She has served in executive positions of both Greek and International banks with a specialization in shipping from 1982 until 2010. From September 2009 to the date of this registration statement she is a freelance financial advisor for Greek shipping companies as well as for Aegean Baltic Bank and two UK-based banks. Ms. Ornithopoulou holds a B.Sc in Economics and Politics from Pantios University of Athens.
Nikolaos Papastratis has more than 17 years of experience in the shipping finance, finance and accounting industry. Mr. Papastratis experience includes Financial Reporting / Controlling in Central Mare Inc from September 2009 to the date of this registration statement, a ship management company and a related party affiliated with the family of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our controlling shareholder, being responsible for its shipping company client accounts. Currently Mr. Nikolaos Papastratis holds the position of Financial Controller in Central Mare. Prior to Central Mare, Mr. Papastratis was an in-house management consultant in the Vardinogiannis Group of companies for 3 years and prior to that a consultant in the advisory and corporate finance department of PriceWaterhouseCoopers for 2 years. Mr. Papastratis holds a BA in Economics from the Kapodistrian University of Athens and an MBA from the Athens Laboratory of Business Administration (ALBA).
Aristovoulos Christinis has more than 50 years of maritime and international business experience having started as a deck hand in a cargo vessel and progressed to various executive positions in the operations and chartering departments of London based tanker and dry-cargo shipping companies (Solidor Shipping, European Navigation London, Spinoza Shipping, Marcan Shipping, Top Tankers UK). From 1995 to 2004 he was a full member of the Baltic Exchange London, a membership organization for the maritime industry and freight market information provider for the trading and settlement of physical and derivative contracts. From April 2018 to the date of this registration statement he has been working as freelance advisor to the shipping industry with various worldwide shipping companies. Mr. Christinis holds a Shipping diploma from London Westminster College.
George Xiradakis has more than 40 years of maritime and international finance experience. He served as Senior Manager in the French bank Credit Lyonnais both in Athens and Paris. In 1999 he founded XRTC Business Consultants which acts as a commercial representative of foreign banks and institutions in Greek Shipping Market. Since 2009 XRTC acting as Advisor to Chinese Finance market and in 2010 awarded in Lloyd’s List Greek Shipping Awards as “Financier of the Year 2010” for the completion of the first bilateral loan between a Chinese bank that was a milestone transaction in the world of ship financing being the first transaction of the new Chinese market. He graduated from the Nautical Marine Academy of Aspropyrgos-Athens in 1984 and he holds a diploma in Commercial Operations from City of London Polytechnic and an MSc in Maritime Studies from University of Wales. Mr. Xiradakis is President of the Association of Banking and Financial Executives of Hellenic Shipping, Vice President of China Hellenic Chamber (HCCI). He is President Emeritus of International Propeller Club-Port of Piraeus, Vice President of the Heraklion Port Authority, Member of the BOD of the Piraeus Chamber of Commerce & Industry, BOD member of Piraeus Marine Club, Member of the Mediterranean Committee of China Classification Society and Member of the Greece- China Association, Hellenic Maritime Museum and Hellas Liberty Floating Museum. He is currently a non-executive director of C3is Inc. and Imperial Petroleum Inc., both of which are listed on Nasdaq, and has also been a Board Member of other U.S. listed shipping companies.
George M. Daskalakis has been an active sale and purchase shipbroker for the last 43 years having participated in more than 3,500 transactions. From July 1996 to the date of this registration statement he has been the senior partner and director of Allied Shipbroking Inc, one of the largest shipbroking and ship-chartering firms in Greece. Before that he has served as a managing director in Belacasa Compania Naviera S.A. for 9 years where he introduced to the Greek shipping market the bareboat chartering structure and helped established more than 25 new shipping companies by arranging the purchase and financing of their fleet through finance brokers. From 1980 to 1987 he worked as a shipbroker in Vakis Vlahoulis S.A. and Overseas Agency S.A.
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No family relationships exist among any of the directors and executive officers.
Compensation
We expect to pay aggregate cash compensation of $0.1 million for the first year following the Spin-Off for the services of our executive officers and directors. Each director will be fully indemnified by us for actions associated with being a director to the extent permitted under Marshall Islands law. We do not have a retirement plan for our officers or directors.
We will enter into an agreement with Central Mare, a related party affiliated with the family of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis, our controlling shareholder, pursuant to which Central Mare will furnish our executive officers as described below.
Under the terms of the agreement for the provision of our executive officers, we will be obligated to pay base salary and additional incentive compensation as determined by our Board of Directors. The initial term of the agreement will expire after one year from its inception and will be automatically extended for successive one-year terms unless Central Mare or we provide notice of non-renewal at least sixty days prior to the expiration of the then applicable term.
If any of our officers’ employment is terminated without cause, she or he will be entitled to certain personal and household security costs. If she or he is removed from our Board of Directors or not re-elected, then her or his employment will terminate automatically without prejudice to Central Mare’s rights to pursue damages for such termination. In the event of a change of control, each officer will be entitled to receive a cash payment of three years’ annual base salary. The agreement will also contain death and disability provisions for each officer. In addition, the officers will be subject to non-competition and non-solicitation undertakings.
Equity Incentive Plan
We have adopted our 2025 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors, which can make awards totaling in aggregate up to 15% of the number of Common Shares outstanding at the time any award is granted. Under the Plan, our officers, key employees, directors, consultants and service providers may be granted incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, unrestricted stock, restricted stock units, and unrestricted stock at the discretion of our Compensation Committee. Any awards granted under the Plan that are subject to vesting are conditioned upon the recipient's continued service as an employee or a director of the Company, through the applicable vesting date.
Employees
We have no direct employees while our executive officers and a number of employees are furnished to us pursuant to agreements with Central Mare, as described below. Our Fleet Manager ensures that all seamen have the qualifications and licenses required to comply with international regulations and shipping conventions, and that our vessels employ experienced and competent personnel. As of December 31, 2024, the Rubico Predecessor employed 42 sea-going employees, indirectly through our Fleet Manager.
Board Practices
Our directors do not have service contracts and do not receive any benefits upon termination of their directorships. Our Board of Directors has an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating committee. Our Board of Directors has adopted a charter for each of these committees.
Audit Committee
Our audit committee consists of George Xiradakis (Chairman), Aristovoulos Christinis and George M. Daskalakis. Our Board of Directors has determined that the members of the audit committee meet the applicable independence requirements of the SEC and Nasdaq.
The audit committee has powers and performs the functions customarily performed by such a committee (including those required of such a committee by and Nasdaq and the SEC). The audit committee is responsible for selecting and meeting with our independent registered public accounting firm regarding, among other matters, audits and the adequacy of our accounting and control systems.
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Compensation Committee
Our compensation committee consists of George Xiradakis, Aristovoulos Christinis and George M. Daskalakis, each of whom is an independent director. The compensation committee reviews and approves the compensation of our executive officers.
Nominating Committee
Our nominating committee consists of George Xiradakis, Aristovoulos Christinis and George M. Daskalakis, each of whom is an independent director. The nominating committee is responsible for overseeing the selection of persons to be nominated to serve on our Board of Directors.
Share Ownership
The shares owned by our directors and executive officers are disclosed below in “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.”
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
We have entered, or may enter in the future, into significant contractual agreements and transactions with related parties. Related party transactions are subject to review and approval of the independent members of our Board. The information in this section includes, were applicable, a summary of the terms of the agreements entered into with related parties. This summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, the relevant agreements filed as exhibits hereto.
In addition to the information contained in this section, you should carefully review the notes to our financial statements included in this prospectus for additional information about our related party transactions.
Management Agreements
Please see “Business—Management of Our Fleet” for a description of the management of our vessels, or any vessels we may acquire from CS and “Management—Compensation” for a description of the terms under which our officers are provided to us by Central Mare.
Contribution and Conveyance Agreement
We entered into the Contribution and Conveyance Agreement with the Parent. Pursuant to the Contribution and Conveyance Agreement, the Parent (i) contributed the Rubico Predecessor to us in exchange for the shares to be distributed in the Spin-Off and (ii) indemnified us and the Rubico Predecessor for any and all obligations and other liabilities arising from or relating to the operation, management or employment of our vessels prior to the effective date of the Spin-Off.
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SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by beneficial owners of 5% or more of our voting stock and by our directors and officers as a group. All of our common shareholders, including the shareholders listed in the table below, are entitled to one vote for each Common Share held.
Prior to the Spin-Off, our sole shareholder was the Parent. The following table sets forth information regarding beneficial ownership of our voting securities, comprising our Common Shares and Series D Preferred Shares, by each person or entity known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of each class of our voting securities, each of our directors and executive officers, and all of our directors and executive officers as a group. To the best of our knowledge, except as disclosed in the table below or with respect to our directors and executive officers, we are not controlled, directly or indirectly, by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any other natural or legal persons. We are not aware of any arrangements the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in our change of control. All shareholders of Common Shares are entitled to one vote for each common share held and holders of our Series D Preferred Shares are entitled to 1,000 votes per Series D Preferred Share held.
Information for certain holders is based on their latest filings with the SEC with respect to beneficial ownership of Common Shares or information delivered to us. Calculation of percent of class beneficially owned by each such person is based on 2,456,113Common Shares outstanding as of December 10, 2025 and any additional shares that such person may be deemed to beneficially own in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act.
| Name | Security | Number | Percentage of Class | Percentage of Total Voting Power | ||||||||||
| Lax Trust(1) | Series D Preferred Shares | 100,000 | 100.0 | % | 98.0 | % | ||||||||
| 3 Sororibus Trust(2)(3) | Common Shares | 48,845 | 1.99 | % | * | % | ||||||||
| Evangelos J. Pistiolis (3) | Common Shares | 7,352 | * | % | * | % | ||||||||
| Directors and executive officers as a group | 0 | 0 | 0 | % | ||||||||||
| (*) | Less than 1% | |
| (1) | The Lax Trust is an irrevocable trust established for the benefit of certain family members of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis. The business address of the Lax Trust is Level 3, 18 Stanley Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. In order to satisfy the minimum percentage of voting of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis contained in our SLBs as described above as well as any future such minimum voting rights financing agreement covenants, the voting rights per share of Series D Preferred Shares are adjusted such that during the term of any facility containing such a minimum voting percentage covenant, the combined voting power controlled by Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis or any related parties affiliated with Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis and the Lax Trust does not fall below a majority of our total voting power, irrespective of any new common or preferred stock issuances. Both the number of the Series D Preferred Shares and the votes per Series D Preferred Share are not adjusted in case of splits, subdivisions, reverse stock splits or combinations of the Company’s outstanding shares. |
| (2) | 3 Sororibus Trust is an irrevocable trust established for the benefit of certain family members of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis. The business address of 3 Sororibus Trust is 31 Kitiou Kyprianou, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus. 3 Sororibus Trust is the sole shareholder of Family Trading Inc., or Family Trading, a Marshall Islands corporation, and may be deemed to beneficially own all of the Common Shares beneficially owned by Family Trading. |
| (3) | The above information is derived, in part, from the Amendment No. 4 to the Schedule 13D filed with the SEC on November 17, 2025. |
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The following is a description of the material terms of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws. Please see our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws, copies of which have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.
Purpose
Our purpose, as stated in our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may now or hereafter be organized under the BCA. Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws do not impose any limitations on the ownership rights of our shareholders.
Authorized Capital Stock
Under our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, our authorized share capital stock consists of:
| • | 1,000,000,000 Common Shares, par value $0.01 per share, of which 2,456,113 shares, as adjusted for cancellation of fractional shares, shares are issued and outstanding as of December 10, 2025; and |
| • | 20,000,000 preferred shares, par value $0.01 per share, out of which 100,000 Series D Preferred Shares have been designated, of which 100,000 are issued and outstanding as of the date hereof. |
Description of Common Shares.
Each outstanding Common Share entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding shares of preferred stock, holders of Common Shares are entitled to receive ratably all dividends, if any, declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available for dividends. Upon our dissolution or liquidation or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, after payment in full of all amounts required to be paid to creditors and to the holders of preferred stock having liquidation preferences, if any, the holders of our Common Shares will be entitled to receive pro rata our remaining assets available for distribution. Holders of Common Shares do not have conversion, redemption or preemptive rights to subscribe to any of our securities. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of Common Shares are subject to the rights of the holders of our preferred stock.
Prior to the Spin-Off, the Parent, as our then sole shareholder, approved an amendment to our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to effect one or more reverse stock splits of the Common Shares issued and outstanding at the time of the reverse split at a cumulative exchange ratio of between one-for-two and one-for-250, with our Board of Directors to determine, in its sole discretion, whether to implement any reverse stock split, as well as the specific timing and ratio, within such approved range of ratios; provided that any such reverse stock split or splits are implemented prior to the third anniversary of the Spin-Off. While our Board of Directors will exercise its sole discretion as to whether and in what circumstances to effect any reverse stock split pursuant to this amendment of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, the Parent’s determination to approve such amendment was intended to provide us the means to maintain compliance with the continued listing requirements of the trading market for our Common Shares, in particular any minimum bid price requirement, as well as to realize certain beneficial effects of a higher trading price for our Common Shares, including the ability to appeal to certain investors and potentially increased trading liquidity.
Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. is the transfer agent and registrar for our Common Shares.
Preferred Shares.
Our Board of Directors is authorized to provide for the issuance of preferred stock in one or more series with designations as may be stated in the resolution or resolutions providing for the issue of such preferred stock. At the time that any series of our preferred stock is authorized, our Board of Directors will fix the dividend rights, any conversion rights, any voting rights, redemption provisions, liquidation preferences and any other rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of that series, as well as the number of shares constituting that series and their designation. Our Board of Directors could, without shareholder approval, cause us to issue preferred stock which has voting, conversion and other rights and preferences that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of holders of our Common Shares and preferred shares, or make it more difficult to effect a change in control. In addition, preferred stock could be used to dilute the share ownership of persons seeking to obtain control of us and thereby hinder a possible takeover attempt which, if our shareholders were offered a premium over the market value of their shares, might be viewed as being beneficial to our shareholders. The material terms of any series of preferred stock that we offer through a prospectus supplement will be described in that prospectus supplement.
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Description of Series D Preferred Shares.
The following description of the characteristics of the Series D Preferred Shares is a summary and does not purport to be complete and is qualified by reference to the Statement of Designation which is filed as an exhibit hereto and is incorporated herein by reference.
The Series D Preferred Shares has the following characteristics:
Conversion. The Series D Preferred Shares are not convertible into Common Shares.
Voting. Each Series D Preferred Share has the voting power of 1,000 Common Shares. In order to satisfy the minimum percentage of voting of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis contained in our SLBs as described above as well as any future such minimum voting rights financing agreement covenants, the voting rights per share of Series D Preferred Shares are adjusted such that during the term of any facility containing such a minimum voting percentage covenant, the combined voting power controlled by Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis or any related parties affiliated with Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis and the Lax Trust does not fall below a majority of our total voting power, irrespective of any new common or preferred stock issuances. Both the number of the Series D Preferred Shares and the votes per Series D Preferred Share are not adjusted in case of splits, subdivisions, reverse stock splits or combinations of the Company’s outstanding shares.
Distributions. The Series D Preferred Shares shall have no dividend or distribution rights.
Maturity. The Series D Preferred Shares shall expire and all outstanding Series D Preferred Shares shall be redeemed by us for par value on the date that any financing facility with any financial institution which requires that any member of the family of Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis maintains a specific minimum ownership or voting interest (either directly and/or indirectly through companies or other entities beneficially owned by any member of the Pistiolis family and/or trusts or foundations of which any member of the Pistiolis family are beneficiaries) of our issued and outstanding Common Shares, respectively, are fully repaid or reach their maturity date. The Series D Preferred Shares shall not be otherwise redeemable. Currently the AVIC, Huarong and New Huarong SLBs have similar provisions that are satisfied via the existence of the Series D Preferred Shares.
Liquidation, Dissolution or Winding Up. Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our Company, the Series D Preferred Shares shall have a liquidation preference of $0.01 per share.
No Preemptive Rights; No Sinking Fund. The holders of Series D Preferred Shares do not have any preemptive rights. The Series D Preferred Shares will not be subject to any sinking fund or any other obligation of us for their repurchase or retirement.
Preferred Share Purchase Rights
Prior to the Spin-Off, we entered into a Shareholders’ Rights Agreement, or the Rights Agreement, with Broadridge Financial Services Inc., as Rights Agent.
Under the Rights Agreement, we declared a dividend payable of one preferred stock purchase right, or Right, for each Common Share outstanding immediately prior to the Spin-Off. Each Right entitles the registered holder to purchase from us one one-thousandth of a share of Series A Participating Preferred Stock, par value $0.01, at an exercise price of $40.00 per share. The Rights will separate from the Common Shares and become exercisable only if a person or group acquires beneficial ownership of 15% or more of our Common Shares (including through entry into certain derivative positions) in a transaction not approved by our Board of Directors. In that situation, each holder of a Right (other than the Acquiring Person (as defined below), whose Rights will become void and will not be exercisable) will have the right to purchase, upon payment of the exercise price, a number of Common Shares having a then-current market value equal to twice the exercise price. In addition, if the Company is acquired in a merger or other business combination after an Acquiring Person acquires 15% or more of our Common Shares, each holder of the Right will thereafter have the right to purchase, upon payment of the exercise price, a number of Common Shares of the Acquiring Person having a then-current market value equal to twice the exercise price. The Acquiring Person will not be entitled to exercise these Rights. Until a Right is exercised, the holder of a Right will have no rights to vote or receive dividends or any other shareholder rights.
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The Rights may have anti-takeover effects. The Rights will cause substantial dilution to any person or group that attempts to acquire us without the approval of our Board of Directors. As a result, the overall effect of the Rights may be to render more difficult or discourage any attempt to acquire us. Because our Board of Directors can approve a redemption of the Rights or a permitted offer, the Rights should not interfere with a merger or other business combination approved by our Board of Directors.
We have summarized the material terms and conditions of the Rights Agreement and the Rights below. For a complete description of the Rights, we encourage you to read the Rights Agreement, which we have filed as an exhibit hereto.
Detachment of the Rights
The Rights are attached to all certificates representing our currently outstanding Common Shares, or, in the case of uncertificated Common Shares registered in book entry form, which we refer to as “book entry shares,” by notation in book entry accounts reflecting ownership, and will attach to all Common Shares certificates and book entry shares we issue prior to the Rights distribution date that we describe below. The Rights are not exercisable until after the Rights distribution date and will expire at the close of business on the tenth anniversary of our entry into the Rights Agreement, unless we redeem or exchange them earlier as we describe below. The Rights will separate from the Common Shares and a Rights distribution date would occur, subject to specified exceptions, on the earlier of the following two dates:
| • | the 10th day after public announcement that a person or group has acquired ownership of 15% or more of the Company’s Common Shares; or |
| • | the 10th business day (or such later date as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors) after a person or group announces a tender or exchange offer which would result in that person or group holding 15% or more of the Company’s Common Shares. |
“Acquiring Person” is generally defined in the Rights Agreement as any person, together with all affiliates or associates, who beneficially owns 15% or more of the Company’s Common Shares then outstanding. However, the Company, any subsidiary of the Company or any employee benefit plan of the Company or of any subsidiary of the Company and any person holding Common Shares for or pursuant to the terms of any such plan, are excluded from the definition of “Acquiring Person.” Certain inadvertent owners that would otherwise become an Acquiring Person, including those who would have this designation as a result of repurchases of Common Shares by us, will not become Acquiring Persons as a result of those transactions. For persons who, prior to the time of public announcement of the Rights Agreement, beneficially own 15% or more of our outstanding Common Shares, the Rights Agreement “grandfathers” their current level of ownership, so long as they do not purchase additional shares in excess of certain limitations. In addition, none of the Lax Trust, 3 Sororibus Trust of Cyprus, Evangelos J. Pistiolis, or any of their affiliates or associates shall be considered an Acquiring Person.
Our Board of Directors may defer the Rights distribution date in some circumstances, and some inadvertent acquisitions will not result in a person becoming an Acquiring Person if the person promptly divests itself of a sufficient number of Common Shares.
Until the Rights distribution date: (i) the Rights will be evidenced by the certificates for Common Shares registered in the names of the holders thereof or, in the case of uncertificated Common Shares registered in book-entry form by notation in book entry accounts reflecting the ownership of such Common Shares (which certificates and Book Entry Shares, as applicable, shall also be deemed to be Rights Certificates) and not by separate Rights Certificates and (ii) the right to receive Rights Certificates will be transferable only in connection with the transfer of Common Shares.
As soon as practicable after the distribution date, we will prepare, execute and send, or cause to be sent (and the Rights Agent will, if requested and provided with all necessary information and documents, in the discretion of the Rights Agent, at the expense of the Company, send or cause to be sent) by first-class, postage-prepaid mail, to each record holder of Common Shares as of the close of business on the distribution date, at the address of such holder shown on the records of the Company, or the transfer agent or registrar for the Common Shares, a Rights Certificate evidencing one Right for each Common Share so held.
We will not issue Rights with any Common Shares we issue after the Rights distribution date, except as our Board of Directors may otherwise determine.
Flip-In Event
If an Acquiring Person obtains beneficial ownership of 15% or more of our Common Shares, then each Right will entitle the holder thereof to purchase, for the Exercise Price, a number of Common Shares (or, in certain circumstances, cash, property or other securities of the Company) having a then-current market value of twice the Exercise Price. However, the Rights are not exercisable following the occurrence of the foregoing event until such time as the Rights are no longer redeemable by the Company, as further described below under “Redemption of Rights”.
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Following the occurrence of an event set forth in preceding paragraph, all Rights that are or, under certain circumstances specified in the Rights Agreement, were beneficially owned by an Acquiring Person or certain of its transferees will be null and void.
Flip-Over Event
If, after an Acquiring Person obtains 15% or more of our Common Shares, (i) the Company merges into another entity; (ii) an acquiring entity merges into the Company; or (iii) the Company sells or transfers 50% or more of its assets, cash flow or earning power, then each Right (except for Rights that have previously been voided as set forth above) will entitle the holder thereof to purchase, for the Exercise Price, a number of Common Shares of the person engaging in the transaction having a then-current market value of twice the Exercise Price.
Anti-dilution
We may adjust the purchase price of the preferred shares, the number of preferred shares issuable and the number of outstanding Rights to prevent dilution that may occur from a stock dividend, a stock split, or a reclassification of the preferred shares or Common Shares. No adjustments to the Exercise Price of less than 1% will be made.
Redemption of Rights
We may redeem the Rights for $0.0001 per Right under certain circumstances. If we redeem any Rights, we must redeem all of the Rights. Once the Rights are redeemed, the only right of the holders of the Rights will be to receive the redemption price of $0.0001 per Right. The redemption price will be adjusted if we effect a stock dividend or a stock split. The redemption price shall be payable, at our option, in cash, Common Shares or such other form of consideration as our Board of Directors shall determine. The redemption price shall be payable, at the option of the Company, in cash, Common Shares or such other form of consideration as the Board shall determine.
Exchange of Rights
After a person or group becomes an Acquiring Person, but before an Acquiring Person owns 50% or more of the outstanding Common Shares, our Board of Directors may extinguish the Rights by exchanging one Common Share or an equivalent security for each Right, other than Rights held by the Acquiring Person. In certain circumstances, we may elect to exchange the Rights for cash or other securities of the Company having a value approximately equal to one Common Share.
Amendment of Terms of Rights
The terms of the Rights and the Rights Agreement may be amended in any respect without the consent of the holders of the Rights on or prior to the distribution date. Thereafter, the terms of the Rights and the Rights Agreement may be amended without the consent of the holders of Rights, with certain exceptions, in order to (i) cure any ambiguities; (ii) correct or supplement any provision contained in the Rights Agreement that may be defective or inconsistent with any other provision therein; (iii) shorten or lengthen any time period pursuant to the Rights Agreement; or (iv) make changes that do not adversely affect the interests of holders of the Rights (other than an Acquiring Person or an affiliate or associate of an Acquiring Person).
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws
The following description of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws is a summary of the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws.
Directors
Our directors are elected by the affirmative vote of a plurality of the votes cast at a meeting of the shareholders by the holders of shares entitled to vote in the election. Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws do not provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors.
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The Board of Directors must consist of at least one member. Each director shall be elected to serve until the third succeeding annual meeting of shareholders and until his or her successor shall have been duly elected and qualified, except in the event of his or her death, resignation, removal, or the earlier termination of his or her term of office. The Board of Directors has the authority to fix the amounts which shall be payable to the members of our Board of Directors, and to members of any committee, for attendance at any meeting or for services rendered to us.
Classified Board
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation provide for the division of our Board of Directors into three classes of directors, with each class as nearly equal in number as possible, serving staggered, three-year terms. Approximately one-third of our Board of Directors will be elected each year. This classified board provision could discourage a third party from making a tender offer for our shares or attempting to obtain control of our company. It could also delay shareholders who do not agree with the policies of the Board of Directors from removing a majority of the Board of Directors for two years.
Shareholder Meetings
Under our Amended and Restated Bylaws, annual shareholder meetings will be held at a time and place selected by our Board of Directors. The meetings may be held in or outside of the Marshall Islands. Special meetings of the shareholders, unless otherwise prescribed by law, may be called for any purpose or purposes at any time by the Board of Directors. Notice of every annual and special meeting of shareholders shall be given at least 15 but not more than 60 days before such meeting to each shareholder of record entitled to vote thereat.
Election and Removal
Our Amended and Restated Bylaws require parties other than the Board of Directors to give advance written notice of nominations for the election of directors. The entire Board of Directors or any individual director may be removed, with cause, by the vote of two-thirds of the votes eligible to be cast by the holders of outstanding shares of our capital stock then entitled to vote at an election of directors. No director may be removed without cause by either the shareholders or the Board of Directors. These provisions may discourage, delay or prevent the removal of incumbent officers and directors.
Dissenters’ Rights of Appraisal and Payment
Under the BCA, our shareholders generally have the right to dissent from the sale of all or substantially all of our assets not made in the usual course of our business and receive payment of the fair value of their shares. However, the right of a dissenting shareholder to receive payment of the appraised fair value of his or her shares is not available under the BCA for the shares of any class or series of stock, which shares at the record date fixed to determine the shareholders entitled to receive notice of and to vote at the meeting of the shareholders to act upon the agreement of merger or consolidation, were either (i) listed on a securities exchange or admitted for trading on an interdealer quotation system or (ii) held of record by more than 2,000 holders. In the event of any further amendment of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, a shareholder also has the right to dissent and receive payment for his or her shares if the amendment alters certain rights in respect of those shares. The dissenting shareholder must follow the procedures set forth in the BCA to receive payment.
Shareholders’ Derivative Actions
Under the BCA, any of our shareholders may bring an action in our name to procure a judgment in our favor, also known as a derivative action, provided that the shareholder bringing the action is a holder of Common Shares both at the time the derivative action is commenced and at the time of the transaction to which the action relates.
Forum Selection
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation provide that, (A) unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the High Court of the Republic of Marshall Islands shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any internal corporate claim, intra-corporate claim, or claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, including (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee or shareholder of the Company to the Company or the Company’s shareholders, and (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the BCA or our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation or Amended and Restated Bylaws and (B) the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if such court does not have jurisdiction over such claim, any other federal district court of the United States) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for all claims arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, and any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder, to the extent such claims would be subject to federal or state jurisdiction pursuant to the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, as applicable, after giving effect to clause (A) above.
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Therefore, to the fullest extent permitted by law, we have selected the High Court of the Republic of the Marshall Islands as the exclusive forum for any derivative action alleging a violation of the Securities Act or Exchange Act. The enforceability of similar forum selection provisions in other companies’ governing documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that in connection with any action a court could find the forum selection provisions contained in our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action. For example, with respect to derivative actions arising under the Exchange Act, there is currently disagreement among federal Courts of Appeals in the United States (a circuit split between the Courts of Appeals for the Seventh and Ninth Circuits) as to whether a forum selection clause which requires that derivative actions be brought in a specified forum other than the federal courts would contravene Section 27 of the Exchange Act under certain circumstances. The circuit split follows a line of cases that analyze the enforceability of forum selection provisions in the context of derivative Securities Act and Exchange Act claims.
Accordingly, the applicability of the provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation selecting a Marshall Islands forum for certain types of claims may be limited with respect to such claims arising under the Securities Act or Exchange Act and, as a result, under certain such circumstances, the effect of our forum selection provisions may be uncertain. It is possible that a court could find our forum selection provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable for these or other reasons. As a result, we could be required to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions, incur additional costs, or otherwise not receive the benefits that we expect our forum selection provisions to provide.
Any person or entity holding, owning, or otherwise acquiring any shares of capital stock of us shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum selection provisions in our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder and Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. Although our forum selection provisions shall not relieve us of our statutory duties to comply with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and our shareholders are not deemed to have waived our compliance with these laws, rules, and regulations, as applicable, our forum selection provisions may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits with respect to such claims. For more information regarding the risks connected to the forum selection provisions in our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Common Shares and this Offering—We may not achieve the intended benefits of having forum selection provisions if they are found to be unenforceable.”
Limitations on Liability and Indemnification of Officers and Directors
The BCA authorizes corporations to limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors and officers to corporations and their shareholders for monetary damages for breaches of directors' fiduciary duties. Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation include a provision that eliminates the personal liability of directors for monetary damages for actions taken as a director to the fullest extent permitted by law.
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation provide that we must indemnify and hold harmless our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the BCA. We are also required to advance certain expenses to our directors and officers incurred while defending a civil or criminal proceeding, provided that the director or officer will repay the amount if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal that he or she is not entitled to indemnification under the relevant section of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation. We may carry directors' and officers' insurance providing indemnification for our directors and officers for some liabilities. We believe that these indemnification provisions and this insurance are useful to attract and retain qualified directors and officers.
The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation may discourage shareholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. These provisions may also have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our shareholders. In addition, your investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.
There is currently no pending material litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors, officers or employees for which indemnification is sought.
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Anti-Takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws
Several provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws may have anti-takeover effects. These provisions are intended to avoid costly takeover battles, lessen our vulnerability to a hostile change of control and enhance the ability of our Board of Directors to maximize shareholder value in connection with any unsolicited offer to acquire us. However, these anti-takeover provisions, which are summarized below, could also discourage, delay or prevent (1) the merger or acquisition of our company by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise, that a shareholder may consider in its best interest and (2) the removal of incumbent officers and directors.
Limited Actions by Shareholders
Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that any action required or permitted to be taken by our shareholders must be effected at an annual or special meeting of shareholders or by the unanimous written consent of our shareholders.
Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that the Board of Directors may call special meetings of our shareholders and the business transacted at the special meeting is limited to the purposes stated in the notice. Accordingly, a shareholder may be prevented from calling a special meeting for shareholder consideration of a proposal over the opposition of our Board of Directors and shareholder consideration of a proposal may be delayed until the next annual meeting.
Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that shareholders seeking to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring business before an annual meeting of shareholders must provide timely notice of their proposal in writing. Our Amended and Restated Bylaws also specify requirements as to the form and content of a shareholder’s notice. These provisions may impede shareholders’ ability to bring matters before an annual meeting of shareholders or make nominations for directors at an annual meeting of shareholders.
Blank Check Preferred Stock
Under the terms of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, our Board of Directors has authority, without any further vote or action by our shareholders, to issue up to 20,000,000 shares of blank check preferred stock. Our Board of Directors may issue shares of preferred stock on terms calculated to discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or the removal of our management.
Classified Board of Directors
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation provide for a Board of Directors serving staggered, three-year terms. Approximately one-third of our Board of Directors will be elected each year. This classified board provision could discourage a third party from making a tender offer for our shares or attempting to obtain control of the Company. It could also delay shareholders who do not agree with the policies of our Board of Directors from removing a majority of our Board of Directors for two years.
Election and Removal of Directors
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors. Our Amended and Restated Bylaws require parties other than our Board of Directors to give advance written notice of nominations for the election of directors. Our Amended and Restated Bylaws also provide that our directors may be removed only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the votes eligible to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of our capital stock then entitled to vote at an election of directors. These provisions may discourage, delay or prevent the removal of incumbent officers and directors.
Super-Majority Approval Requirements
Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that the vote of two-thirds of the votes eligible to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of our capital stock then entitled to vote at an election of directors is required to amend our Amended and Restated Bylaws or certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation at any annual or special meeting of shareholders. In addition, amendments to certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Bylaws may be made when approved by a vote of not less than 66 2/3% of the entire Board of Directors. These provisions that require not less than 66 2/3% vote of our Board of Directors to be amended are provisions governing: the nature of business to be transacted at our annual meetings of shareholders, the calling of special meetings by our Board of Directors, any amendment to change the number of directors constituting our Board of Directors, the method by which our Board of Directors is elected, the nomination procedures of our Board of Directors, removal of our directors and the filling of vacancies on our Board of Directors.
