Silver Bull Resources, Inc 10-K for FY2024
Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (SVBL)
About this 10-K
Silver Bull Resources, Inc filed this 10-K on January 29, 2025, covering the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024 (FY2024).
Headline figures
Fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, as reported in this filing, compared with the same period a year earlier where the filing states it.
- Net loss
- $168.79K
- compared with a net loss of $1.25M a year earlier
- Diluted EPS
- $0.00
- compared with -$0.04 a year earlier
United States
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM
(Mark One)
| ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED |
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF _________ TO _________. |
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| Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐ | |
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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
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As of January 28, 2025, there were
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A in connection with the 2025 annual meeting of shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
SILVER BULL RESOURCES, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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The terms “Silver Bull,” and the “Company,” are used to refer to Silver Bull Resources, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. Technical terms have been included that are important to an understanding of the business under “Glossary of Common Terms” at the end of this section. Throughout this document statements are made that are classified as “forward-looking.” Please refer to the “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” section of this document for an explanation of these types of assertions.
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes certain statements that may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and “forward-looking information” within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities legislation. Words used such as “anticipate,” “continue,” “likely,” “estimate,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “projection,” “should,” “believe,” “potential,” “could,” or similar words suggesting future outcomes (including negative and grammatical variations) to identify forward-looking statements. These statements include statements regarding the following, among other things:
- The sufficiency of existing cash resources to enable the Company to continue operations for the next 12 months as a going concern;
- The prospects of the claim process, or award, under the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”);
- The Funding Agreement (as defined in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section), and continued payment of legal, tribunal and external expert costs, and reimbursement of corporate operating expenses, under its terms;
- Prospects of entering the development or production stage with respect to any of the Company’s projects;
- The planned activities at the Sierra Mojada Project in 2025 and beyond;
- Whether any part of the Sierra Mojada Project will ever be confirmed or converted into SEC S-K 1300-compliant mineral reserves;
- The requirement of additional power supplies for the Sierra Mojada Project if a mining operation is determined to be feasible;
- The ability to obtain and hold additional concessions in the Sierra Mojada Project area;
- Whether the Company will be required to obtain additional surface rights if a mining operation is determined to be feasible;
- The possible impact on the Company’s operations of the blockade by a cooperative of miners on the Sierra Mojada property;
- The potential acquisition of additional mineral properties or property concessions;
- Testing of the impact of the fine bubble flotation test work on the recovery of minerals and initial rough concentrate grade;
- The impact of recent accounting pronouncements on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures;
- The impact of changes to current state or federal laws and regulations on estimated capital expenditures, the economics of a particular project and/or the Company’s activities;
- The Company’s ability to raise additional capital and/or pursue additional strategic options, and the potential impact on its business, financial condition and results of operations of doing so or not;
- The impact of changing foreign currency exchange rates on the Company’s financial condition;
- The impairment of concession and likelihood of further impairment of other long-lived assets;
- Whether using major financial institutions with high credit ratings mitigates credit risk;
- The impact of changing economic conditions on interest rates;
- Expectations regarding future recovery of value-added taxes (“VAT”) paid in Mexico; and
- The merits of any claims in connection with, and the expected timing of any, ongoing legal proceedings.
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These statements are based on certain assumptions and analyses made by the Company in light of its experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors it believes are appropriate in the circumstances. Such statements are subject to a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties and actual results could differ from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements as a result of the factors described under “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including:
- The ability of the Company to obtain additional financial resources on acceptable terms to (i) maintain its property concessions in Mexico and (ii) maintain general and administrative expenditures at acceptable levels;
- The Company’s ability to acquire additional mineral properties or property concessions;
- The ability of the Company to maintain its assets in Mexico given the performance of the Mexican government at various levels;
- Worldwide economic and political events affecting (i) the market prices for silver, zinc, lead, copper and other minerals that may be found on the Company’s exploration properties (ii) interest rates and (iii) foreign currency exchange rates;
- The amount and nature of future capital and exploration expenditures;
- Volatility in the Company’s stock price;
- The Company’s inability to obtain required permits;
- Competitive factors, including exploration-related competition;
- Timing of receipt and maintenance of government approvals;
- Unanticipated title issues;
- Changes in tax laws;
- Changes in regulatory frameworks or regulations affecting the Company’s activities;
- The ability to obtain additional financial resources on acceptable terms to (i) maintain its property concessions in Mexico and (ii) maintain general and administrative expenditures at acceptable levels;
- The Company’s ability to retain key management, consultants and experts necessary to successfully operate and grow its business; and
- Political and economic instability in Mexico and other countries in which the Company conducts its business, and future potential actions of the governments in such countries with respect to nationalization of natural resources or other changes in mining or taxation policies.
These factors are not intended to represent a complete list of the general or specific factors that could affect the Company.
All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to the Company, or persons acting on its behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements. Except as required by law, the Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which it is made or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances. Undue reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements.
Cautionary Note Regarding Exploration Stage Companies
Silver Bull is an exploration stage company and does not currently have any known mineral reserves and cannot be expected to have known mineral reserves unless and until a feasibility study is completed for the Sierra Mojada concessions that shows proven and probable mineral reserves. There can be no assurance that the Company’s concessions contain proven and probable mineral reserves and investors may lose their entire investment. See the “Risk Factors” section below.
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Cautionary Note to U.S. Residents Concerning Disclosure of Mineral Resources
Silver Bull is a U.S. domestic issuer for United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) purposes, most of its shareholders are U.S. residents, it is required to report its financial results under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and its shares of common stock are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (the “TSX”) and trade on the OTCQB marketplace. However, because Silver Bull is a reporting issuer in Canada, certain prior regulatory filings required in Canada contain or incorporate by reference therein certain disclosure that satisfies the additional requirements of Canadian securities laws, which differ from the requirements of United States’ securities laws. Unless otherwise indicated, all resource estimates included in those Canadian filings, and in the documents incorporated by reference therein, had been prepared in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (“CIM”) classification system. NI 43-101 is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators which establishes standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects.
Canadian standards, including NI 43-101, may differ from the requirements of subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K, as defined in the Glossary of Technical Terms (“S-K 1300”). Thus, resource information contained, or incorporated by reference, in the Company’s Canadian filings, and in the documents incorporated by reference therein, may not be comparable to similar information disclosed by companies reporting mineral reserve and mineral resource information under S-K 1300.
The terms “mineral reserve”, “proven mineral reserve” and “probable mineral reserve” are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with NI 43-101 and CIM standards. Pursuant to S-K 1300, the SEC recognizes estimates of “measured mineral resources,” “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources.” In addition, the SEC has amended its definitions of “proven mineral reserves” and “probably mineral reserves” to be substantially similar to the corresponding standards of the CIM.
Investors are cautioned that while terms are substantially similar to CIM standards, there are differences in the definitions and standards under S-K 1300 and the CIM standards. Accordingly, there is no assurance any mineral reserves or mineral resources that the Company may report as “proven reserves”, “probable reserves”, “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” under NI 43-101 will be the same as the reserve or resource estimates prepared under the standards adopted under S-K 1300.
Investors are also cautioned that while the SEC now recognizes “measured mineral resources,” “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources”, investors should not assume that any part or all of mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into reserves. Mineralization described using these terms has a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of an “measured mineral resource,” “indicated mineral resource” or “inferred mineral resource” will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Under Canadian rules, estimates of inferred mineral resources may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies, except in rare cases. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource exists or is economically or legally mineable. Disclosure of “contained ounces” in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute “reserves” by SEC standards as in place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures.
Technical Report Summaries and Qualified Persons
The scientific and technical information concerning the Company’s mineral projects in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been reviewed and approved by “qualified persons” under S-K 1300, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Director, Timothy Barry and the Company’s Director, David Underwood. For a description of the key assumptions, parameters and methods used to estimate mineral reserves and mineral resources included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as data verification procedures and a general discussion of the extent to which the estimates may be affected by any known environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, sociopolitical, marketing or other relevant factors, please review the Technical Report Summaries for each of the Company’s material properties which are included as exhibits to, and incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Glossary of Common Terms
The following terms are used throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
| Concession | A grant of a tract of land made by a government or other controlling authority in return for stipulated services or a promise that the land will be used for a specific purpose. | |
| Exploration Stage |
A prospect that is not yet in either the development or production stage.
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| Feasibility Study | An engineering study designed to define the technical, economic, and legal viability of a mining project with a high degree of reliability. | |
| Formation |
A distinct layer of sedimentary rock of similar composition.
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| Mining | The process of extraction and beneficiation of mineral reserves to produce a marketable metal or mineral product. Exploration continues during the mining process and, in many cases, mineral reserves are expanded during the life of the mine operations as the exploration potential of the deposit is realized. | |
| Ore, Ore Reserve, or Mineable Ore Body | The part of a mineral deposit which could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination. | |
| Mineral Reserves |
An estimate of tonnage and grade or quality of indicated and measured mineral resources that, in the opinion of the qualified person, can be the basis of an economically viable project. More specifically, it is the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource, which includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined or extracted.
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| Mineral Resource |
A concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality, and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction. A mineral resource is a reasonable estimate of mineralization, taking into account relevant factors such as cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions, location or continuity, that, with the assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part, become economically extractable. It is not merely an inventory of all mineralization drilled or sampled.
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| Tonne | A metric ton which is equivalent to 2,204.6 pounds. |
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PART I
Items 1 and 2. BUSINESS AND PROPERTIES
Overview and Corporate Structure
Silver Bull Resources, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Nevada on November 8, 1993 as the Cadgie Company for the purpose of acquiring and developing mineral properties. The Cadgie Company was a spin-off from its predecessor, Precious Metal Mines, Inc. On June 28, 1996, the Company’s name was changed to Metalline Mining Company (“Metalline”). On April 21, 2011, the Company’s name was changed to Silver Bull Resources, Inc. The Company has not realized any revenues from its planned operations, and is considered an exploration stage company. The Company has not established any reserves with respect to its exploration projects and may never enter into the development stage with respect to any of its projects.
The Company has been engaged in the business of mineral exploration. It owns a number of property concessions in Mexico within a mining district known as the Sierra Mojada District, located in the west–central part of the state of Coahuila, Mexico. Operations are conducted in Mexico through the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary corporations, Minera Metalin S.A. de C.V. (“Minera Metalin”), and Minas de Coahuila SBR S.A. de C.V (“Minas”).
In April 2010, Metalline Mining Delaware, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary incorporated in the State of Delaware, was merged with and into Dome Ventures Corporation (“Dome”), a Delaware corporation. As a result, Dome became a wholly owned subsidiary of Silver Bull. Dome has a wholly owned subsidiary, Dome Asia Inc., which is incorporated in the British Virgin Islands.
On June 5, 2015, the Company announced its decision to voluntarily delist its shares of common stock from the NYSE MKT due to costs associated with the continued listing and NYSE MKT exchange rules regarding maintenance of a minimum share price. On June 29, 2015, the Company’s shares began trading on the OTCQB marketplace operated by OTC Markets Group. The Company’s shares of common stock continue to trade on the TSX.
On August 12, 2020, the Company entered into an option agreement (the “Beskauga Option Agreement”) with Copperbelt AG, a corporation existing under the laws of Switzerland (“CB Parent”), and Dostyk LLP, an entity existing under the laws of Kazakhstan and a wholly-owned subsidiary of CB Parent (the “CB Sub,” and together with CB Parent, “CB”), pursuant to which the Company had the exclusive right and option to acquire CB’s right, title and 100% interest in the Beskauga property located in Kazakhstan, which consists of the Beskauga Main project (the “Beskauga Main Project”) and the Beskauga South project (the “Beskauga South Project,” and together the Beskauga Main Project, the “Beskauga Project”). The transaction contemplated by the Beskauga Option Agreement closed on January 26, 2021.
On February 5, 2021, Arras Minerals Corp. (“Arras”) was incorporated in British Columbia, Canada, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Silver Bull. On March 19, 2021, pursuant to an asset purchase agreement with Arras, Silver Bull transferred its right, title and interest in and to the Beskauga Option Agreement, among other things, to Arras. On September 24, 2021, Silver Bull distributed to its shareholders one Arras common share for each Silver Bull share held by such shareholders, or 34,547,838 Arras common shares in total (the “Distribution”). Upon completion of the Distribution, the Company retained 1,452,162 Arras common shares, or approximately 4% of the outstanding Arras common shares, as a strategic investment, and Arras became a stand-alone company.