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Business Combinations
Although the BCA does not contain specific provisions regarding “business combinations” between companies organized under the laws of the Marshall Islands and “interested shareholders,” we will include these provisions in our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation. Specifically, our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation will prohibit us from engaging in a “business combination” with certain persons for three years following the date the person becomes an interested shareholder. Subject to certain exceptions, interested shareholders generally include:
| • | any person who is the beneficial owner of 15% or more of our issued and outstanding common stock; or |
| • | any person who is our affiliate or associate and who held 15% or more of our issued and outstanding common stock at any time within three years before the date on which the person’s status as an interested shareholder is determined, and the affiliates and associates of such person. |
| • | Subject to certain exceptions, a business combination includes, among other things: |
| o | certain mergers or consolidations of us or any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary of ours; |
| o | any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or other disposition of our assets or of any subsidiary of ours having an aggregate market value equal to 10% or more of either the aggregate market value of all of our assets, determined on a combined basis, or the aggregate value of all of our issued and outstanding stock; |
| o | certain transactions that result in the issuance or transfer by us of any stock of ours to the interested shareholder; |
| o | any transaction involving us or any of our subsidiaries that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of any class or series of stock, or securities convertible into any class or series of stock, of ours or any such subsidiary that is owned directly or indirectly by the interested shareholder or any affiliate or associate of the interested shareholder; and |
| o | any receipt by the interested shareholder of the benefit directly or indirectly (except proportionately as a shareholder) of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits provided by or through us. |
| • | These provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation do not apply to a business combination if: |
| o | before a person became an interested shareholder, our Board of Directors approved either the business combination or the transaction in which the shareholder became an interested shareholder; |
| o | upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the shareholder becoming an interested shareholder, the interested shareholder owned at least 85% of our voting stock issued and outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, other than certain excluded shares; |
| o | at or following the transaction in which the person became an interested shareholder, the business combination is approved by our Board of Directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of shareholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of our issued and outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested shareholder; |
| o | the shareholder was or became an interested shareholder prior to the consummation of the transactions; |
| o | a shareholder became an interested shareholder inadvertently and (i) as soon as practicable divested itself of ownership of sufficient shares so that the shareholder ceased to be an interested shareholder; and (ii) would not, at any time within the three-year period immediately prior to a business combination between us and such shareholder, have been an interested shareholder but for the inadvertent acquisition of ownership; or |
| o | the business combination is proposed prior to the consummation or abandonment of and subsequent to the earlier of the public announcement or the notice required under our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation which (i) constitutes one of the transactions described in the following sentence; (ii) is with or by a person who either was not an interested shareholder during the previous three years or who became an interested shareholder with the approval of the Board; and (iii) is approved or not opposed by a majority of the members of the Board of Directors then in office (but not less than one) who were directors prior to any person becoming an interested shareholder during the previous three years or were recommended for election or elected to succeed such directors by a majority of such directors. The proposed transactions referred to in the preceding sentence are limited to: |
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| (i) | a merger or consolidation of us (except for a merger in respect of which, pursuant to the BCA, no vote of our shareholders is required); |
| (ii) | a sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or other disposition (in one transaction or a series of transactions), whether as part of a dissolution or otherwise, of assets of us or of any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary of ours (other than to any direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiary or to us) having an aggregate market value equal to 50% or more of either the aggregate market value of all of our assets determined on a consolidated basis or the aggregate market value of all the issued and outstanding shares; or |
| (iii) | a proposed tender or exchange offer for 50% or more of our issued and outstanding voting stock. |
Registrar and Transfer Agent
The registrar and transfer agent for our Common Shares is Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.
Listing
Our Common Shares are listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “RUBI.”
DESCRIPTION OF PRE-FUNDED WARRANTS
Pre-funded Warrants
The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the Pre-funded Warrants offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the form of Pre-funded Warrant, which will be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions set forth in the form of Pre-funded Warrant. The Pre-funded Warrants will be issued in certificated form only.
Exercisability. The Pre-funded Warrants are exercisable at any time after their original issuance until they are exercised in full. Each of the Pre-funded Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice with payment in full in immediately available funds for the number of Common Shares purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise, as discussed below). We may be required to pay certain amounts as liquidated damages as specified in the Pre-funded Warrants in the event we do not deliver Common Shares upon exercise of the Pre-funded Warrants within the time periods specified in the Pre-funded Warrants. No fractional Common Shares will be issued in connection with the exercise of a Pre-funded Warrant.
Cashless Exercise. The holder may, in its sole discretion, elect to exercise the Pre-funded Warrant through a cashless exercise, in which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of Common Shares determined according to the formula set forth in the Pre-funded Warrant.
Exercise Limitation. A holder will not have the right to exercise any portion of the Pre-funded Warrants if the holder (together with its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, upon election of the holder prior to the issuance of any warrants, up to 9.99%) of the number of shares of our Common Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the warrants. However, any holder may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99%, upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to us with respect to any increase in such percentage.
Exercise Price. The exercise price for the Pre-funded Warrants is $0.01 per Common Share.
Transferability. Subject to applicable laws, Pre-funded Warrants may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without our consent.
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Exchange Listing. We do not intend to list the Pre-funded Warrants offered in this offering on any securities exchange or other trading market. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Pre-funded Warrants will be limited.
Rights as a Shareholder. Except as otherwise provided in the Pre-funded Warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of our Common Shares, the holder of a Pre-funded Warrant does not have the rights or privileges of a holder of our Common Shares, including any voting rights, until the issuance of Common Shares upon exercise of the Pre-funded Warrant. Holders of Pre-funded Warrants have the right to participate in dividends and holders of Pre-funded Warrants have the right to participate in certain distributions as specified in the Pre-funded Warrant.
Fundamental Transactions. In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the Pre-funded Warrants and generally including, with certain exceptions, any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our Common Shares, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding Common Shares or 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding Common Shares, the holders of the Pre-funded Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the Pre-funded Warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the Pre-funded Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction.
Governing Law. The Pre-funded Warrants are governed by New York law.
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Future sales of substantial amounts of our Common Shares in the public market after this offering, or the possibility of these sales occurring, could adversely affect the prevailing market prices for our Common Shares and could impair our ability to raise equity capital through the sale of our equity securities in the future.
Upon completion of this firm-commitment underwritten offering (excluding the exercise of the over-allotment option and assuming no sales of any Pre-funded Warrants), based on 2,456,113 Common Shares outstanding as of December 10, 2025, and based at an assumed public offering price of $2.14 per Common Share, which is based on the closing price of our Common Shares on the Nasdaq on December 10, 2025, we will have 5,026,206 Common Shares outstanding. These Common Shares will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration or qualifications under the Securities Act.
We, our directors and executive officers have agreed not to sell any Common Shares for a period of 15 days from the date of closing of this offering, subject to certain exceptions and extensions. See “Underwriting” for a description of these lock-up provisions.
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CERTAIN MARSHALL ISLANDS COMPANY CONSIDERATIONS
Our corporate affairs are governed by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws and by the BCA. The provisions of the BCA resemble provisions of the corporation laws of a number of states in the United States, including Delaware. While the BCA provides that its provisions shall be applied and construed in a manner to make them uniform with the laws of the State of Delaware and other states of the United States of America with substantially similar legislative provisions, there have been few, if any, court cases interpreting the BCA in the Marshall Islands and we cannot predict whether Marshall Islands courts would reach the same conclusions as courts in the United States. Accordingly, you may have more difficulty in protecting your interests under Marshall Islands law in the face of actions by our management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a U.S. jurisdiction that has developed a substantial body of case law. The following table provides a comparison between statutory provisions of the BCA and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware relating to shareholders’ rights.
| Marshall Islands | Delaware | ||||
| Shareholder Meetings | |||||
| May be held at a time and place as designated in the bylaws. | May be held at such time or place as designated in the certificate of incorporation or the bylaws, or if not so designated, as determined by the board of directors. | ||||
| Notice: | Notice: | ||||
| Whenever shareholders are required to take any action at a meeting, written notice of the meeting shall be given which shall state the place, date and hour of the meeting and, unless it is an annual meeting, indicate that it is being issued by or at the direction of the person calling the meeting. Notice of a special meeting shall also state the purpose for which the meeting is called. | Whenever shareholders are required to take any action at a meeting, a written notice of the meeting shall be given which shall state the place, if any, date and hour of the meeting, and the means of remote communication, if any. | ||||
| A copy of the notice of any meeting shall be given personally, sent by mail or by electronic mail not less than 15 nor more than 60 days before the meeting. | Written notice shall be given not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the meeting. | ||||
| Shareholders’ Written Consent | |||||
| Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation, any action required to be taken at a meeting of shareholders may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, is signed by all the shareholders entitled to vote with respect to the subject matter thereof, or if the articles of incorporation so provide, by the holders of outstanding shares having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted. | Any action required to be taken at a meeting of shareholders may be taken without a meeting if a consent for such action is in writing and is signed by shareholders having not fewer than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted. | ||||
| Merger or Consolidation | |||||
| Any two or more domestic corporations may merge or consolidate into a single corporation if approved by the board of each constituent corporation and if authorized by a majority vote at a shareholder meeting of each such corporation by the holders of outstanding shares. | Any two or more corporations existing under the laws of the state may merge into a single corporation pursuant to a board resolution and upon the majority vote by shareholders of each constituent corporation at an annual or special meeting. | ||||
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| Marshall Islands | Delaware | ||||
| Authorization by a majority vote of the holders of a class of shares may be required if such class is entitled to vote if a proposed amendment to the articles, undertaken in connection with such merger or consolidation, would increase or decrease the aggregate number of authorized shares of such class, increase or decrease the par value of the shares of such class, or alter or change the powers, preferences or special rights of the shares of such class so as to affect them adversely. | Authorization by a majority vote of the holders of a class of shares may be required if such class is entitled to vote if a proposed amendment to the articles, undertaken in connection with such merger or consolidation, would increase or decrease the aggregate number of authorized shares of such class, increase or decrease the par value of the shares of such class, or alter or change the powers, preferences, or special rights of the shares of such class so as to affect them adversely. However, unless expressly required by its certificate of incorporation, no vote of stockholders of a constituent corporation that has a class or series of stock that is listed on a national securities exchange or held of record by more than 2,000 holders immediately prior to the execution of the agreement of merger by such constituent corporation shall be necessary to authorize a merger that meets certain conditions. | ||||
| Any sale, lease, exchange or other disposition of all or substantially all the assets of a corporation, if not made in the corporation’s usual or regular course of business, once approved by the board of directors (and notice of the meeting shall be given to each shareholder of record, whether or not entitled to vote), shall be authorized by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the shares of those entitled to vote at a shareholder meeting, unless any class of shares is entitled to vote thereon as a class, in which event such authorization shall require the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of each class of shares entitled to vote as a class thereon and of the total shares entitled to vote thereon. | Every corporation may at any meeting of the board sell, lease or exchange all or substantially all of its property and assets as its board deems expedient and for the best interests of the corporation when so authorized by a resolution adopted by the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock of the corporation entitled to vote. | ||||
| Upon approval by the board, any domestic corporation owning at least 90% of the outstanding shares of each class of another domestic corporation may merge such other corporation into itself without the authorization of the shareholders of any such corporation. | Any corporation owning at least 90% of the outstanding shares of each class of another corporation may merge the other corporation into itself and assume all of its obligations without the vote or consent of shareholders; however, in case the parent corporation is not the surviving corporation, the proposed merger shall be approved by a majority of the outstanding stock of the parent corporation entitled to vote at a duly called shareholder meeting. | ||||
| Directors | |||||
| The number of directors may be fixed by the bylaws, by the shareholders, or by action of the board under the specific provisions of a bylaw. The number of board members may be changed by an amendment to the bylaws, by the shareholders, or by action of the board under the specific provisions of a bylaw. | The number of board members shall be fixed by, or in a manner provided by, the bylaws and amended by an amendment to the bylaws, unless the certificate of incorporation fixes the number of directors, in which case a change in the number shall be made only by an amendment to the certificate of incorporation. | ||||
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| Marshall Islands | Delaware | ||||
| If the board is authorized to change the number of directors, it can only do so by a majority of the entire board and so long as no decrease in the number shall shorten the term of any incumbent director. | Shareholders entitled to vote upon amendments to the bylaws hold the power to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws in a stock corporation that has received any payment for its stock, unless such power is otherwise conferred upon the directors in the certificate of incorporation. An amendment to the certification of incorporation must be approved by the board and a majority of outstanding stock entitled to vote thereon. | ||||
| Removal of Directors: | Removal of Directors: | ||||
| Any or all of the directors may be removed for cause by vote of the shareholders. The articles of incorporation or the bylaws may provide for such removal by board action, except in the case of any director elected by cumulative voting, or by shareholders of any class or series when entitled by the provisions of the articles of incorporation. | Any or all of the directors may be removed, with or without cause, by the holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote unless the certificate of incorporation otherwise provides. | ||||
| If the articles of incorporation or bylaws provide any or all of the directors may be removed without cause by vote of the shareholders. | In the case of a classified board, shareholders may effect the removal of any or all directors only for cause unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. | ||||
| Dissenters’ Rights of Appraisal | |||||
| Shareholders have a right to dissent from any plan of merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all assets not made in the usual course of business, and receive payment of the fair value of their shares. However, the right of a dissenting shareholder under the BCA to receive payment of the appraised fair value of his or her shares shall not be available for the shares of any class or series of stock, which shares or depository receipts in respect thereof, at the record date fixed to determine the shareholders entitled to receive notice of and to vote at the meeting of the shareholders to act upon the agreement of merger or consolidation, were either (i) listed on a securities exchange or admitted for trading on an interdealer quotation system or (ii) held of record by more than 2,000 holders. The right of a dissenting shareholder to receive payment of the fair value of his or her shares shall not be available for any shares of stock of the constituent corporation surviving a merger if the merger did not require for its approval the vote of the shareholders of the surviving corporation. | Appraisal rights shall be available for the shares of any class or series of stock of a corporation in a merger or consolidation, subject to limited exceptions, such as a merger or consolidation of corporations listed on a national securities exchange in which listed stock is offered for consideration which is (i) listed on a national securities exchange or (ii) held of record by more than 2,000 holders. Notwithstanding those limited exceptions, appraisal rights will be available if shareholders are required by the terms of an agreement of merger or consolidation to accept certain forms of uncommon consideration. | ||||
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| Marshall Islands | Delaware | ||||
|
A holder of any adversely affected shares who does not vote on or consent in writing to an amendment to the articles of incorporation has the right to dissent and to receive payment for such shares if the amendment:
• alters or abolishes any preferential right of any outstanding shares having preference; or
• creates, alters, or abolishes any provision or right in respect to the redemption of any outstanding shares; or
• alters or abolishes any preemptive right granted by law and not disseated by the articles of incorporation of such holder to acquire shares or other securities; or
• excludes or limits the right of such holder to vote on any matter, except as such right may be limited by the voting rights given to new shares then being authorized of any existing or new class. |
Shareholders do not have appraisal rights due to an amendment of the company’s certificate of incorporation unless provided for in such certificate. | ||||
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The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax and Marshall Islands tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants as well as the material U.S. federal and Marshall Islands income tax consequences applicable to us and our operations. The discussion below of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to “U.S. Holders” will apply to a beneficial owner of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants that is treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as:
| • | an individual citizen or resident of the United States; |
| • | a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that is created or organized (or treated as created or organized) in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; |
| • | an estate whose income is includible in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or |
| • | a trust if (i) a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more U.S. persons are authorized to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (ii) it has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person. |
If you are not described as a U.S. Holder and are not an entity treated as a partnership or other pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, you will be considered a “Non-U.S. Holder.” The U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to Non-U.S. Holders is described below under the heading “—United States Federal Income Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders.”
This discussion does not consider the tax treatment of partnerships or other pass-through entities or persons who hold our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants through such entities. If a partnership (or other entity classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is the beneficial owner of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership.
This summary is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, its legislative history, Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These authorities are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis.
This summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to any particular holder based on such holder’s individual circumstances. In particular, this discussion considers only holders that will own and hold our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code and does not address the potential application of the alternative minimum tax or the U.S. federal income tax consequences to holders that are subject to special rules, including:
| • | financial institutions or “financial services entities”; |
| • | broker-dealers; |
| • | taxpayers who have elected mark-to-market accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes; |
| • | tax-exempt entities; |
| • | governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof; |
| • | insurance companies; |
| • | regulated investment companies; |
| • | real estate investment trusts; |
| • | certain expatriates or former long-term residents of the United States; |
| • | persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more (by vote or value) of our shares; |
| • | persons that own shares through an “applicable partnership interest”; |
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| • | persons required to recognize income for U.S. federal income tax purposes no later than when such income is reported on an “applicable financial statement”; |
| • | persons that hold our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants as part of a straddle, constructive sale, hedging, conversion or other integrated transaction; or |
| • | persons whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. |
This summary does not address any aspect of U.S. federal non-income tax laws, such as gift or estate tax laws, or state, local or non-U.S., non-Marshall Islands tax laws.
We have not sought, nor do we intend to seek, a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, as to any U.S. federal income tax consequence described herein. The IRS may disagree with the description herein, and its determination may be upheld by a court.
Because of the complexity of the tax laws and because the tax consequences to any particular holder of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants may be affected by matters not discussed herein, each such holder is urged to consult with its tax advisor with respect to the specific tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants, including the applicability and effect of state, local and non-U.S. tax laws, as well as U.S. federal tax laws.
United States Federal Income Tax Consequences
Taxation of Operating Income in General
Unless exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under the rules discussed below, a foreign corporation is subject to U.S. federal income taxation in respect of any income that is derived from the use of vessels, from the hiring or leasing of vessels for use on a time, voyage or bareboat charter basis, from the participation in a pool, partnership, strategic alliance, joint operating agreement, code sharing arrangement or other joint venture it directly or indirectly owns or participates in that generates such income, or from the performance of services directly related to those uses, which we refer to as “shipping income,” to the extent that the shipping income is derived from sources within the United States. For these purposes, 50% of shipping income that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States constitutes income from sources within the United States, which we refer to as “U.S.- source shipping income.”
Shipping income attributable to transportation that both begins and ends in the United States is considered to be 100% from sources within the United States. We are not permitted by law to engage in transportation that produces income which is considered to be 100% from sources within the United States.
Shipping income attributable to transportation exclusively between non-U.S. ports will be considered to be 100% derived from sources outside the United States. Shipping income derived from sources outside the United States will not be subject to any U.S. federal income tax.
In the absence of exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code, our gross U.S.-source shipping income generally would be subject to a 4% tax imposed without allowance for deductions as described below.
Exemption of Operating Income from United States Federal Income Taxation
Under Section 883 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations thereunder, we will be exempt from U.S. federal income tax on our U.S.-source shipping income if:
| (1) | we are organized in a foreign country, or our “country of organization”, that grants an “equivalent exemption” to corporations organized in the United States; and |
| (2) | either |
| A. | more than 50% of the value of our stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by individuals who are “residents” of our country of organization or of another foreign country that grants an “equivalent exemption” to corporations organized in the United States (each such individual a “qualified shareholder” and such individuals collectively, “qualified shareholders”), which we refer to as the “50% Ownership Test,” or |
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| B. | our stock is “primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market” in our country of organization, in another country that grants an “equivalent exemption” to U.S. corporations, or in the United States, which we refer to as the “Publicly-Traded Test.” |
The Marshall Islands, the jurisdiction where we and the Rubico Predecessor are incorporated, grants an “equivalent exemption” to U.S. corporations. Therefore, we will be exempt from U.S. federal income tax with respect to our U.S.-source shipping income if either the 50% Ownership Test or the Publicly-Traded Test is met.
In order to satisfy the 50% Ownership Test, a non-U.S. corporation must be able to substantiate that more than 50% of the value of its shares is owned, for at least half of the number of days in the non-U.S. corporation’s taxable year, directly or indirectly, by “qualified shareholders.” For this purpose, qualified shareholders are: (1) individuals who are residents (as defined in the Treasury Regulations) of countries, other than the United States, that grant an equivalent exemption, (2) non-U.S. corporations that meet the Publicly-Traded Test and are organized in countries that grant an equivalent exemption, or (3) certain foreign governments, non-profit organizations, and certain beneficiaries of foreign pension funds. In order for a shareholder to be a qualified shareholder, there generally cannot be any bearer shares in the chain of ownership between the shareholder and the taxpayer claiming the exemption (unless such bearer shares are maintained in a dematerialized or immobilized book-entry system as permitted under the Treasury Regulations). A corporation claiming the Section 883 exemption based on the 50% Ownership Test must obtain all the facts necessary to satisfy the IRS that the 50% Ownership Test has been satisfied (as detailed in the Treasury Regulations). We believe that the Rubico Predecessor satisfied the 50% Ownership Test for the 2024 taxable year and took this position on our U.S. federal income tax return for the 2024 year. This is a factual determination made on an annual basis, and no assurance can be given that we will satisfy the 50% Ownership Test in future taxable years.
In order to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test, Treasury Regulations provide, in pertinent part, that stock of a foreign corporation will be considered to be “primarily traded” on an established securities market if the number of shares of each class of stock that are traded during any taxable year on all established securities markets in that country exceeds the number of shares in each such class that are traded during that year on established securities markets in any other single country. We anticipate that our Common Shares, which are our sole class of issued and outstanding stock that is traded, will be “primarily traded” on Nasdaq, which is an established securities market for this purpose. In order to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test, Treasury Regulations also require that our stock be "regularly traded" on an established securities market. Under the Treasury Regulations, our stock generally will be considered to be "regularly traded" if one or more classes of our stock representing more than 50% of our outstanding shares, by total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote and by total combined value of all classes of stock, are listed on one or more established securities markets, which we refer to as the "listing threshold." Our Parent’s common stock, which is listed on the NYSE American LLC and is our Parent’s only class of publicly-traded stock, did not constitute more than 50% of our Parent’s outstanding shares by vote for the 2024 taxable year, and accordingly, our Parent did not satisfy the listing threshold for the 2024 taxable year.
Taxation in Absence of Exemption
To the extent the benefits of Section 883 of the Code are unavailable, our U.S.-source shipping income, to the extent not considered to be “effectively connected” with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business, as described below, would be subject to a 4% tax imposed by Section 887 of the Code on a gross basis, without the benefit of deductions, which we refer to as the “4% gross basis tax regime.” Since under the sourcing rules described above, no more than 50% of our shipping income would be treated as being derived from U.S. sources, the maximum effective rate of U.S. federal income tax on our shipping income would never exceed 2% under the 4% gross basis tax regime.
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To the extent the benefits of the exemption under Section 883 of the Code are unavailable and our U.S.-source shipping income is considered to be “effectively connected” with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business, as described below, any such “effectively connected” U.S.-source shipping income, net of applicable deductions, would be subject to the U.S. federal corporate income tax imposed at a current rate of 21%. In addition, we may be subject to the 30% “branch profits” tax on earnings effectively connected with the conduct of such U.S. trade or business, as determined after allowance for certain adjustments.
Our U.S.-source shipping income would be considered “effectively connected” with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business only if:
| • | We have, or are considered to have, a fixed place of business in the United States involved in the earning of shipping income; and |
| • | substantially all of our U.S.-source shipping income is attributable to regularly scheduled transportation, such as the operation of a vessel that follows a published schedule with repeated sailings at regular intervals between the same points for voyages that begin or end in the United States, or in the case of leasing income, is attributable to such fixed place of business in the United States. |
We do not currently have, nor intend to have or permit circumstances that would result in having, any vessel operating to the United States on a regularly scheduled basis. Based on the foregoing and on the expected mode of our shipping operations and other activities, we believe that none of our U.S.-source shipping income will be “effectively connected” with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business.
United States Taxation of Gain on Sale of a Vessel
Regardless of whether we qualify for exemption under Section 883 of the Code, we will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation with respect to gain realized on a sale of a vessel, provided the sale is considered to occur outside of the United States under U.S. federal income tax principles. In general, a sale of a vessel will be considered to occur outside of the United States for this purpose if title to the vessel, and risk of loss with respect to the vessel, pass to the buyer outside of the United States. It is expected that any sale of a vessel by us will be considered to occur outside of the United States or will otherwise not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation.
United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders
The following represents the opinion of our United States counsel, Watson Farley & Williams LLP, and is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of the ownership and disposition of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants.
Tax Treatment of the Pre-funded Warrants
We believe that our Pre-funded Warrants should be treated as our Common Shares for United States federal income tax purposes, rather than warrants. Assuming this position is upheld, no gain or loss should be recognized upon the exercise of a Pre-funded Warrant and, upon exercise, the holding period of a Pre-funded Warrant should carry over to the Common Share received. Similarly, the tax basis of a Pre-funded Warrant should carry over to the Common Share received upon exercise, increased by the exercise price of $0.01 per share. However, our position is not binding on the IRS and the IRS may treat the Pre-funded Warrants as warrants to acquire our Common Shares. You should consult your tax advisor regarding the United States federal tax consequences of an investment in the Pre-funded Warrants. The following discussion assumes our Pre-funded Warrants are properly treated as our Common Shares.
Taxation of Distributions Paid on Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants
Subject to the passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, rules discussed below, any distributions made by us with respect to Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants to a U.S. Holder will generally constitute dividends, which may be taxable as ordinary income or “qualified dividend income” as described in more detail below, to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of our earnings and profits will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in his or her Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants on a dollar-for-dollar basis and thereafter as capital gain. Because we are not a U.S. corporation, U.S. Holders that are corporations will generally not be entitled to claim a dividends-received deduction with respect to any distributions they receive from us.
Dividends paid on Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants to a U.S. Holder which is an individual, trust, or estate (a “U.S. Non-Corporate Holder”) will generally be treated as “qualified dividend income” that is taxable to such shareholders at preferential U.S. federal income tax rates provided that (1) the Common Shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States (such as Nasdaq on which our Common Shares are listed); (2) we are not a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for the taxable year during which the dividend is paid or the immediately preceding taxable year (which we do not expect to be); (3) the U.S. Non-Corporate Holder has owned the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants for more than 60 days in the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the date on which the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants become ex-dividend; and (4) certain other conditions are met.
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Any dividends paid by us which are not eligible for these preferential rates will be taxed as ordinary income to a U.S. Holder.
Special rules may apply to any “extraordinary dividend”—generally, a dividend in an amount which is equal to or in excess of 10% of a shareholder’s adjusted basis in a Common Share or Pre-funded Warrant—paid by us. If we pay an “extraordinary dividend” on our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants that is treated as “qualified dividend income,” then any loss derived by a U.S. Non-Corporate Holder from the sale or exchange of such Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of such dividend.
Sale, Exchange or other Disposition of Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants
Assuming we do not constitute a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize taxable gain or loss upon a sale, exchange or other disposition of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized by the U.S. Holder from such sale, exchange or other disposition and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants. Such gain or loss will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period in the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants is greater than one year at the time of the sale, exchange or other disposition. A U.S. Holder’s ability to deduct capital losses is subject to certain limitations.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
Special U.S. federal income tax rules apply to a U.S. Holder that holds stock or is treated as holding stock by application of certain attribution rules (for instance, treating warrants as stock) in a foreign corporation classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In general, we will be treated as a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder if, for any taxable year in which such holder held our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants, either:
| • | at least 75% of our gross income for such taxable year consists of passive income (e.g., dividends, interest, capital gains and rents derived other than in the active conduct of a rental business); or |
| • | at least 50% of the average value of the assets held by us during such taxable year produce, or is held for the production of, passive income. |
For purposes of determining whether we are a PFIC, we will be treated as earning and owning our proportionate share of the income and assets, respectively, of any of our subsidiary companies in which we own at least 25% of the value of the subsidiary’s stock or other ownership interest. Income earned, or deemed earned, by us in connection with the performance of services should not constitute passive income. By contrast, rental income, which includes bareboat hire, would generally constitute “passive income” unless we are treated under specific rules as deriving rental income in the active conduct of a trade or business.
We believe that the Rubico Predecessor was not a PFIC for its 2024 taxable year and we do not expect to be treated as a PFIC in the current or subsequent taxable years. Although there is no legal authority directly on point, our belief is based principally on the position that, for purposes of determining whether we are a PFIC, the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from the time chartering and voyage chartering activities of our wholly-owned subsidiaries should constitute services income, rather than rental income. Correspondingly, we believe that such income does not constitute passive income, and the assets that we or our wholly-owned subsidiaries own and operate in connection with the production of such income, in particular vessels, do not constitute passive assets for purposes of determining whether we are a PFIC. We believe there is substantial legal authority supporting our position consisting of case law and IRS pronouncements concerning the characterization of income derived from time charters and voyage charters as services income for other tax purposes. However, there is also authority which characterizes time charter income as rental income rather than services income for other tax purposes. It should be noted that in the absence of any legal authority specifically relating to the statutory provisions governing PFICs, the IRS or a court could disagree with this position. In addition, although we intend to conduct our affairs in a manner so as to avoid being classified as a PFIC with respect to any taxable year, there can be no assurance that the nature of our operations will not change in the future.
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As discussed more fully below, if we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder would be subject to different taxation rules depending on whether the U.S. Holder makes an election to treat us as a “Qualified Electing Fund,” which election is referred to as a “QEF election.” As an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. Holder should be able to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants, as discussed below. In addition, if we were to be treated as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder would be required to file an IRS Form 8621 with respect to such holder’s Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants.
Taxation of U.S. Holders Making a Timely QEF Election
If a U.S. Holder of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants makes a timely QEF election, which U.S. Holder is referred to as an “Electing Holder,” the Electing Holder must report each year for U.S. federal income tax purposes its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings and its net capital gain, if any, for our taxable year that ends with or within the taxable year of the Electing Holder, regardless of whether or not distributions were received from us by the Electing Holder. The Electing Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants will be increased to reflect taxed but undistributed earnings and profits. Distributions of earnings and profits that had been previously taxed will result in a corresponding reduction in the adjusted tax basis in the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants and will not be taxed again once distributed. An Electing Holder would generally recognize capital gain or loss on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants. A U.S. Holder would make a QEF election with respect to any year that we are a PFIC by filing IRS Form 8621 with its U.S. federal income tax return. After the end of each taxable year, we will determine whether we were a PFIC for such taxable year. If we determine or otherwise become aware that we are a PFIC for any taxable year, we will use commercially reasonable efforts to provide each U.S. Holder with all necessary information, including a PFIC Annual Information Statement, in order to enable such holder to make a QEF election for such taxable year.
Taxation of U.S. Holders Making a “Mark-to-Market” Election
Alternatively, if we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year and, as anticipated, our Common Shares are treated as “marketable stock,” a U.S. Holder of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants would be allowed to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants. If that election is made, the U.S. Holder generally would include as ordinary income in each taxable year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants at the end of the taxable year over such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants. The U.S. Holder would also be permitted an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants over its fair market value at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in its Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants would be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amount. Gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants would be treated as ordinary income, and any loss realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent that such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included by the U.S. Holder.
Taxation of U.S. Holders Not Making a Timely QEF or Mark-to-Market Election
Finally, if we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder who does not make either a QEF election or a “mark-to-market” election for that year, whom we refer to as a “Non-Electing Holder,” would be subject to special rules with respect to (1) any excess distribution (i.e., the portion of any distributions received by the Non-Electing Holder on our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants in a taxable year in excess of 125 percent of the average annual distributions received by the Non-Electing Holder in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the Non-Electing Holder’s holding period for our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants), and (2) any gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants. Under these special rules:
| • | the excess distribution or gain would be allocated ratably over the Non-Electing Holder’s aggregate holding period for our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants; |
| • | the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year before we became a passive foreign investment company would be taxed as ordinary income; and |
| • | the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year. |
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These penalties would not apply to a pension or profit sharing trust or other tax-exempt organization that did not borrow funds or otherwise utilize leverage in connection with its acquisition of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants. If a Non-Electing Holder who is an individual dies while owning our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants, such Non-Electing Holder’s successor generally would not receive a step-up in tax basis with respect to such Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants.
Net Investment Income Tax
A U.S. Holder that is an individual or estate, or a trust that does not fall into a special class of trusts that is exempt from such tax, is subject to a 3.8% tax on the lesser of (1) such U.S. Holder’s “net investment income” (or undistributed “net investment income” in the case of estates and trusts) for the relevant taxable year and (2) the excess of such U.S. Holder’s modified adjusted gross income for the taxable year over a certain threshold (which in the case of individuals will be between $125,000 and $250,000, depending on the individual’s circumstances). A U.S. Holder’s net investment income will generally include its gross dividend income and its net gains from the disposition of the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants, unless such dividends or net gains are derived in the ordinary course of the conduct of a trade or business (other than a trade or business that consists of certain passive or trading activities). Net investment income generally will not include a U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of the Company’s income and gain (if we are a PFIC and that U.S. Holder makes a QEF election, as described above in “—Taxation of U.S. Holders Making a Timely QEF Election”). However, a U.S. Holder may elect to treat inclusions of income and gain from a QEF election as net investment income. Failure to make this election could result in a mismatch between a U.S. Holder’s ordinary income and net investment income. If you are a U.S. Holder that is an individual, estate or trust, you are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the applicability of the net investment income tax to your income and gains in respect of your investment in our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants.
United States Federal Income Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders
Dividends paid to a Non-U.S. Holder with respect to our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants generally should not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, unless the dividends are effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base that such holder maintains in the United States).
In addition, a Non-U.S. Holder generally should not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any gain attributable to a sale or other disposition of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants unless such gain is effectively connected with its conduct of a trade or business in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base that such holder maintains in the United States) or the Non-U.S. Holder is an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of sale or other disposition and certain other conditions are met (in which case such gain from United States sources may be subject to tax at a 30% rate or a lower applicable tax treaty rate).
Dividends and gains that are effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base in the United States) generally should be subject to tax in the same manner as for a U.S. Holder and, if the Non-U.S. Holder is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, it also may be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate or a lower applicable tax treaty rate.