In December 2021 and June 2022, the Company sold 600,000 and 852,262 common shares of Arras at a price of $CDN 1.00 and $CDN 1.50 per share, respectively. Since then, the Company has not held any interest in Arras.
On April 23, 2023, Nomad Minerals Ltd. (“Nomad Minerals”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, was incorporated in British Columbia, Canada. On April 28, 2023, Nomad Metals Limited was incorporated at Astana International Financial Centre in Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Nomad Minerals.
On June 28, 2023, the Company filed a request for arbitration (the “Arbitration”) before the World Bank’s International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (“ICSID”) against the United Mexican States (“Mexico”) under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (the “USMCA”) and NAFTA, (together with the USMCA, the “Treaties”). Since the arbitration request, the ICSID arbitration has become the Company’s core focus. The ICSID arbitration seeks compensation for the losses resulting from the Mexican State’s wrongful conduct and its breaches of the Treaties’ protections, including expropriation, breach of the fair and equitable treatment standard, discrimination, and other unlawful treatment in respect of the Sierra Mojada Property. If successful in the ICSID arbitration, the Company will take appropriate steps to enforce and recover such an arbitral award (“Award”). The execution and enforcement of an Award may present material challenges and take a number of years.
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The Company’s efforts and expenditures have been concentrated in the exploration of properties, principally the Sierra Mojada property located in Coahuila, Mexico (the “Sierra Mojada Property”). Silver Bull has not determined whether its exploration properties contain ore reserves that are economically recoverable. The ultimate realization of investment in exploration properties is dependent upon the success of future property sales, the existence of economically recoverable reserves, and the Company’s ability to obtain financing or make other arrangements for exploration, development and future profitable production activities. The ultimate realization of the Company’s investment in exploration properties cannot be determined at this time.
Illegal Blockade of Sierra Mojada Property
On June 1, 2018, the Company’s subsidiaries Minera Metalin and Contratistas entered into an earn-in option agreement (the “South32 Option Agreement”) with South32 International Investment Holdings Pty Ltd (“South32”), a wholly owned subsidiary of South32 Limited (ASX/JSE/LSE: S32), whereby South32 was able to obtain an option to purchase 70% of the shares of Minera Metalin and Contratistas (the “South32 Option”).
On October 11, 2019, the Company and subsidiary Minera Metalin issued a notice of force majeure to South32 pursuant to the South32 Option Agreement. Due to a blockade by Sociedad Cooperativa de Exploración Minera Mineros Norteños, S.C.L. (“Mineros Norteños”), all work was halted on the Sierra Mojada Property. The notice of force majeure was issued because of the blockade’s impact the Company and subsidiary Minera Metalin’s ability to perform their obligations under the South32 Option Agreement. Pursuant to the South32 Option Agreement, any time period provided for in the South32 Option Agreement was to be generally extended by a period equal to the period of delay caused by the event of force majeure.
On August 31, 2022, the South32 Option Agreement was mutually terminated by South32 and the Company. South32 paid $518,000 to the Company as a final payment for the exploration costs incurred by the Company during the blockade and released South32 from all claims as the date of termination.
As of January 28, 2025, the blockade by Mineros Norteños at, on and around the Sierra Mojada Property is ongoing.
ICSID Arbitration
On March 2, 2023, the Company filed the NAFTA Notice of Intent. The Company has been unable to access the project since the illegal blockade commenced in September 2019. Despite numerous demands and requests for action by the Company, Mexican governmental agencies have allowed this unlawful conduct to continue and, as such, failed to protect the Company’s investment.
The Company held a meeting with Mexican government officials in Mexico City on May 30, 2023, in an attempt to explore amicable settlement options and avoid arbitration. However, the 90-day period for amicable settlement under NAFTA expired on June 2, 2023, without a resolution.
On June 28, 2023, the Company commenced international arbitration proceedings against Mexico under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (“USMCA”) and NAFTA (the “Arbitration”). The Arbitration was initiated under the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States process, which falls under the auspices of the World Bank’s International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (“ICSID”), to which Mexico is a signatory.
On June 17, 2024, the Company filed its Memorial submission with ICSID detailing the claim against Mexico as well as damages for the sum of $408 million. The Arbitration hearing is set to commence in October 2025.
The Company has engaged Boies Schiller Flexner (UK) LLP as its legal adviser on the legacy NAFTA claim.
2025 Outlook
The focus of the Company for the 2025 calendar year will be to continue with the Arbitration process. If the blockade and the Arbitration proceedings are resolved, any continued exploration of the Sierra Mojada Property ultimately may require the Company to raise additional capital, identify other sources of funding or identify a strategic partner, or other strategic alternatives. The Company is also continuing to seek out other exploration projects for potential development and investment.
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Sierra Mojada Project
Location, Access and Infrastructure
The Sierra Mojada Project is located within a mining district known as the Sierra Mojada District. The Sierra Mojada District is located in the west–central part of the state of Coahuila, Mexico, near the Coahuila-Chihuahua state border approximately 200 kilometers south of the Big Bend of the Rio Grande River. The principal mining area extends for approximately five kilometers in an east-west direction along the base of the precipitous, 1,000-meter-high Sierra Mojada Range.
The Sierra Mojada Project site is situated to the south of the village of Esmeralda, on the northern side of a major escarpment that forms the northern margin of the Sierra Mojada range. In general, the site is approximately 1,500 meters above sea level. The project is accessible by paved road from the city of Torreon, Coahuila, which lies approximately 250 kilometers to the south. Esmerelda is served by a rail spur of the Coahuila Durango railroad. There is an airstrip east of Esmeralda, although its availability is limited, and another airstrip at the nearby Peñoles plant, which the Company can use occasionally. The Sierra Mojada District has high voltage electric power supplied by the national power company, Comisión Federal de Electricidad, C.F.E., and is supplied water by the municipality of Sierra Mojada. Although power levels are sufficient for current operations and exploration, future development of the project, if any, may require additional power supplies to be sourced.
Sierra Mojada Project facilities in Mexico include offices, accommodation for employees, workshops, warehouse buildings and exploration equipment located at Calle Mina #1, La Esmeralda, Coahuila, Mexico.
The map below shows the location of the Sierra Mojada Project:
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The map below shows the concessions of the Sierra Mojada Project:
Property History
Silver and lead were first discovered by a foraging party in 1879, and mining through 1886 consisted of native silver, silver chloride, and lead carbonate ores. After 1886, silver-lead-zinc-copper sulphide ores within limestone and sandstone units were produced. No accurate production history has been found for historical mining during this period.
Approximately 100 years ago, zinc silicate and zinc carbonate minerals (“Zinc Manto Zone”) were discovered underlying the silver-lead mineralized horizon. The Zinc Manto Zone is predominantly zinc dominated, but with subordinate lead-rich manto and is principally situated in the footwall rocks of the Sierra Mojada Fault System. Since discovery and until 1990, zinc, silver, and lead ores were mined from various mines along the strike of the deposit, including from the Sierra Mojada Property. Ores mined from within these areas were hand-sorted, and the concentrate shipped mostly to smelters in the United States.
Activity during the period of 1956 to 1990 consisted of operations by the Mineros Norteños and operations by individual owners and operators of pre-existing mines. The Mineros Norteños operated the San Salvador, Encantada, Fronteriza, Esmeralda, and Parrena mines, and shipped oxide zinc ore to Zinc National’s smelter in Monterrey, while copper and silver ore were shipped to smelters in Mexico and the United States.
It is estimated that over 45 mines have produced ore from underground workings throughout the approximately five kilometers by two-kilometer area that comprises the Sierra Mojada District. It is estimated that since its discovery in 1879, the Sierra Mojada District has produced approximately 10 million tons of silver, zinc, lead and copper ore. The Sierra Mojada District does not have a mill to concentrate ore, and all mining conducted thus far has been limited to selectively mined ore of sufficient grade to direct ship to smelters. The Company believes that mill-grade mineralization that was not mined remains available for extraction. No mining operations are currently active within the area of the Sierra Mojada District, except for a dolomite quarry by Peñoles near Esmeralda.
In the 1990s, Kennecott Copper Corporation (“Kennecott”) had a joint venture agreement with USMX, Inc. (“USMX”) involving its Sierra Mojada concessions. Kennecott terminated the joint venture in approximately 1995. Metalline entered into a Joint Exploration and Development Agreement with USMX in July 1996 involving USMX’s Sierra Mojada concessions. In 1998, Metalline purchased the Sierra Mojada and the USMX concessions, and the joint exploration and development agreement was terminated. Metalline also purchased certain other concessions during this time and conducted exploration for copper and silver mineralization from 1997 through 1999.
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Title and Ownership Rights
The Sierra Mojada Project is comprised of 20 concessions consisting of 6,496 hectares (about 16,052 acres). The Company periodically obtains additional concessions in the Sierra Mojada Project area, and whether it will continue to hold these additional concessions will depend on future exploration work and exploration results and its ability to obtain financing. As in prior years, the Company continually assesses its concession ownership, and may terminate its rights to certain concessions holdings.
Each mining concession enables Silver Bull to explore the underlying concession in consideration for the payment of a semi-annual fee to the Mexican government and completion of certain annual assessment work. Annual assessment work in excess of statutory annual requirements can be carried forward and applied to future periods.
Ownership of a concession provides the owner with exclusive exploration and exploitation rights to all minerals located on the concessions, but does not include the surface rights to the real property. Therefore, the Company will need to negotiate any necessary agreements with the appropriate surface landowners if it is determined that a mining operation is feasible for the concessions. The Company owns surface rights to five lots in the Sierra Mojada Property (Sierra Mojada lot #1, #3, #4, #6 and #7) but anticipates that it will be required to obtain additional surface rights if it is determined that a mining operation is feasible.
Geology and Mineralization
The Sierra Mojada concessions contain a mineral system which can be separated into two distinct zones: a silver-rich zone (the “Silver Zone”) and a zinc-rich zone (the “Zinc Zone”). These two zones lie along the Sierra Mojada Fault which trends east–west along the base of the Sierra Mojada range. The majority of the mineralization identified to date is seen as oxide, which has been derived from primary “sulphide” bodies that have been oxidized and remained in situ or remobilized into porous and fractured rock along the Sierra Mojada Fault. The formation of the Silver Zone and the Zinc Zone is a reflection of the mobility of the metals in the ground water conditions at Sierra Mojada.
The geology of the Sierra Mojada District is composed of a Cretaceous limestone and dolomite sequence sitting on top of the Jurassic “San Marcos” red sediments. This sedimentary sequence was subsequently intruded by Tertiary volcanics, which are considered to be responsible for the mineralization seen at Sierra Mojada. Historical mines are dry, and the rocks are competent for the most part. The Company believes that the thickness and attitude of the mineral resources could potentially be amenable to high volume mechanized mining methods and low-cost production.
Sierra Mojada Technical Report Summary (2023)
On January 24, 2023, Archer, Cathro & Associates (1981) Limited and Timothy Barry delivered a technical report summary (the “Sierra Mojada 2023 TRS”) on the silver and zinc mineralization at the Sierra Mojada Project in accordance with subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K. The Sierra Mojada 2023 TRS supersedes the prior mineral resources estimate released by the Company on October 30, 2018. The Sierra Mojada 2023 TRS includes an update on the silver and zinc mineralization, which was estimated from 1,336 diamond drill holes, 24 reverse circulation drill holes, 9,027 channel samples and 2,346 underground long holes. Using a net smelter return (“NSR”) economic cut-off, the Sierra Mojada 2023 TRS indicates mineral resources in the optimized pit of 70.4 million tonnes at an average silver grade of 38.6 grams/tonne silver, an average zinc percentage of 3.4%, an average copper percentage of 0.04% and an average lead percentage of 0.3%. The Sierra Mojada Report used a $13.50/tonne NSR cut-off grade and assumed a silver price of $18.00/ounce and a zinc price of $1.20/pound based on a five-year average.
Sampling, Analysis, Quality Control and Security
The Company’s activities conform to mining industry standard practices and follow the Best Practices Guidelines of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy, and Petroleum (CIM). Sampling is directed and supervised by trained and experienced geologists. Drill core and other samples are processed and logged using industry standard methods. Standard samples, duplicates and blanks are periodically entered into the stream of samples submitted for assays, and campaigns of re-sampling and duplicate analyses and round-robin inter-laboratory validations are conducted periodically. ALS Chemex – Vancouver (“ALS Chemex”) laboratory is the Company’s independent primary laboratory. ALS Chemex is ISO 9001:2000 certified. All analytical results that are used in resource models are exclusively from the independent primary laboratory.
Silver Bull’s consultants perform technical audits of its operations, including a formal quality assurance/quality control (“QA/QC”) program, and recommend improvements as needed. A systematic program of duplicate sampling and assaying of representative samples from previous exploration activities was completed in 2010 under the direction and control of the Company’s consultants. Results of this study acceptably confirm the values in the project database used for resource modeling.
The Company formerly operated a sample preparation and an analytical laboratory at the project that prepared samples for shipment, performed QA/QC analyses to ensure against cross-contamination of samples during preparation and removed most low-value samples from the flow to the primary laboratory. For cost and other reasons, the internal laboratory has been shut down.
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Prior Exploration Activities
Exploration efforts have been focused on two primary locations: the Silver Zone and the Zinc Zone. As further described below, various exploration activities have been conducted at the Sierra Mojada Project; however, to date, the Company has not established any reserves, and the project remains in the exploration stage and may never enter the development stage.
Prior to 2008, exploration efforts largely focused on the Zinc Zone with surface and underground drilling. In fiscal year 2009, exploration activities were scaled back and administrative costs were reduced to conserve capital while the Company tried to secure additional sources of capital resources.
After closing the transaction with Dome in April 2010, exploration activities at Sierra Mojada primarily focused on the Silver Zone, which lies largely at surface. By the end of calendar 2018, approximately 101,000 meters of diamond drilling from surface and 10,000 meters of underground drilling had been completed.
The silver contained within the Silver Zone is seen primarily as silver halide minerals. The zinc contained within the Zinc Zone is contained mostly in the mineral hemimorphite and, to a lesser amount, in the mineral smithsonite.
2024 Exploration Activities
Due to the continuing blockade by Mineros Norteños previously mentioned under the “Illegal Blockade of Sierra Mojada Property” and the “ICSID Arbitration” sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, during the year ended October 31, 2024, no drilling was conducted as the program remained halted.
Airborne Geophysics
Between September 2018 and November 2018, a 5,297-line kilometer helicopter-borne Versatile Time Domain Electro Magnetic (VTEM) and Magnetic Geophysical Survey was completed over the Sierra Mojada Property. The results of this survey aided in refining the design of the drilling program.
Metallurgical Studies
In May 2015, a selection of high-grade zinc material samples was shipped to a lab in Denver, Colorado for “fine bubble” flotation test work and to a group in Australia to assess their proprietary hydrometallurgy process. Previous test work completed by Silver Bull using mechanical flotation has shown an 87% recovery of zinc from the white zinc zone to produce a rough concentrate of 43% zinc, and a 72.5% recovery of zinc from the red zinc zone to produce a rough concentrate of 30% zinc. The “fine bubble” flotation test work that was performed did not improve recovery, but based on analysis of the results, it was determined that the “fine bubble” flotation test process may be able to be adjusted to improve recovery. Further testing is not planned at this time.
In addition, a metallurgical program was previously conducted to test the recovery of (i) the silver mineralization using the agitation cyanide leach method and (ii) the zinc mineralization using the SART process (sulfidization, acidification, recycling, and thickening). The test work on the Silver Zone focused on cyanide leach recovery of the silver using “Bottle Roll” tests to simulate an agitation leach system and to determine the recovery of (A) low-grade zinc that occurs in the Silver Zone and (B) high-grade zinc from the Zinc Zone that had been blended with mineralization from the Silver-rich Zone to the leach solution. The silver was recovered from the cyanide leach solution using the Merrill Crowe technique, and the zinc was recovered from the leach solution using the SART process. The SART process is a metallurgical process that regenerates and recycles the cyanide used in the leaching process of the silver and zinc and allows for the recovery of zinc that has been leached by the cyanide solution. The results showed an overall average silver recovery of 73.2%, with peak values of 89.0% and an overall average zinc recovery of 44% in the Silver Zone.
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Mineral Resources
Under S-K 1300, a mineral resource is defined as “a concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality, and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction.” A mineral resource is a “reasonable estimate of mineralization, taking into account relevant factors such as cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions, location or continuity, that, with the assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part, become economically extractable. It is not merely an inventory of all mineralization drilled or sampled.” More information supporting assumptions, methodologies, and procedures can be found in the Technical Report Summary incorporated by reference in Exhibit 96.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Sierra Mojada - Summary of Silver and Zinc Mineral Resources at October 31, 2023 Based on $18.00/oz Silver and $1.20/lb Zinc
| Grade | Contained Metal | Cut-off | Metallurgical Recovery | ||||||
| Tonnes (Mt) | Ag (g/t) | Zn (%) | NSR (%/t) | Ag (Moz) | Zn (Mlbs) | NSR ($/t) | Ag | Zn | |
|
Measured Mineral Resources
|
52.0 | 39.2 | 4.0% | $44.3 | 65.5 | 4,589.3 | $13.50 | 73.2% | 44% |
|
Indicated Mineral Resources
|
18.4 | 37.0 | 1. 9% | $27.3 | 21.9 | 764.6 | $13.50 | 73.2% | 44% |
| Measured + Indicated Mineral Resources | 70.4 | 38.6 | 3.4% | $39.8 | 87.4 | 5,353.9 | $13.50 | 73.2% | 44% |
| Inferred Mineral Resources | 0.1 | 8.8 | 6.4% | $52.3 | 0.02 | 10.7 | $13.50 | 73.2% | 44% |
| 1) | S-K 1300 definitions were followed for the Mineral Resource. |
| 2) | The Mineral Resource is reported within a conceptual pit-shell using an NSR cut-off value of US$13.50/tonne. |
| 3) | Mineral Resources are not reserves and do not demonstrate economic viability. |
| 4) | Tonnages are reported to the nearest 100,000 tonne. Grades are rounded to the nearest decimal place. |
| 5) | Rounding as required by reporting guidelines may result in apparent summation differences between tonnes, grade, and contained metal. |
| 6) | Tonnages and grades are as reported directly from block model; with mined out areas removed. |
Competition and Mineral Prices
Mineral Prices
Silver and zinc are commodities, and their prices are volatile. From January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 the price of silver ranged from a low of $22.12 per troy ounce to a high of $34.85 per troy ounce, and from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 the price of zinc ranged from a low of $2,360 per tonne to a high of $3,105 per tonne. Silver and zinc prices are affected by many factors beyond the Company’s control, including prevailing interest rates and returns on other asset classes, expectations regarding inflation, speculation, currency values, governmental decisions regarding the disposal of precious metals stockpiles, global and regional demand and production, political and economic conditions and other factors. The competitive nature of the business and the risks faced are discussed further in the “Risk Factors – Risks Related to the Company’s Business” section below.
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The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, high and low silver and zinc prices on the London Metal Exchange in U.S. dollars per troy ounce and per tonne, respectively. On October 31, 2024, the closing price of silver was $32.66 per troy ounce. On October 31, 2024, the closing price of zinc was $3,105 per tonne.
| Calendar | Silver (per troy ounce) | |||
| Year | High | Low | ||
| 2017 | $18.56 | $15.22 | ||
| 2018 | $17.52 | $13.97 | ||
| 2019 | $19.31 | $14.38 | ||
| 2020 | $28.89 | $12.00 | ||
| 2021 | $29.58 | $21.52 | ||
| 2022 | $26.17 | $17.77 | ||
| 2023 | $26.03 | $20.09 | ||
| 2024 | $34.85 | $22.12 | ||
| Calendar | Zinc (per tonne) | |||
| Year | High | Low | ||
| 2017 | $3,264 | $2,573 | ||
| 2018 | $3,533 | $2,434 | ||
| 2019 | $2,932 | $2,272 | ||
| 2020 | $2,780 | $1,903 | ||
| 2021 | $3,399 | $2,705 | ||
| 2022 | $4,360 | $2,967 | ||
| 2023 | $3,309 | $2,404 | ||
| 2024 | $3,105 | $2,360 | ||
Competition
The mining industry is highly competitive. Silver Bull competes with other mining and exploration companies in the acquisition and exploration of mineral properties. There is competition for a limited number of mineral property acquisition opportunities, some of which is with other companies having substantially greater financial resources, staff and facilities than the Company does. As a result, there may be difficulty acquiring attractive exploration properties, staking claims related to the Company’s properties and exploring properties. The Company’s competitive position depends upon its ability to successfully and economically acquire and explore new and existing mineral properties.
Government Regulation
Mineral exploration activities are subject to various national, state/provincial, and local laws and regulations, which govern prospecting, development, mining, production, exports, taxes, labor standards, occupational health, waste disposal, protection of the environment, mine safety, hazardous substances and other matters. Similarly, if any of the Company’s properties are developed and/or mined, those activities are also subject to significant governmental regulation and oversight. Silver Bull plans to obtain the licenses, permits and other authorizations currently required to conduct its exploration programs. The Company believes that it is in compliance in all material respects with applicable mining, health, safety and environmental statutes and the regulations applicable to the mineral interests held in Mexico.
Environment Regulations
The Company’s activities are subject to various national and local laws and regulations governing protection of the environment. These laws are continually changing and, in general, are becoming more restrictive. Silver Bull intends to conduct business in a way that safeguards public health and the environment and is in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Changes to current state or federal laws and regulations in Mexico could, in the future, require additional capital expenditures and increased operating and/or reclamation costs. Although the Company is unable to predict what additional legislation, if any, might be proposed or enacted, additional regulatory requirements could impact the economics of its projects.
During fiscal year 2024, Silver Bull had no material environmental incidents or non-compliance with any applicable environmental regulations.
Employees
Silver Bull has two employees. Minera Metalin, its wholly owned operating subsidiary in Mexico, currently has one full-time employee.
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Corporate Offices
Silver Bull’s corporate office is located at 777 Dunsmuir Street, Suite 1605, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7Y 1K4, telephone number is (604) 687-5800.
Available Information
The Company maintains a website at http://www.silverbullresources.com. The information on the website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company makes available on or through its website certain reports and amendments to those reports that are filed with or furnished to the SEC in accordance with the Exchange Act. Readers may also obtain this information from the SEC’s website, http://www.sec.gov.
| Item 1A. | RISK FACTORS |
A purchase of the Company’s securities involves a high degree of risk. The Company’s business or operating or financial condition could be harmed due to any of the following risks. Accordingly, investors should carefully consider these risks in making a decision as to whether to purchase, sell or hold securities of the Company. In addition, investors should note that the risks described below are not the only risks facing the Company. Additional risks not presently known to the Company, or risks that do not seem significant today, may impair business operations in the future. Readers should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents incorporated by reference herein, before making a decision to invest in securities of the Company.
Risk factors are grouped into the following categories:
- Risks Relating to the Company’s Business;
- Risks Relating to the Mineral Exploration Industry; and
- Risks Relating to the Company’s Common Stock;
RISKS RELATING TO THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS:
There is substantial doubt about whether the Company can continue as a going concern.
To date, the Company has earned no revenues and has incurred accumulated net losses of $138,814,000. In addition, the Company has limited financial resources. As of October 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $546,000 and working capital of $327,000. Continuation as a going concern is dependent upon the continued payment of Arbitration-related costs by Bench Walk 23P, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (“Bench Walk”), under the Funding Agreement and achieving future financing or strategic transactions. However, there is no assurance that the Funding Agreement will not be terminated or that the Company will have the ability to be successful pursuing a financing or strategic transaction. Accordingly, there is substantial doubt as to whether existing cash resources and working capital are sufficient to enable the Company to continue its operations for the next 12 months as a going concern. Ultimately, in the event that the Funding Agreement is terminated, and the Company cannot obtain additional financial resources, or achieve profitable operations, it may have to liquidate its business interests and investors may lose their investment. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Such adjustments could be material.