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
In general, information reporting for U.S. federal income tax purposes should apply to distributions made on our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants within the United States to a non-corporate U.S. Holder and to the proceeds from sales and other dispositions of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants to or through a U.S. office of a broker by a non-corporate U.S. Holder. Payments made (and sales and other dispositions effected at an office) outside the United States will be subject to information reporting in limited circumstances.
In addition, backup withholding of U.S. federal income tax, currently at a rate of 24%, generally should apply to distributions paid on our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants to a non-corporate U.S. Holder and the proceeds from sales and other dispositions of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants by a non-corporate U.S. Holder, who:
| • | fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number; |
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| • | is notified by the IRS that backup withholding is required; or |
| • | fails in certain circumstances to comply with applicable certification requirements. |
A Non-U.S. Holder generally may eliminate the requirement for information reporting and backup withholding by providing certification of its foreign status, under penalties of perjury, on a duly executed applicable IRS Form W-8 or by otherwise establishing an exemption.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, the amount of any backup withholding generally should be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Holder’s or a Non-U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle such holder to a refund, provided that certain required information is timely furnished to the IRS.
Individuals who are U.S. Holders (and to the extent specified in applicable Treasury regulations, certain individuals who are Non-U.S. Holders and certain U.S. entities) who hold “specified foreign financial assets” (as defined in Section 6038D of the Code) are required to file IRS Form 8938 with information relating to the asset for each taxable year in which the aggregate value of all such assets exceeds $75,000 at any time during the taxable year or $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year (or such higher dollar amount as prescribed by applicable Treasury regulations). Specified foreign financial assets would include, among other assets, our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants, unless the Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants are held through an account maintained with a U.S. financial institution. Substantial penalties apply to any failure to timely file IRS Form 8938, unless the failure is shown to be due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect. Additionally, in the event an individual U.S. Holder (and to the extent specified in applicable Treasury regulations, an individual Non-U.S. Holder or a U.S. entity) that is required to file IRS Form 8938 does not file such form, the statute of limitations on the assessment and collection of U.S. federal income taxes of such holder for the related tax year may not close until three years after the date that the required information is filed. U.S. Holders (including U.S. entities) and Non-U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult their own tax advisors regarding their reporting obligations under this legislation.
Marshall Islands Tax Consequences
The following represents the opinion of our Marshall Islands counsel, Watson Farley & Williams LLP, and is a summary of the material Marshall Islands tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants.
We are incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Under current Marshall Islands law, we are not subject to tax on income or capital gains, no Marshall Islands withholding tax will be imposed upon payment of dividends by us to its shareholders, and holders of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants that are not residents of or domiciled or carrying on any commercial activity in the Republic of the Marshall Islands will not be subject to Marshall Islands tax on the sale or other disposition of our Common Shares or Pre-funded Warrants.
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We are offering the securities described in this prospectus through the underwriters listed below. Maxim Group LLC, the Representative, is acting as the book running manager of the offering. We have entered into an underwriting agreement, dated as of , 2025, with the underwriters. Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement, each underwriter has severally agreed to purchase the number of securities set forth opposite its name below:
| Number of | Number of | ||||
| Common Shares | Pre-funded Warrants | ||||
| Underwriter | |||||
| Maxim Group LLC | |||||
| TOTAL |
The underwriters have agreed to purchase all of the securities offered by this prospectus (other than those covered by the over-allotment option described below). The underwriters reserve the right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers to the public and to reject orders in whole or in part.
The securities offered hereby should be ready for delivery on or about , 2025, against payment in immediately available funds.
The underwriters are offering the securities subject to various conditions and may reject all or part of any order. The Representative has advised us that the underwriters propose to offer our securities directly to the public at the public offering price that appears on the cover page of this prospectus. In addition, the underwriters may offer some of the securities to other securities dealers at such price less a concession of up to $ per Common Share. After the securities are released for sale to the public, the underwriters may change the offering price and other selling terms at various times.
Discretionary Accounts
The underwriters do not intend to confirm sales of the securities offered hereby to any accounts over which they have discretionary authority.
Over-Allotment Option
We have granted the underwriters an over-allotment option. This option, which is exercisable for up to forty-five (45) days after the date of this prospectus, permits the underwriters to purchase a maximum of 385,513 additional Common Shares. If the underwriters exercise all or part of this option, they will purchase securities covered by the option at the public offering price that appears on the cover page of this prospectus, less underwriting discounts and commissions.
Discounts and Commissions
The following table provides information regarding the amount of the discounts and commissions to be paid to the underwriters by us, before expenses, assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the over-allotment option and does not include the fees and expenses of the Representative:
| Per Common Share | Per Pre-funded Warrant | Assuming No Exercise of Over-Allotment Option |
Assuming Full Exercise of Over-Allotment Option | |||||||||||
| Public offering price | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Underwriting discounts and commissions (6.0%) | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Proceeds, before expenses, to us | $ | $ | $ | $ |
In addition to the above, we will reimburse the Representative for certain of its accountable and out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with this offering, including the Representative’s legal fees, and actual travel and reasonable out-of-pocket expenses, in an amount not to exceed $90,000. If this offering is not completed, we have agreed to reimburse the Representative for its actual expenses in an amount not to exceed $25,000.
We estimate that the total expenses of the offering payable by us, including registration and filing fees, printing fees and legal and accounting expenses, but excluding the Representative fees above, will be approximately $0.07 million. This figure includes, among other things, the Representative’s expenses (including the fees, costs and expenses for the Representative’s legal counsel) that we have agreed to reimburse.
Indemnification
We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and liabilities arising from breaches of representations and warranties contained in the underwriting agreement, or to contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.
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Lock-Up Agreements
The Company has agreed that for a period of 15 days from the closing of this offering, that neither the Company nor any subsidiary may, without the prior written consent of the Representative (i) issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any Common Shares or Common Share equivalents or (ii) file any registration statement or prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, subject to certain conditions and exceptions.
The Company’s directors and officers and certain stockholders shall enter into customary “lock-up” agreements in favor of the Representative pursuant to which such persons and entities shall agree, for a period of 15 days after the closing of this offering, that they shall neither offer, issue, sell, contract to sell, encumber, grant any option for the sale of or otherwise dispose of any securities of the Company without the Representative’s prior written consent, subject to certain conditions and exceptions.
Other Rights
If within twelve (12) months following the closing of this offering, we complete any financing of equity, equity-linked, convertible or debt or other capital raising activity with, or receives any proceeds from, any investors contacted or introduced by the Representative during the Representative’s engagement, then we will compensate the Representative upon the closing of such financing in the manner provided in this offering.
Stabilization
SEC rules may limit the ability of the underwriters to bid for or purchase shares before the distribution of the shares is completed. However, the underwriters may engage in the following activities in accordance with the rules:
| • | Stabilizing transactions — The underwriters may make bids or purchases for the purpose of pegging, fixing or maintaining the price of the shares, so long as stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum. |
| • | Over-allotments and syndicate covering transactions — The underwriters may sell more Common Shares in connection with this offering than the number of shares than they have committed to purchase. This over-allotment creates a short position for the underwriters. This short sales position may involve either “covered” short sales or “naked” short sales. Covered short sales are short sales made in an amount not greater than the underwriters’ over-allotment option to purchase additional shares in this offering described above. The underwriters may close out any covered short position either by exercising the over-allotment option or by purchasing shares in the open market. To determine how they will close the covered short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market, as compared to the price at which they may purchase shares through the over-allotment option. Naked short sales are short sales in excess of the over-allotment option. The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that, in the open market after pricing, there may be downward pressure on the price of the shares that could adversely affect investors who purchase shares in this offering. |
| • | Penalty bids — If the representative purchases shares in the open market in a stabilizing transaction or syndicate covering transaction, it may reclaim a selling concession from the underwriters and selling group members who sold those shares as part of this offering. |
| • | Passive market making — Market makers in the shares who are underwriters or prospective underwriters may make bids for or purchases of shares, subject to limitations, until the time, if ever, at which a stabilizing bid is made. |
Similar to other purchase transactions, the underwriters’ purchases to cover the syndicate short sales or to stabilize the market price of our Common Shares may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our Common Shares or preventing or mitigating a decline in the market price of our Common Shares. As a result, the price of the Common Shares may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. The imposition of a penalty bid might also have an effect on the price of the shares if it discourages resales of the shares.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our Common Shares is Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.
Listing
Our Common Shares are listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “RUBI.”
Determination of Offering Price
The actual public offering price of the securities we are offering was negotiated between us, the underwriters and the investors in the offering based on the trading of our Common Shares prior to the offering, among other things. Other factors considered in determining the public offering price of the securities we are offering include our history and prospects, the stage of development of our business, our business plans for the future and the extent to which they have been implemented, an assessment of our management, the general conditions of the securities markets at the time of the offering and such other factors as were deemed relevant. The public offering price stated on the cover page of this prospectus should not be considered an indication of the actual value of the securities sold in this offering. That price is subject to change as a result of market conditions and other factors, and we cannot assure you that the securities sold in this offering can be resold at or above the public offering price.
Electronic Offer, Sale and Distribution of Securities
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on a website maintained by the underwriters. In connection with the offering, the underwriters or selected dealers may distribute prospectuses electronically. No forms of electronic prospectus other than prospectuses that are printable as Adobe® PDF will be used in connection with this offering.
Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on the underwriters’ website and any information contained in any other website maintained by the underwriters is not part of the prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or the underwriters in their capacity as underwriter and should not be relied upon by investors.
Certain Relationships
The underwriters and certain of their affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. The underwriters and certain of their affiliates may in the future perform, various commercial and investment banking and financial advisory services for us, for which they will receive customary fees and expenses. The Representative acted as the representative of the underwriters in connection with the November Offering, for which it received compensation.
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Selling Restrictions
Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriters that would permit a public offering of the securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The securities offered by this prospectus may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such securities be distributed or published, in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful.
Australia. No placement document, prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document has been lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), in relation to the offering.
This prospectus does not constitute a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act 2001 (the Corporations Act) and does not purport to include the information required for a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act.
Any offer in Australia of the securities may only be made to persons (the Exempt Investors) who are “sophisticated investors” (within the meaning of section 708(8) of the Corporations Act), “professional investors” (within the meaning of section 708(11) of the Corporations Act) or otherwise pursuant to one or more exemptions contained in section 708 of the Corporations Act so that it is lawful to offer the securities without disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act.
The securities applied for by Exempt Investors in Australia must not be offered for sale in Australia in the period of 12 months after the date of allotment under the offering, except in circumstances where disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act would not be required pursuant to an exemption under section 708 of the Corporations Act or otherwise or where the offer is pursuant to a disclosure document which complies with Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act. Any person acquiring securities must observe such Australian on-sale restrictions.
This prospectus contains general information only and does not take account of the investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs of any particular person. It does not contain any securities recommendations or financial product advice. Before making an investment decision, investors need to consider whether the information in this prospectus is appropriate to their needs, objectives and circumstances, and, if necessary, seek expert advice on those matters.
Brazil. The offer of securities described in this prospectus will not be carried out by means that would constitute a public offering in Brazil under Law No. 6,385, of December 7, 1976, as amended, under the CVM Rule (Instrução) No. 400, of December 29, 2003. The offer and sale of the securities have not been and will not be registered with the Comissão de Valores Móbilearios in Brazil. The securities have not been offered or sold, and will not be offered or sold in Brazil, except in circumstances that do not constitute a public offering or distribution under Brazilian laws and regulations.
Canada. The securities may be sold in Canada only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31 103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the securities must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.
Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus supplement (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.
Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33 105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33 105), the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.
Cayman Islands. No invitation, whether directly or indirectly, may be made to the public in the Cayman Islands to subscribe for our securities.
European Economic Area. In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a “Relevant Member State”) an offer to the public of any securities may not be made in that Relevant Member State, except that an offer to the public in that Relevant Member State of any securities may be made at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Directive, if they have been implemented in that Relevant Member State:
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| • | to fewer than 100 or, if the Relevant Member State has implemented the relevant provision of the 2010 PD Amending Directive, 150, natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Directive), as permitted under the Prospectus Directive, subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives for any such offer; or |
| • | in any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive, provided that no such offer of securities shall result in a requirement for the publication by us or any underwriter of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive. |
For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to any securities in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any securities to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase any securities, as the same may be varied in that Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that Member State, the expression “Prospectus Directive” means Directive 2003/71/EC (and amendments thereto, including the 2010 PD Amending Directive, to the extent implemented in the Relevant Member State), and includes any relevant implementing measure in the Relevant Member State, and the expression “2010 PD Amending Directive” means Directive 2010/73/EU.
Hong Kong. The contents of this prospectus have not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in Hong Kong. You are advised to exercise caution in relation to the offer. If you are in any doubt about any of the contents of this prospectus, you should obtain independent professional advice. Please note that (i) our shares may not be offered or sold in Hong Kong, by means of this prospectus or any document other than to “professional investors” within the meaning of Part I of Schedule 1 of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap.571, Laws of Hong Kong) (SFO) and any rules made thereunder, or in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.32, Laws of Hong Kong) (CO) or which do not constitute an offer or invitation to the public for the purpose of the CO or the SFO, and (ii) no advertisement, invitation or document relating to our shares may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere) which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public in Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to the shares which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” within the meaning of the SFO and any rules made thereunder.
Israel. This document does not constitute a prospectus under the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968, or the Securities Law, and has not been filed with or approved by the Israel Securities Authority. In the State of Israel, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer of the shares is directed only at, investors listed in the first addendum, or the Addendum, to the Israeli Securities Law, consisting primarily of joint investment in trust funds, provident funds, insurance companies, banks, portfolio managers, investment advisors, members of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, underwriters, venture capital funds, entities with equity in excess of NIS 50 million and “qualified individuals”, each as defined in the Addendum (as it may be amended from time to time), collectively referred to as qualified investors (in each case purchasing for their own account or, where permitted under the Addendum, for the accounts of their clients who are investors listed in the Addendum). Qualified investors will be required to submit written confirmation that they fall within the scope of the Addendum, are aware of the meaning of same and agree to it.
The People’s Republic of China. This prospectus may not be circulated or distributed in the PRC and the shares may not be offered or sold, and will not offer or sell to any person for re-offering or resale directly or indirectly to any resident of the PRC except pursuant to applicable laws, rules and regulations of the PRC. For the purpose of this paragraph only, the PRC does not include Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
Switzerland. The securities may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange (the SIX) or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This document has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the securities or the offering may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.
Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the offering, or the securities have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular, this document will not be filed with, and the offer of securities will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA, and the offer of securities has not been and will not be authorized under the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes (CISA). Accordingly, no public distribution, offering or advertising, as defined in CISA, its implementing ordinances and notices, and no distribution to any non-qualified investor, as defined in CISA, its implementing ordinances and notices, shall be undertaken in or from Switzerland, and the investor protection afforded to acquirers of interests in collective investment schemes under CISA does not extend to acquirers of securities.
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Taiwan. The securities have not been and will not be registered with the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan pursuant to relevant securities laws and regulations and may not be sold, issued or offered within Taiwan through a public offering or in circumstances which constitutes an offer within the meaning of the Securities and Exchange Act of Taiwan that requires a registration or approval of the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan. No person or entity in Taiwan has been authorized to offer, sell, give advice regarding or otherwise intermediate the offering and sale of the securities in Taiwan.
United Kingdom. This prospectus has only been communicated or caused to have been communicated and will only be communicated or caused to be communicated as an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act of 2000, or the FSMA) as received in connection with the issue or sale of our Common Stock in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to us. All applicable provisions of the FSMA will be complied with in respect to anything done in relation to our Common Stock in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.
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SERVICE OF PROCESS AND ENFORCEMENT OF CIVIL LIABILITIES
We are a Marshall Islands corporation and our principal executive office is located outside of the United States in Athens, Greece.
Most of our directors and officers and those of our subsidiaries are residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of our and our subsidiaries’ assets and a substantial portion of the assets of our directors and officers are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for United States investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us, our directors or officers, our subsidiaries or to realize against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. The Trust Company of the Marshall Islands, Inc., Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Island, Ajeltake Road, Majuro, Marshall Islands MH96960, as our registered agent, can accept service of process on our behalf in any such action.
In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Marshall Islands would (1) recognize or enforce against us, or our directors, or officers, judgments of courts of the United States based on civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws; or (2) impose liabilities against us or our directors and officers in original actions brought in the Marshall Islands, based on these laws.
EXPENSES RELATING TO THIS OFFERING
Set forth below is an itemization of the total expenses, excluding underwriting discounts and commissions, expected to be incurred in connection with the offer and sale of our Common Shares. Except for the SEC registration fee, all amounts are estimates.
| SEC registration fee | $ | 2,699 | |
| FINRA filing fee | 1,325 | ||
| Accounting fees and expenses | 15,000 | ||
| Legal fees and expenses | 21,000 | ||
| Printing expenses | 5,000 | ||
| Representative’s accountable expenses | 15,000 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 9,976 | ||
| Total | $ | 70,000 |
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Certain legal matters with respect to United States Federal and New York law and Marshall Islands law in connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Watson Farley & Williams LLP, New York, New York. The Representative is being represented by Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP, New York, New York.
The combined carve out financial statements of Rubico Inc. Predecessor as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, included in this Registration Statement have been audited by Deloitte Certified Public Accountants S.A., an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report. Such financial statements are included in reliance upon the report of such firm given their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
The office of Deloitte Certified Public Accountants, S.A. is located at Fragoklissias 3a & Granikou Street, Maroussi, Athens 151 25, Greece.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-1 under the Securities Act, including relevant exhibits and schedules, under the Securities Act with respect to the securities offered by this prospectus. For the purposes of this section, the term registration statement on Form F-1 means the original registration statement on Form F-1 and any and all amendments including the schedules and exhibits to the original registration statement or any amendment. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information contained in the registration statement. Each statement made in this prospectus concerning a document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement on Form F-1 is qualified by reference to that exhibit for a complete statement of its provisions. You should read the registration statement on Form F-1 and its exhibits and schedules for further information with respect to us and the securities offered hereby.
We are required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the website is www.sec.gov. Additionally, we will make these filings available, free of charge, on our website at www.rubicoinc.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information on our website, other than these filings, is not, and should not be, considered part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference into this document.
As a foreign private issuer, we will be exempt from the rules of the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements to shareholders, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will not be required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.
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INDEX TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
RUBICO INC. PREDECESSOR
INDEX TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| F-1 |
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Rubico Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying combined carve-out balance sheets of Rubico Inc. Predecessor (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the related combined carve-out statements of income, changes in equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Deloitte Certified Public Accountants S.A.
Athens, Greece
April 4, 2025
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022.
| F-2 |
| RUBICO INC. PREDECESSOR |
| COMBINED CARVE-OUT BALANCE SHEETS |
| DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024 |
| (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) |
| December 31, | December 31, | |||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| CURRENT ASSETS: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 2,794 | 1,161 | ||||||
| Prepayments and other | 181 | 127 | ||||||
| Trade accounts receivable | — | 229 | ||||||
| Due from related parties (Note 5) | — | 351 | ||||||
| Inventories | 202 | 176 | ||||||
| Total current assets | 3,177 | 2,044 | ||||||
| FIXED ASSETS: | ||||||||
| Vessels, net (Note 4) | 114,550 | 110,369 | ||||||
| Total fixed assets | 114,550 | 110,369 | ||||||
| OTHER NON CURRENT ASSETS: | ||||||||
| Restricted cash (Note 7) | 1,000 | 1,000 | ||||||
| Total non-current assets | 1,000 | 1,000 | ||||||
| Total assets | 118,727 | 113,413 | ||||||
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | ||||||||
| CURRENT LIABILITIES: | ||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt (Note 7) | 4,224 | 4,221 | ||||||
| Accounts payable | 255 | 901 | ||||||
| Accrued liabilities | 299 | 299 | ||||||
| Unearned revenue | 2,408 | 2,195 | ||||||
| Total current liabilities | 7,186 | 7,616 | ||||||
| NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES: | ||||||||
| Non-current portion of long-term debt (Note 7) | 75,808 | 71,580 | ||||||
| Unearned revenue | — | 102 | ||||||
| Total non-current liabilities | 75,808 | 71,682 | ||||||
| COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 8) | ||||||||
| Total liabilities | 82,994 | 79,298 | ||||||
| EQUITY: | ||||||||
| Net parent investment (Note 1) | 10,628 | 3,066 | ||||||
| Retained Earnings | 25,105 | 31,049 | ||||||
| Total equity | 35,733 | 34,115 | ||||||
| Total liabilities and equity | 118,727 | 113,413 |
| F-3 |
COMBINED CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF INCOME
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Revenues (Note 14) | 24,784 | 24,478 | 24,205 | |||||||||
| EXPENSES: | ||||||||||||
| Voyage expenses (including $310, $310 and $302 respectively, to related party) (Note 5) | 508 | 508 | 495 | |||||||||
| Vessel operating expenses (including $3, $13 and $14 respectively, to related party) (Note 5 and 10) | 4,901 | 4,816 | 4,655 | |||||||||
| Vessel depreciation (Note 4) | 4,480 | 4,480 | 4,181 | |||||||||
| Management fees-related party (Note 5) | 528 | 550 | 567 | |||||||||
| General and administrative expenses (Note 5 and 9) | 394 | 1,688 | 1,887 | |||||||||
| Operating income | 13,973 | 12,436 | 12,420 | |||||||||
| OTHER EXPENSES: | ||||||||||||
| Interest and finance costs (Note 11) | (3,312) | (5,867) | (6,501) | |||||||||
| Interest income | — | 62 | 25 | |||||||||
| Total other expenses, net | (3,312) | (5,805) | (6,476) | |||||||||
| Net Income | 10,661 | 6,631 | 5,944 | |||||||||
| F-4 |
COMBINED CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
| Net Parent Investment | Retained Earnings | Total | ||||||||||
| BALANCE, December 31, 2021 | 46,697 | 7,813 | 54,510 | |||||||||
| Net Income | — | 10,661 | 10,661 | |||||||||
| Net decrease in Net Parent Investment (Note 2) | (10,472) | — | (10,472) | |||||||||
| BALANCE, December 31, 2022 | 36,225 | 18,474 | 54,699 | |||||||||
| Net Income | — | 6,631 | 6,631 | |||||||||
| Net decrease in Net Parent Investment (Note 2) | (25,597) | — | (25,597) | |||||||||
| BALANCE, December 31, 2023 | 10,628 | 25,105 | 35,733 | |||||||||
| Net Income | — | 5,944 | 5,944 | |||||||||
| Net decrease in Net Parent Investment (Note 2) | (7,562) | — | (7,562) | |||||||||
| BALANCE, December 31, 2024 | 3,066 | 31,049 | 34,115 |
| F-5 |
COMBINED CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Cash Flows from Operating Activities: | ||||||||||||
| Net Income | 10,661 | 6,631 | 5,944 | |||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Vessel depreciation | 4,480 | 4,480 | 4,181 | |||||||||
| Amortization of deferred financing costs | 180 | 713 | 195 | |||||||||
| (Increase)/Decrease in: | ||||||||||||
| Inventories | 5 | (31) | 26 | |||||||||
| Trade accounts receivable | (5) | 5 | (229) | |||||||||
| Prepayments and other | (8) | (117) | 54 | |||||||||
| Due from related parties | — | — | (351) | |||||||||
| Increase/(Decrease) in: | ||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | 71 | (180) | 753 | |||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | 152 | — | 36 | |||||||||
| Unearned revenue | — | 303 | (111) | |||||||||
| Net Cash provided by Operating Activities | 15,536 | 11,804 | 10,498 | |||||||||
| Cash Flows from Investing Activities: | ||||||||||||
| Advances for vessels under construction | (85) | — | — | |||||||||
| Net Cash used in Investing Activities | (85) | — | — | |||||||||
| Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | ||||||||||||
| Proceeds from debt | — | 82,000 | — | |||||||||
| Net payments to Parent company | (10,472) | (25,597) | (7,562) | |||||||||
| Principal payments of debt | (5,460) | (5,028) | (4,400) | |||||||||
| Prepayment of debt | — | (61,150) | — | |||||||||
| Payment of financing costs | — | (1,668) | (169) | |||||||||
| Net Cash used in Financing Activities | (15,932) | (11,443) | (12,131) | |||||||||
| Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | (481) | 361 | (1,633) | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year | 3,914 | 3,433 | 3,794 | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year | 3,433 | 3,794 | 2,161 | |||||||||
| Cash breakdown | ||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 2,433 | 2,794 | 1,161 | |||||||||
| Restricted cash, current | — | — | — | |||||||||
| Restricted cash, non-current | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | |||||||||
| SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION | ||||||||||||
| Finance fees included in Accounts payable/Accrued liabilities/Due to related parties | — | 143 | — | |||||||||
| Interest paid | 2,974 | 5,327 | 6,154 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these combined carve-out financial statements.
| F-6 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
| 1. | Basis of Presentation and General Information |
The accompanying combined carve-out financial statements include three wholly owned subsidiaries of Top Ships Inc. (the “Parent”): Roman Empire Inc., Athenean Empire Inc. and Rubico Inc. (in aggregate defined as the “Company” or “Rubico Inc. Predecessor”). Roman Empire Inc. and Athenean Empire Inc. own two 157,000 dwt suezmax tankers, the M/T Eco West Coast and the M/T Eco Malibu, built in March and May 2021 respectively. Both vessels are time chartered to Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd.
The Parent will contribute Roman Empire Inc. and Athenean Empire Inc. to Rubico Inc. in connection with the spin-off in exchange for common shares in Rubico Inc., which the Parent intends to distribute to holders of its common stock on a pro rata basis. Rubico Inc was formed on August 11, 2022 under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to serve as the holding company of Roman Empire Inc. and Athenean Empire Inc.
The accompanying combined carve-out financial statements of the Company include the historical carrying costs of the assets and the liabilities of Roman Empire Inc., Athenean Empire Inc. and Rubico Inc. from their date of incorporation and an allocation of the Parent’s General and administrative expenses and Management fees related party (see Note 9 and 5). Both Roman Empire Inc. and Athenean Empire Inc. were incorporated on February 18, 2020 under the laws of the Marshall Islands.
The Company’s vessels are managed by Central Shipping Inc. (“CSI”), a related party affiliated with the family of Evangelos J. Pistiolis, the Parent’s Chief Executive Officer, Director and President, Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis.
| 2. | Significant Accounting Policies |
Basis of presentation: The accompanying combined carve-out financial statements include the accounts of the Subsidiaries comprising the Company as discussed in Note 1. These combined carve-out financial statements have been prepared on a stand-alone basis and are derived from the consolidated financial statements and accounting records of the Parent. The combined carve-out financial statements reflect the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.
Intercompany accounts and transactions between the Subsidiaries and the Parent have been treated and presented as Net parent investment in the accompanying combined carve-out balance sheets. Increases in Net Parent Investments represent contributions from the parent and decreases in Net Parent Investments represent distribution from the Company to the Parent. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 the Company transferred amounts of $10,472, $25,597 and $7,562 respectively to the Parent consisting of operating cashflow surplus and for the year ended December 31, 2023 operating cashflow surplus and the net proceeds from the 2023 refinancing (Note 7). None of the Parent’s cash and cash equivalents or debt and the related interest expense at the corporate level have been assigned to the Company in the combined carve-out financial statements.
The combined carve-out statements of income reflect expense allocations made to the Company by the Parent for certain corporate functions and for shared services provided by the Parent. These allocations were made by the Parent on a pro-rata basis based on the number of calendar days of the Company’s vessels to total calendar days of the Parent’s fleet. See Notes 5 and 9 for further information on expenses allocated by the Parent. Both the Company and the Parent consider the basis on which the expenses have been allocated to be a reasonable reflection of the utilization of services provided to or the benefit received by the Company during the periods presented. Nevertheless, the combined carve-out financial statements may not be indicative of the Company’s future performance and may not include all of the actual expenses that would have been incurred by the Company as an independent publicly traded company or reflect the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows that would have been reported if the Company had been a stand-alone entity during the periods presented.
Use of Estimates: The preparation of the accompanying combined carve-out financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the combined carve-out financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates mainly include vessel useful lives and residual values. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
| F-7 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
Foreign Currency Translation: The Company’s functional currency is the U.S. Dollar because its vessels operate in international shipping markets, and therefore primarily transacts business in U.S. Dollars. The Company’s books of account are maintained in U.S. Dollars. Transactions involving other currencies during the year are converted into U.S. Dollars using the exchange rates in effect at the time of the transactions. At the balance sheet dates, monetary assets and liabilities, which are denominated in other currencies are translated to U.S. Dollars based on the year-end exchange rates and any gains and losses are included in the statements of income.
Cash and Cash Equivalents: The Company considers highly liquid investments such as time deposits and certificates of deposit with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Restricted Cash: The Company considers amounts that are pledged, blocked, held as cash collateral, required to be maintained with a specific bank or be maintained by the Company as minimum cash under the terms of a loan agreement, as restricted and these amounts are presented separately on the balance sheets. In the event original maturities are shorter than twelve months, such deposits are presented as current assets while if original maturities are longer than twelve months, such deposits are presented as non-current assets.
Trade Accounts Receivable, net: The amount shown as trade accounts receivable, net at each balance sheet date, includes estimated recoveries from charterers for hire billings, net of a provision for doubtful accounts and also accrued revenue resulting from straight-line revenue recognition of charter agreements that provide for varying charter rates, as well as receivable European Union Allowances (“EUAs”) from charterers (see below). At each balance sheet date, all potentially uncollectible accounts are assessed individually, combined with the application of a historical recoverability ratio, for purposes of determining the appropriate provision for doubtful accounts. The Company assessed that it had no potentially uncollectible accounts and hence formed no provision for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2023 and 2024 respectively.
Inventories: Inventories consist of lubricants and paints on board the vessels. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Cost, which consists of the purchase price, is determined by the first in, first out method.
Vessel Cost: Vessels are stated at cost, which consists of the contract price, pre-delivery costs and capitalized interest (if any) incurred during the construction of new building vessels, and any material expenses incurred upon acquisition (improvements and delivery costs). Subsequent expenditures for conversions and major improvements are also capitalized when they appreciably extend the life, increase the earning capacity or improve the efficiency or safety of the vessels. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred and are included in Vessel operating expenses in the statements of income. Vessels acquired as asset acquisitions are stated at historical cost, which consists of the contract price less discounts, plus any material expenses incurred upon acquisition (delivery expenses and other expenditures to prepare for the vessel’s initial voyage). Vessels acquired from entities under common control are recorded at historical cost.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: The Company evaluates the existence of impairment indicators whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying values of the Company’s long-lived assets are not recoverable. Such indicators of potential impairment include, vessel sales and purchases, business plans, declines in the fair market value of vessels and overall market conditions. If there are indications for impairment present, the Company determines undiscounted projected net operating cash flows for its vessels and compares it to the vessels carrying value. If the carrying value of the vessel exceeds its undiscounted future net cash flows, the carrying value is reduced to its fair value, and the difference is recognized as an impairment loss. The impairment evaluation the Company conducted as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 showed that there are no impairment indications for its vessels.
Vessel Depreciation: Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the Company’s vessels, after deducting the estimated salvage value. The vessels salvage value is equal to the product of its lightweight tonnage and estimated scrap rate, of $0.3 per lightweight ton. Effective January 1, 2024, the Company revised its scrap rate estimate from $0.3 to $0.43 per lightweight ton, in order to align the scrap rate estimate with the current historical average scrap prices and to better reflect current market conditions. The change in this accounting estimate, pursuant to ASC 250 “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections”, was applied prospectively and did not require retrospective application. The effect of the increase in the estimated scrap rate resulted in a reduction in depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 by $299. Management estimates the useful life of the Company's vessels to be 25 years from the date of initial delivery from the shipyard. Second hand vessels are depreciated from the date of their acquisition through their remaining estimated useful life. When regulations place limitations over the ability of a vessel to trade on a worldwide basis, its useful life is adjusted at the date such regulations are adopted.
| F-8 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
Dry-Docking Costs: All dry-docking and special survey costs are expensed in the period incurred.
Financing Costs: Fees incurred and paid to lenders for obtaining new loans or refinancing existing ones are recorded as a contra to debt and such fees are amortized to interest and finance costs over the life of the related debt using the effective interest method. Unamortized fees relating to loans prepaid or refinanced are expensed in the period when a prepayment or refinancing is made and charged to interest and finance costs. Any unamortized balance of costs relating to debt refinanced that does not meet the criteria for debt extinguishment, is amortized over the term of the refinanced debt.
Accounting for Revenue and Expenses: Revenues are generated from time charter arrangements. A time charter is a contract for the use of a vessel for a specific period of time and a specified daily charter hire rate, which is generally payable monthly in advance. The Company’s time charter agreements are classified as operating leases pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 842 - Leases, and therefore do not fall under the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606 because: (i) the vessel is an identifiable asset; (ii) the Company as lessor, does not have substantive substitution rights; and (iii) the charterer, as lessee, has the right to control the use of the vessel during the term of the contract and derives the economic benefits from such use.
Revenue is shown net of address commissions, if applicable, payable directly to charterers under the relevant charter agreements. Address commissions represent a common market practice discount (sales incentive) on services rendered by the Company and no identifiable benefit is received in exchange for the consideration provided to the charterer. Commissions on time charter revenues are recognized on a pro rata basis over the duration of the period.