The Company may have difficulty meeting its current and future capital requirements.
The Company’s management and the board of directors monitor overall costs and expenses and, if necessary, adjust programs and planned expenditures in an attempt to ensure that the Company has sufficient operating capital. The Company continues to evaluate its costs and planned expenditures for its ongoing Arbitration and exploration efforts at the Sierra Mojada Project. Even with the Funding Agreement in place to cover the costs of the Arbitration process, and additional financial resources from the recently closed private placement, the continued exploration and possible development of the Sierra Mojada Project and the Arbitration claim may require significant amounts of additional capital. If the Company is unable to fund future operations by way of financings, including public or private offerings of equity or debt securities, it will need to reorganize or significantly reduce its operations, which may result in an adverse impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and exploration activities. The Company does not have a credit, off-take or other commercial financing arrangement in place that would finance continued evaluation or development of the Sierra Mojada Project, and the Company believes that securing credit for this project may be difficult. Moreover, equity financing may not be available on attractive terms and, if available, will likely result in significant dilution to existing stockholders.
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The Company is a mineral exploration stage company with no history of operations.
While exploration efforts to date have demonstrated positive results, the Company remains an exploration stage enterprise engaged in mineral exploration in Mexico. The Company has a very limited operating history and is subject to all the risks inherent in a new business enterprise. To date, the Company has had no revenues and has relied upon equity financing, South32 funding, Arbitration funding and sales of investments to fund its operations. The likelihood of success must be considered in light of the problems, expenses, difficulties, complications, and delays frequently encountered in connection with an exploration stage business, and the competitive and regulatory environment in which the Company operates and will operate, such as under-capitalization, personnel limitations, and limited financing sources.
Mineral resource estimates may not be reliable.
There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating quantities of mineral resources such as silver, zinc, lead, and copper, including many factors beyond the Company’s control, and no absolute assurance can be given that the recovery of mineral resources will be realized as projected. In general, estimates of mineral resources are based upon a number of factors and assumptions made as of the date on which the estimates were determined, including:
- geological and engineering estimates that have inherent uncertainties;
- the assumed effects of regulation by governmental agencies;
- the judgment of the engineers preparing the estimate;
- estimates of future metals prices and operating costs;
- the quality and quantity of available data;
- the interpretation of that data; and
- the accuracy of various mandated economic assumptions, all of which may vary considerably from actual results.
All estimates are, to some degree, uncertain. For these reasons, estimates of the recoverable mineral resources prepared by different engineers or by the same engineers at different times may vary. As such, there is uncertainty in any mineral resource estimate, and actual deposits encountered and the economic viability of a deposit may differ from the Company’s estimates.
The Company’s business plan is highly speculative, and its success largely depends on the successful exploration of the Sierra Mojada concessions.
The Company’s business plan has been focused on exploring the Sierra Mojada concessions to identify reserves and, if appropriate, to ultimately develop each property. Although the Company has reported mineral resources on the Sierra Mojada Project, it has not established any reserves and remains in the exploration stage. The Company may never enter the development or production stage. Exploration of mineralization and determination of whether the mineralization might be extracted profitably is highly speculative, and it may take a number of years until production is possible, during which time the economic viability of the project may change. Substantial expenditures are required to establish reserves, extract metals from ore and construct mining and processing facilities.
The Sierra Mojada Project is subject to all of the risks inherent in mineral exploration and development. The economic feasibility of any mineral exploration and/or development project is based upon, among other things, estimates of the size and grade of mineral reserves, proximity to infrastructures and other resources (such as water and power), anticipated production rates, capital and operating costs, and metals prices. To advance from an exploration project to a development project, the Company will need to overcome various hurdles, including completing favorable feasibility studies, securing necessary permits, and raising significant additional capital to fund activities. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in overcoming these hurdles. Because of the Company’s focus on the Sierra Mojada Project and its proximity to Torreon, Mexico, the success of its operations and profitability may be disproportionately exposed to the impact of adverse conditions unique to the region.
Due to the Company’s history of operating losses, it is uncertain that it will be able to maintain sufficient cash to accomplish its business objectives.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred net losses of $169,000 and $1,251,000 respectively. At October 31, 2024, the Company had stockholders’ equity of $5,543,000 and cash and cash equivalents of $546,000. If the blockade is resolved, significant amounts of capital would be required to continue to explore and potentially develop the Sierra Mojada concessions. The Company is not engaged in any revenue-producing activities and does not expect to be in the near future. Currently, potential sources of funding consist of the sale of additional equity securities, entering into joint venture agreements or selling a portion of the Company’s interests in its assets. There is no assurance that any additional capital that the Company will require will be obtainable on terms acceptable to it, if at all. Failure to obtain such additional financing could result in delays or indefinite postponement of further exploration of the projects. Additional financing, if available, will likely result in substantial dilution to existing stockholders.
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Exploration activities require significant amounts of capital that may not be recovered.
Mineral exploration activities are subject to many risks, including the risk that no commercially productive or extractable resources will be encountered. There can be no assurance that the Company’s activities will ultimately lead to an economically feasible project or that it will recover all or any portion of its investment. Mineral exploration often involves unprofitable efforts, including drilling operations that ultimately do not further exploration efforts. The cost of minerals exploration is often uncertain, and cost overruns are common. Drilling and exploration operations may be curtailed, delayed or canceled as a result of numerous factors, many of which are beyond the Company’s control, including title problems, weather conditions, protests, compliance with governmental requirements, including permitting issues, and shortages or delays in the delivery of equipment and services.
The Company’s financial condition could be adversely affected by changes in currency exchange rates, especially between the U.S. dollar and each of the Mexican peso (“$MXN”) and the Canadian dollar (“$CDN”) given its focus on the Sierra Mojada Project in Mexico and the corporate office in Vancouver, Canada.
The Company’s financial condition is affected in part by currency exchange rates, as portions of its exploration costs in Mexico and general and administration costs in Canada are denominated in the local currency. A weakening U.S. dollar relative to the $MXN and $CDN will have the effect of increasing exploration costs and general and administration costs while a strengthening U.S. dollar will have the effect of reducing exploration costs and general and administration costs. The exchange rates between the $CDN and the U.S. dollar and between the $MXN and U.S. dollar have fluctuated widely in response to international political conditions, general economic conditions and other factors beyond the Company’s control.
The Company shares certain key officers and directors with Arras, which means that those officers do not devote their full time and attention to its affairs, and the overlap may give rise to conflicts of interest.
The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and President, Timothy Barry and Chief Financial Officer, Christopher Richards also serve as President and Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer of Arras, respectively. As a result, the Company’s executive officers do not devote their full time and attention to the Company’s affairs. There may be circumstances in which the Company’s executive officers are compelled to spend a significant portion of their time and attention to Arras’ affairs, which may mean that they are unable to devote sufficient time to the Company’s affairs. Furthermore, the Company’s Chairman, Brian Edgar, also serves as Chairman of Arras, and Timothy Barry is also a director of Arras. The overlapping officers and directors may have actual or apparent conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving or affecting each company. For example, conflicts may arise if there are issues or disputes under commercial arrangements that may exist between Arras and the Company. Any failure of the directors or officers of the Company to address these conflicts in an appropriate manner or to allocate opportunities that they become aware of to the Company could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or prospects.
The Company needs and relies upon key personnel.
Presently, the Company employs a limited number of full-time employees, utilizes outside consultants, and in large part relies on the efforts of its officers and directors. Success will depend, in part, upon the ability to attract and retain qualified employees. In particular, the Company has only two executive officers: Timothy Barry and Christopher Richards, and the loss of the services of either of these would adversely affect the Company’s business.
The Company is exposed to information systems and cybersecurity risks.
The Company’s information systems (including those of any of its counterparties) may be vulnerable to the increasing threat of continually evolving cybersecurity risks. Unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to these systems or information through fraud or other means of deception. The Company’s operations depend, in part, on how well it and its counterparties protect networks, equipment, information technology systems and software against damage from threats. The failure of information systems or a component of information systems could, depending on the nature of any such failure, adversely impact the Company’s reputation and results of operations. There can be no assurance that the Company or its counterparties will not incur such losses in the future. The Company’s risk and exposure to these matters cannot be fully mitigated because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats. As a result, cybersecurity and the continued development and enhancement of controls, processes and practices designed to protect systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain an area of attention.
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RISKS RELATING TO THE MINERAL EXPLORATION INDUSTRY:
There are inherent risks in the mineral exploration industry.
The Company is subject to all of the risks inherent in the minerals exploration industry, including, without limitation, the following:
- competition from a large number of companies, most of which are significantly larger than the Company, in the acquisition, exploration, and development of mining properties;
- the possible inability to raise enough money to pay the fees and taxes and perform the labor necessary to maintain the Company’s concessions in good status;
- exploration for minerals is highly speculative, involves substantial risks and is frequently unproductive, even when conducted on properties known to contain significant quantities of mineralization, and the Company’s exploration projects may not result in the discovery of commercially mineable deposits of ore;
- the probability of an individual prospect ever having reserves that meet the requirements for reporting under S-K 1300 is remote, and any funds spent on exploration may be lost;
- the Company’s operations are subject to a variety of existing laws and regulations relating to exploration and development, permitting procedures, safety precautions, property reclamation, employee health and safety, air quality standards, pollution and other environmental protection controls, and it may not be able to comply with these regulations and controls; and
- a large number of factors beyond the Company’s control, including fluctuations in metal prices, inflation, and other economic conditions, will affect the economic feasibility of mining.
Metals prices are subject to extreme fluctuation.
The Company’s activities are influenced by the prices of commodities, including silver, zinc, lead, copper and other metals. These prices fluctuate widely and are affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, including interest rates, expectations for inflation, speculation, currency values (in particular, the strength of the U.S. dollar), global and regional demand, political and economic conditions and production costs in major metal-producing regions of the world.
The Company’s ability to establish reserves through its exploration activities, its future profitability and long-term viability depend, in large part, on the market prices of silver, zinc, lead, copper and other metals. The market prices for these metals are volatile and are affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, including:
- global or regional consumption patterns;
- supply of, and demand for, silver, zinc, lead, copper and other metals;
- speculative activities and producer hedging activities;
- expectations for inflation;
- political and economic conditions; and
- supply of, and demand for, consumables required for production.
Future weakness in the global economy could increase volatility in metals prices or depress metals prices, which could in turn reduce the value of the Company’s properties, make it more difficult to raise additional capital, and make it uneconomical for it to continue its exploration activities.
There are inherent risks with foreign operations.
The Company’s business activities are primarily conducted in Mexico, and as such, its activities are exposed to various levels of foreign political, economic and other risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, terrorism, hostage taking, military repression, extreme fluctuations in currency exchange rates, high rates of inflation, labor unrest, war or civil unrest, expropriation and nationalization, renegotiation or nullification of existing concessions, licenses, permits, approvals and contracts, illegal mining, changes in taxation policies, restrictions on foreign exchange and repatriation, changing political conditions (including, potential instability if the United States or Mexico withdraws from the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement), currency controls and governmental regulations that favor or require the rewarding of contracts to local contractors or require foreign contractors to employ citizens of, or purchase supplies from, a particular jurisdiction.
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Changes, if any, in mining or investment policies or shifts in political attitude in Mexico may adversely affect the Company’s exploration and possible future development activities. The Company may also be affected to varying degrees by government regulations with respect to, but not limited to, foreign investment, maintenance of claims, environmental legislation, land use, land claims of local people, water use and mine safety. Failure to comply strictly with applicable laws, regulations and local practices relating to mineral right applications and tenure could result in loss, reduction or expropriation of entitlements, or the imposition of additional local or foreign parties as joint venture partners with carried or other interests.
The occurrence of these various factors and uncertainties cannot be accurately predicted and could have an adverse effect on the Company’s operations. In addition, legislation in the United States, Canada or Mexico regulating foreign trade, investment and taxation could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition.
The Sierra Mojada Project is located in Mexico and is subject to varying levels of political, economic, legal and other risks.