Time charter revenue is recognized as earned on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant time charter starting from the vessel’s delivery to the charterer, except for any agreed or estimated off-hire period. Revenue generated from variable lease payments is recognized in the period when changes in the facts and circumstances on which the variable lease payments are based occur. The Company elected to not separate the lease and non-lease components included in the time charter revenue because (i) the pattern of revenue recognition for the lease and non-lease components (included in the daily hire rate) is the same and (ii) the lease component would be classified as an operating lease. The daily hire rate represents the hire rate for a bare boat charter as well as the compensation for expenses incurred running the vessel such as crewing expense, repairs, insurance, maintenance and lubes. Both the lease and non-lease components are earned by passage of time. Under a time charter agreement, vessel management fees, broker’s commissions and operating expenses such as, crew wages, provisions and stores, technical maintenance and insurance expenses are paid by the vessel owner, whereas voyage expenses such as bunkers, port expenses, agents’ fees, and extra war risk insurance are paid by the charterer, with the exception of broker’s commissions. Vessel operating expenses are expensed as incurred. Unearned revenue represents cash received prior to year-end related to revenue applicable to periods after December 31 of each year and balances resulting from straight-line revenue recognition of charter agreements that provide for varying charter rates.
The Company pays commissions to ship brokers and to CSI, associated with arranging the Company’s charters. These brokers’ commissions are recognized over the related charter period and are included in voyage expenses in the accompanying Statements of income.
Segment Reporting: The Company reports financial information and evaluates its operations by total charter revenue and not by the type of vessel or vessel employment for its customers. The Board of Directors of the Company, the chief operating decision makers, (“CODM”) assess performance for the vessel operations segment and decides how to allocate resources based on Combined net income thus the Company has determined that it operates under one reportable segment. The CODM do not use discrete financial information to evaluate the operating results for each type of charter or vessel but is instead regularly provided with only the combined expenses as noted on the face of the combined carve-out statements of income. Furthermore, when the Company charters a vessel to a charterer, the charterer is free to trade the vessel worldwide and, as a result, the disclosure of geographic information is impracticable.
| F-9 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
Liability for European Union Allowances (“EUAs”): The maritime emissions trading scheme (“ETS”), applicable from January 1, 2024, applies to all the shipowning companies of the Company and refers to emissions generated by intra-EU maritime voyages and emissions from voyages which start or end at EU ports (but the other destination is outside the EU). Since the liability derives from the choice of voyages which are directed, controlled and the benefit of which is attributed to our time charterers, the latter are responsible and liable for securing the EUAs to settle the environmental credit obligations derived from voyages they performed. However, should they fail to do so, the ultimate liability lies with the shipowning companies. As such the liability to purchase EUAs for voyages subject to ETS performed by our vessels is presented by the Company under Accounts payable and the EUAs that are receivable by the Company from our time charterers are presented under Trade accounts receivable in the accompanying combined carve-out balance sheets. Any EUAs that have been paid into the EUA trading account of Central Mare Inc, a related party affiliated with the family of Evangelos J. Pistiolis, by our Charterers are presented under Due from/to related parties (Note 5). Since the EU has set the first settlement of EUAs for the 2024 voyages subject to ETS on September 30, 2025, such receivables and liabilities have been presented as current. The receivable and payable EUAs as well as the EUAs paid by our time charterers to our Central Mare Inc are considered a Level 1 item in the fair value hierarchy (since the EUAs are quoted in an active market) and all such receivable and payable balances are presented at their fair value as at the reporting date.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements: In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, which requires the disclosure of significant segment expenses that are part of an entity’s segment measure of profit or loss and regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. In addition, it adds or makes clarifications to other segment-related disclosures, such as clarifying that the disclosure requirements in ASC 280 are required for entities with a single reportable segment and that an entity may disclose multiple measures of segment profit and loss. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be adopted retrospectively. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 as of January 1, 2024 and its adoption had limited impact on the Company’s combined carve-out financial statements or disclosures with no impact to the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)”. The amendments in this Update require disclosure, in the notes to financial statements, of specified information about certain costs and expenses. The amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 should be applied prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this update, with retrospective application to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements permitted. The Company evaluated the impact of this ASU on its combined carve-out financial statements and determined that there is no effect on its results of operations.
There are no other recent accounting pronouncements the adoption of which is expected to have a material effect on the Company’s combined carve-out financial statements in the current or any future periods.
| 3. | Going Concern |
The Company for the year ended December 31, 2024 realized net income of $5,944 and generated cash flow from operations of $10,498. At December 31, 2024, the Company had a working capital deficit of $5,572, which includes an amount of $2,195 of unearned revenue. This amount represents current liabilities that do not require future cash settlement.
In the Company’s opinion, the Company will be able to finance its working capital deficit in the next 12 months with cash on hand and operational cash flow and hence the Company believes it has the ability to continue as a going concern and finance its obligations as they come due over the next twelve months following the date of the issuance of these combined carve-out financial statements. Consequently, the combined carve-out financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.
| F-10 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
| 4. | Vessels, net |
The amounts in the balance sheets are analyzed as follows:
| Vessel Cost | Accumulated Depreciation | Net Book Value | |||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2022 | 126,646 | (7,616) | 119,030 | ||||||||||
| —Depreciation | — | (4,480) | (4,480) | ||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2023 | 126,646 | (12,096) | 114,550 | ||||||||||
| —Depreciation | — | (4,181) | (4,181) | ||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2024 | 126,646 | (16,277) | 110,369 | ||||||||||
As of December 31, 2024 the titles of ownership of both our vessels are held by the respecting vessel lenders to secure the relevant sale and lease back financing transactions (see Note 7).
| 5. | Transactions with Related Parties |
CSI Management Agreement: On May 28, 2020, the Company entered into two management agreements, one for each vessel, with CSI (the “CSI Management Agreement”). The CSI Management Agreement can only be terminated subject to an eighteen-month advance notice, subject to a termination fee equal to twelve months of fees payable under the CSI Management Agreement.
Pursuant to the CSI Management Agreement, the Company pays a management fee of $651 per day for the provision of technical, commercial, operation, insurance, bunkering and crew management, commencing three months before the vessel is scheduled to be delivered by the shipyard. In addition, the CSI Management Agreement provides for payment to CSI of: (i) $592 per day for superintendent visits plus actual expenses; (ii) a chartering commission of 1.25% on all freight, hire and demurrage revenues; (iii) a commission of 1.00% on all gross vessel sale proceeds or the purchase price paid for vessels and (iv) a financing fee of 0.2% on derivative agreements and loan financing or refinancing. CSI will perform supervision services for any newbuilding vessels while the vessels are under construction, for which the Company will pay CSI the actual cost of the supervision services plus a fee of 7% of such supervision services.
CSI provides, at cost, all accounting, reporting and administrative services. Finally, the CSI Management Agreement provides for a performance incentive fee for the provision of management services to be determined at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors. The CSI Management Agreement has an initial term of five years, after which it will continue to be in effect until terminated by either party subject to an eighteen-month advance notice of termination. Pursuant to the terms of the CSI Management Agreement, all fees payable to CSI are adjusted annually according to the US Consumer Price Inflation (“CPI”) of the previous year and if CPI is less than 2% then a 2% increase is effected.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the Company did not owe any amounts to CSI. The fees charged by and expenses relating to CSI for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows
| Year ended December 31, | ||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | Presented in: | |
| Management fees | 438 | 460 | 477 | Management fees – related parties –Statements of income |
| Superintendent fees | 3 | 13 | 14 | Vessel operating expenses – Statements of income |
| Accounting and reporting cost* | 90 | 90 | 90 | Management fees – related parties – Statements of income |
| Financing fees | - | 164 | - | Net in Current and Non-current portions of long-term debt – Balance sheet |
| Commission on charter hire agreements | 310 | 310 | 302 | Voyage expenses - Statements of income |
| Total | 841 | 1,037 | 883 | |
*Accounting and reporting cost represents an allocation of the expenses incurred by the Parent based on the number of calendar days of the Company’s vessels to total calendar days of the Parent’s fleet.
Central Mare: The Parent has agreed with Central Mare Inc to manage and collect on its behalf all of the EUAs due to the Parent from the Parent’s (and hence the Company’s) charterers. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the amounts due from Central Mare Inc were $- and $351 respectively, referring exclusively to EUA’s collected on the Company’s behalf from the Company’s charterers. Such amount is included in Due from related parties in the accompanying combined carve-out balance sheets.
| F-11 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
| 6. | Leases |
Lease arrangements, under which the Company acts as the lessor
Charter agreements:
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, the Company operated two vessels (M/T’s Eco West Coast and Eco Malibu) under time charters with Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd (“Clearlake”).
Future minimum time-charter receipts of the Company’s vessels in operation as of December 31, 2024, based on commitments relating to its non-cancellable time charter contracts as of December 31, 2024, are as follows:
| Year ending December 31, | Time Charter receipts |
| 2025 | 23,980 |
| 2026 | 14,027 |
| Total | 38,007 |
In arriving at the minimum future charter revenues, it has been assumed that no off-hire time is incurred, although there is no assurance that such estimate will be reflective of the actual off-hire in the future.
| 7. | Debt |
The amounts in the balance sheets are analyzed as follows:
| Bank / Vessel | December 31, | |||||||
| 2023 | 2024 | |||||||
| Total long term debt: | ||||||||
| AVIC Facility (M/T Eco West Coast) | 40,817 | 38,617 | ||||||
| Huarong Facility (M/T Eco Malibu) | 41,000 | 38,800 | ||||||
| Total long term debt | 81,817 | 77,417 | ||||||
| Less: Deferred finance fees | (1,785) | (1,616) | ||||||
| Total long term debt net of deferred finance fees | 80,032 | 75,801 | ||||||
| Presented: | ||||||||
| Current portion of long term debt | 4,224 | 4,221 | ||||||
| Long term debt | 75,808 | 71,580 | ||||||
| Total Debt net of deferred finance fees | 80,032 | 75,801 | ||||||
Alpha Bank Facility
On May 6, 2021, the Company entered into a credit facility with Alpha Bank for $38,000 for the financing of the vessel M/T Eco Malibu. This facility was drawn down in full. The credit facility was repayable in 12 consecutive quarterly installments of $750 and 12 consecutive quarterly installments of $625, commencing three months from draw down, and a balloon payment of $21,500 payable together with the last installment.
The facility contained various covenants, including (i) an asset cover ratio of 125% applicable to the vessel owning company, (ii) a ratio of total net debt to the aggregate market value of the fleet applicable to the Company and to the Parent, current or future, of no more than 75% and minimum free liquidity of $500 per delivered vessel owned/operated applicable to the Company and to the Parent. Additionally, the facility contained restrictions on the vessel owning company from incurring further indebtedness or guarantees and change of control provisions, whereby Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis together with entities affiliated with him could not control less than 50.1% of the voting rights of the Parent. It also restricted the shipowning company and the Parent from paying dividends if such a payment would result in an event of default or in a breach of covenants under the loan agreement.
| F-12 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
The facility was secured as follows:
• First priority mortgage over M/T Eco Malibu;
• Assignment of insurance and earnings of the mortgaged vessel;
• Specific assignment of any time charters with duration of more than 12 months;
• Corporate guarantee of the Parent;
• Pledge of the shares of the shipowning subsidiary;
• Pledge over the earnings account of the vessel.
The facility bore interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 3.00%. On June 9, 2023 Alpha Bank switched the facility’s variable rate from LIBOR to Term SOFR. On December 21, 2023 the facility was fully prepaid using part of the proceeds from the Huarong facility (see below) and the Company accelerated the amortization of $225 of deferred finance fees outstanding relating to the facility.
ABN Facility
On March 18, 2021, the Company entered into a credit facility with ABN Amro for $36,800 for the financing of the vessel M/T Eco West Coast. This facility was drawn down in full. The credit facility was repayable in 24 consecutive quarterly installments of $615 commencing in June 2021, plus a balloon installment of $22,040 payable together with the last installment.
The facility contained various covenants, including (i) an asset cover ratio of 125% applicable to the vessel owning company, (ii) a ratio of total net debt to the aggregate market value of the fleet applicable to the Company and to the Parent, current or future, of no more than 75% (iii) minimum free liquidity of $500 per delivered vessel owned/operated by the Parent, applicable to the Company and to the Parent and (iv) market adjusted total assets of the Parent minus total liabilities to be at least $60,000. Additionally, the facility contained restrictions on the shipowning company incurring further indebtedness or guarantees and change of control provisions, whereby Mr. Evangelos J. Pistiolis could not control less than 50.1% of the voting rights of the Parent. It also restricted the shipowning company and the Parent from paying dividends if such a payment would result in an event of default or in a breach of covenants under the loan agreement.
The facility was secured as follows:
• First priority mortgage over M/T Eco West Coast;
• Assignment of insurance and earnings of the mortgaged vessel;
• Specific assignment of any time charters with duration of more than 12 months;
• Corporate guarantee of the Parent;
• Pledge of the shares of the shipowning subsidiary;
• Pledge over the earnings account of the vessel.
The facility bore interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 2.50%. From June 23, 2023 ABN Amro bank switched the facility’s variable rate from LIBOR to Compounded SOFR. On December 14, 2023 the facility was fully prepaid using part of the proceeds from the AVIC facility (see below) and the Company accelerated the amortization of $264 of deferred finance fees outstanding relating to the facility.
FINANCINGS COMMITTED UNDER SALE AND LEASEBACK AGREEMENTS
All the below sale and leaseback agreements (“SLB”s) contain, customary covenants and event of default clauses, including cross-default provisions and restrictive covenants and performance requirements including (i) a ratio of total net debt to the aggregate market value of the fleet applicable to the Company and to the Parent, current or future, of no more than 75% and (ii) minimum free liquidity of $500 per delivered vessel owned/operated applicable to the Company and to the Parent.
| F-13 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
Additionally, all the SLBs contain restrictions on the relative shipowning company incurring further indebtedness or guarantees and paying dividends when in default or if such dividend payment would result in an event of default or a termination event under the SLB agreements. The same dividend restrictions apply to the Company and the Parent as well. All the SLBs have change of control provisions whereby there may not be a change of control of the Company, save with the prior written consent of the financier.
Finally both Huarong and AVIC SLBs have an asset cover ratio covenant of 120%.
All the below SLBs are secured mainly by the following:
• Ownership of the vessel financed;
• Assignment of insurances and earnings of the vessel financed;
• Specific assignment of any time charters of the vessel financed with duration of more than 12 months;
• Corporate guarantee of the Parent;
• Pledge of the shares of the relative shipowning subsidiary;
• Pledge over the earnings account of the vessel financed.
The Company transferred $19,050 to the Parent out of the net proceeds from the below SLBs (after their previous facilities prepayment).
AVIC Facility
On December 14, 2023 the Company consummated an SLB with AVIC International Leasing Co. Ltd (“AVIC” and the “AVIC Facility”), for $41,000 for the refinancing of the M/T Eco West Coast. The Company has bareboat chartered back the vessel for a period of ten years at bareboat hire rates comprising of 120 consecutive monthly installments of $183.3 and a balloon payment of $19,000 payable on the last installment, plus interest based on Term SOFR plus 2.65%.
As part of this transaction, the Company has continuous options to buy back the vessel at purchase prices stipulated in the bareboat agreement depending on when the option will be exercised and at the end of the ten-year period the Company has an obligation to buy back the vessel at a cost represented by the balloon payment.
The AVIC Facility is accounted for as a financing transaction, as control remains with the Company and M/T Eco West Coast will continue to be recorded as an asset on the Company’s balance sheet.
The applicable SOFR as of December 31, 2024 was approximately 4.47%.
Huarong Facility
On December 20, 2023 the Company consummated an SLB with China Huarong Shipping Financial Leasing Co Ltd. (“Huarong” and the “Huarong Facility”), for $41,000 for the refinancing of the M/T Eco Malibu. The Company has bareboat chartered back the vessel for a period of ten years at bareboat hire rates comprising of 120 consecutive monthly installments of $183.3 and a balloon payment of $19,000 payable on the last installment, plus interest based on Term SOFR plus 2.50%.
As part of this transaction, the Company has continuous options to buy back the vessel at purchase prices stipulated in the bareboat agreement depending on when the option will be exercised and at the end of the ten-year period the Company has an obligation to buy back the vessel at a cost represented by the balloon payment.
The Huarong Facility is accounted for as a financing transaction, as control remains with the Company and M/T Eco Malibu will continue to be recorded as an asset on the Company’s balance sheet.
The applicable SOFR as of December 31, 2024 was approximately 4.52%.
| F-14 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
Scheduled Principal Repayments: The Company’s annual principal payments required to be made after December 31, 2024 on its loan obligations, are as follows:
| Years | ||||
| December 31, 2025 | 4,400 | |||
| December 31, 2026 | 4,400 | |||
| December 31, 2027 | 4,400 | |||
| December 31, 2028 | 4,400 | |||
| December 31, 2029 and thereafter | 59,817 | |||
| Total | 77,417 | |||
As of December 31, 2024, both the Company and the Parent were in compliance with all debt covenants with respect to the AVIC and Huarong Facilities. The fair value of debt outstanding on December 31, 2024, after excluding unamortized financing fees, approximates its carrying amount due the fact that it has variable interest rates (SOFR).
Financing Costs: The net additions in deferred financing costs amounted to $1,811 and $26 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024.
| 8. | Commitments and Contingencies |
Legal proceedings:
Various claims, suits, and complaints, including those involving government regulations and product liability, arise in the ordinary course of the shipping business. As part of the normal course of operations, the Company's customers may disagree on amounts due to the Company under the provision of the contracts which are normally settled through negotiations with the customer. The Company is not a party to any material litigation where claims or counterclaims have been filed against the Company other than routine legal proceedings incidental to its business. The Company does not believe that contingent liabilities related to these matters, either individually or in the aggregate, will materially affect the Company’s combined carve-out financial statements.
Environmental Liabilities:
The Company accrues for the cost of environmental liabilities when management becomes aware that a liability is probable and is able to reasonably estimate the probable exposure. Currently, management is not aware of any such claims or contingent liabilities, which should be disclosed, or for which a provision should be established in the combined carve-out financial statements.
| 9. | General and administrative expenses |
General and administrative expenses represent an allocation of the expenses incurred by the Parent based on the number of calendar days of the Company’s vessels to total calendar days of the Parent’s fleet. These expenses consisted mainly of executive compensation, bonuses, professional fees, utilities and directors' liability insurance.
| 10. | Vessel Operating Expenses |
The amounts in the statements of income are as follows:
| Vessel Operating Expenses | Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Crew wages and related costs | 2,897 | 3,006 | 2,932 | |||||||||
| Insurance | 381 | 367 | 362 | |||||||||
| Repairs and maintenance | 761 | 338 | 347 | |||||||||
| Spares and consumable stores | 755 | 1,034 | 944 | |||||||||
| Registration, taxes and other (Note 12) | 107 | 71 | 70 | |||||||||
| Total | 4,901 | 4,816 | 4,655 | |||||||||
| F-15 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
| 11. | Interest and Finance Costs |
The amounts in the statements of income are analyzed as follows:
| Interest and Finance Costs | Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Interest on debt | 3,102 | 5,126 | 6,224 | |||||||||
| Bank charges and other financial costs | 29 | 28 | 82 | |||||||||
| Amortization and write-off of financing fees | 181 | 713 | 195 | |||||||||
| Total | 3,312 | 5,867 | 6,501 | |||||||||
| 12. | Income Taxes |
Marshall Islands and Greece do not impose a tax on international shipping income. Under the laws of Marshall Islands and Greece the countries of the companies' incorporation and vessels' registration, the companies are subject to registration and tonnage taxes, which have been included in Vessel operating expenses in the statements of income.
Under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), the U.S. source gross transportation income of a ship-owning or chartering corporation, such as the Company, is subject to a 4% U.S. Federal income tax without allowance for deduction, unless that corporation qualifies for exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder. U.S. source gross transportation income consists of 50% of the gross shipping income that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States.
Under Section 883 of the Code and the regulations thereunder, the Company will be exempt from U.S. federal income tax on our U.S.-source shipping income if:
(1) the Company is organized in a foreign country, or its country of organization, grants an “equivalent exemption” to corporations organized in the United States; and
(2) either
A. more than 50% of the value of the Company’s stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by individuals who are “residents” of the Company’s country of organization or of another foreign country that grants an “equivalent exemption” to corporations organized in the United States (each such individual a “qualified shareholder” and such individuals collectively, “qualified shareholders”), which the Company refers to as the “50% Ownership Test,” or
B. the Company’s stock is “primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market” in the Company’s country of organization, in another country that grants an “equivalent exemption” to U.S. corporations, or in the United States, which the Company refers to as the “Publicly-Traded Test.”
The Marshall Islands, the jurisdiction where the Company is incorporated, grants an “equivalent exemption” to U.S. corporations. Therefore, the Company will be exempt from U.S. federal income tax with respect to the Company’s U.S.-source shipping income if either the 50% Ownership Test or the Publicly-Traded Test is met.
In order to satisfy the 50% Ownership Test, a non-U.S. corporation must be able to substantiate that more than 50% of the value of its shares is owned, for at least half of the number of days in the non-U.S. corporation’s taxable year, directly or indirectly, by “qualified shareholders.” For this purpose, qualified shareholders are: (1) individuals who are residents (as defined in the Treasury Regulations) of countries, other than the United States, that grant an equivalent exemption, (2) non-U.S. corporations that meet the Publicly-Traded Test and are organized in countries that grant an equivalent exemption, or (3) certain foreign governments, non-profit organizations, and certain beneficiaries of foreign pension funds. In order for a shareholder to be a qualified shareholder, there generally cannot be any bearer shares in the chain of ownership between the shareholder and the taxpayer claiming the exemption (unless such bearer shares are maintained in a dematerialized or immobilized book-entry system as permitted under the Treasury Regulations). A corporation claiming the Section 883 exemption based on the 50% Ownership Test must obtain all the facts necessary to satisfy the IRS that the 50% Ownership Test has been satisfied (as detailed in the Treasury Regulations).
| F-16 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
For purposes of the Publicly-Traded Test, Treasury Regulations provide, in pertinent part, that stock of a foreign corporation will be considered to be “primarily traded” on an established securities market if the number of shares of each class of stock that are traded during any taxable year on all established securities markets in that country exceeds the number of shares in each such class that are traded during that year on established securities markets in any other single country. The Parent’s common shares, which is the Parent’s sole class of issued and outstanding stock that is traded, is “primarily traded” on the NYSE American and the Company anticipates that its common shares will be “primarily traded” on the Nasdaq Capital Market.
The Treasury Regulations also require for purposes of the Publicly-Traded Test that the Company’s stock be "regularly traded" on an established securities market. Under the Treasury Regulations, the Company’s stock will be considered to be "regularly traded" if one or more classes of the Company’s stock representing more than 50% of the Company’s outstanding shares, by total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote and by total combined value of all classes of stock, are listed on one or more established securities markets, which the Company refers to as the "listing threshold."
For the 2022 and 2023 taxable years the Company was not subject to United States federal tax on U.S. source shipping income. For the 2024 taxable year the Company intends to take the position that it was not subject to United States federal tax on U.S. source shipping income.
| 13. | Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk |
Concentration of credit risk
The principal financial assets of the Company consist of cash on hand and at banks, due from related parties, restricted cash and other receivables (including EUAs). The principal financial liabilities of the Company consist of long-term loans, accounts payable (including EUAs) due to suppliers and accrued liabilities. The Company limits its credit risk with accounts receivable by performing ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and generally does not require collateral for its trade accounts receivable and does not have any agreements to mitigate credit risk. The Company places its temporary cash investments, consisting mostly of deposits, with high credit qualified financial institutions. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of those financial institutions.
Fair value of financial instruments
The Company follows the accounting guidance for Fair Value Measurements. This guidance enables the reader of the combined carve-out financial statements to assess the inputs used to develop those measurements by establishing a hierarchy for ranking the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. The guidance requires assets and liabilities carried at fair value to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: Observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data;
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.
The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, prepaid expenses, trade accounts receivable and trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities are reasonable estimates of their fair value due to the short term nature of these financial instruments. Cash and cash equivalents are considered Level 1 items as they represent liquid assets with short-term maturities. The fair value of debt approximates its recorded value due to its variable interest rate, being the SOFR. SOFR rates are observable at commonly quoted intervals for the full term of the loans and, hence, bank loans are considered Level 2 items in accordance with the fair value hierarchy.
| 14. | Revenues |
Revenues are comprised of the following:
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Time charter revenues | 24,784 | 24,478 | 24,205 | |||||||||
| Total | 24,784 | 24,478 | 24,205 |
The Company, for both of its vessels, had entered into time charters with Clearlake for a period of three years that included a charterer’s option to renew for a further two one-year periods at predetermined daily rates. On July 12, 2023 the Company entered into an agreement with Clearlake to extend the duration of the fixed period of the time charter parties of both vessels for a fixed term of minimum 30 months and maximum of 36 months. Due to the volatility of the charter rates, the Company only accounts for the options when the charterer gives notice that the option will be exercised. The charterer has the full discretion over the ports visited, shipping routes and vessel speed. The contract/charter party generally provides typical warranties regarding the speed and performance of the vessel. The charter party generally has some owner protective restrictions such that the vessel is sent only to safe ports by the charterer, subject always to compliance with applicable sanction laws, and carry only lawful or non-hazardous cargo. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s vessels are employed under time charters.
| F-17 |
NOTES TO COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2024
AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
| 15. | Subsequent Events |
The Company evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date up to the date that the combined carve-out financial statements were issued. Based upon this review, the Company did not identify any subsequent events that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the combined carve-out financial statements.
| F-18 |
| RUBICO INC. PREDECESSOR |
| UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED COMBINED CARVE-OUT BALANCE SHEETS |
| DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND JUNE 30, 2025 |
| (Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars) |
| December 31, | June 30, | |||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| CURRENT ASSETS: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,161 | 521 | ||||||
| Prepayments and other receivables | 356 | 938 | ||||||
| Due from related parties (Note 5) | 351 | 571 | ||||||
| Inventories | 176 | 208 | ||||||
| Total current assets | 2,044 | 2,238 | ||||||
| FIXED ASSETS: | ||||||||
| Vessels, net (Note 4) | 110,369 | 108,280 | ||||||
| Total fixed assets | 110,369 | 108,280 | ||||||
| OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS: | ||||||||
| Restricted cash | 1,000 | 1,000 | ||||||
| Total non-current assets | 1,000 | 1,000 | ||||||
| Total assets | 113,413 | 111,518 | ||||||
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | ||||||||
| CURRENT LIABILITIES: | ||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt (Note 7) | 4,221 | 4,222 | ||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 1,200 | 2,564 | ||||||
| Unearned revenue | 2,195 | 2,195 | ||||||
| Total current liabilities | 7,616 | 8,981 | ||||||
| NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES: | ||||||||
| Non-current portion of long-term debt (Note 7) | 71,580 | 69,477 | ||||||
| Other non-current liabilities | 102 | 23 | ||||||
| Total non-current liabilities | 71,682 | 69,500 | ||||||
| COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 9) | ||||||||
| Total liabilities | 79,298 | 78,481 | ||||||
| EQUITY: | ||||||||
| Total equity | 34,115 | 33,037 | ||||||
| Total liabilities and equity | 113,413 | 111,518 | ||||||
| F-19 |
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED COMBINED CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2024 AND 2025
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
| June 30, | June 30, | |||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| Revenues | 12,036 | 11,970 | ||||||
| EXPENSES: | ||||||||
| Voyage expenses (including $151 and $149 respectively, to related party) (Note 5) | 247 | 244 | ||||||
| Vessel operating expenses | 2,349 | 2,352 | ||||||
| Vessel depreciation (Note 4) | 2,093 | 2,089 | ||||||
| Management fees-related parties (Note 5) | 282 | 288 | ||||||
| General and administrative expenses | 211 | 253 | ||||||
| Operating income | 6,854 | 6,744 | ||||||
| OTHER INCOME (EXPENSES): | ||||||||
| Interest and finance costs | (3,365 | ) | (2,768 | ) | ||||
| Interest income | 23 | - | ||||||
| Total other expenses, net | (3,342 | ) | (2,768 | ) | ||||
| Net Income | 3,512 | 3,976 |
| F-20 |
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED COMBINED CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2024 AND 2025
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
| Equity | ||||
| BALANCE, December 31, 2023 | 35,733 | |||
| Net income for the period | 3,512 | |||
| Net decrease in Net Parent Investment | (4,270 | ) | ||
| BALANCE, June 30, 2024 | 34,975 |
| Total | ||||
| BALANCE, December 31, 2024 | 34,115 | |||
| Net income for the period | 3,976 | |||
| Net decrease in Net Parent Investment | (5,054 | ) | ||
| BALANCE, June 30, 2025 | 33,037 |
| F-21 |
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED COMBINED CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2024 AND 2025
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
| June 30, | June 30, | |||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | |||||||
| Net Cash provided by Operating Activities | 6,024 | 6,614 | ||||||
| Net Cash from Investing Activities | - | - | ||||||
| Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | ||||||||
| Net Payments to Parent company | (4,270 | ) | (5,054 | ) | ||||
| Principal payments of debt | (2,200 | ) | (2,200 | ) | ||||
| Payment of financing costs | (168 | ) | - | |||||
| Net Cash used in Financing Activities | (6,638 | ) | (7,254 | ) | ||||
| Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | (614 | ) | (640 | ) | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year | 3,794 | 2,161 | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period | 3,180 | 1,521 | ||||||
| Cash breakdown | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 2,180 | 521 | ||||||
| Restricted cash, non-current | 1,000 | 1,000 | ||||||
| SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION | ||||||||
| Interest paid | 3,150 | 2,651 | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out financial statements.
| F-22 |
NOTES TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars – except share and per share earnings, unless otherwise stated)
| 1. | Basis of Presentation and General Information |
The accompanying unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out financial statements of Rubico Inc. (the “Company”), include three wholly owned subsidiaries of Top Ships Inc. (the “Parent”), Roman Empire Inc., Athenean Empire Inc. and Rubico Inc. (in aggregate defined as the “Company” or “Rubico Inc. Predecessor”). Roman Empire Inc. and Athenean Empire Inc. each own one 157,000 dwt suezmax tankers, the M/T Eco West Coast and the M/T Eco Malibu, built in March and May 2021 respectively. Both vessels are time chartered to Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd.
Rubico Inc was formed on August 11, 2022 under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to serve as the holding company of Roman Empire Inc. and Athenean Empire Inc. The Parent on August 1, 2025 contributed Roman Empire Inc. and Athenean Empire Inc. to Rubico Inc. in connection with the spin-off in exchange for common shares in Rubico Inc., which the Parent distributed to holders of its common stock on a pro rata basis and to holders of the Parent’s outstanding common stock purchase warrants on an as-exercised basis (the “Spin-Off”).
The accompanying unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out financial statements of the Company include the historical carrying costs of the assets and the liabilities of Roman Empire Inc., Athenean Empire Inc. and Rubico Inc. from their date of incorporation and an allocation of the Parent’s General and administrative expenses and Management fees related party (see Note 9). Both Roman Empire Inc. and Athenean Empire Inc. were incorporated on February 18, 2020 under the laws of the Marshall Islands.
The Company’s vessels are managed by Central Shipping Inc (“CSI”), a related party affiliated with the family of Evangelos J. Pistiolis, the Company’s Parent Chief Executive Officer, Director and President.
The unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out financial statements included herein are unaudited; however, they include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the interim condensed combined carve-out balance sheet as of June 30, 2025, the interim condensed combined carve-out statements of operations, interim condensed combined carve-out statements of equity and interim condensed combined carve-out statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2025. These unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the most recent audited combined carve-out financial statements for fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Our historical and interim results of operations may not be indicative of the results that may be achieved for fiscal year ending December 31, 2025 or any future period. The unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.
| F-23 |
| 2. | Significant Accounting Policies |
A discussion of the Company's significant accounting policies can be found in the Company's annual financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements:
There are no recent accounting pronouncements the adoption of which is expected to have a material effect on the Company’s unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out financial statements in the current period.
| 3. | Going Concern |
At June 30, 2025, the Company had a working capital deficit of $6,743 which included an amount of $2,195 relating to pre-collected revenue and is included in Unearned revenue in the accompanying interim condensed combined carve-out balance sheets. This amount represents a current liability that does not require future cash settlement. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 the Company realized a net income of $3,976 and generated cash flow from operations of $6,614.
In the Company’s opinion, the Company will be able to finance its working capital deficit in the next 12 months with cash on hand and operational cash flow and hence the Company believes it has the ability to continue as a going concern and finance its obligations as they come due over the next twelve months following the date of the issuance of these unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out financial statements. Consequently, the unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars – except share and per share earnings, unless otherwise stated)
| 4. | Vessels, net |
The balances in the accompanying unaudited interim condensed combined carve-out balance sheets are analyzed as follows:
| Vessel Cost | Accumulated Depreciation | Net Book Value | ||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2024 | 126,646 | (16,277 | ) | 110,369 | ||||||||
| — Depreciation | - | (2,089 | ) | (2,089 | ) | |||||||
| Balance, June 30, 2025 | 126,646 | (18,366 | ) | 108,280 |
As of June 30, 2025 the titles of ownership of both our vessels are held by the respecting vessel lenders to secure the relevant sale and lease back financing transactions (see Note 7).
| 5. | Transactions with Related Parties |
(a) CSI Management Agreement: On May 28, 2020, the Company entered into two management agreements, one for each vessel, with CSI (the “CSI Management Agreement”), which detailed the services and fees for the management of the Company’s vessels.