The Sierra Mojada Project is in Mexico. Mexico has been subject to political instability, changes and uncertainties that have resulted in changes to existing governmental regulations affecting mineral exploration and mining activities. Mexico’s status as a developing country may make it more difficult for the Company to obtain any required financing for the Sierra Mojada Project or other projects in Mexico in the future. The Sierra Mojada Project is also subject to a variety of governmental regulations governing health and worker safety, employment standards, waste disposal, protection of historic and archaeological sites, mine development, protection of endangered and protected species and other matters. Mexican regulators have broad authority to shut down and/or levy fines against facilities that do not comply with regulations or standards.
The Company’s exploration activities in Mexico have been adversely affected by changing government regulations relating to the mining industry and shifts in political conditions that have impacted the Company’s ability to continue to advance the Sierra Mojada Project. Additional changes, if any, in mining or investment policies or shifts in political attitude may adversely affect the Company’s financial condition. Expansion of the Company’s activities will be subject to the need to obtain sufficient access to adequate supplies of water and assure the availability of sufficient power and surface rights that could be affected by government policy and competing operations in the area.
The Company also has litigation risk with respect to its operations. See Part I, Item 3 – Legal Proceedings of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for an explanation of material legal proceedings to which Silver Bull or its subsidiaries have been a party.
The occurrence of these various factors and uncertainties cannot be accurately predicted and could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition. Future changes in applicable laws and regulations or changes in their enforcement or regulatory interpretation could negatively impact current or planned exploration activities with the Sierra Mojada Project or in respect to any other projects in which the Company becomes involved in Mexico. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, even if inadvertent, could result in the interruption of exploration operations or material fines, penalties or other liabilities.
Title to the Company’s properties may be challenged or defective.
The Company’s future operations, including any activities at the Sierra Mojada Project and other exploration activities, will require additional permits from various governmental authorities. The Company’s operations are and will continue to be governed by laws and regulations governing prospecting, mineral exploration, exports, taxes, labor standards, occupational health, waste disposal, toxic substances, land use, environmental protection, mine safety, mining royalties and other matters. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to acquire all required licenses, permits or property rights on reasonable terms or in a timely manner, or at all, that such terms will not be adversely changed, that required extensions will be granted, or that the issuance of such licenses, permits or property rights will not be challenged by third parties.
The Company attempts to confirm the validity of its rights of title to, or contract rights with respect to, each mineral property in which it has a material interest. However, the Company cannot guarantee that title to its properties will not be challenged. The Sierra Mojada Property may be subject to prior unregistered agreements, interests or native land claims, and title may be affected by undetected defects. There may be valid challenges to the title of any of the claims comprising the Sierra Mojada Property that, if successful, could impair possible development and/or operations with respect to such properties in the future. Challenges to permits or property rights (whether successful or unsuccessful), changes to the terms of permits or property rights, or a failure to comply with the terms of any permits or property rights that have been obtained could have a material adverse effect on business by delaying or preventing or making continued operations economically unfeasible.
A title defect could result in Silver Bull losing all or a portion of its right, title, and interest to and in the properties to which the title defect relates. Title insurance generally is not available, and the Company’s ability to ensure that it has obtained secure title to individual mineral properties or mining concessions may be severely constrained. In addition, the Company may be unable to operate its properties as permitted or to enforce its rights with respect to its properties. The Company annually monitors the official mining records in Mexico City to determine if there are annotations indicating the existence of a legal challenge against the validity of any of its concessions. As of January 2025, and to the best of the Company’s knowledge, there are no such annotations, nor is the Company aware of any challenges from the government or from third parties, except for the matters described in Part I, Item 3 – Legal Proceedings.
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In addition, in connection with the purchase of certain mining concessions, Silver Bull agreed to pay a net royalty interest on revenue from future mineral sales on certain concessions at the Sierra Mojada Project, including concessions on which a significant portion of its mineral resources are located. The aggregate amount payable under this royalty is capped at $6.875 million (the “Royalty”), an amount that will only be reached if there is significant future production from the concessions. As noted in Part I, Item 3 (Legal Proceedings), this Royalty is currently the subject of a dispute with a local cooperative. In addition, records from prior management indicate that additional royalty interests may have been created, although the continued applicability and scope of these interests are uncertain. The existence of these royalty interests may have a material effect on the economic feasibility of potential future development of the Sierra Mojada Project.
The Company is subject to complex environmental and other regulatory risks, which could expose it to significant liability and delay and potentially the suspension or termination of exploration efforts.
The Company’s mineral exploration activities are subject to federal, state and local environmental regulations in the jurisdictions where its mineral properties are located. These regulations mandate, among other things, the maintenance of air and water quality standards and land reclamation. They also set forth limitations on the generation, transportation, storage and disposal of solid and hazardous waste. No assurance can be given that environmental standards imposed by these governments will not be changed, thereby possibly materially adversely affecting the Company’s proposed activities. Compliance with these environmental requirements may also necessitate significant capital outlays or may materially affect the Company’s earning power.
Environmental legislation is evolving in a manner that will require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects, and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. As a result of recent changes in environmental laws in Mexico, for example, more legal actions supported or sponsored by non-governmental groups interested in halting projects may be filed against companies operating in all industrial sectors, including the mining sector. Mexican projects are also subject to the environmental agreements entered into by Mexico, the United States and Canada in connection with the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement.
Future changes in environmental regulations in the jurisdictions where the Company’s projects are located may adversely affect its exploration activities, make them prohibitively expensive, or prohibit them altogether. Environmental hazards may exist on the properties in which the Company currently holds interests, such as the Sierra Mojada Project, or may hold interests in the future, that are unknown to it at present and that have been caused by it or previous owners or operators, or that may have occurred naturally. The Company may be liable for remediating any damage that it may have caused. The liability could include costs for removing or remediating the release and damage to natural resources, including ground water, as well as the payment of fines and penalties.
The Company’s industry is highly competitive, attractive mineral properties and property concessions are scarce, and it may not be able to obtain quality properties or concessions.
The Company competes with other mining and exploration companies in the acquisition of mineral properties and property concessions. There is competition for a limited number of attractive mineral property acquisition opportunities, some of which is with other companies having substantially greater financial resources, staff and facilities than the Company. As a result, the Company may have difficulty acquiring quality mineral properties or property concessions.
The Company may face a shortage of water.
Water is essential in all phases of the exploration and development of mineral properties. It is used in such processes as exploration, drilling, leaching, placer mining, dredging, testing, and hydraulic mining. Both the lack of available water and the cost of acquisition may make an otherwise viable project economically impossible to complete. In November 2013, Silver Bull was granted the right to exploit up to 3.5 million cubic meters of water per year from six different well sites by the water regulatory body in Mexico, La Comisión Nacional del Agua, but it has yet to be determined if the six well sites can produce this much water over a sustained period of time.
The Company’s non-operating properties are subject to various hazards.
The Company is subject to risks and hazards, including environmental hazards, possible encounters with unusual or unexpected geological formations, cave-ins, flooding and earthquakes, and periodic interruptions due to inclement or hazardous weather conditions. These occurrences could result in damage to, or the destruction of, mineral properties or future production facilities, personal injury or death, environmental damage, delays in exploration activities, asset write-downs, monetary losses and possible legal liability. The Company may not be insured against all losses or liabilities, either because such insurance is unavailable or because it has elected not to purchase such insurance due to high premium costs or other reasons. Although the Company maintains insurance in an amount that it considers to be adequate, liabilities might exceed policy limits, in which event the Company could incur significant costs that could adversely affect its activities. The realization of any significant liabilities in connection with the Company’s activities as described above could negatively affect its activities and the price of its common stock.
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RISKS RELATING TO THE COMPANY’S COMMON STOCK:
Further equity financings may lead to the dilution of the Company’s common stock.
In order to finance future operations, the Company may raise funds through the issuance of common stock or the issuance of debt instruments or other securities convertible into common stock. The Company cannot predict the size of future issuances of common stock or the size and terms of future issuances of debt instruments or other securities convertible into common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of the Company’s securities will have on the market price of its common stock. Any transaction involving the issuance of previously authorized but unissued shares, or securities convertible into common stock, would result in dilution, possibly substantial, to present and prospective security holders. Demand for equity securities in the mining industry has been weak; therefore, equity financing may not be available on attractive terms and, if available, will likely result in significant dilution to existing shareholders.
No dividends are anticipated.
At the present time, the Company does not anticipate paying dividends, cash or otherwise, on its common stock in the foreseeable future. Future dividends will depend on the Company’s earnings, if any, its financial requirements and other factors. There can be no assurance that the Company will pay dividends.
The Company’s stock price can be very volatile.
The common stock of the Company is listed on the TSX and trades on the OTCQB. The trading price of the Company’s common stock has been, and could continue to be, subject to wide fluctuations in response to announcements of its business developments, results and progress of its exploration activities at the Sierra Mojada Project, progress reports on its exploration activities, and other events or factors. In addition, stock markets have experienced significant price volatility in recent months and years. This volatility has had a substantial effect on the share prices of companies, at times for reasons unrelated to their operating performance. These fluctuations could be in response to:
- volatility in metal prices;
- political developments in the foreign countries in which its properties are located; and
- news reports relating to trends in the industry or general economic conditions.
These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the price of the Company’s common stock, regardless of its operating performance.
The Company cannot make any predictions or projections as to what the prevailing market price for its common stock will be at any time, including as to whether its common stock will achieve or remain at levels at or near its offering price, or as to what effect the sale of shares or the availability of common stock for sale at any time will have on the prevailing market price.
| Item 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS |
None.
| Item 1C. | CYBERSECURITY |
Globally, organizations are encountering cybersecurity incidents with growing frequency, and the nature of these threats is becoming more sophisticated and constantly changing. The Company recognizes the importance of developing, implementing and maintaining strong cybersecurity policies and processes to protect the Company’s information systems and the confidentiality, integrity and accessibility and availability of its data.
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Risk Management and Strategy
Managing Material Risks &
The Company has developed and maintained policies, procedures and controls to mitigate material risks from cybersecurity threats, and assesses and discloses information to investors concerning material cybersecurity incidents. Further, the Company has strategically integrated cybersecurity risk management into its broader risk management framework to promote awareness and attention to cybersecurity risk management Company wide. The information technology (“IT”) consultant (the “IT Consultant”) of the Company evaluates the effectiveness of the data and information systems, an important purpose of which is to protect the data and information systems from security threats. The evaluation stratifies IT systems based on the risk and severity of potential security breaches related to the data handled and assesses the effectiveness of the systems in safeguarding against cyber threats. The evaluation includes attributes such as physical security, network security, host security, application security and data security.
The IT Consultant reports directly to the CFO to review the Company’s information security and cybersecurity risks. Despite these efforts, no system is impenetrable, and the Company cannot provide assurances that it will prevent every attack or timely detect every incident.
Engage Third Parties on Cyber-Risk Management
The Company has engaged
The Company will consider resource and capital constraints when determining the nature and timing of enhancing its cybersecurity infrastructure.
Risks from Cybersecurity Threats
The Company does not currently identify any major cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company (including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition).
Governance
Board of Directors Oversight
The Board of Directors recognizes the importance of information security and mitigating cybersecurity and other data security threats and risks as part of its efforts to protect and maintain the confidentiality and security of its employees, service providers, consultants and business associates, as well as non-public information about the Company. Although the full Board of Directors has ultimate responsibility with respect to risk management oversight, the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors is charged with and bears primary responsibility for, among other matters, overseeing the identification and mitigation of cybersecurity risks.