The fees charged by and expenses relating to CSI for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2025 are as follows:
| Period ended June 30, |
||||||||||
| 2024 | 2025 | Presented in: | ||||||||
| Management fees | 237 | 243 | Management fees – related parties – Statement of operations | |||||||
| Accounting and reporting cost* | 45 | 45 | Management fees – related parties – Statement of operations | |||||||
| Commission on charter hire agreements | 151 | 149 | Voyage expenses - Statement of operations | |||||||
| Superintendent fees | 4 | - | Vessel operating expenses – Statement of operations | |||||||
| Total | 437 | 437 | ||||||||
*Accounting and reporting cost represents an allocation of the expenses incurred by the Parent based on the number of calendar days of the Company’s vessels to total calendar days of the Parent’s fleet.
| 6. | Leases |
Lease arrangements, under which the Company acts as the lessor
Charter agreements:
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company operated two vessels (M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu) under time charters with Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd.
Future minimum time-charter receipts of the Company’s vessels in operation as of June 30, 2025, based on commitments relating to their non-cancellable time charter contracts as of June 30, 2025, are as follows:
| Year ending December 31, | Time Charter receipts |
| 2025 (remainder) | 12,088 |
| 2026 | 14,060 |
| Total | 26,148 |
| F-24 |
NOTES TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars – except share and per share earnings, unless otherwise stated)
In arriving at the minimum future charter revenues the Company has assumed that no off-hire time is incurred, although there is no assurance that such estimate will be reflective of the actual off-hire in the future.
| 7. | Debt |
Details of the Company’s credit facilities are discussed in Note 7 of the Company’s annual carve-out financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and changes in the six months ended June 30, 2025 are discussed below.
| December 31, 2024 |
June 30, 2025 |
|||||||
| Total long term debt: | ||||||||
| AVIC Facility (M/T Eco West Coast) | 38,617 | 37,517 | ||||||
| Huarong Facility (M/T Eco Malibu) | 38,800 | 37,700 | ||||||
| Total long term debt | 77,417 | 75,217 | ||||||
| Less: Deferred finance fees | (1,616 | ) | (1,518 | ) | ||||
| Total long term debt net of deferred finance fees | 75,801 | 73,699 | ||||||
| Presented: | ||||||||
| Current portion of long term debt | 4,221 | 4,222 | ||||||
| Long term debt | 71,580 | 69,477 | ||||||
| Total Debt net of deferred finance fees | 75,801 | 73,699 |
| F-25 |
As of June 30, 2025 the applicable average SOFR was 4.31% and the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants with respect to its credit facilities.
| 8. | Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk |
Concentration of credit risk
Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, prepayments and other receivables, trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The Company limits its credit risk with respect to accounts receivable by performing ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and generally does not require collateral for its trade accounts receivable. The Company places its temporary cash investments, consisting mostly of deposits, with high credit qualified financial institutions. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of those financial institutions.
Fair value of financial instruments
The Company follows the accounting guidance for Fair Value Measurements. This guidance enables the reader of the combined carve-out financial statements to assess the inputs used to develop those measurements by establishing a hierarchy for ranking the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. The guidance requires assets and liabilities carried at fair value to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: Observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data;
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.
The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, Prepayments and other receivables, trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities are reasonable estimates of their fair value due to the short term nature of these financial instruments. Cash and cash equivalents are considered Level 1 items as they represent liquid assets with short-term maturities. The fair values of the variable interest long-term debt approximate the recorded values, due to their variable interest rates. The fair value of debt approximates its recorded value due to its variable interest rate, being the SOFR. SOFR rates are observable at commonly quoted intervals for the full term of the loans and, hence, bank loans are considered Level 2 items in accordance with the fair value hierarchy.
| 9. | Commitments and Contingencies: |
No commitments or contingences arose in the six months ended June 30, 2025.
| 10. | Common and Preferred Stock, Additional Paid-In Capital and Dividends: |
On June 23, 2025, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement to sell 2,500* common shares at a purchase price of $600.00* per common share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $1,500, in a private placement (the “Private Placement”). The closing of the Private Placement was conditioned on the consummation of the Spin-Off and occurred concurrently with the Spin-Off distribution, on August 1, 2025. The Private Placement closed on August 4, 2025, the day the Company’s common shares began trading on Nasdaq under the symbol “RUBI”.
| 11. | Subsequent Events |
On July 21, 2025, the Company entered into a common shares purchase agreement (the “Equity Line Purchase Agreement”) with B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (the “Selling Shareholder”). Pursuant to the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right to sell to the Selling Shareholder, from time to time during the term of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, up to $30,000 of its common shares, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Equity Line Purchase Agreement. Sales of the Company’s common shares pursuant to the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any sales, are solely at the Company’s option. The Company has filed a registration statement to register the resale by the Selling Shareholder of up to 15,500,000 of its common shares that the Company, in its sole discretion, elects to sell to the Selling Shareholder in one or more transactions from time to time during the term of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement. The Company’s right to cause the Selling Shareholder to purchase its common shares is subject to certain conditions set forth in the Equity Line Purchase Agreement. As of December 10, 2025 the Company has sold 480,144 Common Shares under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement.
The Spin-Off was concluded on August 1, 2025 (see Note 1) and on August 4, 2025, the Company’s common shares began trading on Nasdaq under the symbol “RUBI”.
| F-26 |
NOTES TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED COMBINED CARVE-OUT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars – except share and per share earnings, unless otherwise stated)
On August 7, 2025, the Company entered into a new sale and leaseback financing facility with Huarong (the “New Huarong SLBs”) in the aggregate amount of $84,000 ($42,000 for each vessel), for the purpose of refinancing the Huarong Facility and the AVIC Facility secured by the vessels M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu, respectively. The New Huarong SLBs are expected to close in November 2025, subject to closing conditions set forth in the relevant memoranda of agreement. Pursuant to the SLB terms, the Company will bareboat charter back each vessel for a period of ten years at bareboat hire rates comprising of 120 consecutive monthly installments of $183 along with a purchase obligation of $20,000 for M/T Eco West Coast and $19,000 for M/T Eco Malibu at the expiry of each bareboat charter respectively, bearing an interest rate of 3-month term SOFR plus a margin of 1.95% per annum. Under the New Huarong SLBs terms, the Company will have the option to buy back the vessels following the end of the first year at purchase prices stipulated in the bareboat charter agreement depending on when the option is exercised. In connection with the New Huarong SLBs, both the Company and the Parent each provided a guarantee of the obligations of the vessel-owning subsidiaries under their respective SLB. The New Huarong SLBs, and the relevant appurtenant guarantees, contain customary covenants and event of default clauses, including cross-default provisions and restrictive covenants and performance requirements including that the Company maintains a leverage ratio of no more than 85% and (ii) minimum liquid funds of $500 in connection with the SLB of M/T Eco Malibu and $400 in connection with the SLB of M/T Eco West Coast. The New Huarong SLBs closed on November 6, 2025 and November 12, 2025 for M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu, respectively.
On November 6, 2025, the Company closed a firm commitment underwritten public offering (the “November Offering”) of 410,509* units, each consisting of one Common Share and one Class A Warrant to purchase one Common Share (the “Class A Warrants”), at a public offering price of $36.54* per unit. Maxim Group LLC(the “representative”) acted as the representative of the underwriters.
The Company also granted the Representative a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 61,576* additional Common Shares at the offering price and/or Class A Warrants to purchase up to 61,576* Common Shares, to cover over-allotments. On November 6, 2025, the Representative partially exercised its over-allotment option with respect to Class A Warrants to purchase up to 61,576* Common Shares.
In addition, the Company agreed to issue to the Representative warrants to purchase a number of Common Shares equal to 5.0% of the total number of Common Shares sold in the November Offering, including any Common Shares sold pursuant to the over-allotment option granted to the Representative (the “November Representative Warrants”). 20,525* November Representative Warrants to purchase up to 20,525* Common Shares were issued in connection with the closing of the November Offering. The November Representative Warrants have substantially similar terms as the Class A Warrants issued in the November Offering.
The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the November Offering, before deducting underwriting discounts and other expenses payable by the us, were approximately $7,500.
As of December 10, 2025, 472,065* Class A Warrants have been exercised for 1,384,662* Common Shares and all November Representative Warrants have been exercised for 76,387* Common shares.
On November 21, 2025 the Company entered into an agreement to extend the duration of the time charter parties with Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd for a fixed term of a minimum of 47 months and a maximum of 49 months for the vessels M/T Eco West Coast and M/T Eco Malibu.
On December 2, 2025, we effected a 1-for-30 reverse stock split.
On December 4, 2025 the Company entered into a letter of intent (the “LOI”) for the potential acquisition from Top Ships Inc. of a newbuilding mega yacht, the M/Y Sanlorenzo 1150Exp, with expected delivery in the second quarter of 2027. The Company will make an advance cash payment of $4,000 that will be credited against the acquisition price of the Newbuilding Yacht or refunded to the extent the Company does not elect to purchase the Newbuilding Yacht.
______________________________
* Adjusted to reflect the 1-for-30 reverse stock split effected in December 2025
| F-27 |
Up to 2,570,093 Common Shares
Up to 2,570,093 Pre-funded Warrants to Purchase Common Shares
(and up to 2,570,093 Common Shares Underlying Pre-Funded Warrants)
Rubico Inc.
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
, 2025
Sole Book-Running Manager
Maxim Group LLC
PART II
| Item 6. | Indemnification of Directors and Officers. |
| I. | Section 12 of Article III of the Amended and Restated Bylaws of Rubico Inc. (the “Corporation”) provides as follows: |
| 1. | Any person who is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director or officer of another partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise shall be entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation upon the same terms, under the same conditions, and to the same extent as authorized by Section 60 of the Business Corporation Act of the Republic of The Marshall Islands, if he acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful. |
| II. | Section 60 of the Business Corporations Act of the Republic of the Marshall Islands provides as follows: |
| 1. | Actions not by or in right of the corporation. A corporation shall have power to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the corporation) by reason of the fact that he is or was a director or officer of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director or officer of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if he acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of no contest, or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner which he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the bests interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceedings, had reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was unlawful. |
| 2. | Actions by or in right of the corporation. A corporation shall have the power to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that he is or was a director or officer of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director or officer of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against expenses (including attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by him or in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if he acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claims, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable for negligence or misconduct in the performance of his or her duty to the corporation unless and only to the extent that the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the court shall deem proper. |
| 3. | When director or officer successful. To the extent that a director or officer of a corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding referred to in subsections (1) or (2) of this section, or in the defense of a claim, issue or matter therein, he shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection therewith. |
| 4. | Payment of expenses in advance. Expenses incurred in defending a civil or criminal action, suit or proceeding may be paid in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding as authorized by the Board in the specific case upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that he is not entitled to be indemnified by the corporation as authorized in this section. |
| 5. | Indemnification pursuant to other rights. The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, the other subsections of this section shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under any bylaw, agreement, vote of shareholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in his or her official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office. |
| 6. | Continuation of indemnification. The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this section shall, unless otherwise provided when authorized or ratified, continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person. |
| 7. | Insurance. A corporation shall have the power to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director or officer of the corporation or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director or officer against any liability asserted against him and incurred by him in such capacity whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify him against such liability under the provisions of this section. |
| Item 7. | Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities. |
On June 23, 2025, we entered into a share purchase agreement to sell 2,500 Common Shares at a purchase price of $600.00 per Common Share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $1.5 million, in a private placement pursuant to exemptions from registration under the Securities Act (the “Private Placement”). Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, the purchasers in the Private Placement received customary registration rights. The Private Placement closed concurrently with the Spin-Off distribution.
| Item 8. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. |
| (a) | The following exhibits are included in this registration statement on Form F-1: |
Exhibit Index
*Filed herewith
| Item 9. | Undertakings |
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
| (1) | To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement: |
| (i) | To include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933; |
| (ii) | To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and |
| (iii) | To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement. |
| (2) | That, for the purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of the securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
| (3) | To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering. |
| (4) | To file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement to include any financial statements required by Item 8.A. of Form 20-F at the start of any delayed offering or throughout a continuous offering. Financial statements and information otherwise required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Act need not be furnished, provided that the registrant includes in the prospectus, by means of a post-effective amendment, financial statements required pursuant to this paragraph (4) and other information necessary to ensure that all other information in the prospectus is at least as current as the date of those financial statements. |
| (5) | That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser: |
| (i) | Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424; |
| (ii) | Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant; |
| (iii) | The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and |
| (iv) | Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser. |
| (6) | That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b) (1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective. For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
| (7) | Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-1 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Athens, Greece on the 11th day of December, 2025.
| RUBICO INC. |
| /s/ Nikolaos Papastratis |
| Name: Nikolaos Papastratis |
| Title: Chief Financial Officer |
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Kalliopi Ornithopoulou and Will Vogel, with full power to act alone, his or her true lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full powers of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any or all amendments or supplements to this registration statement, whether pre-effective or post-effective, including any subsequent registration statement for the same offering which may be filed under Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing necessary to be done, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities indicated on December 11, 2025.
| /s/ Kalliopi Ornithopoulou | Chief Executive Officer | ||
| Kalliopi Ornithopoulou | (Principal Executive Officer), President and Chairwoman of the Board | ||
| /s/ Nikolaos Papastratis | Chief Financial Officer | ||
| Nikolaos Papastratis | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer), Secretary and Director | ||
| /s/ Aristovoulos Christinis | Director | ||
| Aristovoulos Christinis | |||
| /s/ George Xiradakis | |||
| George Xiradakis | Director | ||
| /s/ George M. Daskalakis | |||
| George M. Daskalakis | Director |
AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the undersigned, the duly authorized representative of the Registrant in the United States, has signed this registration statement in the City of Newark, State of Delaware, on December 11, 2025.
| PUGLISI & ASSOCIATES | ||||
| By: | /s/ Donald J. Puglisi | |||
| Name: | Donald J. Puglisi | |||
| Title: | Authorized Representative in the United States | |||
Exhibit 1.1
[____] COMMON SHARES AND
[___] PRE-FUNDED WARRANTS
of
RUBICO INC.
UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT
[_____], 2025
Maxim Group LLC
As the Representative of the
Several underwriters, if any, named in Schedule I hereto
c/o Maxim Group LLC
300 Park Avenue, 16th Floor
New York, NY 10022
Ladies and Gentlemen:
The undersigned, Rubico Inc., a company incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (collectively with its subsidiaries and affiliates, including, without limitation, all entities disclosed or described in the Registration Statement as being subsidiaries or affiliates of Rubico Inc., the “Company”), hereby confirms its agreement (this “Agreement”) with the several underwriters (such underwriters, including the Representative (as defined below), the “Underwriters” and each an “Underwriter”) named in Schedule I hereto for which Maxim Group LLC is acting as representative to the several Underwriters (the “Representative” and if there are no Underwriters other than the Representative, references to multiple Underwriters shall be disregarded and the term Representative as used herein shall have the same meaning as Underwriter) on the terms and conditions set forth herein.
It is understood that the several Underwriters are to make a public offering of the Public Securities as soon as the Representative deems it advisable to do so. The Public Securities are to be initially offered to the public at the public offering price set forth in the Prospectus. The Representative may from time to time thereafter change the public offering price and other selling terms.
It is further understood that you will act as the Representative for the Underwriters in the offering and sale of the Closing Securities and, if any, the Option Securities in accordance with this Agreement.
ARTICLE I.
DEFINITIONS
1.1 Definitions. In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Agreement, for all purposes of this Agreement, the following terms have the meanings set forth in this Section 1.1:
“Action” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(k).
“Affiliate” means with respect to any Person, any other Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with such Person as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act.
“Applicable Laws” means all United States (federal, state and local) and foreign statutes, rules, regulations, codes, treaties, or guidance applicable to the Company or the Subsidiaries.
“Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company.
“Business Day” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to “stay at home”, “shelter-in-place”, “non-essential employee” or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day.
“Closing” means the closing of the purchase and sale of the Closing Securities pursuant to Section 2.1.
“Closing Date” means the hour and the date on the Trading Day on which all conditions precedent to (i) the Underwriters’ obligations to pay the Closing Purchase Price and (ii) the Company’s obligations to deliver the Closing Securities, in each case, have been satisfied or waived, but in no event later than 10:00 a.m. (New York City time) on the first (1st) Trading Day following the date hereof (or the second (2nd) Trading Day following the date hereof if this Agreement is signed on a day that is not a Trading Day or after 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) and before midnight (New York City time) on a Trading Day) or at such earlier time as shall be agreed upon by the Representative and the Company.
“Closing Purchase Price” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.1(b), which aggregate purchase price shall be net of the underwriting discounts and commissions.
“Closing Securities” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.1(a)(ii).
“Closing Shares” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.1(a)(i).
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“Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
“Common Shares” means the common shares of the Company, par value $0.01 per share, and any other class of securities into which such securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed.
“Common Share Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Common Shares, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred shares, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Common Shares.
“Company Auditor” means Deloitte Certified Public Accountants S.A., with offices located at Fragoklissias 3a & Granikou Street, Maroussi, Athens 151 25, Greece.
“Company Counsel” means Watson Farley & Williams LLP, with offices located at 120 West 45th Street, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10036.
“Credit Facility” means any credit facility or loan agreement to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or their assets are bound, as disclosed in the SEC Reports.
“Effective Date” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(f).
“EGS” means Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP, with offices located at 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10105.
“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
“Execution Date” shall mean the date on which the parties execute and enter into this Agreement.
“Exempt Issuance” means the issuance of (a) Common Shares or options to employees, officers or directors of the Company pursuant to any share or option plan duly adopted for such purpose by a majority of the non-employee members of the Board of Directors or a majority of the members of a committee of non-employee directors established for such purpose for services rendered to the Company, (b) warrants issued to the Representative (and/or its designees) in connection with the transaction consummated pursuant to this Agreement and Common Shares issued upon the exercise of such warrants, (c) securities issued upon the exercise or exchange of or conversion of any securities issued hereunder and/or other securities exercisable or exchangeable for or convertible into Common Shares issued and outstanding on the date of this Agreement, provided that such securities have not been amended since the date of this Agreement to increase the number of such securities or to decrease the exercise price, exchange price or conversion price of such securities (other than in connection with automatic price resets or anti-dilution provisions, stock splits, adjustments or combinations as set forth in such securities as of the date of this Agreement) or to extend the term of such securities and (d) securities issued pursuant to acquisitions or strategic transactions approved by a majority of the disinterested directors of the Company, provided that such securities are issued as “restricted securities” (as defined in Rule 144) and carry no registration rights that require or permit the filing of any registration statement in connection therewith during the prohibition period in Section 4.21(a) herein, and provided that any such issuance shall only be to a Person (or to the equity holders of a Person) which is, itself or through its subsidiaries, an operating company or an owner of an asset in a business synergistic with the business of the Company and shall provide to the Company additional benefits in addition to the investment of funds, but shall not include a transaction in which the Company is issuing securities primarily for the purpose of raising capital or to an entity whose primary business is investing in securities
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“FCPA” means the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended.
“FINRA” means the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.
“GAAP” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(i).
“Governmental Authority” means any federal, provincial, state, local, foreign or other governmental, quasi-governmental or administrative agency, court or body or any other type of regulatory authority or body, including, without limitation, the Nasdaq Capital Market.
“Indebtedness” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(bb).
“Liens” means a lien, charge, pledge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal, preemptive right or other restriction.
“Lock-Up Agreement” means the lock-up agreements that are executed on the date hereof by each of the Lock-Up Parties, in the form of Exhibit A attached hereto.
“Lock-Up Parties” means (i) the Company’s officers and directors and (ii) any 10% and greater stockholders of the Company as of the date of this Agreement.
“Material Adverse Effect” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.1(b).
“Offering” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.1(c).
“Option” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.2.
“Option Closing Date” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.2(c).
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“Option Closing Purchase Price” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.2(b), which aggregate purchase price shall be net of the underwriting discounts and commissions.
“Option Securities” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.2(a).
“Option Shares” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.2(a).
“Person” means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.
“Preliminary Prospectus” means any preliminary prospectus relating to the Securities included in the Registration Statement or filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b).
“Pricing Prospectus” means (i) the Preliminary Prospectus relating to the Securities that was included in the Registration Statement immediately prior to [6:00 p.m.] (New York City time) on the date hereof and (ii) any free writing prospectus (as defined in the Securities Act), taken together.
“Proceeding” means an action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding (including, without limitation, an informal investigation or partial proceeding, such as a deposition), whether commenced or threatened.
“Prospectus” means the final prospectus filed for the Registration Statement.
“Prospectus Supplement” means, if any, any supplement to the Prospectus complying with Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act that is filed with the Commission.
“Public Securities” means, collectively, the Closing Securities and, if any, the Option Securities.
“Registration Statement” means, collectively, the various parts of the registration statement prepared by the Company on Form F-1 (File No. 333- ) with respect to the Securities, each as amended as of the date hereof, including the Prospectus and Prospectus Supplement, if any, the Preliminary Prospectus, and all exhibits filed with or incorporated by reference into such registration statement, and includes any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement.
“Required Approvals” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(e).
“Rule 424” means Rule 424 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended or interpreted from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same purpose and effect as such Rule.
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“Rule 462(b) Registration Statement” means any registration statement prepared by the Company registering additional Public Securities, which was filed with the Commission on or prior to the date hereof and became automatically effective pursuant to Rule 462(b) promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act.
“SEC Reports” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(i).
“Securities” means the Closing Securities, the Option Securities and the Warrant Shares.
“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
“Share Purchase Price” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.1(b).
“Shares” means, collectively, the Common Shares delivered to the Underwriters in accordance with Section 2.1(a)(i) and Section 2.2(a).
“Subsidiary” means any subsidiary of the Company and shall, where applicable, also include any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company formed or acquired after the date hereof.
“Trading Day” means a day on which the principal Trading Market is open for trading.
“Trading Market” means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Common Shares are listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the New York Stock Exchange, OTCQX or OTCQB (or any successors to any of the foregoing).
“Transaction Documents” means this Agreement and all exhibit and schedules hereto, the Warrants, the Lock-Up Agreements, and any other documents or agreements executed in connection with the transactions contemplated hereunder.
“Transfer Agent” means Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc., with offices located at 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, New York 11717, and any successor transfer agent of the Company.
“Warrant Shares” means the Common Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants.
“Warrants” means, collectively, the pre-funded Common Share purchase warrants delivered to the Underwriters in accordance with Section 2.1(a)(ii), which Warrants shall be exercisable immediately and shall be exercisable until exercised in full, in the form of Exhibit B attached hereto.
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ARTICLE II.
PURCHASE AND SALE
2.1 Closing.
(a) Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, the Company agrees to sell in the aggregate [____] Common Shares and Warrants exercisable for an aggregate of [___] Common Shares, and each Underwriter agrees to purchase, severally and not jointly, at the Closing, the following securities of the Company:
(i) the number of Common Shares (the “Closing Shares”) set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter on Schedule I hereof; and
(ii) Warrants to purchase up to the number of Common Shares set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter on Schedule I hereof (the “Warrants” and, collectively with the Closing Shares, the “Closing Securities”), which Warrants shall have an exercise price of $0.01, subject to adjustment as provided therein.
(b) The aggregate purchase price for the Closing Securities shall equal the amount set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter on Schedule I hereto (the “Closing Purchase Price”). The purchase price for one Share shall be $[___] (the “Share Purchase Price”). The purchase price for one Warrant shall be $[___]; and
(c) On the Closing Date, each Underwriter shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the Company, via wire transfer, immediately available funds equal to such Underwriter’s Closing Purchase Price and the Company shall deliver to, or as directed by, such Underwriter its respective Closing Securities and the Company shall deliver the other items required pursuant to Section 2.3 deliverable at the Closing. Upon satisfaction of the covenants and conditions set forth in Sections 2.3 and 2.4, the Closing shall occur at the offices of EGS or such other location as the Company and Representative shall mutually agree. The Public Securities are to be offered initially to the public at the offering price set forth on the cover page of the Prospectus (the “Offering”).
(d) The Company acknowledges and agrees that, with respect to any Notice(s) of Exercise (as defined in the Warrants) delivered by a Holder (as defined in the Warrants) on or prior to 12:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Closing Date, which Notice(s) of Exercise may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of this Agreement, the Company shall deliver the Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s) to the Holder by 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Closing Date and the Closing Date shall be the Warrant Share Delivery Date (as defined in the Warrants). The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Holders are third-party beneficiaries of this covenant of the Company.
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2.2 Option to Purchase Additional Securities.
(a) For the purposes of covering any over-allotments in connection with the distribution and sale of the Closing Securities, the Representative is hereby granted an option (the “Option”) to purchase, in the aggregate, up to [___] Common Shares (the “Option Shares” or “Option Securities”) at the Share Purchase Price.
(b) In connection with an exercise of the Option, the purchase price to be paid for the Option Shares is equal to the product of the Share Purchase Price multiplied by the number of Option Shares to be purchased (the aggregate purchase price to be paid on an Option Closing Date, the “Option Closing Purchase Price”).
(c) The Option granted pursuant to this Section 2.2 may be exercised by the Representative as to all (at any time) or any part (from time to time) of the Option Securities within 45 days after the Execution Date. An Underwriter will not be under any obligation to purchase any Option Securities prior to the exercise of the Option by the Representative. The Option granted hereby may be exercised by the giving of oral notice to the Company from the Representative, which must be confirmed in writing by overnight mail or electronic transmission setting forth the number of Option Shares to be purchased and the date and time for delivery of and payment for the Option Securities (each, an “Option Closing Date”), which will not be later than one (1) full Business Day after the date of the notice or such other time as shall be agreed upon by the Company and the Representative, at the offices of EGS or at such other place (including remotely by other electronic transmission) as shall be agreed upon by the Company and the Representative. If such delivery and payment for the Option Securities does not occur on the Closing Date, each Option Closing Date will be as set forth in the notice. Upon exercise of the Option, the Company will become obligated to convey to the Underwriters, and, subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, the Underwriters will become obligated to purchase, the number of Option Shares specified in such notice. The Representative may cancel the Option at any time prior to the expiration of the Option by written notice to the Company.
2.3 Deliveries. The Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to each Underwriter (if applicable) the following:
(i) At the Closing Date, the Closing Shares and, as to each Option Closing Date, if any, the applicable Option Shares, which shares shall be delivered via The Depository Trust Company Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system for the accounts of the several Underwriters;
(ii) At the Closing Date, the Warrants in certificated form registered in the name or names and in such authorized denominations as the applicable Underwriter may request in writing at least one (1) Business Day prior to the Closing Date;
(iii) At the Closing Date, a legal opinion of Company Counsel addressed to the Underwriters, including, without limitation, a negative assurance letter, in form and substance satisfactory to the Representative and as to each Option Closing Date, if any, a bring-down opinion from Company Counsel, including, without limitation, a negative assurance letter of Company Counsel, addressed to the Underwriters and in form and substance satisfactory to the Representative;
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(iv) Contemporaneously herewith, a cold comfort letter, addressed to the Underwriters and in form and substance satisfactory in all respects to the Representative from the Company Auditor dated, respectively, as of the date of this Agreement and a bring-down letter dated as of the Closing Date and each Option Closing Date, if any;
(v) On the Closing Date and on each Option Closing Date, the duly executed and delivered Officer’s Certificate, substantially in the form required by Exhibit C attached hereto;
(vi) On the Closing Date and on each Option Closing Date, the duly executed and delivered Secretary’s Certificate, substantially in the form required by Exhibit D attached hereto; and
(vii) Contemporaneously herewith, the duly executed and delivered Lock-Up Agreements.
2.4 Closing Conditions. The respective obligations of each Underwriter hereunder in connection with the Closing and each Option Closing Date are subject to the following conditions being met:
(i) the accuracy in all material respects when made and on the date in question (other than representations and warranties of the Company already qualified by materiality, which shall be true and correct in all respects) of the representations and warranties of the Company contained herein (unless as of a specific date therein);
(ii) all obligations, covenants and agreements of the Company required to be performed at or prior to the date in question shall have been performed;
(iii) the delivery by the Company of the items set forth in Section 2.3 of this Agreement;
(iv) the Registration Statement shall be effective on the date of this Agreement and at each of the Closing Date and each Option Closing Date, if any, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall have been issued and no proceedings for that purpose shall have been instituted or shall be pending or contemplated by the Commission and any request on the part of the Commission for additional information shall have been complied with to the reasonable satisfaction of the Representative;
(v) by the Execution Date, if required by FINRA, the Underwriters shall have received clearance from FINRA as to the amount of compensation allowable or payable to the Underwriters as described in the Registration Statement;
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(vi) the Closing Shares, the Option Shares and the Warrant Shares have been approved for listing on the Trading Market; and
(vii) prior to and on each of the Closing Date and each Option Closing Date, if any: (i) there shall have been no material adverse change or development involving a prospective material adverse change in the condition or prospects or the business activities, financial or otherwise, of the Company from the latest dates as of which such condition is set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Prospectus and Prospectus; (ii) no action suit or proceeding, at law or in equity, shall have been pending or threatened against the Company or any Affiliate of the Company before or by any court or federal or state commission, board or other administrative agency wherein an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding may materially adversely affect the business, operations, prospects or financial condition or income of the Company, except as set forth in the Registration Statement, Pricing Prospectus and Prospectus; (iii) no stop order shall have been issued under the Securities Act and no proceedings therefor shall have been initiated or threatened by the Commission; and (iv) the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto shall contain all material statements which are required to be stated therein in accordance with the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder and shall conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, and none of the Registration Statement, Pricing Prospectus, the Prospectus nor any amendment or supplement thereto shall contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
ARTICLE III.
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES
3.1 Representations and Warranties of the Company. Except as set forth in the Disclosure Schedules, which Disclosure Schedules shall be deemed a part hereof and shall qualify any representation made herein to the extent of the disclosure contained in the corresponding section of the Disclosure Schedules, the Company represents and warrants to the Underwriters as of the Execution Date, as of the Closing Date and as of each Option Closing Date, if any, as follows:
(a) Subsidiaries. All of the material direct and indirect Subsidiaries of the Company are set forth in the Registration Statement and Prospectus. The Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the capital stock or other equity interests of each Subsidiary free and clear of any Liens (except for those arising under any Credit Facility), and all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of each Subsidiary are validly issued and are fully paid, non-assessable and free of preemptive and similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities.
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(b) Organization and Qualification. The Company and each of the Subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business as currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in violation nor default of any of the provisions of its respective certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents. Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be, would not reasonably be expected to result in: (i) a material adverse effect on the legality, validity or enforceability of any Transaction Document, (ii) a material adverse effect on the results of operations, assets, business, prospects or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Company and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or (iii) a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to perform in any material respect on a timely basis its obligations under any Transaction Document (any of (i), (ii) or (iii), a “Material Adverse Effect”) and no Proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification.
(c) Authorization; Enforcement. The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents to which the Company is a party and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents by the Company and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part of the Company and no further action is required by the Company, the Board of Directors or the Company’s shareholders in connection herewith or therewith other than in connection with the Required Approvals. This Agreement and each other Transaction Document to which the Company is a party has been (or upon delivery will have been) duly executed by the Company and, when delivered in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof, will constitute the valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited by Applicable Law.
(d) No Conflicts. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents to which it is a party, the issuance and sale of the Securities and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby do not and will not (i) conflict with or violate any provision of the Company’s or any Subsidiary’s certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents, or (ii) conflict with, or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment, anti-dilution or similar adjustments (except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(d)), acceleration or cancellation (with or without notice, lapse of time or both) of, any agreement, Credit Facility, debt or other instrument (evidencing a Company or Subsidiary debt or otherwise) or other understanding to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by which any property or asset of the Company or any Subsidiary is bound or affected, or (iii) subject to the Required Approvals, conflict with or result in a violation of any Applicable Law or other restriction of any court or Governmental Authority to which the Company or a Subsidiary is subject (including federal and state securities laws and regulations), or by which any property or asset of the Company or a Subsidiary is bound or affected; except in the case of each of clauses (ii) and (iii), such as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.
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(e) Filings, Consents and Approvals. The Company is not required to obtain any consent, waiver, authorization or order of, give any notice to, or make any filing or registration with, any court or other federal, state, local or other governmental authority or other Person in connection with the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of the Transaction Documents, other than: (i) the filings required pursuant to this Agreement; (ii) the filing with the Commission of the Prospectus, (iii) notification(s) to each applicable Trading Market for the listing of the Shares and Warrant Shares for trading thereon, and (iv) such filings as are required to be made under applicable state securities laws (collectively, the “Required Approvals”).
(f) Registration Statement. The Company has filed with the Commission the Registration Statement, including any related Prospectus or Prospectuses, for the registration of the Securities under the Securities Act, which Registration Statement has been prepared by the Company in all material respects in conformity with the requirements of the Securities Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement has been declared effective by the Commission on [_____], 2025 (the “Effective Date”). The Company was at the time of the filing of the Registration Statement eligible to use Form F-1 and is eligible to use Form F-1 on the date hereof and on the Closing Date. The Company has advised the Representative of all further information (financial and other) with respect to the Company required to be set forth therein in the Registration Statement and Prospectus. Any reference in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein; and any reference in this Agreement to the terms “amend,” “amendment” or “supplement” with respect to the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing of any document under the Exchange Act after the date of this Agreement, or the issue date of the Prospectus as the case may be, deemed to be incorporated therein by reference. All references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information which is “contained,” “included,” “described,” “referenced,” “set forth” or “stated” in the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement (and all other references of like import) shall be deemed to mean and include all such financial statements and schedules and other information which is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, as the case may be. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the use of the Prospectus has been issued, and no proceeding for any such purpose is pending or has been initiated or, to the Company's knowledge, is threatened by the Commission. For purposes of this Agreement, “free writing prospectus” has the meaning set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. The Company will not, without the prior consent of the Representative, prepare, use or refer to, any free writing prospectus.
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(g) Issuance of Securities. The Securities are duly authorized and, when issued and paid for in accordance with the applicable Transaction Documents, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company. The Warrant Shares, when issued in accordance with the terms of the Warrants, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company. The Company has reserved from its duly authorized capital stock the maximum number of Common Shares issuable pursuant to this Agreement and the Warrants. No holder of the Securities will be subject to personal liability solely by reason of being such a holder. The Securities are not and will not be subject to the preemptive rights of any holders of any security of the Company or similar contractual rights granted by the Company. All corporate action required to be taken for the authorization, issuance and sale of the Securities has been duly and validly taken. The Securities conform in all material respects to all statements with respect thereto contained in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus.
(h) Capitalization. The capitalization of the Company as of the date hereof is as set forth on Schedule 3.1(h), which Schedule 3.1(h) shall also include the number of Common Shares owned beneficially, and of record, by Affiliates of the Company as of the date hereof. The Company has not issued any capital stock since its most recently filed registration statement under the Exchange Act. No Person has any right of first refusal, preemptive right, right of participation, or any similar right to participate in the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. Except as a result of the purchase and sale of the Securities and as set forth on Schedule 3.1(h), there are no outstanding options, warrants, scrip rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities, rights or obligations convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or giving any Person any right to subscribe for or acquire, any Common Shares or the capital stock of any Subsidiary, or contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to issue additional Common Shares or Common Share Equivalents or capital stock of any Subsidiary. The issuance and sale of the Securities will not obligate the Company or any Subsidiary to issue Common Shares or other securities to any Person. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(h), there are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary with any provision that adjusts the exercise, conversion, exchange or reset price of such security or instrument upon an issuance of securities by the Company or any Subsidiary. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(h), there are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary that contain any redemption or similar provisions, and there are no contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to redeem a security of the Company or such Subsidiary. The Company does not have any share appreciation rights or “phantom share” plans or agreements or any similar plan or agreement. All of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, have been issued in compliance with all federal and state securities laws, and none of such outstanding shares was issued in violation of any preemptive rights or similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities. The authorized shares of the Company conform in all material respects to all statements relating thereto contained in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus. The offers and sales of the Company’s securities were at all relevant times either registered under the Securities Act and the applicable state securities or Blue Sky laws or, based in part on the representations and warranties of the purchasers, exempt from such registration requirements. There are no shareholders agreements, voting agreements or other similar agreements with respect to the Company’s capital stock to which the Company is a party or, to the knowledge of the Company, between or among any of the Company’s shareholders.
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(i) SEC Reports; Financial Statements. The Company has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by the Company under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) thereof, for the two years preceding the date hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was required by law or regulation to file such material) (the foregoing materials, including the exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, together with the Registration Statement, Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus, being collectively referred to herein as the “SEC Reports”) on a timely basis or has received a valid extension of such time of filing and has filed any such SEC Reports prior to the expiration of any such extension. As of their respective dates, the SEC Reports complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, and none of the SEC Reports, when filed, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Company has never been an issuer subject to Rule 144(i) under the Securities Act. The financial statements of the Company included in the SEC Reports comply in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the rules and regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time of filing. Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved (“GAAP”), except as may be otherwise specified in such financial statements or the notes thereto and except that unaudited financial statements may not contain all footnotes required by GAAP, and fairly present in all material respects the financial position of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries as of and for the dates thereof and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods then ended, subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal, immaterial, year-end audit adjustments. The agreements and documents described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus conform in all material respects to the descriptions thereof contained therein and there are no agreements or other documents required by the Securities Act to be described in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus or to be filed with the Commission as exhibits to the Registration Statement, that have not been so described or filed. Each agreement or other instrument (however characterized or described) to which the Company is a party or by which it is or may be bound or affected and (i) that is referred to in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus, or (ii) is material to the Company’s business, has been duly authorized and validly executed by the Company, is in full force and effect in all material respects and is enforceable against the Company and, to the Company’s knowledge, the other parties thereto, in accordance with its terms, except (w) such agreements and other instruments that have terminated or expired in accordance with their terms, (x) as such enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent conveyance, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, (y) as enforceability of any indemnification or contribution provision may be limited under the federal and state securities laws, and (z) that the remedy of specific performance and injunctive and other forms of equitable relief may be subject to the equitable defenses and to the discretion of the court before which any proceeding therefore may be brought (regardless of whether enforcement is sought in a proceeding of law or in equity). None of such agreements or instruments has been assigned by the Company, and neither the Company nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any other party is in default thereunder and, to the Company’s knowledge, no event has occurred that, with the lapse of time or the giving of notice, or both, would constitute a default thereunder, except, in each case, for such default that would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. To the Company’s knowledge, performance by the Company of the material provisions of such agreements or instruments will not result in a violation of any existing Applicable Law or order or decree of any Governmental Authority or court, domestic or foreign, having jurisdiction over the Company or any of its assets or businesses, including, without limitation, those relating to environmental laws and regulations, except, in each case, for such violation that would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.
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(j) Material Changes; Undisclosed Events, Liabilities or Developments. Since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, except as specifically disclosed in a subsequent filing with the Commission, (i) there has been no event, occurrence or development that has had or that would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) the Company has not incurred any liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than (A) trade payables and accrued expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and (B) liabilities not required to be reflected in the Company’s financial statements pursuant to GAAP or disclosed in filings made with the Commission, (iii) the Company has not altered its method of accounting, (iv) the Company has not declared or made any dividend or distribution of cash or other property to its shareholders or purchased, redeemed or made any agreements to purchase or redeem any shares of its capital stock, (v) the Company has not issued any equity securities to any officer, director or Affiliate, except pursuant to any existing Company share option plans and (vi) no officer or director of the Company has resigned from any position with the Company. The Company does not have pending before the Commission any request for confidential treatment of information. Except for the issuance of the Securities contemplated by this Agreement, no event, liability, fact, circumstance, occurrence or development has occurred or exists or is reasonably expected to occur or exist with respect to the Company or its Subsidiaries or their respective businesses, prospects, properties, operations, assets or financial condition that would be required to be disclosed by the Company under applicable securities laws at the time this representation is made or deemed made that has not been publicly disclosed at least one (1) Trading Day prior to the date that this representation is made.
(k) Litigation. There is no action, suit, inquiry, notice of violation, proceeding or investigation pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company, any Subsidiary or any of their respective properties before or by any court, arbitrator, Governmental Authority (federal, state, county, local or foreign) (collectively, an “Action”) which (i) adversely affects or challenges the legality, validity or enforceability of any of the Transaction Documents or the Securities or (ii) would, if there were an unfavorable decision, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any director or officer thereof, is or has been the subject of any Action involving a claim of violation of or liability under federal or state securities laws or a claim of breach of fiduciary duty. There has not been, and to the knowledge of the Company, there is not pending or contemplated, any investigation by the Commission involving the Company or any current or former director or officer of the Company. The Commission has not issued any stop order or other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration statement filed by the Company or any Subsidiary under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.
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(l) Labor Relations. No labor dispute exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent with respect to any of the employees of the Company, which would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. To the knowledge of the Company, no executive officer of the Company or any Subsidiary, is, or is now expected to be, in violation of any material term of any employment contract, confidentiality, disclosure or proprietary information agreement or non-competition agreement, or any other contract or agreement or any restrictive covenant in favor of any third party, and the continued employment of each such executive officer does not subject the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to any liability with respect to any of the foregoing matters that would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with all Applicable Laws relating to employment and employment practices, terms and conditions of employment and wages and hours, except where the failure to be in compliance could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and each of the Subsidiaries (A) are in compliance, in all material respects, with all Applicable Laws (including pursuant to the Occupational Health and Safety Act or its foreign equivalents) relating to the protection of human health and safety in the workplace (“Occupational Laws”); (B) have received all required permits, licenses or other approvals required of it under applicable Occupational Laws to conduct its business as currently conducted, except where the failure to obtain such permits, licenses or other approvals would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect; and (C) are in compliance, in all material respects, with all terms and conditions of such required permits, licenses or other approvals. No action, proceeding, revocation proceeding, writ, injunction or claim is pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries relating to Occupational Laws, and the Company does not have knowledge of any facts, circumstances or developments relating to its operations or cost accounting practices that would reasonably be expected to form the basis for or give rise to such actions, suits, investigations or proceedings that would, if there were an unfavorable outcome, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.
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(m) Compliance. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in default under or in violation of (and no event has occurred that has not been waived that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would result in a default by the Company or any Subsidiary under), nor has the Company or any Subsidiary received notice of a claim that it is in default under or that it is in violation of, any indenture, loan or credit agreement or any other material agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or any of its properties is bound, except as would not have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.
(n) Environmental Laws. (a) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of any applicable international, national, state or local convention, law, regulation, order, governmental license, convention, treaty (including those promulgated by the International Maritime Organization) or other requirement relating to pollution or protection of human health or safety (as they relate to exposure to Materials of Environmental Concern (as defined below)) or protection of the environment (including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata) or protection of natural resources, including without limitation, conventions, laws or regulations relating to emissions, discharges, releases or threatened releases of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, wastes, toxic substances, hazardous substances, petroleum, petroleum products or other hydrocarbons (collectively, “Materials of Environmental Concern”), or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Materials of Environmental Concern (collectively, “Environmental Laws”), nor has the Company or any Subsidiary received any written communication, whether from a Governmental Authority, citizens group, employee or otherwise, that alleges that the Company or any such Subsidiary is in violation of any Environmental Law or governmental license required pursuant to Environmental Law; except, in each case, as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; (b) there is no claim, action or cause of action filed with a court or Governmental Authority and no investigation, or other action with respect to which the Company or any Subsidiary has received written notice alleging potential liability for investigatory costs, cleanup costs, governmental response costs, natural resources damages, property damages, personal injuries, attorneys' fees or penalties arising out of, based on or resulting from the presence, or release into the environment, of any Material of Environmental Concern at any location owned, leased or operated by the Company or any Subsidiary, now or in the past, or from any vessel owned, leased or operated by the Company or any Subsidiary, now or in the past (collectively, “Environmental Claim”), pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against the Company or any Subsidiary or any person or entity whose liability for any Environmental Claim the Company or any Subsidiary has retained or assumed either contractually or by operation of law, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; (c) to the knowledge of the Company, there are no past or present actions, activities, circumstances, conditions, events or incidents, including, without limitation, the release, emission, discharge, presence or disposal of any Material of Environmental Concern, that reasonably would be expected to result in a violation of any Environmental Law, require expenditures to be incurred pursuant to Environmental Law, or form the basis of an Environmental Claim against the Company, any Subsidiary or against any person or entity whose liability for any Environmental Claim the Company or any Subsidiary has retained or assumed either contractually or by operation of law, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect (for the avoidance of doubt, the operation of vessels in the ordinary course of business shall not be deemed, by itself, an action, activity, circumstance or condition set forth in this clause (c)); and (d) none of the Company or any Subsidiary is subject to any pending proceeding under Environmental Law to which a Governmental Authority is a party and which the Company reasonably believes is likely to result in monetary sanctions of $100,000 or more. The Company has reasonably concluded that any existing compliance and remediation costs and liabilities arising under Environmental Laws and resulting from the business, operations or properties of the Company or any Subsidiary would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. In the ordinary course of its business, the Company conducts a periodic review of the effect of Environmental Laws on the business, operations and properties of the Company and the Subsidiaries, in the course of which it identifies and evaluates associated costs and liabilities (including, without limitation, any capital or operating expenditures required for clean-up, closure of properties or compliance with Environmental Laws or any permit, license or approval, any related constraints on operating activities and any potential liabilities to third parties). No facts or circumstances have come to the Company's attention that could result in costs or liabilities that could be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect.
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(o) Regulatory Permits. The Company and the Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations and permits issued by the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign regulatory authorities necessary to conduct their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports, except where the failure to possess such permits could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect (“Material Permits”), and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any Material Permit.
(p) Title to Assets. The Company and the Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to, or have valid and marketable rights to lease or otherwise use, all real property and all personal property that is material to the business of the Company and the Subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all Liens except such as are described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and except for (i) any maritime Liens incurred in the ordinary course, including in connection with any Credit Facility (ii) Liens as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries and (iii) Liens for the payment of federal, state or other taxes, for which appropriate reserves have been made therefor in accordance with GAAP, and the payment of which is neither delinquent nor subject to penalties. Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and the Subsidiaries are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with which the Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance.
(q) Intellectual Property. The Company and the Subsidiaries have, or have rights to use, all patents, patent applications, trademarks, trademark applications, service marks, trade names, trade secrets, inventions, copyrights, licenses and other intellectual property rights and similar rights necessary or required for use in connection with their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and which the failure to do so could have a Material Adverse Effect (collectively, the “Intellectual Property Rights”). None of, and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received a notice (written or otherwise) that any of, the Intellectual Property Rights has expired, terminated or been abandoned, or is expected to expire or terminate or be abandoned, within two (2) years from the date of this Agreement, except where such action would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received, since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, a written notice of a claim or otherwise has any knowledge that the Intellectual Property Rights violate or infringe upon the rights of any Person, except as would not reasonably be expected to not have a Material Adverse Effect. To the knowledge of the Company, all such Intellectual Property Rights are enforceable and there is no existing infringement by another Person of any of the Intellectual Property Rights. The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken reasonable security measures to protect the secrecy, confidentiality and value of all of their Intellectual Property Rights, except where failure to do so would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
(r) Insurance. The Company and the Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such amounts as are prudent and customary in the businesses in which the Company and the Subsidiaries are engaged, including, but not limited to, directors and officers insurance coverage. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business without a material increase in cost.
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(s) Transactions With Affiliates and Employees. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(s), none of the officers or directors of the Company or any Subsidiary and, to the knowledge of the Company, none of the employees of the Company or any Subsidiary is presently a party to any transaction with the Company or any Subsidiary (other than for services as employees, officers and directors), including any contract, agreement or other arrangement providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing for rental of real or personal property to or from, providing for the borrowing of money from or lending of money to or otherwise requiring payments to or from, any officer, director or such employee or, to the knowledge of the Company, any entity in which any officer, director, or any such employee has a substantial interest or is an officer, director, trustee, shareholder, member or partner, in each case in excess of $120,000 other than for (i) payment of salary or consulting fees for services rendered, (ii) reimbursement for expenses incurred on behalf of the Company and (iii) other employee benefits, including share option agreements under any share option plan of the Company.
(t) Sarbanes-Oxley; Internal Accounting Controls. Solely to the extent that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, and the applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission thereunder have been applicable to the Company, there is, and has been, no failure on the part of the Company to comply in all material respects with any provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Company has taken all necessary actions to ensure that it is in compliance with all provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that are in effect and with which the Company is required to comply. (including Section 402 related to loans) and is actively taking steps to ensure that it will be in compliance with other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act not currently in effect or which will become applicable to the Company.
(u) Certain Fees. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus, no brokerage or finder’s fees or commissions are or will be payable by the Company, any Subsidiary or Affiliate of the Company to any broker, financial advisor or consultant, finder, placement agent, investment banker, bank or other Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. To the Company’s knowledge, there are no other arrangements, agreements or understandings of the Company or, to the Company’s knowledge, any of its shareholders that may affect the Placement Agent’s compensation, as determined by FINRA. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Pricing Prospectus and Prospectus, the Company has not made any direct or indirect payments (in cash, securities or otherwise) to: (i) any person, as a finder’s fee, consulting fee or otherwise, in consideration of such person raising capital for the Company or introducing to the Company persons who raised or provided capital to the Company with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents; (ii) any FINRA member participating in the Offering as defined in FINRA Rule 5110 (a “Participating Member”); or (iii) any person or entity that has any direct or indirect affiliation or association with any Participating Member, within the twelve (12) months prior to the date hereof. None of the net proceeds of the Offering will be paid by the Company to any Participating Member or its affiliates, except as specifically authorized herein.
(v) Investment Company. The Company is not, and is not an Affiliate of, and immediately after receipt of payment for the Securities will not be or be an Affiliate of, an “investment company” within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. The Company shall conduct its business in a manner so that it will not become required to register as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
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(w) Registration Rights. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(w), no Person has any right to cause the Company or any Subsidiary to effect the registration under the Securities Act of any securities of the Company or any Subsidiary.
(x) Listing and Maintenance Requirements. The Common Shares are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or which to its knowledge is likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Shares under the Exchange Act nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission is contemplating terminating such registration. The Company has not, in the 12 months preceding the date hereof, received notice from any Trading Market on which the Common Shares are or have been listed or quoted to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of such Trading Market. The Company is, and has no reason to believe that it will not in the foreseeable future continue to be, in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements. The Common Shares are currently eligible for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation and the Company is current in payment of the fees to the Depository Trust Company (or such other established clearing corporation) in connection with such electronic transfer.
(y) Intentionally Omitted.
(z) Disclosure; 10b-5. The Registration Statement (and any further documents to be filed with the Commission) contains all exhibits and schedules as required by the Securities Act. Each of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, if any, at the time it became effective, complied in all material respects with the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and the applicable rules and regulations under the Securities Act and did not and, as amended or supplemented, if applicable, will not, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The Registration Statement, Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus, each as of its respective date, comply in all material respects with the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and the applicable rules and regulations. Each of the Registration Statement, Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, did not and will not contain as of the date thereof any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The SEC Reports, when they were filed with the Commission, conformed in all material respects to the requirements of the Exchange Act and the applicable rules and regulations, and none of such documents, when they were filed with the Commission, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein (with respect to the SEC Reports incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, Pricing Prospectus or Prospectus), in light of the circumstances under which they were made not misleading; and any further documents so filed and incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, Pricing Prospectus or Prospectus, when such documents are filed with the Commission, will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Exchange Act and the applicable rules and regulations, as applicable, and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made not misleading. No post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement reflecting any facts or events arising after the date thereof which represent, individually or in the aggregate, a fundamental change in the information set forth therein is required to be filed with the Commission. There are no documents required to be filed with the Commission in connection with the transaction contemplated hereby that (x) have not been filed as required pursuant to the Securities Act or (y) will not be filed within the requisite time period. There are no contracts or other documents required to be described in the Pricing Prospectus, Prospectus, or to be filed as exhibits or schedules to the Registration Statement, which have not been described or filed as required.
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(aa) No Integrated Offering. Neither the Company, nor any of its Affiliates, nor any Person acting on its or their behalf has, directly or indirectly, made any offers or sales of any security or solicited any offers to buy any security, under circumstances that would cause this offering of the Securities to be integrated with prior offerings by the Company for purposes of any applicable shareholder approval provisions of any Trading Market on which any of the securities of the Company are listed or designated.
(bb) Solvency. Based on the consolidated financial condition of the Company as of the Closing Date, after giving effect to the receipt by the Company of the proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder, (i) the fair saleable value of the Company’s assets exceeds the amount that will be required to be paid on or in respect of the Company’s existing debts and other liabilities (including known contingent liabilities) as they mature, (ii) the Company’s assets do not constitute unreasonably small capital to carry on its business as now conducted and as proposed to be conducted including its capital needs taking into account the particular capital requirements of the business conducted by the Company, consolidated and projected capital requirements and capital availability thereof as such matters are described in the Registration Statement, and (iii) the current cash flow of the Company, together with the proceeds the Company would receive, were it to liquidate all of its assets, after taking into account all anticipated uses of the cash, would be sufficient to pay all amounts on or in respect of its liabilities when such amounts are required to be paid. The Company does not intend to incur debts beyond its ability to pay such debts as they mature (taking into account the timing and amounts of cash to be payable on or in respect of its debt). The Company has no knowledge of any facts or circumstances which lead it to believe that it will file for reorganization or liquidation under the bankruptcy or reorganization laws of any jurisdiction within one year from the Closing Date. The Registration Statement sets forth as of the date hereof all outstanding secured and unsecured Indebtedness of the Company or any Subsidiary. For the purposes of this Agreement, “Indebtedness” means (x) any liabilities for borrowed money or amounts owed in excess of $100,000 (other than trade accounts payable incurred in the ordinary course of business), (y) all guaranties, endorsements and other contingent obligations in respect of indebtedness of others, whether or not the same are or should be reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet (or the notes thereto), except guaranties by endorsement of negotiable instruments for deposit or collection or similar transactions in the ordinary course of business; and (z) the present value of any lease payments in excess of $100,000 due under leases required to be capitalized in accordance with GAAP. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in default with respect to any Indebtedness that would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.
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(cc) Tax Status. Except for matters that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and its Subsidiaries each (i) has made or filed all United States federal, state and local income and all foreign income and franchise tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii) has paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns, reports and declarations and (iii) has set aside on its books provision reasonably adequate for the payment of all material taxes for periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material amount claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and the officers of the Company or of any Subsidiary know of no basis for any such claim. The provisions for taxes payable, if any, shown on the financial statements filed with or as part of the Registration Statement are sufficient for all accrued and unpaid taxes, whether or not disputed, and for all periods to and including the dates of such consolidated financial statements. The term “taxes” mean all federal, state, local, foreign, and other net income, gross income, gross receipts, sales, use, ad valorem, transfer, franchise, profits, license, lease, service, service use, withholding, payroll, employment, excise, severance, stamp, occupation, premium, property, windfall profits, customs, duties or other taxes, fees, assessments, or charges of any kind whatsoever, together with any interest and any penalties, additions to tax, or additional amounts with respect thereto. The term “returns” means all returns, declarations, reports, statements, and other documents required to be filed in respect to taxes.
(dd) Foreign Corrupt Practices. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary, any agent or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary, has (i) directly or indirectly, used any funds for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses related to foreign or domestic political activity, (ii) made any unlawful payment to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to any foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate funds, (iii) failed to disclose fully any contribution made by the Company or any Subsidiary (or made by any person acting on its behalf of which the Company is aware) which is in violation of Applicable Law, or (iv) violated in any material respect any provision of the FCPA or any foreign equivalent.
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(ee) Accountants. To Company’s accounting firm is set forth in the Pricing Prospectus and Prospectus. To the knowledge and belief of the Company, such accounting firm (i) is an independent registered public accounting firm as required by the Exchange Act and (ii) shall express its opinion with respect to the financial statements to be included in the Company’s Annual Report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025.
(ff) Reserved.
(gg) Share Option Plans. The Company has no outstanding stock options granted under any equity incentive plan or otherwise as compensation to its directors and officers.
(hh) Office of Foreign Assets Control. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary nor, to the Company's knowledge, any director, officer, agent, employee or affiliate of the Company or any Subsidiary is currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department.
(ii) U.S. Real Property Holding Corporation. The Company is not and has never been a U.S. real property holding corporation within the meaning of Section 897 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Company shall so certify upon the Representative’s request.
(jj) Bank Holding Company Act. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates is subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”) and to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly, five percent (5%) or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities or twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the total equity of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve.
(kk) Money Laundering. The operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial record-keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, applicable money laundering statutes and applicable rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Money Laundering Laws”), and no Action or Proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any Subsidiary with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary, threatened.
(ll) D&O Questionnaires. To the Company’s knowledge, all information contained in the questionnaires completed by each of the Company’s directors and officers prior to the Offering and in the Lock-Up Agreement provided to the Underwriters is true and correct in all respects and the Company has not become aware of any information which would cause the information disclosed in such questionnaires become inaccurate and incorrect.
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(mm) FINRA Affiliation. No officer, director or any beneficial owner of 5% or more of the Company’s unregistered securities has any direct or indirect affiliation or association with any FINRA member (as determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of FINRA) that is participating in the Offering. The Company will advise the Representative and EGS if it learns that any officer, director or owner of 5% or more of the Company’s outstanding Common Shares or Common Share Equivalents is or becomes an affiliate or associated person of a FINRA member firm.
(nn) Officers’ Certificate. Any certificate signed by any duly authorized officer of the Company and delivered to the Representative or EGS shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company to the Underwriters as to the matters covered thereby.
(oo) Board of Directors. The Board of Directors is comprised of the persons set forth under the heading of the Prospectus captioned “Management.” The qualifications of the persons serving as board members and the overall composition of the Board of Directors comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules promulgated thereunder applicable to the Company and the rules of the Trading Market. In addition, at least a majority of the persons serving on the Board of Directors qualify as “independent” as defined under the rules of the Trading Market.
(pp) Cybersecurity. To the Company’s knowledge, there has been no material security breach or other compromise of or relating to any of the Company’s or any Subsidiary’s information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data (including the data of their respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by them or on their behalf), equipment or technology (collectively, “IT Systems and Data”) and (y) the Company and the Subsidiaries have not been notified of, and have no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in, any material security breach or other compromise to its IT Systems and Data; (ii) the Company and the Subsidiaries are presently in compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; (iii) the Company and the Subsidiaries have implemented and maintained commercially reasonable safeguards for companies similarly situated to maintain and protect its material confidential information and the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security of all IT Systems and Data; and (iv) the Company and the Subsidiaries have implemented commercially reasonable backup and disaster recovery technology consistent with industry standards and practices for companies similarly situated
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(qq) Compliance with Data Privacy Laws. (i) The Company and the Subsidiaries are, and at all times during the last three (3) years were, in compliance in all material respects with all applicable state, federal and foreign data privacy and security laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) (EU 2016/679) (collectively, “Privacy Laws”); (ii) the Company and the Subsidiaries have in place, comply with, and take appropriate steps reasonably designed to ensure compliance in all material respects with their policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling and analysis of Personal Data (as defined below) (the “Policies”); (iii) the Company provides accurate notice of its applicable Policies to its customers, employees, third party vendors and representatives as required by the Privacy Laws; and (iv) applicable Policies provide accurate and sufficient notice of the Company’s then-current privacy practices relating to its subject matter, and do not contain any material omissions of the Company’s then-current privacy practices, as required by Privacy Laws. “Personal Data” means (i) a natural person’s name, street address, telephone number, email address, photograph, social security number, bank information, or customer or account number; (ii) any information which would qualify as “personally identifying information” under the Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended; (iii) “personal data” as defined by GDPR; and (iv) any other piece of information that allows the identification of such natural person, or his or her family, or permits the collection or analysis of any identifiable data related to an identified person’s health or sexual orientation. (i) None of such disclosures made or contained in any of the Policies have been inaccurate, misleading, or deceptive in violation of any Privacy Laws and (ii) the execution, delivery and performance of the Transaction Documents will not result in a breach of any Privacy Laws or Policies, except, in each case, as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor the Subsidiaries (i) to the knowledge of the Company, has received written notice of any actual or potential liability of the Company or the Subsidiaries under, or actual or potential violation by the Company or the Subsidiaries of, any of the Privacy Laws; (ii) is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation or other corrective action pursuant to any regulatory request or demand pursuant to any Privacy Law; or (iii) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement by or with any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority that imposed any obligation or liability under any Privacy Law, except, in each case, as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.
(rr) Maritime Representations.
(i) The vessels described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as being owned by the Company or a Subsidiary as described therein (the “Owned Vessels”) has been duly and validly registered in the name of a Subsidiary under the laws and regulations and flag of the nation of its registration; no other action is necessary to establish and perfect such entity’s title to and interest in the Owned Vessels as against any third party; and the Owned Vessels are owned directly by such Subsidiary free and clear of all Liens, except for any maritime Liens incurred in the ordinary course and except such as are described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. Such Subsidiary has good title to the Owned Vessels, free and clear of all Liens and all defects of the title of record except for any maritime Liens incurred in the ordinary course, as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.
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(ii) Except as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to any memorandum of agreement or option agreement to purchase any vessels.
(iii) No vessel is currently being built for the Company or any Subsidiary.
(iv) The Owned Vessels are in good standing with respect to the payment of past and current taxes, fees and other amounts payable under the laws of the jurisdiction in which it is registered, except where such lien or defect of title or record would not result in a Material Adverse Effect.
(v) The Owned Vessels are operated in compliance with the rules, codes of practice, conventions, protocols, guidelines or similar requirements or restrictions imposed, published or promulgated by any Governmental Authority, classification society or insurer applicable to the Owned Vessel (collectively, “Maritime Guidelines”) and all applicable international, national, state and local conventions, laws, regulations, orders, governmental licenses and other requirements (including, without limitation, all Environmental Laws), in each case as in effect on the date hereof, except where such failure to be in compliance would not result in a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and the applicable Subsidiary are qualified to own or lease, as the case may be, and operate the Owned Vessel under all applicable international, national, state and local conventions, laws, regulations, orders, governmental licenses and other requirements (including, without limitation, all Environmental Laws) and Maritime Guidelines, including the laws, regulations and orders of each such vessel’s flag state, in each case as in effect on the date hereof, except where such failure to be so qualified would not result in a Material Adverse Effect.
(vi) The Owned Vessels are classed by a classification society which is a full member of the International Association of Classification Societies and the Owned Vessels are in class with valid class and trading certificates, without any overdue recommendations, in each case based on the classification and certification requirements in effect on the date hereof.
(ss) Foreign Private Issuer. The Company is a “foreign private issuer” as defined in Rule 405 promulgated under the Securities Act.
(tt) Consent to Jurisdiction. The Company has the power to submit, and pursuant to this Agreement has legally, validly, effectively and irrevocably submitted, to the jurisdiction of any federal or state court in the State of New York, County of New York, and has the power to designate, appoint and empower, and pursuant to this Agreement has legally, validly and effectively designated, appointed and empowered, an agent for service of process in any suit or proceeding based on or arising under this Agreement in any federal or state court in the State of New York.
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ARTICLE IV.
OTHER AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES
4.1 Amendments to Registration Statement. The Company has delivered, or will as promptly as practicable deliver, to the Underwriters complete conformed copies of the Registration Statement and of each consent and certificate of experts, as applicable, filed as a part thereof, and conformed copies of the Registration Statement (without exhibits), the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, in such quantities and at such places as an Underwriter reasonably requests. Neither the Company nor any of its directors and officers has distributed and none of them will distribute, prior to the Closing Date, any offering material in connection with the offering and sale of the Securities other than the Pricing Prospectus, the Prospectus, the Registration Statement, and copies of the documents incorporated by reference therein. The Company shall not file any such amendment or supplement to which the Representative shall reasonably object in writing.
4.2 Federal Securities Laws.
(a) Compliance. During the time when a Prospectus is required to be delivered under the Securities Act, the Company will use its best efforts to comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder and the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, as from time to time in force, so far as necessary to permit the continuance of sales of or dealings in the Securities in accordance with the provisions hereof and the Prospectus. If at any time when a Prospectus relating to the Securities is required to be delivered under the Securities Act, any event shall have occurred as a result of which, in the opinion of counsel for the Company or counsel for the Underwriters, the Prospectus, as then amended or supplemented, includes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or if it is necessary at any time to amend the Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company will notify the Underwriters promptly and prepare and file with the Commission, subject to Section 4.1 hereof, an appropriate amendment or supplement in accordance with Section 10 of the Securities Act.
(b) Filing of Final Prospectus. The Company will file the Prospectus (in form and substance satisfactory to the Representative) with the Commission pursuant to the requirements of Rule 424.
(c) Exchange Act Registration. For a period of three years from the Execution Date, the Company will use its commercially reasonable best efforts to maintain the registration of the Common Shares under the Exchange Act. The Company will not deregister the Common Shares under the Exchange Act without the prior written consent of the Representative.
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(d) Free Writing Prospectuses. The Company represents and agrees that it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Securities that would constitute an issuer free writing prospectus, as defined in Rule 433 of the rules and regulations under the Securities Act, without the prior written consent of the Representative. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Representative is herein referred to as a “Permitted Free Writing Prospectus.” The Company represents that it will treat each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an “issuer free writing prospectus” as defined in rule and regulations under the Securities Act, and has complied and will comply with the applicable requirements of Rule 433 of the Securities Act, including timely Commission filing where required, legending and record keeping.
4.3 Delivery to the Underwriters of Prospectuses. The Company will deliver to the Underwriters, without charge, from time to time during the period when the Prospectus is required to be delivered under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act such number of copies of each Prospectus as the Underwriters may reasonably request and, if requested, as soon as the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplement thereto becomes effective, deliver to the Representative two original executed Registration Statements, including exhibits, and all post-effective amendments thereto and copies of all exhibits filed therewith or incorporated therein by reference and all original executed consents of certified experts.