Risk Management Personnel
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| Item 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS |
Mineros Norteños Case
On May 20, 2014, Mineros Norteños filed an action in the Local First Civil Court in the District of Morelos, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, against the Company’s subsidiary, Minera Metalin, claiming that Minera Metalin breached an agreement regarding the development of the Sierra Mojada Property. Mineros Norteños sought payment of the Royalty, including interest at a rate of 6% per annum since August 30, 2004, even though no revenue has been produced from the applicable mining concessions. It also sought payment of wages to the cooperative’s members since August 30, 2004, even though none of the individuals were hired or performed work for Minera Metalin under this agreement and Minera Metalin did not commit to hiring them. On January 19, 2015, the case was moved to the Third District Court (of federal jurisdiction). On October 4, 2017, the court ruled that Mineros Norteños was time barred from bringing the case. On October 19, 2017, Mineros Norteños appealed this ruling. On July 31, 2019, the Federal Appeals Court upheld the original ruling. This ruling was subsequently challenged by Mineros Norteños and on January 24, 2020, the Federal Circuit Court ruled that the Federal Appeals Court must consider additional factors in its ruling. In March 2020, the Federal Appeals Court upheld the original ruling after considering these additional factors. In August 2020, Mineros Norteños appealed this ruling, which appeal the Company timely responded and objected to on October 5, 2020. On March 26, 2021, the Federal Circuit Court issued a final and conclusive resolution, affirming the Federal Appeals Court decision. Despite the judgments in favour of the Company, Mineros Norteños has continued to block access to the facilities at Sierra Mojada since September 2019. The Company has filed criminal complaints with the State of Coahuila, federal and state authorities have been contacted to intervene and terminate the blockade, and the Company has attempted to negotiate with Mineros Norteños, without resolution to date. The Company has not accrued any amounts in its consolidated financial statements with respect to this claim.
Valdez Case
On February 15, 2016, Messrs. Jaime Valdez Farias and Maria Asuncion Perez Alonso (collectively, “Valdez”) filed an action before the Local First Civil Court of Torreon, State of Coahuila, Mexico, against the Company’s subsidiary, Minera Metalin, claiming that Minera Metalin had breached an agreement regarding the development of the Sierra Mojada Property. Valdez sought payment in the amount of $5.9 million for the alleged breach of the agreement. On April 28, 2016, Minera Metalin filed its response to the complaint, asserting various defenses, including that Minera Metalin terminated the agreement before the payment obligations arose and that certain conditions precedent to such payment obligations were never satisfied by Valdez. The Company and its Mexican legal counsel asserted all applicable defenses. In May 2017, a final judgment was entered finding for the Company, the defendant, acquitting it of all of the plaintiff’s claims and demands. However, due to a technicality in an early procedural act, Valdez was allowed to, and did, challenge the judgment before a local Appeals Court. On October 1, 2020, the Appeals Court entered a resolution overturning the previous judgment and entering a resolution in favor of Valdez in the amount of $5 million, plus court costs. In November 2020, the judgment of the Appeals Court was timely challenged by the Company by means of an “Amparo” lawsuit (Constitutional protection) before a Federal Circuit Court. In June 2021, the Federal Circuit Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff. In consultation with the Company’s Mexican legal counsel, the Company believes these judgments are contrary to applicable law. No efforts have been made by the plaintiff to enforce the Appeals Court resolution, and in the event such efforts are undertaken, the Company intends to assert a variety of further defenses. The Company believes the likelihood of the plaintiff succeeding in collecting any amount on this claim is remote, as such it has not accrued any amounts in the consolidated financial statements with respect to this claim.
ICSID Arbitration
On March 2, 2023, the Company filed the NAFTA Notice of Intent. As is required by Article 1118 of NAFTA, the Company sought to settle this dispute with Mexico through consultations. On May 30, 2023, the Company attended a meeting with Mexican government officials in Mexico City, but, notwithstanding the Company’s good faith efforts to resolve the dispute amicably, no settlement was reached. Accordingly, the Company filed a request for arbitration with ICSID on June 28, 2023. On July 20, 2023, ICSID registered the request. On June 17, 2024, the Company filed its Memorial submission with ICSID detailing the claim against Mexico as well as damages for the sum of $408 million. The Arbitration hearing is set to commence in October 2025.
As the Arbitration proceedings are in the early stages, the Company cannot determine the likelihood of succeeding in collecting any amount and as such has not accrued any amounts in the consolidated financial statements with respect to this claim.
See Note 15 – Commitments and Contingencies to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
| Item 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES |
Not applicable.
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PART II
| Item 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES |
Market Information
From May 2, 2011 to June 28, 2015, Silver Bull’s common stock traded on the NYSE MKT (the predecessor stock exchange to the NYSE American) under the symbol “SVBL.” On June 5, 2015, the Company announced its decision to voluntarily delist its shares of common stock from the NYSE MKT due to costs associated with the continued listing and NYSE MKT exchange rules regarding maintenance of a minimum share price. On June 29, 2015, Silver Bull shares began trading on the OTCQB marketplace operated by OTC Markets Group. Since August 26, 2010, the Company’s common stock has been trading on the TSX under the symbol “SVB.”
The sales prices on the OTCQB reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.
Holders
As of January 28, 2025, there were 70 holders of record of the Company’s common stock. This does not include persons or entities that hold common stock in brokerage accounts or otherwise in “street name.”
Dividends
The Company has not declared or paid any cash dividends on its common stock during the last two fiscal years. The Company has no plans to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
As of October 31, 2024, the Company had one formal equity compensation plan under which equity securities were authorized for issuance to its officers, directors, employees and consultants: the 2019 Stock Option and Stock Bonus Plan (the “2019 Plan”). The 2019 Plan was adopted by the board of directors in February 2019 and approved by the shareholders in April 2019. The 2019 Plan was amended by the board of directors in February 2022, and the amendment was approved by shareholders in April 2022 (the “Amended 2019 Plan”). Under the Amended 2019 Plan, the lesser of (i) 15,000,000 shares or (ii) 10% of the total shares outstanding will be reserved to be issued upon the exercise of options or the grant of stock bonuses. As of October 31, 2024, there were 4,725,000 shares reserved for issuance under the Amended 2019 Plan.
The following table gives information about the Company’s common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants and rights under its compensation plans as of October 31, 2024.
| Plan Category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and rights | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options and rights | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance | |||||||||
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 4,725,000 | $0.17 | 11,565 | |||||||||
| Total | 4,725,000 | $0.17 | 11,565 | |||||||||
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
No sales of unregistered equity securities occurred during the year covered by this report.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Company and Affiliated Purchasers
No purchases of equity securities were made by or on behalf of Silver Bull or any “affiliated purchaser” within the meaning of Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act during the period covered by this report.
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| Item 6. | [RESERVED] |
| Item 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS |
Business Overview
Silver Bull, incorporated in Nevada, is an exploration stage company, engaged in the business of mineral exploration. The Company’s primary objective is to define sufficient mineral reserves on the Sierra Mojada Property to justify the development of a mechanized mining operation. Operations in Mexico are conducted through the Company’s wholly owned Mexican subsidiaries, Minera Metalin and Minas. However, as noted above, Silver Bull has not established any reserves at the Sierra Mojada Property, is in the exploration stage and may never enter the development or production stage.
Silver Bull’s corporate office is located at 777 Dunsmuir Street, Suite 1605, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7Y 1K4, telephone number is (604) 687-5800.
Recent Developments
Litigation Funding Agreement
On September 5, 2023, the Company entered into a litigation funding agreement (“Funding Agreement” or the “LFA”) with Bench Walk. Under the terms of the Funding Agreement, Bench Walk has agreed to fund the Company with up to $9.5 million to cover the Company’s legal, tribunal and external expert costs and defined corporate operating expenses associated with the Arbitration proceedings as a purchase of a contingent entitlement to damages.
During the year ended October 31, 2024, pursuant to the terms of the LFA, the Company received a reimbursement of corporate operating costs in the amount of $800,000 from Bench Walk. Additionally, Bench Walk has made payments on the Company’s behalf for legal and arbitration costs totaling $1,416,545 during the year ended October 31, 2024 and accumulated legal and arbitration costs of $1,979,384 since September 2023.
ICSID Arbitration
On June 28, 2023, the Company commenced international arbitration proceedings against Mexico under the USMCA and NAFTA, arising from Mexico’s unlawful expropriation and other unlawful treatment of Silver Bull and its investments resulting from the illegal blockade of the Company’s Sierra Mojada project.
On June 17, 2024, the Company filed its Memorial submission with ICSID detailing the claim against Mexico as well as damages for the sum of $408 million. The Arbitration hearing is set to commence in October 2025.
Results of Operations
Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2024 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2023
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, the Company reported a consolidated net loss of $169,000 or approximately $nil per share, compared to a consolidated net loss of $1,251,000 or approximately $0.04 per share during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023. The $1,082,000 decrease in the consolidated net loss was primarily due to a $136,000 decrease in exploration and property holding costs and a $877,000 decrease in administrative expenses as a majority of these costs were reimbursed by Bench Walk, which was partially offset by a $68,000 increase in other income in the 2024 fiscal year compared to the 2023 fiscal year as described below.
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Exploration and Property Holding Costs
Exploration and property holding costs decreased by $136,000 to $196,000 in the 2024 fiscal year from $332,000 in the 2023 fiscal year. This decrease was mainly due to a $172,000 reimbursement from Bench Walk pursuant to the Funding Agreement during the 2024 fiscal year and a $16,000 concession impairment in the 2023 fiscal year, which was offset by a $54,000 increase in exploration and property holding costs in the 2024 fiscal year. As the Funding Agreement was entered into in September 2023, there is no fully comparable amount in the 2023 fiscal year.
General and Administrative Costs
General and administrative expenses decreased by $877,000 to $58,000 in the 2024 fiscal year from $935,000 in the 2023 fiscal year as described below.
Stock-based compensation was a factor in the fluctuations in general and administrative expenses. Overall stock-based compensation included in general and administrative expense increased to $115,000 in the 2024 fiscal year from $73,000 in the 2023 fiscal year. This was mainly due to the result of stock options vesting in the 2024 fiscal year having a higher fair value than stock options vesting in the 2023 fiscal year.
Personnel costs decreased by $19,000 to $225,000 in the 2024 fiscal year from $243,000 in the 2023 fiscal year. This decrease was mainly due to a $82,000 reduction in the accrued vacation liability and a $nil bonus recorded in the 2024 fiscal year compared to $68,000 bonus in the 2023 fiscal year. The decrease was offset by a $101,000 increase in salaries due to revised agreements with the Company’s management in September 2023 and a $24,000 increase in stock-based compensation compared to the 2023 fiscal year.
Office and administrative expenses of $218,000 in the 2024 fiscal year was similar to the $219,000 in such costs in the 2023 fiscal year.
Professional fees decreased by $315,000 to $159,000 in the 2024 fiscal year compared to $474,000 in the 2023 fiscal year. This decrease was mainly due to arbitration related costs incurred in relation to the legacy NAFTA claim in the 2023 fiscal year.
Directors’ fees increased by $21,000 to $134,000 in the 2024 fiscal year as compared to $113,000 for the 2023 fiscal year. This increase was primarily due to a $22,000 increase the stock-based compensation expense to $48,000 in the 2024 fiscal year from $26,000 in the 2023 fiscal year as a result of stock options vesting in the 2024 fiscal year having a higher fair value than stock options vesting in the 2023 fiscal year.
The Company recorded a $8,000 recovery of uncollectible VAT for the 2024 fiscal year as compared to a $45,000 provision for uncollectible VAT in the 2023 fiscal year. The allowance for uncollectible taxes in Mexico was estimated by management based upon a number of factors, including the length of time the returns have been outstanding, responses received from tax authorities, general economic conditions in Mexico and estimated net recovery after commissions.
In the current year, the Company recorded a contra expense of $669,000 compared to $209,000 in the 2023 fiscal year, which is comprised of funds from the Funding Agreement. Bench Walk is funding the Company’s legal, tribunal and external expert costs and defined corporate operating expenses. This is a nonrecourse agreement, and the Company has no obligation to repay any funds received under the agreement. In the event of a favorable outcome, Bench Walk would recover disbursed funding as part of their investment return. As the Funding Agreement was entered into in September 2023, there is no fully comparable amount in the 2023 fiscal year.
During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, the arbitration lawyers incurred $1,417,000 in legal costs compared to $474,000 in the 2023 fiscal year. All of which was paid by Bench Walk directly.