4.4 Effectiveness and Events Requiring Notice to the Underwriters. The Company will use its commercially reasonable best efforts to cause the Registration Statement to remain effective with a current prospectus until the earlier of nine (9) months from the Execution Date and the date on which the Warrants are no longer outstanding, and will notify the Underwriters and holders of the Warrants immediately and confirm the notice in writing: (i) of the effectiveness of the Registration Statement and any amendment thereto; (ii) of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order or of the initiation, or the threatening, of any proceeding for that purpose; (iii) of the issuance by any state securities commission of any proceedings for the suspension of the qualification of the Securities for offering or sale in any jurisdiction or of the initiation, or the threatening, of any proceeding for that purpose; (iv) of the mailing and delivery to the Commission for filing of any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus; (v) of the receipt of any comments or request for any additional information from the Commission; and (vi) of the happening of any event during the period described in this Section 4.4 that, in the judgment of the Company, makes any statement of a material fact made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus untrue or that requires the making of any changes in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. If the Commission or any state securities commission shall enter a stop order or suspend such qualification at any time, the Company will make every reasonable effort to obtain promptly the lifting of such order.
4.5 Reserved.
4.6 Expenses of the Offering.
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(a) General Expenses Related to the Offering. The Company hereby agrees to pay on each of the Closing Date and each Option Closing Date, if any, to the extent not paid at the Closing Date, all expenses incident to the performance of the obligations of the Company under this Agreement, including, but not limited to: (a) all filing fees and communication expenses relating to the registration of the Public Shares to be sold in the Offering (including the Option Shares) with the Commission; (b) all FINRA Public Offering Filing System fees associated with the review of the Offering by FINRA; all fees and expenses relating to the listing of such Closing Shares and Option Shares on the Trading Market and such other stock exchanges as the Company and the Representative together determine; (c) all fees, expenses and disbursements relating to the registration or qualification of such Public Shares under the “blue sky” securities laws of such states and other foreign jurisdictions as the Representative may reasonably designate (including, without limitation, all filing and registration fees, and the fees and expenses of Blue Sky counsel, if applicable); (d) the costs of all mailing and printing of The Registration Statements, Prospectuses and all amendments, supplements and exhibits thereto and as many preliminary and final Prospectuses as the Representative may reasonably deem necessary; (e) the costs and expenses of the Company’s public relations firm; (f) the costs of preparing, printing and delivering the Public Shares; (g) fees and expenses of the Transfer Agent for the Public Shares (including, without limitation, any fees required for same-day processing of any instruction letter delivered by the Company); (h) share transfer and/or stamp taxes, if any, payable upon the transfer of securities from the Company to the Underwriters; (i) the fees and expenses of the Company’s accountants; (j) the fees and expenses of the Company’s legal counsel and other agents and representatives; (k) all fees, expenses and disbursements relating to background checks of the Company’s officers and directors; (l) the fees and expenses for the Underwriters’ use of i-Deal’s book-building, prospectus tracking and compliance software (or other similar software) for the Offering; and (m) the fees and expenses for the Underwriters’ actual and documented reasonably incurred “road show” expenses for the Offering. The Underwriters may also deduct from the net proceeds of the Offering payable to the Company on the Closing Date, or each Option Closing Date, if any, the expenses set forth herein to be paid by the Company to the Underwriters.
(b) Expenses of the Representative. The Company further agrees that, in addition to the expenses payable pursuant to Section 4.6(a), on the Closing Date it will reimburse the Representative up to $90,000 (less any advance paid by the Company to the Representative) for its legal fees, costs and expenses related to the Offering by deduction from the proceeds of the Offering contemplated herein.
4.7 Application of Net Proceeds. The Company will apply the net proceeds from the Offering received by it in a manner consistent with the application described under the caption “Use of Proceeds” in the Prospectus.
4.8 Delivery of Earnings Statements to Security Holders. The Company will make generally available to its security holders as soon as practicable, but not later than the first day of the fifteenth full calendar month following the Execution Date, an earnings statement (which need not be certified by independent public or independent certified public accountants unless required by the Securities Act or the Rules and Regulations under the Securities Act, but which shall satisfy the provisions of Rule 158(a) under Section 11(a) of the Securities Act) covering a period of at least twelve consecutive months beginning after the Execution Date.
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4.9 Stabilization. Neither the Company, nor, to its knowledge, any of its employees, directors or shareholders (without the consent of the Representative) has taken or will take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that has constituted or that might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, under the Exchange Act, or otherwise, stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Securities.
4.10 Internal Controls. The Company will maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that: (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary in order to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and to maintain accountability for assets; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences.
4.11 Accountants. The Company shall continue to retain a nationally recognized independent certified public accounting firm for a period of at least three years after the Execution Date. The Underwriters acknowledge that the Company Auditor is acceptable to the Underwriters.
4.12 FINRA. The Company shall advise the Underwriters (who shall make an appropriate filing with FINRA) if it is aware that any 5% or greater shareholder of the Company becomes an affiliate or associated person of an Underwriter prior to the earlier of the termination of this Agreement or the 60-day period after the Effective Date.
4.13 No Fiduciary Duties. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Underwriters’ responsibility to the Company is solely contractual and commercial in nature, based on arms-length negotiations and that neither the Underwriters nor their affiliates or any selected dealer shall be deemed to be acting in a fiduciary capacity, or otherwise owes any fiduciary duty to the Company or any of its affiliates in connection with the Offering and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, the Company acknowledges that the Underwriters may have financial interests in the success of the Offering that are not limited to the difference between the price to the public and the purchase price paid to the Company by the Underwriters for the shares and the Underwriters have no obligation to disclose, or account to the Company for, any of such additional financial interests. The Company hereby waives and releases, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims that the Company may have against the Underwriters with respect to any breach or alleged breach of fiduciary duty.
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4.14 Warrant Shares. If all or any portion of a Warrant is exercised at a time when there is an effective registration statement to cover the issuance of the Warrant Shares or if the Warrant is exercised via cashless exercise, the Warrant Shares issued pursuant to any such exercise shall be issued free of all restrictive legends. If at any time following the date hereof the Registration Statement (or any subsequent registration statement registering the sale or resale of the Warrant Shares) is not effective or is not otherwise available for the sale of the Warrant Shares, the Company shall immediately notify the holders of the Warrants in writing that such registration statement is not then effective or available and thereafter shall promptly notify such holders when the registration statement is effective and available again for the sale of the Warrant Shares (it being understood and agreed that the foregoing shall not limit the ability of the Company to issue, or any holder thereof to sell, any of the Warrant Shares in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws).
4.15 Board Composition and Board Designations. The Company shall ensure that: (i) the qualifications of the persons serving as board members and the overall composition of the Board of Directors comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules promulgated thereunder and with the listing requirements of the Trading Market and (ii) to the extent required by the Trading Market, at least one member of the Board of Directors qualifies as a “financial expert” as such term is defined under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules promulgated thereunder.
4.16 Securities Laws Disclosure; Publicity. At the request of the Representative, by [9:00 a.m.] (New York City time) on the date immediately following the date hereof, the Company shall issue a press release disclosing the material terms of the Offering. The Company and the Representative shall consult with each other in issuing any other press releases with respect to the Offering, and neither the Company nor any Underwriter shall issue any such press release nor otherwise make any such public statement without the prior consent of the Company, with respect to any press release of such Underwriter, or without the prior consent of such Underwriter, with respect to any press release of the Company, which consent shall not unreasonably be withheld or delayed, except if such disclosure is required by law, in which case the disclosing party shall promptly provide the other party with prior notice of such public statement or communication. The Company will not issue press releases or engage in any other publicity, without the Representative’s prior written consent, for a period ending at 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the first business day following the 45th day following the Closing Date, other than normal and customary releases issued in the ordinary course of the Company’s business.
4.17 Shareholder Rights Plan. No claim will be made or enforced by the Company or, with the consent of the Company, any other Person, that any Underwriter of the Securities is an “Acquiring Person” under any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or similar anti-takeover plan or arrangement in effect or hereafter adopted by the Company, or that any Underwriter of Securities could be deemed to trigger the provisions of any such plan or arrangement, by virtue of receiving Securities.
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4.18 Reservation of Common Shares. As of the date hereof, the Company has reserved and the Company shall continue to reserve and keep available at all times, free of preemptive rights, a sufficient number of Common Shares for the purpose of enabling the Company to issue Option Shares pursuant to the Option and Warrant Shares pursuant to any exercise of the Warrants.
4.19 Listing of Common Shares. The Company hereby agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain the listing or quotation of the Common Shares on the Trading Market on which it is currently listed, and prior to the Closing, the Company shall apply to list or quote all of the Closing Shares, Option Shares and Warrant Shares on such Trading Market and promptly secure the listing of all of the Closing Shares, Option Shares and Warrant Shares on such Trading Market. The Company further agrees, if the Company applies to have the Common Shares traded on any other Trading Market, it will then include in such application all of the Closing Shares, Option Shares and Warrant Shares, and will take such other action as is necessary to cause all of the Closing Shares, Option Shares and Warrant Shares to be listed or quoted on such other Trading Market as promptly as possible. The Company will then use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain the listing or quotation of the Common Shares on such other Trading Market and to comply in all respects with the Company’s reporting, filing and other obligations under the bylaws or rules of such other Trading Market. The Company agrees to maintain the eligibility of the Common Shares for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation, including, without limitation, by timely payment of fees to the Depository Trust Company or such other established clearing corporation in connection with such electronic transfer.
4.20 Tail Financing Payments. Upon Closing or if the Closing of the Offering does not occur prior to the end of the Representative’s Engagement Period (as defined in the Engagement Agreement) (other than a termination for Cause (as defined in the Engagement Agreement)), then if within twelve (12) months following such time, the Company completes any financing of equity, equity-linked, convertible or debt or other capital-raising activity with, or receives any proceeds from, any investors the Representative contacted or introduced to the Company, then the Company shall pay to the Representative upon closing of such financing or receipt of such proceeds the cash and warrant compensation as described herein, in each case only with respect to the portion of such proceeds received from such investors. Upon written request of the Company, the Representative shall provide a list of such investors to the Company within five (5) Business Days of such request.
4.21 Subsequent Equity Sales.
(a) From the date hereof until fifteen (15) days after the Closing Date, neither the Company nor any Subsidiary shall (i) issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any Common Shares or Common Share Equivalents or (ii) file any registration statement or amendment or supplement thereto, other than the Prospectus, or filing a registration statement on Form S-8 in connection with any employee benefit plan.
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(b) From the date hereof until fifteen (15) days after the Closing Date, the Company shall be prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any issuance by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries of Common Shares or Common Share Equivalents (or a combination of units thereof) involving a Variable Rate Transaction. “Variable Rate Transaction” means a transaction entered into after the date hereof in which the Company (i) issues or sells any debt or equity securities that are convertible into, exchangeable or exercisable for, or include the right to receive additional Common Shares either (A) at a conversion price, exercise price or exchange rate or other price that is based upon and/or varies with the trading prices of or quotations for the Common Shares at any time after the initial issuance of such debt or equity securities, or (B) with a conversion, exercise or exchange price that is subject to being reset at some future date after the initial issuance of such debt or equity security or upon the occurrence of specified or contingent events directly or indirectly related to the business of the Company or the market for the Common Shares or (ii) enters into, or effects a transaction under, any agreement, including, but not limited to, an equity line of credit or an “at-the-market offering”, whereby the Company may issue securities at a future determined price regardless of whether shares pursuant to such agreement have actually been issued and regardless of whether such agreement is subsequently canceled.
(c) Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Section 4.21 shall not apply in respect of an Exempt Issuance, except that no Variable Rate Transaction shall be an Exempt Issuance.
4.22 Research Independence. The Company acknowledges that each Underwriter’s research analysts and research departments, if any, are required to be independent from their respective investment banking divisions and are subject to certain regulations and internal policies, and that such Underwriter’s research analysts may hold and make statements or investment recommendations and/or publish research reports with respect to the Company and/or the offering that differ from the views of its investment bankers. The Company hereby waives and releases, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims that the Company may have against such Underwriter with respect to any conflict of interest that may arise from the fact that the views expressed by their independent research analysts and research departments may be different from or inconsistent with the views or advice communicated to the Company by such Underwriter’s investment banking divisions. The Company acknowledges that the Representative is a full service securities firm and as such from time to time, subject to applicable securities laws, may effect transactions for its own account or the account of its customers and hold long or short position in debt or equity securities of the Company.
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ARTICLE V.
DEFAULT BY UNDERWRITERS
If on the Closing Date or any Option Closing Date, if any, any Underwriter shall fail to purchase and pay for the portion of the Closing Securities or Option Securities, as the case may be, which such Underwriter has agreed to purchase and pay for on such date (otherwise than by reason of any default on the part of the Company), the Representative, or if the Representative is the defaulting Underwriter, the non-defaulting Underwriters, shall use their reasonable efforts to procure within 36 hours thereafter one or more of the other Underwriters, or any others, to purchase from the Company such amounts as may be agreed upon and upon the terms set forth herein, the Closing Securities or Option Securities , as the case may be, which the defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters failed to purchase. If during such 36 hours the Representative shall not have procured such other Underwriters, or any others, to purchase the Closing Securities or Option Securities, as the case may be, agreed to be purchased by the defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters, then (a) if the aggregate number of Closing Securities or Option Securities, as the case may be, with respect to which such default shall occur does not exceed 10% of the Closing Securities or Option Securities, as the case may be, covered hereby, the other Underwriters shall be obligated, severally, in proportion to the respective numbers of Closing Securities or Option Securities, as the case may be, which they are obligated to purchase hereunder, to purchase the Closing Securities or Option Securities, as the case may be, which such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters failed to purchase, or (b) if the aggregate number of Closing Securities or Option Securities, as the case may be, with respect to which such default shall occur exceeds 10% of the Closing Securities or Option Securities, as the case may be, covered hereby, the Company or the Representative will have the right to terminate this Agreement without liability on the part of the non-defaulting Underwriters or of the Company except to the extent provided in Article VI hereof. In the event of a default by any Underwriter or Underwriters, as set forth in this Article V, the applicable Closing Date may be postponed for such period, not exceeding seven days, as the Representative, or if the Representative is the defaulting Underwriter, the non-defaulting Underwriters, may determine in order that the required changes in the Prospectus or in any other documents or arrangements may be effected. The term “Underwriter” includes any Person substituted for a defaulting Underwriter. Any action taken under this Section shall not relieve any defaulting Underwriter from liability in respect of any default of such Underwriter under this Agreement.
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ARTICLE VI.
INDEMNIFICATION
6.1 Indemnification of the Underwriters. Subject to the conditions set forth below, the Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Underwriters, and each dealer selected by each Underwriter that participates in the offer and sale of the Securities (each a “Selected Dealer”) and each of their respective directors, officers and employees and each Person, if any, who controls such Underwriter or any Selected Dealer (“Controlling Person”) within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever (including but not limited to any and all legal or other expenses reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever, whether arising out of any action between such Underwriter and the Company or between such Underwriter and any third party or otherwise) to which they or any of them may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or any other statute or at common law or otherwise or under the laws of foreign countries, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in (i) any Preliminary Prospectus, if any, the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (as from time to time each may be amended and supplemented); (ii) any materials or information provided to investors by, or with the approval of, the Company in connection with the marketing of the offering of the Securities, including any “road show” or investor presentations made to investors by the Company (whether in person or electronically); or (iii) any application or other document or written communication (in this Article VI, collectively called “application”) executed by the Company or based upon written information furnished by the Company in any jurisdiction in order to qualify the Securities under the securities laws thereof or filed with the Commission, any state securities commission or agency, Trading Market or any securities exchange; or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, unless such statement or omission was made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company with respect to the applicable Underwriter by or on behalf of such Underwriter expressly for use in any Preliminary Prospectus, if any, the Registration Statement or Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, or in any application, as the case may be. With respect to any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in the Preliminary Prospectus, if any, the indemnity agreement contained in this Section 6.1 shall not inure to the benefit of an Underwriter to the extent that any loss, liability, claim, damage or expense of such Underwriter results from the fact that a copy of the Prospectus was not given or sent to the Person asserting any such loss, liability, claim or damage at or prior to the written confirmation of sale of the Securities to such Person as required by the Securities Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, and if the untrue statement or omission has been corrected in the Prospectus, unless such failure to deliver the Prospectus was a result of non-compliance by the Company with its obligations under this Agreement. The Company agrees promptly to notify each Underwriter of the commencement of any litigation or proceedings against the Company or any of its officers, directors or Controlling Persons in connection with the issue and sale of the Public Securities or in connection with the Registration Statement or Prospectus.
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6.2 Procedure. If any action is brought against an Underwriter, a Selected Dealer or a Controlling Person in respect of which indemnity may be sought against the Company pursuant to Section 6.1, such Underwriter, such Selected Dealer or Controlling Person, as the case may be, shall promptly notify the Company in writing of the institution of such action and the Company shall assume the defense of such action, including the employment and fees of counsel (subject to the reasonable approval of such Underwriter or such Selected Dealer, as the case may be) and payment of actual expenses. Such Underwriter, such Selected Dealer or Controlling Person shall have the right to employ its or their own counsel in any such case, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such Underwriter, such Selected Dealer or Controlling Person unless (i) the employment of such counsel at the expense of the Company shall have been authorized in writing by the Company in connection with the defense of such action, or (ii) the Company shall not have employed counsel to have charge of the defense of such action, or (iii) such indemnified party or parties shall have reasonably concluded that there may be defenses available to it or them which are different from or additional to those available to the Company (in which case the Company shall not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party or parties), in any of which events the reasonable fees and expenses of not more than one additional firm of attorneys selected by such Underwriter (in addition to local counsel), Selected Dealer and/or Controlling Person shall be borne by the Company. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, if any Underwriter, Selected Dealer or Controlling Person shall assume the defense of such action as provided above, the Company shall have the right to approve the terms of any settlement of such action which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld.
6.3 Indemnification of the Company. Each Underwriter severally and not jointly agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, its directors, officers and employees and agents who control the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the foregoing indemnity from the Company to such Underwriter, as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions made in any Preliminary Prospectus, if any, the Registration Statement or Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto or in any application, in reliance upon, and in strict conformity with, written information furnished to the Company with respect to such Underwriter by or on behalf of such Underwriter expressly for use in such Preliminary Prospectus, if any, the Registration Statement or Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto or in any such application. In case any action shall be brought against the Company or any other Person so indemnified based on any Preliminary Prospectus, if any, the Registration Statement or Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto or any application, and in respect of which indemnity may be sought against such Underwriter, such Underwriter shall have the rights and duties given to the Company, and the Company and each other Person so indemnified shall have the rights and duties given to such Underwriter by the provisions of this Article VI. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section 6.3, no Underwriter shall be required to indemnify the Company for any amount in excess of the underwriting discounts and commissions applicable to the Securities purchased by such Underwriter. The Underwriters' obligations in this Section 6.3 to indemnify the Company are several in proportion to their respective underwriting obligations and not joint.
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6.4 Contribution.
(a) Contribution Rights. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution under the Securities Act in any case in which (i) any Person entitled to indemnification under this Article VI makes a claim for indemnification pursuant hereto but it is judicially determined (by the entry of a final judgment or decree by a court of competent jurisdiction and the expiration of time to appeal or the denial of the last right of appeal) that such indemnification may not be enforced in such case notwithstanding the fact that this Article VI provides for indemnification in such case, or (ii) contribution under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise may be required on the part of any such Person in circumstances for which indemnification is provided under this Article VI, then, and in each such case, the Company and each Underwriter, severally and not jointly, shall contribute to the aggregate losses, liabilities, claims, damages and expenses of the nature contemplated by said indemnity agreement incurred by the Company and such Underwriter, as incurred, in such proportions that such Underwriter is responsible for that portion represented by the percentage that the underwriting discount appearing on the cover page of the Prospectus bears to the initial offering price appearing thereon and the Company is responsible for the balance; provided, that, no Person guilty of a fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any Person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section, each director, officer and employee of such Underwriter or the Company, as applicable, and each Person, if any, who controls such Underwriter or the Company, as applicable, within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act shall have the same rights to contribution as such Underwriter or the Company, as applicable. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section 6.4, no Underwriter shall be required to contribute any amount in excess of the underwriting discounts and commissions applicable to the Securities purchased by such Underwriter. The Underwriters' obligations in this Section 6.4 to contribute are several in proportion to their respective underwriting obligations and not joint.
(b) Contribution Procedure. Within fifteen days after receipt by any party to this Agreement (or its representative) of notice of the commencement of any action, suit or proceeding, such party will, if a claim for contribution in respect thereof is to be made against another party (“contributing party”), notify the contributing party of the commencement thereof, but the failure to so notify the contributing party will not relieve it from any liability which it may have to any other party other than for contribution hereunder. In case any such action, suit or proceeding is brought against any party, and such party notifies a contributing party or its representative of the commencement thereof within the aforesaid fifteen days, the contributing party will be entitled to participate therein with the notifying party and any other contributing party similarly notified. Any such contributing party shall not be liable to any party seeking contribution on account of any settlement of any claim, action or proceeding affected by such party seeking contribution without the written consent of such contributing party. The contribution provisions contained in this Section 6.4 are intended to supersede, to the extent permitted by law, any right to contribution under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise available.
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ARTICLE VII.
MISCELLANEOUS
7.1 Termination.
(a) Termination Right. The Representative shall have the right to terminate this Agreement at any time prior to any Closing Date, (i) if any domestic or international event or act or occurrence has materially disrupted, or in its opinion will in the immediate future materially disrupt, general securities markets in the United States; or (ii) if trading on any Trading Market shall have been suspended or materially limited, or minimum or maximum prices for trading shall have been fixed, or maximum ranges for prices for securities shall have been required by FINRA or by order of the Commission or any other government authority having jurisdiction, or (iii) if the United States shall have become involved in a new war or an increase in major hostilities, or (iv) if a banking moratorium has been declared by a New York State or federal authority, or (v) if a moratorium on foreign exchange trading has been declared which materially adversely impacts the United States securities markets, or (vi) if the Company shall have sustained a material loss by fire, flood, accident, hurricane, earthquake, theft, sabotage or other calamity or malicious act which, whether or not such loss shall have been insured, will, in the Representative’s opinion, make it inadvisable to proceed with the delivery of the Securities, or (vii) if the Company is in material breach of any of its representations, warranties or covenants hereunder, or (viii) if the Representative shall have become aware after the date hereof of such a material adverse change in the conditions or prospects of the Company, or such adverse material change in general market conditions as in the Representative’s judgment would make it impracticable to proceed with the offering, sale and/or delivery of the Securities or to enforce contracts made by the Underwriters for the sale of the Securities.
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(b) Expenses. In the event this Agreement shall be terminated pursuant to Section 7.1(a), within the time specified herein or any extensions thereof pursuant to the terms herein, the Company shall be obligated to pay to the Representative its actual and accountable out of pocket expenses related to the transactions contemplated herein then due and payable, including the fees and disbursements of EGS up to $25,000 (provided, however, that such expense cap in no way limits or impairs the indemnification and contribution provisions of this Agreement).
(c) Indemnification. Notwithstanding any contrary provision contained in this Agreement, any election hereunder or any termination of this Agreement, and whether or not this Agreement is otherwise carried out, the provisions of Article VI shall not be in any way effected by such election or termination or failure to carry out the terms of this Agreement or any part hereof.
7.2 Entire Agreement. The Transaction Documents, together with the exhibits and schedules thereto, the Prospectus and the Prospectus Supplement, contain the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof and supersede all prior agreements and understandings, oral or written, with respect to such matters, which the parties acknowledge have been merged into such documents, exhibits and schedules.
7.3 Notices. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of: (a) the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail attachment at the email address set forth on the signature pages attached hereto at or prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on a Trading Day, (b) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail attachment at the e-mail address as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (c) the second (2nd) Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service or (d) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. The address for such notices and communications shall be as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto.
7.4 Amendments; Waivers. No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed, in the case of an amendment, by the Company and the Representative. No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of any party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner impair the exercise of any such right.
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7.5 Headings. The headings herein are for convenience only, do not constitute a part of this Agreement and shall not be deemed to limit or affect any of the provisions hereof.
7.6 Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their successors and permitted assigns.
7.7 Governing Law. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of the Transaction Documents shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all legal Proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and any other Transaction Documents (whether brought against a party hereto or its respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein (including with respect to the enforcement of any of the Transaction Documents), and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any Action or Proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such Action or Proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such Proceeding. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such Action or Proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. In addition to and without limiting the foregoing, the Company hereby appoints Company Counsel as its authorized agent (the “Authorized Agent”) upon whom process may be served in any suit, action or proceeding arising out of or based upon the this Agreement or the Transaction Documents or the transactions contemplated herein which may be instituted in any New York federal or state court, by the Representative, the directors, officers, partners, employees and agents of the Representative and each affiliate of the Representative, and expressly accept the non-exclusive jurisdiction of any such court in respect of any such suit, action or proceeding. The Company hereby represents and warrants that the Authorized Agent has accepted such appointment and has agreed to act as said agent for service of process, and the Company agrees to take any and all action, including the filing of any and all documents that may be necessary to continue such appointment in full force and effect as aforesaid. The Company hereby authorizes and directs the Authorized Agent to accept such service. Service of process upon the Authorized Agent shall be deemed, in every respect, effective service of process upon the Company. If the Authorized Agent shall cease to act as agent for service of process, the Company shall appoint, without unreasonable delay, another such agent in the United States, and notify you of such appointment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any action arising out of or based upon this Agreement may be instituted by the Representative, the directors, officers, partners, employees and agents of the Representative and each respective affiliate of the Representative, in any court of competent jurisdiction in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. This paragraph shall survive any termination of this Agreement, in whole or in part.
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7.8 Survival. The representations and warranties contained herein shall survive the Closing and the Option Closing, if any, and the delivery of the Securities.
7.9 Execution. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, all of which when taken together shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to each other party, it being understood that the parties need not sign the same counterpart. In the event that any signature is delivered by e-mail delivery of a “.pdf” format data file, such signature shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such “.pdf” signature page were an original thereof.
7.10 Severability. If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the parties hereto shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the parties that they would have executed the remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable.
7.11 Remedies. In addition to being entitled to exercise all rights provided herein or granted by law, including recovery of damages, the Underwriters and the Company will be entitled to specific performance under the Transaction Documents. The parties agree that monetary damages may not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of any breach of obligations contained in the Transaction Documents and hereby agree to waive and not to assert in any Action for specific performance of any such obligation the defense that a remedy at law would be adequate.
7.12 Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc. If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Business Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Business Day.
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7.13 Construction. The parties agree that each of them and/or their respective counsel have reviewed and had an opportunity to revise the Transaction Documents and, therefore, the normal rule of construction to the effect that any ambiguities are to be resolved against the drafting party shall not be employed in the interpretation of the Transaction Documents or any amendments thereto. In addition, each and every reference to share prices and Common Shares in any Transaction Document shall be subject to adjustment for reverse and forward stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations and other similar transactions of the Common Shares that occur after the date of this Agreement.
7.14 WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL. IN ANY ACTION, SUIT, OR PROCEEDING IN ANY JURISDICTION BROUGHT BY ANY PARTY AGAINST ANY OTHER PARTY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY, THE PARTIES EACH KNOWINGLY AND INTENTIONALLY, TO THE GREATEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, HEREBY ABSOLUTELY, UNCONDITIONALLY, IRREVOCABLY AND EXPRESSLY WAIVE FOREVER ANY RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY.
(Signature Pages Follow)
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If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding between the Underwriters and the Company, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement among the Company and the several Underwriters in accordance with its terms.
| Very truly yours, | |
| RUBICO INC. | |
| By: ____________________________ | |
| Name: | |
| Title: | |
| Address for Notice: | |
| Copy to: | |
| Watson Farley & Williams LLP | |
| 120 West 45th Street, 20th Floor | |
| New York, NY 10036 | |
| Attn: Will Vogel | |
| Accepted on the date first above written. | |
| MAXIM GROUP LLC | |
| As the Representative of the several | |
| Underwriters listed on Schedule I | |
| By: Maxim Group LLC | |
| By: _________________________________ | |
| Name: | |
| Title: | |
| Address for Notice: | |
| 300 Park Avenue, 16th Floor | |
| New York, NY 10022 | |
| Attn: James Siegel | |
| Copy to: | |
| Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP | |
| 1345 Avenue of the Americas | |
| New York, NY 10105 | |
| Attn: Matthew Bernstein |
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SCHEDULE I
Schedule of Underwriters
| Underwriters | Closing Shares | Warrants | Closing Purchase Price |
| Maxim Group LLC | $ | ||
| Total | $ |
44
Exhibit 4.5
PRE-FUNDED COMMON SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT
RUBICO INC.
| Warrant Shares: [_______] | Issuance Date: [_______], 2025 |
THIS PRE-FUNDED COMMON SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT (this “Warrant”) certifies that, for value received, [_____________] or its assigns (the “Holder”) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after the date hereof (the “Initial Exercise Date”) and until this Warrant is exercised in full (the “Termination Date”) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from Rubico Inc., a corporation existing under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (the “Company”), up to [______] Common Shares (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the “Warrant Shares”). The purchase price of one Common Share under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise Price, as defined in Section 2(b).
Section 1. Definitions. In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Warrant, the following terms have the meanings indicated in this Section 1:
“Affiliate” means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act.
“Bid Price” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Common Shares for the time in question (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b) if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Common Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Common Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Shares are then reported on the Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per Common Share so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a Common Share as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.
“Business Day” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to “stay at home”, “shelter-in-place”, “non-essential employee” or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day.
“Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
“Common Shares” means the common shares of the Company, par value $0.01 per share, and any other class of securities into which such securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed.
“Common Share Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Common Shares, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred shares, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Common Shares.
“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
“Person” means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.
“Registration Statement” means the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-[___]).
“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
“Subsidiary” means any subsidiary of the Company, which is actively engaged in a trade or business, and shall, where applicable, also include any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company formed or acquired after the date hereof.
“Trading Day” means a day on which the Common Shares are traded on a Trading Market.
“Trading Market” means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Common Shares are listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market or the New York Stock Exchange (or any successors to any of the foregoing).
“Transfer Agent” means Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc., the current transfer agent of the Company, with a mailing address of 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, New York 11717, and any successor transfer agent of the Company.
“Underwriting Agreement” means the underwriting agreement, dated as of [_______], 2025, by and among the Company and Maxim Group LLC as representative of the underwriters named therein, as amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms.
“VWAP” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Common Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b) if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Common Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Common Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Shares are then reported on the Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per Common Share so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a Common Share as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.
“Warrants” means this Warrant and other Pre-Funded Common Share purchase warrants issued by the Company pursuant to the Registration Statement.
Section 2. Exercise.
a) Exercise of Warrant. Exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any time or times on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company of a duly executed PDF copy submitted by e-mail (or e-mail attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form annexed hereto (the “Notice of Exercise”). Within the earlier of (i) one (1) Trading Day and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period (as defined in Section 2(d)(i) herein) following the date of exercise as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the aggregate Exercise Price for the Warrant Shares specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise by wire transfer unless the cashless exercise procedure specified in Section 2(c) below is specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise. No ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has purchased all of the Warrant Shares available hereunder and the Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within three (3) Trading Days of the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares purchased. The Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased and the date of such purchases. The Company shall deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise on the Trading Day of receipt of such notice. The Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase hereunder at any given time may be less than the amount stated on the face hereof.
b) Exercise Price. The aggregate exercise price of this Warrant, except for a nominal exercise price of $0.01 per Warrant Share, was pre-funded to the Company on or prior to the Initial Exercise Date and, consequently, no additional consideration (other than the nominal exercise price of $0.01 per Warrant Share) shall be required to be paid by the Holder to any Person to effect any exercise of this Warrant. The Holder shall not be entitled to the return or refund of all, or any portion, of such pre-paid aggregate exercise price under any circumstance or for any reason whatsoever. The remaining unpaid exercise price per Common Share under this Warrant shall be $0.01, subject to adjustment hereunder (the “Exercise Price”).
c) Cashless Exercise. This Warrant may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a “cashless exercise” in which the Holder shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing [(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:
(A) = as applicable: (i) the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is (1) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of “regular trading hours” (as defined in Rule 600(b) of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day, (ii) the highest Bid Price of the Common Shares on the principal Trading Market as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (“Bloomberg”) within two (2) hours of the time of the Holder’s delivery of the Notice of Exercise pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof if such Notice of Exercise is delivered during “regular trading hours,” or within two (2) hours after the close of “regular trading hours” on a Trading Day or (iii) the VWAP on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if the date of such Notice of Exercise is a Trading Day and such Notice of Exercise is delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof after two (2) hours following the close of “regular trading hours” on such Trading Day;
(B) = the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and
(X) = the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.
If Warrant Shares are issued in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, the Warrant Shares being issued shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised. The Company agrees not to take any position contrary to this Section 2(c).
| d) | Mechanics of Exercise. |
i. Delivery of Warrant Shares Upon Exercise. The Company shall cause the Warrant Shares purchased hereunder to be transmitted by the Transfer Agent to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (“DWAC”) if the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A) there is an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the Warrant Shares to or resale of the Warrant Shares by the Holder or (B) this Warrant is being exercised via cashless exercise, and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company’s share register in the name of the Holder or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earlier of (i) one (1) Trading Day after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise (such date, the “Warrant Share Delivery Date”), provided that the payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the instance of a cashless exercise) is received by the Company by the Warrant Share Delivery Date. Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise, the Holder shall be deemed, solely for purposes of Regulation SHO under the Securities Act to have become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery of the Warrant Shares, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received within the earlier of (i) one (1) Trading Day and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period following delivery of the Notice of Exercise. If the Company fails for any reason to deliver or cause the delivery to the Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice of Exercise by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise (based on the VWAP of the Common Shares on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise), $10 per Trading Day (increasing to $20 per Trading Day on the third Trading Day after the Warrant Share Delivery Date) for each Trading Day after such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered or Holder rescinds such exercise. The Company agrees to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding and exercisable. As used herein, “Standard Settlement Period” means the standard settlement period, expressed in a number of Trading Days, on the Company’s primary Trading Market with respect to the Common Shares as in effect on the date of delivery of the Notice of Exercise. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Notice(s) of Exercise delivered on or prior to 12:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date, which may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agrees to deliver the Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s) by 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date and the Initial Exercise Date shall be the Warrant Share Delivery Date for purposes hereunder, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received by the Company by such Warrant Share Delivery Date.
ii. Delivery of New Warrants Upon Exercise. If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and upon surrender of this Warrant, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant evidencing the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant.
iii. Rescission Rights. If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise.
iv. Compensation for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares Upon Exercise. In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 2(d)(i) above pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date, and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market transaction or otherwise) or the Holder’s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, Common Shares to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a “Buy-In”), then the Company shall (A) provided that such price set forth in (y)(2) of this clause (A) is on market terms, pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x) the Holder’s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions, if any) for the Common Shares so purchased exceeds (y) the amount obtained by multiplying (1) the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with the exercise at issue times (2) the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, and (B) at the option of the Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of Common Shares that would have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery obligations hereunder. For example, if the Holder purchases Common Shares having a total purchase price of $11,000 to cover a Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of this Warrant for Common Shares with an aggregate sale price giving rise to such purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A) of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall be required to pay the Holder $1,000. The Holder shall provide the Company written notice indicating the amounts payable to the Holder in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss. Nothing herein shall limit a Holder’s right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s failure to timely deliver Common Shares upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof.
v. No Fractional Shares or Scrip. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant. As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the Company shall round down to the nearest whole share.
vi. Charges, Taxes and Expenses. Issuance of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax or other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such Warrant Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that, in the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment Form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto. The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for same-day electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares.
vii. Closing of Books. The Company will not close its shareholder books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise of this Warrant, pursuant to the terms hereof.
| e) | Holder’s Exercise Limitations. The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section 2 or otherwise, to the extent that after giving effect to such issuance after exercise as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder’s Affiliates, and any other Persons acting as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder’s Affiliates (such Persons, “Attribution Parties”)), would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below). For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the number of Common Shares beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution Parties shall include the number of Common Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination is being made, but shall exclude the number of Common Shares which would be issuable upon (i) exercise of the remaining, nonexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii) exercise or conversion of the unexercised or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any other Common Share Equivalents) subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties. Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, for purposes of this Section 2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, it being acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is in compliance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed in accordance therewith. To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section 2(e) applies, the determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder’s determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination, and a submission of a Notice of Exercise shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Holder of the foregoing determination. In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. For purposes of this Section 2(e), in determining the number of outstanding Common Shares, a Holder may rely on the number of outstanding Common Shares as reflected in (A) the Company’s most recent periodic or annual report filed with the Commission, as the case may be, (B) a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C) a more recent written notice by the Company or the Transfer Agent setting forth the number of Common Shares outstanding. Upon the written or oral request of a Holder, the Company shall within one Trading Day confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of Common Shares then outstanding. In any case, the number of outstanding Common Shares shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder or its Affiliates or Attribution Parties since the date as of which such number of outstanding Common Shares was reported. The “Beneficial Ownership Limitation” shall be [9.99/4.99%] of the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Common Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant. The Holder, upon notice to the Company, may increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership Limitation provisions of this Section 2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in no event exceeds 9.99% of the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Common Shares upon exercise of this Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section 2(e) shall continue to apply. Any increase in the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61st day after such notice is delivered to the Company. The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 2(e) to correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant. |
Section 3. Certain Adjustments.
a) Stock Dividends and Splits. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding: (i) pays a stock dividend or otherwise makes a distribution or distributions to all holders of its Common Shares or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in Common Shares (which, for avoidance of doubt, shall not include any Common Shares issued by the Company upon exercise of this Warrant), (ii) subdivides outstanding Common Shares into a larger number of shares, (iii) combines (including by way of reverse stock split) outstanding Common Shares into a smaller number of shares, or (iv) issues by reclassification of Common Shares any shares of capital stock of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of Common Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of Common Shares outstanding immediately after such event, and the number of shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that the aggregate Exercise Price of this Warrant shall remain unchanged. Any adjustment made pursuant to this Section 3(a) shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution and shall become effective immediately after the effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re-classification.
b) Subsequent Rights Offerings. In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 3(a) above, if at any time, while this Warrant is outstanding, the Company grants, issues or sells any Common Share Equivalents or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to all record holders of any class of Common Shares (and not to the Holder in such Holder’s capacity as Holder of this Warrant) (the “Purchase Rights”), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the Holder had held the number of Common Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Common Shares are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such Common Shares as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).
c) Pro Rata Distributions. During such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to all holders of Common Shares (and not to the Holder in such Holder’s capacity as Holder of this Warrant), by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a “Distribution”), at any time after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case (other than with respect to any such event for which an adjustment is otherwise provided for pursuant to this Section 3), the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of Common Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Common Shares are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder's right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any Common Shares as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).
d) Fundamental Transaction. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii) the Company and all of its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, other than in the ordinary course of business or in a distribution subject to Sections 3(a), (b) or (c), (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Shares are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of greater than 50% of the outstanding Common Shares or greater than 50% of the voting power of the common equity of the Company, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Common Shares or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Common Shares are effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property,
or (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of Persons (other than a transaction with Evangelos Pistiolis or Lax Trust or their associated or affiliated persons that does not effect any additional transaction contained in Sections 3(d)(i), (ii), (iii), or (iv)) whereby such other Person or group acquires greater than 50% of the outstanding Common Shares or greater than 50% of the voting power of the common equity of the Company (each a “Fundamental Transaction”), then, upon any subsequent exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of Common Shares of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the “Alternate Consideration”) receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of Common Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant). For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one Common Share in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common Shares are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of this Warrant following such Fundamental Transaction. The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the “Successor Entity”) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant in accordance with the provisions of this Section 3(d) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants (based on the number of Warrant Shares underlying such Warrants) then outstanding (as determined without unreasonable delay) prior to such Fundamental Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the Common Shares acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the Common Shares pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for, the Company under this Warrant (so that from and after the occurrence or consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, each and every provision of this Warrant referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally), and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities may exercise every right and power of the Company prior thereto and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities shall assume all of the obligations of the Company prior thereto under this Warrant with the same effect as if such Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally, had been named as the Company herein. For the avoidance of doubt, the Holder shall be entitled to the benefits of the provisions of this Section 3(d) regardless of (i) whether the Company has sufficient authorized Common Shares for the issuance of Warrant Shares and/or (ii) whether a Fundamental Transaction occurs prior to the Initial Exercise Date.
e) Calculations. All calculations under this Section 3 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as the case may be. For purposes of this Section 3, the number of Common Shares deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall be the sum of the number of Common Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and outstanding.
f) Notice to Holder.
i. Adjustment to Exercise Price. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section 3, the Company shall promptly deliver to the Holder by email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment to the number of Warrant Shares and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment.
ii. Notice to Allow Exercise by Holder. If (A) the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Common Shares, (B) the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Common Shares, (C) the Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of the Common Shares rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any shares of capital stock of any class or of any rights, (D) the approval of any shareholders of the Company shall be required in connection with any reclassification of the Common Shares, any consolidation or merger to which the Company is a party, any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Common Shares are converted into other securities, cash or property, or (E) the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by email to the Holder at its last email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least ten (10) calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified, a notice (unless such information is filed with the Commission, in which case a notice shall not be required) stating (x) the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of the Common Shares of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are to be determined or (y) the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Common Shares of record shall be entitled to exchange their Common Shares for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein or in the delivery thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice. To the extent that any notice provided in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Report on Form 6-K. The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth herein.
Section 4. Transfer of Warrant.
a) Transferability. This Warrant and all rights hereunder are transferable, in whole or in part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such transfer. Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned, and this Warrant shall promptly be cancelled. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company within three (3) Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to the Company assigning this Warrant in full. The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.
b) New Warrants. This Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company, together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney. Subject to compliance with Section 4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the Initial Exercise Date of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto.
c) Warrant Register. The Company shall register this Warrant, upon records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the “Warrant Register”), in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time. The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent actual notice to the contrary.
Section 5. Miscellaneous.
a) No Rights as Shareholder; No Settlement in Cash. This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights as a shareholder of the Company prior to the issuance of Warrant Shares upon the exercise hereof as set forth in Section 2(d)(i), except as expressly set forth in Section 3. Without limiting any rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a “cashless exercise” pursuant to Section 2(c) or to receive cash payments pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) and Section 2(d)(iv) herein, in no event shall the Company be required to net cash settle an exercise of this Warrant.
b) Loss, Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any stock certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it (which, in the case of the Warrant, shall not include the posting of any bond), and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or stock certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or stock certificate of like tenor and dated as of such cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or stock certificate.
c) Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc. If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Trading Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Trading Day.
d) Authorized Shares.
The Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Common Shares a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights under this Warrant. The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase rights under this Warrant. The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the Common Shares may be listed. The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant will, upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue).
Except and to the extent as waived or consented to by Holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants (based on the number of Warrant Shares underlying such Warrants) then outstanding which are not beneficially owned by Affiliates of the Company, the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its articles of incorporation or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment; provided, however, that no modification of the terms (including but not limited to the adjustments described in Section 3) upon which the Warrants are exercisable or the rights of holders of Warrants to receive liquidated damages or other payments in cash from the Company or reducing the percentage required for consent to modification of this Warrant may be made without the consent of the Holder of each outstanding Warrant affected thereby. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i) not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii) take all such action as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant and (iii) use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under this Warrant.
Before taking any action which would result in an adjustment in the number of Warrant Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable or in the Exercise Price, the Company shall obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be necessary from any public regulatory body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof.
e) Jurisdiction. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all legal proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Warrant (whether brought against a party hereto or their respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such proceeding. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Warrant and agrees that, subject to applicable law, such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. If either party shall commence an action, suit or proceeding to enforce any provisions of this Warrant, the prevailing party in such action, suit or proceeding shall be reimbursed by the other party for their reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such action or proceeding.
f) Restrictions. The Holder acknowledges that the Warrant Shares acquired upon the exercise of this Warrant, if not registered, and the Holder does not utilize cashless exercise, will have restrictions upon resale imposed by state and federal securities laws.
g) Nonwaiver and Expenses. No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder’s rights, powers or remedies. Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to comply with any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’ fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.
h) Notices. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Holders hereunder including, without limitation, any Notice of Exercise, shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service, addressed to the Company, at 20 Iouliou Kaisara Str, 19002 Paiania, Athens, Greece, Attention: , email address: , or such other email address or address as the Company may specify for such purposes by notice to the Holders. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Company hereunder shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service addressed to each Holder at the e-mail address or address of such Holder appearing on the books of the Company. Any notice or other communication or deliveries hereunder shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (i) the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any date, (ii) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (iii) the second Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service, or (iv) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. To the extent that any notice provided hereunder constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Report on Form 6-K.
i) Limitation of Liability. No provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Common Shares or as a shareholder of the Company, whether such liability is asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company.
j) Remedies. The Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant. The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of a breach by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate.
k) Successors and Assigns. Subject to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of Holder. The provisions of this Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares.
l) Amendment. Other than Section 2(e) which cannot be amended, this Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company, on the one hand, and the Holder, on the other hand.
m) Severability. Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant.
n) Headings. The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant.
********************
(Signature Page Follows)
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above indicated.
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RUBICO INC.
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By:__________________________________________ Name: Title:
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NOTICE OF EXERCISE
To: RUBICO INC.
(1) The undersigned hereby elects to purchase ________ Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only if exercised in full), and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full, together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.
(2) Payment shall take the form of (check applicable box):
[ ] in lawful money of the United States; or
[ ] if permitted the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection 2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise procedure set forth in subsection 2(c).
(3) Please issue said Warrant Shares in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below:
_______________________________
The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER]
Name of Investing Entity: ________________________________________________________________________
Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity: _________________________________________________
Name of Authorized Signatory: ___________________________________________________________________
Title of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________________________
Date: ________________________________________________________________________________________
ASSIGNMENT FORM
(To assign the foregoing Warrant, execute this form and supply required information. Do not use this form to purchase shares.)
FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to
| Name: | _____________________________________ |
| (Please Print) | |
| Address: | _____________________________________ |
|
Phone Number: Email Address: |
(Please Print) ______________________________________ ______________________________________ |
| Dated: _______________ __, ______ | |
| Holder’s Signature:___________________ | |
| Holder’s Address:____________________ |
Exhibit 5.1
Rubico Inc.
20 Iouliou Kaisara Str,
19002 Paiania, Athens, Greece
December 11, 2025
Rubico Inc.: Exhibit 5.1 Opinion
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have acted as counsel to Rubico Inc., a Marshall Islands corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the preparation and filing of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333- ) (the “Registration Statement”), as publicly filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on the date hereof, under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the “Securities Act”) with respect to the public offering (the “Offering”) of up to $5,500,000 (the “Firm Shares”) of the Company’s common shares, par value $0.01 per share (“Common Shares”) and/or pre-funded warrants, each warrant exercisable to purchase one Common Share (the “Warrants”), plus up to $825,000 of Common Shares that may be issued and sold pursuant to an option granted to the underwriters by the Company to cover over-allotments, if any (the “Option Shares” and together with the Firm Shares, the “Offering Shares”). The Registration Statement also covers the registration of the Common Shares underlying the Warrants (the “Warrant Shares” and together with the Offering Shares and the Warrants, the “Securities”).
As such counsel, we have examined originals or copies, certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of:
(i) the Registration Statement and the prospectus included therein (as amended or supplemented, the “Prospectus”);
(ii) the form of underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) to be entered into between the Company and the representative of the underwriters named therein in connection with the Offering;
(iii) the form of Warrants;
(iv) the Company’s amended and restated articles of incorporation (the “Articles”) and amended and restated bylaws; and
(v) such other papers, documents, agreements, certificates of public officials and certificates of representatives of the Company as we have deemed relevant and necessary as the basis for the opinions hereafter expressed.
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In such examination, we have assumed (i) the legal competence or capacity of persons or entities (other than the Company) to complete the execution of documents; (ii) the genuineness of all signatures and the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals; (iii) the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as conformed or photostatic copies; (iv) that the documents reviewed by us in connection with the rendering of the opinions set forth herein are true, correct and complete; and (v) the truthfulness of each statement as to all factual matters contained in any document or certificate encompassed within the due diligence review undertaken by us. As to various questions of fact which are material to the opinions hereinafter expressed, we have relied upon statements or certificates of public officials, directors and officers of the Company and others, in each case as we have deemed relevant and appropriate. We have not independently verified the facts so relied on.
We have further assumed for the purposes of this opinion, without investigation, that (i) all documents contemplated by the Prospectus to be executed in connection with the Offering have been duly authorized, executed and delivered by each of the parties thereto other than the Company; (ii) the terms of the Offering comply in all respects with the terms, conditions and restrictions set forth in the Prospectus and all of the instruments, agreements and other documents relating thereto or executed in connection therewith; and (iii) all Securities will be issued in compliance with applicable U.S. federal and state securities and other laws (other than the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the State of New York in respect of which we are opining).
With respect to the Warrants, we have assumed that, as of each and every time any of the Warrants are exercised, the Company will have a sufficient number of authorized and unissued Warrant Shares available for issuance under its Articles. Further, we have assumed that, at or prior to the time of the delivery of any of the Warrant Shares, there will not have occurred any change in the law or the facts affecting the validity of the Warrant Shares.
This opinion letter is limited to Marshall Islands law and New York law and is as of the date hereof. We expressly disclaim any responsibility to advise of any development or circumstance of any kind, including any change of law or fact that may occur after the date of this opinion letter that might affect the opinion expressed herein.
Based upon and subject to the foregoing, and having regard to legal considerations which we deem relevant, we are of the opinion that:
| 1. | The Offering Shares, the Warrants and the Warrant Shares have been duly authorized by the Company. |
| 2. | The Offering Shares, when issued, sold and paid for as contemplated in the Prospectus and the Underwriting Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. |
| 3. | When the Warrants are issued and delivered as contemplated in the Underwriting Agreement and the Prospectus, the Warrants will constitute valid and legally binding obligations of the Company in accordance with their terms, except as the enforcement thereof (i) may be limited by any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, fraudulent conveyance, fraudulent transfer, fraudulent obligation, moratorium or other similar laws affecting generally the enforceability of creditors’ rights and remedies or the collection of debtor’s obligations from time to time in effect, and (ii) is subject to general principles of equity, regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law, including the application of principles of good faith, fair dealing, course of dealing, course of performance, commercial reasonableness, materiality, unconscionability and conflict with public policy and other similar principles or other law relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally and general principles of equity. |
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| 4. | Assuming the Warrants are issued and delivered as contemplated in the Underwriting Agreement and the Prospectus, the Warrant Shares, when issued, delivered and paid for upon the exercise of such Warrants in accordance with their terms, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. |
We hereby consent to the discussion of this opinion in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to each reference to us and the discussions of advice provided by us under the headings “Legal Matters”, “Tax Considerations-United States Federal Income Tax Consequences-United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders” and “Tax Considerations-Marshall Islands Tax Consequences” in the Registration Statement and Prospectus. In giving this consent, we do not hereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act, or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, nor do we admit that we are experts with respect to any part of the Registration Statement within the meaning of the term “expert” as used in the Securities Act.
Very truly yours,
Watson Farley & Williams LLP
/s/ Watson Farley & Williams LLP
Exhibit 8.1
Rubico Inc.
20 Iouliou Kaisara Str,
19002 Paiania, Athens, Greece
December 11, 2025
Rubico Inc.: Exhibit 8.1 Opinion
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have acted as counsel to Rubico Inc., a Marshall Islands corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the preparation and filing of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333- ) (the “Registration Statement”), as publicly filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on the date hereof, under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder(the “Securities Act”) with respect to the public offering of the Company’s common shares, par value $0.01 per share (“Common Shares”) and/or pre-funded warrants, each warrant exercisable to purchase one Common Share (the “Warrants”). The Registration Statement also covers the registration of the Common Shares underlying the Warrants.
In rendering this opinion, we have examined originals or copies (certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction) of the following documents:
(i) the Registration Statement and the prospectus included therein (as amended or supplemented, the “Prospectus”); and
(ii) such other papers, documents, agreements, certificates of public officials and certificates of representatives of the Company, as we have deemed relevant and necessary as the basis for the opinions hereafter expressed.
In such examination, we have assumed (i) the legal competence or capacity of persons or entities (other than the Company) to complete the execution of documents; (ii) the genuineness of all signatures and the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals; (iii) the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as conformed or photostatic copies; (iv) that the documents reviewed by us in connection with the rendering of the opinion set forth herein are true, correct and complete; and (v) the truthfulness of each statement as to all factual matters contained in any document or certificate encompassed within the due diligence review undertaken by us.
As to various questions of fact which are material to the opinion hereinafter expressed, we have relied upon statements or certificates of public officials, directors and officers of the Company and others, in each case as we have deemed relevant and appropriate. We have not independently verified the facts so relied on.
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We have reviewed the discussion set forth in the Registration Statement under the caption “Tax Considerations—United States Federal Income Tax Consequences—United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders.” Based on the representations, covenants, assumptions, conditions and qualifications described in such section, and taking into account the fact that the discussions set forth in such section do not purport to discuss all possible U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the Company’s Common Shares or Warrants, and subject to the qualifications, limitations and assumptions set forth herein, we confirm that the discussions set forth in such section, to the extent they constitute summaries of law or legal conclusions, unless otherwise noted, constitute our opinion with respect to the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the Company’s Common Shares or Warrants, as of the date of the Registration Statement, and accurately state our views as to the tax matters discussed therein (except for the representations and statements of fact of the Company included under such caption, as to which we express no opinion). We express no opinion as to any U.S. federal income tax consequences other than the opinion set forth above. Except as set forth in the paragraph below concerning Marshall Islands tax considerations, we express no opinion with respect to tax consequences under any state, local or non-U.S. tax law.
We have reviewed the discussion set forth in the Registration Statement under the caption “Tax Considerations—Marshall Islands Tax Consequences.” Based on the facts as set forth in the Registration Statement, and having regard to legal considerations which we deem relevant, and subject to the qualifications, limitations and assumptions set forth herein, we confirm that the statements in such discussion, to the extent they constitute legal conclusions, unless otherwise noted, are the opinion of Watson Farley & Williams LLP with respect to Marshall Islands tax consequences as of the date of the Registration Statement (except for the representations and statements of fact of the Company included under such caption, as to which we express no opinion).
Our opinions and the tax discussion as set forth in the Registration Statement are based on the current provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, published pronouncements of the Internal Revenue Service which may be cited or used as precedents and case law, and the law of the Republic of the Marshall Islands as in effect on the date hereof, any of which may be changed at any time with retroactive effect. This opinion is expressed as of the date hereof, and we are under no obligation to supplement or revise our opinion to reflect any legal developments or factual matters arising subsequent to the date hereof or the impact of any information, document, certificate, record, statement, representation, covenant or assumption relied upon herein that becomes incorrect or untrue.
We hereby consent to the discussion of this opinion in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to each reference to us and the discussions of advice provided by us under the headings “Legal Matters”, “Tax Considerations—United States Federal Income Tax Consequences—United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders” and “Tax Considerations—Marshall Islands Tax Consequences” in the Registration Statement and Prospectus. In giving this consent, we do not hereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act, or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, nor do we admit that we are experts with respect to any part of the Registration Statement within the meaning of the term “expert” as used in the Securities Act.
Very truly yours,
Watson Farley & Williams LLP
/s/ Watson Farley & Williams LLP
Exhibit 10.19
Letter of Intent
December 4, 2025
To: Alexandros Tsirikos, CFO and director, TOP SHIPS INC.
(the “Seller”)
Dear Mr. Tsirikos:
We are pleased to present this Letter of Intent (“LOI”) to you, the Seller, relating to the proposed acquisition (the “Acquisition”) by RUBICO INC., a Marshall Islands corporation (the “Purchaser”) of all 500 issued and outstanding shares (the “Shares”) of the Sellers 100% owned subsidiary, ROMAN EXPLORER INC., a Marshall Islands corporation (the “Company”) and registered owner of the Newbuilding Megayacht M/Y Sanlorenzo "1150Exp" Hull No. 158 (the “Vessel”). We look forward to working with you towards a successful transaction.
This LOI, which is nonbinding except for specific provisions referenced under “Non-binding Intent” below, sets forth the general terms and conditions, as currently contemplated by the parties, for the Acquisition. Details of the structure of the Acquisition remain to be discussed and may be affected by tax, contractual, organizational, regulatory, accounting and due diligence considerations. The precise structure of the Acquisition and the general terms and conditions thereof will be set forth in a definitive share purchase agreement (the “SPA”), and any other ancillary documents thereto, to be entered into, as applicable, between or among the Purchaser and the Seller and/or their respective affiliates, and are subject to the Purchaser’s due diligence investigation of the Company and inspection of the Vessel, and decision and appropriate approvals by the Purchaser and you to proceed with the Acquisition.
| Vessel: |
Newbuilding Megayacht M/Y Sanlorenzo "1150Exp" Hull No. 158. The Vessel has gross tonnage of 1150 tons with 6 guest cabins and is able to accommodate 12 guests and 14 crew.
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| Purchase Price: |
The aggregate purchase price (“Purchase Price”) for the Acquisition will be negotiated between the parties during the No-Shop Period (as defined below). The Parties acknowledge that the Purchase Price will take into account the shipyard installments already paid by the Seller and third-party broker valuation(s) of the Vessel (the “Prior Valuations”). The parties acknowledge that if valuations or other information of the Company are inconsistent, as reasonably determined by the Purchaser, with the Prior Valuations, the Purchaser may adjust the Purchase Price accordingly, including through deferred consideration provisions.
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| Refundable Deposit | The Purchaser shall pay to the Seller $4,000,000 as an earnest money deposit (the “Deposit”) which will be fully refundable in accordance with “Termination” below.
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| Due Diligence: | The Seller has already provided to the Company and its representatives a statement from the shipyard evidencing installments already paid and a draft of the SPA and is expected to provide upon request any operating, financial, accounting, legal, regulatory, tax, and any other information relating to the Company. The Seller will cause the Company to afford the Purchaser and their duly authorized representatives full and free access to the Company and its contracts, books and records, and all other documents and data.
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| Definitive Share Purchase Agreement |
In parallel with the due diligence process, the parties would negotiate the SPA, whereby the Purchaser would acquire the Shares. Such Purchase Agreement would contain such covenants, representations and warranties and other provisions as are customary for transactions of this type or as otherwise set forth herein.
In addition to the negotiation of the terms of the SPA, the execution of such SPA would be subject to the conditions that (i) the Purchaser has completed due diligence to its satisfaction and (ii) the Purchaser has obtained such corporate authorizations as may be necessary to consummate the proposed transaction.
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| Tax Matters: | The Parties agree that there will be no material sales, transfer, stamp or bulk sales tax obligations, but to the extent this is not the case, the parties agree to negotiate in good faith relating to the allocation of such taxes.
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| Signing; Closing; Conditions Precedent: |
The parties currently contemplate that the SPA will be executed up to March 31, 2026 (the “Signing”).
The closing of the Acquisition (the “Closing”) will occur on a date to be mutually agreed upon by the Parties (the "Closing Date"). The Closing will be subject to the satisfaction of the following conditions at or prior to the Closing: (a) performance of, and compliance with, in all material respects, all covenants and agreements contained in the SPA, and accuracy in all respects with the representations and warranties contained in the SPA (and that such representations and warranties were not untrue, inaccurate or not misleading), such representations and warranties being repeated at Closing; and (b) such other customary and appropriate closing conditions to be included in the SPA.
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| Representations and Warranties: |
The Purchase Agreement will contain representations and warranties customary for transactions of this type, including, without limitation, a representation that (i) the Seller owns the Shares free and clear from any liens or encumbrances and the Shares have been duly authorized and issued by the Company, (ii) each of the Seller and Purchaser have the capacity to enter into the Acquisition, and (iii) the Vessel is free and clear from any liens or encumbrances.
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| Exclusivity: | Until Signing or such earlier time as the parties mutually agree to terminate the negotiation of the Acquisition (the “No-Shop Period”), the Seller will not and will cause the Company not to (and will not permit or authorize, as applicable, any of its affiliates, directors, officers, stockholders, employees, agents, consultants and other advisors and representatives to), directly or indirectly (i) solicit, initiate, encourage, knowingly facilitate, or entertain any inquiry or the making of any proposal or offer; (ii) enter into, continue or otherwise participate in any discussions or negotiations, or enter into any contract; (iii) furnish to any person or entity any non-public information or grant any person or entity access to its properties, books, contracts, personnel and records for the purposes set out in clauses (i), (ii) or (iv) of this Section; or (iv) approve or recommend, or propose to approve or recommend, or execute or enter into, any letter of intent, term sheet, agreement in principal, merger agreement, acquisition agreement, option agreement or other similar contract or propose, whether publicly or to any director or stockholder, or agree to do any of the foregoing for the purpose of encouraging or facilitating any proposal, offer, discussions or negotiations; in each of the foregoing cases in clauses (i) through (iv) above regarding (x) any business combination transaction involving any of the Company or the Vessel, or (y) any other transaction to acquire the Vessel or the Shares (whether or not outstanding), whether by merger, purchase of assets, purchase of equity interests (or similar rights), tender offer, license or otherwise, other than with the Purchaser. The Seller will immediately cease and cause to be terminated any such negotiations, discussions or contracts (other than with the Purchaser) that are the subject of clauses (i), (ii) or (iv) above and will immediately cease providing any non-public information and terminate any access of the type referenced in clause (iii) above. If the Seller or any of its affiliates, directors, officers, stockholders, employees, agents, consultants or other advisors and representatives receives, during the No-Shop Period, any offer, proposal or request, directly or indirectly, of the type referenced in clause (i), (ii) or (iv) above or any request for disclosure or access as referenced in clause (iii) above regarding the Vessel or the Company, the Seller will not (and will cause the Company to not) directly or indirectly respond to, or enter into any discussions with, such offer or person or entity with regard to such offers, proposals or requests and will promptly notify the Purchaser of the existence thereof, and, provide the Purchaser information as to the identity of the offeror or person or entity making any such offer or proposal, the specific terms of such offer or proposal, as the case may be, and such other information related thereto as the Purchaser may reasonably request.
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| Damages: |
In the event that Seller breaches the Exclusivity clause during the No-Shop Period, the Seller acknowledges and agrees that the Purchaser will suffer damages and that such damages may be difficult to ascertain. Therefore, in the event of such a breach:
a. Liquidated Damages:
Seller shall pay to the Purchaser, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, an amount equal to $4,000,000 within 5 days of the Purchaser providing written notice to the Seller of such breach. The parties agree that this amount is a reasonable estimation of the damages the Purchaser would suffer due to such breach.
b. Injunctive Relief:
Seller acknowledges that the damages for such breach may be irreparable and that monetary damages may be inadequate. Therefore, in addition to the liquidated damages set forth above, the Purchaser shall be entitled to seek specific performance, injunctive relief, or other equitable remedies to enforce the terms of the Exclusivity clause without the necessity of proving actual damages or posting a bond or other security.
c. Costs and Expenses:
In the event of a breach, the Seller shall also reimburse the Purchaser for all reasonable costs and expenses incurred by Buyer in enforcing its rights under this agreement, including, but not limited to, legal fees and expenses.
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| Conduct of Business: | As long as this LOI is in effect, and from the Signing date through the Closing, (i) the Seller shall, or shall cause the Company to, conduct the business and maintain and preserve the assets of the Company in the ordinary course of business; (ii) the Company shall not issue any equity, incur any debt, or enter into any other material contract other than in the ordinary course of business, without the Purchaser’s prior written approval; and (iii) the Company shall not cause or, to the extent reasonably within its control, permit any liens to attach to the Vessel.
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| Non-binding Intent: | By signing this LOI, the parties confirm their intentions specified herein with respect to the proposed transaction but (except as provided in “Deposit,” “Exclusivity,” “Governing Law; Jurisdiction,” “Expenses, Commissions and Fees” and “Non-binding Intent” hereof which are intended to and will be legally binding and enforceable) this LOI is not intended to constitute a contract nor an offer to enter into a contract, nor to be binding upon the parties or to create legal obligations or rights. Each party also agrees that unless and until the final definitive SPA has been executed and delivered, neither party will be under legal obligation of any kind whatsoever with respect to any such combination or transaction by virtue of this LOI, except with respect to the provisions specifically referred to in the previous sentence.
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| Governing Law; Jurisdiction: | The internal laws of the State of New York govern all matters arising out of or relating to this LOI, including its enforcement and any disputes or controversies arising therefrom. Any and all disputes arising out of or related to this LOI will be adjudicated exclusively in the state or federal courts located in New York, New York.
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| Expenses, Commissions and Fees: | Whether or not the Acquisition is consummated (as contemplated herein or otherwise), each party will pay its own fees and expenses incurred in connection with the negotiation, preparation, execution and delivery of this LOI, the definitive agreements and any other agreements or documents contemplated hereby or thereby (including the SPA), and the due diligence in advance of Closing. Each party will indemnify and hold the other harmless from and against any claims brought by any such indemnifying party’s brokers, finders or agents against the other party for the payment of any brokerage or finder’s commission, fee or similar compensation.
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| Effective Date: | The effective date of this LOI will be the date of written acceptance below by the Seller.
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| Termination Date: | This LOI will automatically terminate (such date, the “Termination Date”) upon the earliest of the following: (i) Signing date, or such later date as the parties mutually agree in writing, (ii) execution of the SPA by all parties, (iii) the mutual written agreement of the Purchaser and the Seller, and (iv) written notice of termination by the Purchaser, for any reason or no reason, with or without cause, at any time. Upon termination for any reason, the Deposit shall be returned to the Purchaser. In case of Termination due to the execution of the SPA the Parties agree that the Deposit can be credited against the Purchase Price upon the signing of the SPA.
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| Modification: | This LOI may only be amended, supplemented, or otherwise modified in writing executed by both Parties.
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| Counterparts: | This LOI may be executed in two or more counterparts, including counterparts transmitted by facsimile or electronic transmission or electronic signature, each of which will be deemed an original, but all of which together will constitute one and the same instrument. |
[Signature page follows]
Please acknowledge your agreement with the above terms and conditions by signing and returning the enclosed copy of the present letter.
|
Very truly yours,
PURCHASER:
RUBICO INC.
By: /s/ Nikolaos Papastratis Name: Nikolaos Papastratis Title: CFO & Director
| |
|
Agreed and Accepted:
TOP SHIPS INC.
By: /s/ Alexandros Tsirikos Name: Alexandros Tsirikos Title: CFO & Director Date: December 4, 2025 |
Exhibit 23.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
We consent to the use in this Registration Statement on Form F-1 of our report dated April 4, 2025, relating to the combined carve-out financial statements of Rubico Inc. Predecessor. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading “Experts” in such Registration Statement.
/s/ Deloitte Certified Public Accountants S.A.
Athens, Greece
December 11, 2025