Other Income
The Company recorded other income of $86,000 in the 2024 fiscal year as compared to other income of $18,000 in the 2023 fiscal year. The significant factor contributing to other income in the 2024 fiscal year was $45,000 in interest income, $21,000 in foreign currency transaction income and $31,000 in miscellaneous income on partial forgiveness of the Company’s Canada Emergency Business Account (“CEBA”) loan and a gain from sale of equipment, which was offset by a $11,000 expense from change in fair value of the warrant derivative liability due to an increase in the fair value of warrants with a $CDN exercise price from October 31, 2023 to October 31, 2024. The significant factor contributing to other income in the 2023 fiscal year was a $32,000 interest income and a $9,000 foreign currency transaction income, which was offset by $20,000 in other costs related to the certain years’ VAT and corporate taxes disputes with Mexican tax authorities and a $3,000 expense related to the issuance of warrants.
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Material Changes in Financial Condition; Liquidity and Capital Resources
Litigation Funding Agreement
As noted above, pursuant to the Funding Agreement, Bench Walk is paying up to an aggregate of $9.5 million to fund legal costs and other expenses incurred by the Company in connection with the Claim, including an amount for reasonably incurred day-to-day operating expenses of the Company. During the 2024 fiscal year, the Company received funding of $800,000 as reimbursement of corporate operating costs incurred. In January 2025, the Company received an additional reimbursement of $200,000 from Bench Walk.
The Company agreed that the Bench Walk shall be entitled to receive a share of any proceeds arising from the Claim (the “Claim Proceeds”) of up to 3.5x Bench Walk’s capital outlay (or, if greater, a return of 1.0x Bench Walk’s capital outlay plus 30% of the Claim Proceeds). The actual return to Bench Walk may be lower than the foregoing amounts depending on how quickly the Claim is resolved.
Cash Flows
During the 2024 fiscal year, cash and cash equivalents were primarily utilized to fund general and administrative expenses, and to reduce accounts payable and accrued liabilities balances. In addition, the Company received $800,000 from Bench Walk. As a result of the arbitration funding from Bench Walk, which was partially offset by exploration activities and general and administrative expenses, cash and cash equivalents decreased from $1,009,000 at October 31, 2023 to $546,000 at October 31, 2024.
Cash flows used in operations for the 2024 fiscal year were $421,000 as compared to $794,000 for the 2023 fiscal year. The decrease was mainly due to the timing of certain payments.
Cash flows provided by investing activities for the 2024 fiscal year were proceeds of $16,000 from the sale of equipment, which was offset by a $1,000 purchase of equipment. Cash flows provided by investing activities for the 2023 fiscal year was $nil.
Cash flows used by financing activities for the 2024 fiscal year were $57,000 as the Company repaid the payable portion of the CEBA loan and payment of share issuance costs related to the private placement in the 2023 fiscal year. The cash flows provided by financing activities of $916,000 in the 2023 fiscal year was due to the private placement the Company completed.
Capital Resources
As of October 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $546,000 as compared to cash and cash equivalents of $1,009,000 as of October 31, 2023. The decrease in liquidity and working capital were primarily the result of the net repayment of accounts payable of $445,000 and increases in accounts receivable and general and administrative expenses and payments, which were partially offset decreases in related party and the Arbitration funding.
Since the Company’s inception in November 1993, it has not generated revenue and has incurred an accumulated deficit of $138,814,000. Accordingly, the Company has not generated cash flows from operations, and since inception has relied primarily upon proceeds from private placements and registered direct offerings of its equity securities, warrant exercises, the sale of investments and funding from Bench Walk and South32 as the primary sources of financing to fund operations. Based on the limited cash and cash equivalents, and history of losses, there is substantial doubt as to whether the Company’s existing cash resources are sufficient to enable it to continue operations for the next 12 months as a going concern. Management plans to pursue possible financing and strategic options, including, but not limited to, obtaining additional equity financing and the exercise of warrants by warrantholders. However, there is no assurance that the Company will be successful in pursuing these plans.
Any future additional financing in the near term will likely be in the form of the issuance of equity securities, which will result in dilution to Silver Bull’s existing shareholders. Moreover, the Company may incur significant fees and expenses in the pursuit of a financing or other strategic transaction, which will increase the rate at which its cash and cash equivalents are depleted.
Capital Requirements and Liquidity; Need for Additional Funding
The Company’s management and board of directors monitor overall costs, expenses, and financial resources and, if necessary, will adjust planned operational expenditures in an attempt to ensure that the Company has sufficient operating capital. The Company continues to evaluate its costs and planned expenditures, including its Sierra Mojada Property as discussed below.
If the blockade is resolved, and exploration of the Sierra Mojada project is restarted, the Company will require significant amounts of additional capital. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $0.4 million in cash and cash equivalents. The continued exploration of the Sierra Mojada Property ultimately would require the Company to raise additional capital, identify other sources of funding, identify a strategic partner or other strategic alternatives.
The Company will continue to evaluate its ability to obtain additional financial resources, and will attempt to reduce or limit expenditures on the Sierra Mojada Property as well as general and administrative costs if it is determined that additional financial resources are unavailable or available on terms that it determines are unacceptable. However, it may not be possible to reduce costs, and even if the Company is successful in reducing costs, it still may not be able to continue operations for the next 12 months as a going concern. Debt or equity financing may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Equity financing, if available, may result in substantial dilution to existing stockholders. If the Company is unable to fund future operations by way of financings, including public or private offerings of equity or debt securities, its business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely impacted.
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
There are no significant off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on the Company’s financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to its shareholders.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2024
In November 2023, Silver Bull adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Updated (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU expands public entities’ segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items, and interim disclosures of a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. All disclosure requirements under ASU 2023-07 are also required for public entities with a single reportable segment. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. This ASU contains amendments to the Codification that remove references to various FASB Concepts Statements. The effort facilitates Codification updates for technical corrections such as conforming amendments, clarifications to guidance, simplifications to wording or the structure of guidance and other minor improvements. While the amendments are not expected to result in significant changes for most entities, the FASB provided transition guidance since some entities could be affected. This ASU will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU expands public entities’ income tax disclosures by requiring disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. This ASU will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB (including its Emerging Issues Task Force) and the SEC did not or are not expected to have a significant impact on the present or future consolidated financial statements of the Company.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires the Company to establish accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. These consolidated financial statements include some estimates and assumptions that are based on informed judgments and estimates of management. The Company evaluates its policies and estimates on an ongoing basis and discuss the development, selection and disclosure of critical accounting policies with the audit committee of the board of directors. Predicting future events is inherently an imprecise activity and as such requires the use of judgment. The Company’s consolidated financial statements may differ based upon different estimates and assumptions.
Significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements. The significant accounting policies are subject to judgments and uncertainties that affect the application of such policies. The Company believes that these consolidated financial statements include the most likely outcomes with regard to amounts that are based on management’s judgment and estimates. The consolidated financial position and results of operations may be materially different when reported under different conditions or when using different assumptions in the application of such policies. If estimates or assumptions prove to be different from the actual amounts, adjustments are made in subsequent periods to reflect more current information. The Company believes that the following accounting policies are critical to the preparation of its consolidated financial statements due to the estimation process and business judgment involved in their application:
| 29 |
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates based on assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant under the circumstances. Revisions to estimates and assumptions are accounted for prospectively.
Significant areas involving the use of estimates include determining the allowance for uncollectible taxes, evaluating recoverability of property concessions, evaluating impairment of long-lived assets, evaluating recoverability of accounts receivable, calculating a valuation for warrant derivative liability and calculating stock-based compensation.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts Receivable consists of corporate costs that are to be reimbursed by Bench Walk pursuant to the terms of the Funding Agreement. The Company anticipates full recovery of its current receivables within three months.
Property Concessions
Property concession acquisition costs are capitalized when incurred and will be amortized using the units of production method following the commencement of production. If a property concession is subsequently abandoned or impaired, any capitalized costs will be expensed in the period of abandonment or impairment. To date, no property concessions have reached the production stage.
Acquisition costs include cash consideration and the fair market value of shares issued on the acquisition of property concessions.
Exploration Costs
Exploration costs incurred are expensed to the date of establishing that costs incurred are economically recoverable. Exploration expenditures incurred subsequent to the establishment of economic recoverability are capitalized and included in the carrying amount of the related property. To date, the Company has not established the economic recoverability of its exploration prospects; therefore, all exploration costs are being expensed.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews and evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment when events and changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts of its assets may not be recoverable. Impairment is considered to exist if the future cash flows on an undiscounted basis are less than the carrying amount of the long-lived asset. An impairment loss is measured and recorded based on the difference between book value and fair value of the asset group. In estimating future cash flows, assets are grouped at the lowest level for which there is identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of cash flows from other asset groups. In estimating future cash flows, the Company estimates the price that would be received to sell an asset group in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Significant factors that impact this price include the price of silver and zinc, and general market conditions for exploration companies, among other factors.
Income Taxes
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 was signed into law on December 22, 2017. The law includes significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system, including a federal corporate rate reduction from 35% to 21%, limitations on the deductibility of interest expense and executive compensation, and the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial tax system. The law did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures.
The asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes is followed. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the tax basis and accounting basis of the assets and liabilities measured using tax rates enacted at the balance sheet date. The tax benefit from uncertain tax positions is recognized only if it is at least “more likely than not” that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with the taxing authorities. This accounting standard also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods and disclosure.
| 30 |
A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets if management does not believe that the Company has met the “more likely than not” standard imposed by this guidance to allow recognition of such an asset. Management recorded a full valuation allowance at October 31, 2024 and October 31, 2023 against the deferred tax assets as it determined that future realization would not meet the “more likely than not” criteria.
Warrant Derivative Liability
The Company classified warrants on the Company’s balance sheet as a derivative liability which is fair valued at each reporting period subsequent to the initial issuance as the Company’s functional currency is the U.S. dollar and the exercise price of the warrants is the $CDN. The Company has used the Black-Scholes pricing model to value the warrants that do not have an acceleration feature. Determining the appropriate fair-value model and calculating the fair value of warrants requires considerable judgment. Any change in the estimates used may cause the value to be higher or lower than that reported. The estimated volatility of the common stock of the Company at the date of issuance, and at each subsequent reporting period, is based on historical volatility adjusted to reflect implicit discount to historical volatilities observed in the prices of traded warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on rates published by the government for bonds with a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants at the valuation date. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend yield is expected to be none as the Company has not paid dividends nor does the Company anticipate paying any dividend in the foreseeable future.
The derivative is not traded in an active market and the fair value is determined using valuation techniques. The estimates may be significantly different from those recorded in the consolidated financial statements because of the use of judgment and the inherent uncertainty in estimating the fair value of these instruments that are not quoted in an active market. All changes in the fair value are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss each reporting period.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Black-Scholes pricing model is used as a method for determining the estimated fair value for all stock options awarded to employees, officers, directors and consultants. The expected term of the options is based upon an evaluation of historical and expected future exercise behavior. The risk-free interest rate is based on rates published by the government for bonds with a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the options at the valuation date. Volatility is determined based upon historical volatility of the Company’s stock and adjusted if future volatility is expected to vary from historical experience. The dividend yield is assumed to be none as Silver Bull has not paid dividends nor does it anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. The graded vesting attribution method is used to recognize compensation costs over the requisite service period.
Cumulative compensation cost associated with options on subsidiary equity are classified as additional paid-in capital until exercised.
Foreign Currency Translation
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2024 and October 31, 2023, the functional currency of Silver Bull Resources, Inc. and its subsidiaries was the U.S. dollar.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2024 and October 31, 2023, Silver Bull’s Mexican operations’ monetary assets and liabilities with foreign source currencies were translated into U.S. dollars at the period-end exchange rate, and non-monetary assets and liabilities with foreign source currencies were translated using the historical exchange rate. The Mexican operations’ revenue and expenses were translated at the average exchange rate during the period except for depreciation of office and mining equipment, costs of office and mining equipment sold and impairment of property concessions, all of which are translated using the historical exchange rate. Foreign currency translation gains and losses of the Mexican operations are included in the consolidated statements of operations.
Accounting for Loss Contingencies and Legal Costs
From time to time, the Company is named as a defendant in legal actions arising from its normal business activities. An accrual for the estimated loss from a loss contingency is recorded when information available prior to issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Disclosure of a loss contingency is made by the Company if there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss has been incurred, and either an accrual has not been made or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the amount accrued. In cases where only disclosure of the loss contingency is required, either the estimated loss or a range of estimated loss is disclosed or it is stated that an estimate cannot be made. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are considered period costs and accordingly are expensed in the period services are provided.
| 31 |
| Item 7A. | Quantitative AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK |
Not applicable.
| Item 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA |
See “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” following the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
| Item 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE |
None.
| Item 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES |
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of October 31, 2024, the Company has carried out an evaluation under the supervision of, and with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on the evaluation as of October 31, 2024, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective.
Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, the Company assessed, as of October 31, 2024, the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. This assessment was based on criteria established in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the Company’s assessment using those criteria, management concluded that its internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2024 was effective.
Internal control over financial reporting is defined as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by its board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:
- pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets;
- provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors; and
- provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the internal control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations of any internal control system, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected.
| 32 |
(c) Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024 that materially affected, or were reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.
| Item 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies
During
the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, none of our directors or executive officers
| Item 9C. | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS |
Not applicable.
| 33 |
PART III
| Item 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE |
Information relating to this item will be included in an amendment to this report or in the proxy statement for Silver Bull’s 2025 annual meeting of shareholders and is incorporated by reference in this report.
The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all directors and employees, including its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, and those officers performing similar functions. The full text of the Company’s Code of Ethics can be found on the Corporate Governance page of its website – at http://www.silverbullresources.com/corporate/corporate-governance/. If the board of directors approves an amendment to or waiver from any provision of the Code of Ethics, Silver Bull will disclose the required information pertaining to such amendment or waiver on its website.
| Item 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION |
Information relating to this item will be included in an amendment to this report or in the proxy statement for Silver Bull’s 2025 annual meeting of shareholders and is incorporated by reference in this report.
| Item 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF Certain BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS |
Information relating to this item will be included in an amendment to this report or in the proxy statement for Silver Bull’s 2025 annual meeting of shareholders and is incorporated by reference in this report.
| Item 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE |
Information relating to this item will be included in an amendment to this report or in the proxy statement for Silver Bull’s 2025 annual meeting of shareholders and is incorporated by reference in this report.
| Item 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTant FEES AND SERVICES |
Information relating to this item will be included in an amendment to this report or in the proxy statement for Silver Bull’s 2025 annual meeting of shareholders and is incorporated by reference in this report.
| 34 |
PART IV
| Item 15. | EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES |
Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules
See “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” on page F-1.
| 35 |
X Filed herewith.
XX Furnished herewith.
+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.
† Filed herewith under Items 1 and 2 – Business and Properties.
†† Portions of this exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K. The omitted information is not material, and the registrant customarily and actually treats such information as private and confidential. The registrant hereby agrees to furnish supplementally an unredacted copy of this exhibit to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
* The following financial information from Silver Bull Resources, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity, Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
| Item 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY |
None.
| 36 |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| SILVER BULL RESOURCES, INC. | |||
| Date: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ Timothy Barry | |
| Timothy Barry, | |||
| Chief Executive Officer | |||
| (Principal Executive Officer) | |||
| Date: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ Christopher Richards | |
| Christopher Richards, | |||
| Chief Financial Officer | |||
| (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Date: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ Timothy Barry | |
| Timothy Barry, | |||
| Chief Executive Officer and Director | |||
| Date: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ Brian Edgar | |
| Brian Edgar, | |||
| Director | |||
| Date: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ William Matlack | |
| William Matlack | |||
| Director | |||
| Date: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ David Underwood | |
| David Underwood, | |||
| Director |
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SILVER BULL RESOURCES, INC.
(An Exploration Stage Company)
| PAGE NO. | ||
| Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID # | F-2 | |
| Consolidated Financial Statements: | ||
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-3 | |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss | F-4 | |
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-5 – F-6 | |
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | F-7 | |
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-8 – F-24 |
[The balance of this page has been intentionally left blank.]
| F-1 |
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Silver Bull Resources, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (an exploration stage company) (the “Company”) as of October 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, cash flows, and stockholders’ equity for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of October 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Going Concern Uncertainty
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has limited cash and cash equivalents at October 31, 2024. These circumstances raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
We have determined that there are no critical audit matters to communicate in our auditors’ report.
/s/ Smythe LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.
Vancouver,
January 28, 2025
| F-2 |
SILVER BULL RESOURCES, INC.
(AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
October 31, 2024 |
October 31, 2023 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| CURRENT ASSETS | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | ||||||
| Other receivables | ||||||||
| Accounts receivable (Note 4) | ||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and deposits | ||||||||
| Due from related party (Note 5) | ||||||||
| Total Current Assets | ||||||||
| Value-added tax receivable, net of allowance for uncollectible taxes of $ | ||||||||
| Office and mining equipment, net (Note 7) | ||||||||
| Property concessions (Note 8) | ||||||||
| TOTAL ASSETS | $ | $ | ||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
| LIABILITIES | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accrued liabilities and expenses | ||||||||
| Income tax payable | ||||||||
| Warrant derivative liability (Note 12) | ||||||||
| Loan payable (Note 9) | ||||||||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES | ||||||||
| COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 15) | ||||||||
| STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Notes 10, 11 and 12) | ||||||||
| Common stock, $ | ||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | ||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Other comprehensive income | ||||||||
| Total Stockholders’ Equity | ||||||||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
| F-3 |
SILVER BULL RESOURCES, INC.
(AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
| Years Ended October 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| REVENUES | $ | $ | ||||||
| EXPLORATION AND PROPERTY HOLDING COSTS | ||||||||
| Exploration and property holding costs (Note 4) | ||||||||
| Depreciation (Note 7) | ||||||||
| Funding Agreement reimbursement (contra expense) (Note 4) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Concession impairment (Note 8) | ||||||||
| TOTAL EXPLORATION AND PROPERTY HOLDING COSTS | ||||||||
| GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES | ||||||||
| Personnel | ||||||||
| Office and administrative | ||||||||
| Professional services (Note 4) | ||||||||
| Directors’ fees | ||||||||
| (Recovery of) provision for uncollectible value-added taxes (Note 6) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Funding Agreement reimbursement (contra expenses) (Note 4) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| TOTAL GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES | ||||||||
| LOSS FROM OPERATIONS | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| OTHER INCOME | ||||||||
| Interest income | ||||||||
| Foreign currency transaction gain | ||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrants derivative liability (Note 12) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Miscellaneous income (Notes 7 and 9) | ||||||||
| Other costs (Note 15) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Warrant issuance costs (Note 10) | — | ( | ) | |||||
| TOTAL OTHER INCOME | ||||||||
| LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| INCOME TAX EXPENSE (Note 13) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| NET AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| BASIC AND DILUTED NET LOSS PER COMMON SHARE | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| BASIC AND DILUTED WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING | ||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
.
| F-4 |
SILVER BULL RESOURCES, INC.
(AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| Years Ended October 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||
| Net loss | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used by operating activities: | ||||||||
| Depreciation (Note 7) | ||||||||
| (Recovery of) provision for uncollectible value-added taxes (Note 6) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Foreign currency transaction income | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Stock options issued for compensation (Note 11) | ||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant derivative liability (Note 12) | ||||||||
| Miscellaneous income (Notes 7 and 9) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Concession impairment (Note 8) | ||||||||
| Shares of common stock issued for services (Note 10) | ||||||||
| Warrant issuance costs (Note 10) | ||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||
| Other receivables | ( | ) | ||||||
| Accounts receivables (Note 4) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Prepaid expenses and deposits | ||||||||
| Due from related party (Note 5) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Accounts payable | ( | ) | ||||||
| Accrued liabilities and expenses | ||||||||
| Value-added tax receivable (Note 6) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Income tax payable | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||
| Purchase of equipment (Note 7) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from sale equipment (Note 7) | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by investing activities | ||||||||
| CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||
| Loan repayment (Note 9) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Payment of share issuance costs | ( | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs (Note 10) | ||||||||
| Net cash (used) provided by financing activities | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | ( | ) | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents beginning of year | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents end of year | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
| F-5 |
SILVER BULL RESOURCES, INC.
(AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)
| Years Ended October 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURES: | ||||||||
| Income taxes paid | $ | $ | ||||||
| Interest paid | ||||||||
| NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||
| Offering costs included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
| F-6 |
SILVER BULL RESOURCES, INC.
(AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
| Common Stock | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of Shares | Amount | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Other Comprehensive Income | Total Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, October 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Stock option activity as follows: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Stock-based compensation for options issued to directors, officers, employees and advisors (Note 11) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss for the year ended October 31, 2024 | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, October 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of Shares | Amount | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Other Comprehensive Income | Total Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, October 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock as follows: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - For cash at a price of $CDN $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - For compensation at $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock option activity as follows: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Stock-based compensation for options issued to directors, officers, employees, and advisors (Note 11) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss for the year ended October 31, 2023 | — | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, October 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
| F-7 |
NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the State of Nevada on November 8, 1993 as the Cadgie Company for the purpose of acquiring and developing mineral properties. The Cadgie Company was a spin-off from its predecessor, Precious Metal Mines, Inc. On June 28, 1996, the Company’s name was changed to Metalline Mining Company. On April 21, 2011, the Company’s name was changed to Silver Bull Resources, Inc. The Company’s fiscal year-end is October 31. The Company has not realized any revenues from its planned operations and is considered an exploration stage company. The Company has not established any reserves with respect to its exploration projects and may never enter into the development stage with respect to any of its projects.
The Company engages in the business of mineral exploration. The Company currently owns a number of property concessions in Mexico (collectively known as the “Sierra Mojada Property”). The Company conducts its operations in Mexico through its wholly owned subsidiary corporations, Minera Metalin S.A. de C.V. (“Minera Metalin”), Contratistas de Sierra Mojada S.A. de C.V. (“Contratistas”) and Minas de Coahuila SBR S.A. de C.V. (“Minas”). On August 26, 2021, Contratistas merged with and into Minera Metalin.
On April 16, 2010, Metalline Mining Delaware, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company incorporated in the State of Delaware, was merged with and into Dome Ventures Corporation (“Dome”), a Delaware corporation. As a result, Dome became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Dome has a wholly owned subsidiary Dome Asia Inc., which is incorporated in the British Virgin Islands.
On April 23, 2023, Nomad Minerals Ltd. (“Nomad Minerals”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, was incorporated in British Columbia, Canada. On April 28, 2023, Nomad Metals Limited was incorporated at Astana International Financial Centre in Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Nomad Minerals.
On August 12, 2020, the Company entered
into an option agreement (the “Beskauga Option Agreement”) with Copperbelt AG, a corporation existing under the laws of Switzerland
(“Copperbelt Parent”), and Dostyk LLP, an entity existing under the laws of Kazakhstan and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Copperbelt
(the “Copperbelt Sub,” and together with Copperbelt Parent, “Copperbelt”), pursuant to which the Company has the
exclusive right and option to acquire Copperbelt’s right, title and
On
The Company’s efforts and expenditures have been concentrated on the exploration of properties, principally in the Sierra Mojada Property located in Coahuila, Mexico. The Company has not determined whether its exploration properties contain ore reserves that are economically recoverable. The ultimate realization of the Company’s investment in exploration properties is dependent upon the success of future property sales, the existence of economically recoverable reserves, and the ability of the Company to obtain financing or make other arrangements for exploration, development, and future profitable production activities. The ultimate realization of the Company’s investment in exploration properties cannot be determined at this time.
| F-8 |
Exploration Stage
The Company has established the existence of mineral resources for the Sierra Mojada Project. The Company has not established proven or probable reserves, as defined by the United States Securities and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K (“S-K 1300”), through the completion of a “final” or “bankable” feasibility study for Sierra Mojada Project. Furthermore, the Company has no plans to establish proven or probable reserves for Sierra Mojada Project. As a result, and despite the fact that the Company commenced extraction of mineral resources at the Sierra Mojada Property, the Company remains an exploration stage company, as defined by the SEC.
Beginning with the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2022, the Company reports its mineral resources in accordance with S-K 1300.
Going Concern
Since its inception in November 1993, the
Company has not generated revenue and has incurred an accumulated deficit of $
Despite the arbitration financing in place, based on the Company’s constrained cash and cash equivalents, and history of losses, there exists a certain level of uncertainty regarding the company’s ability to sustain its operation over the next 12 months as a going concern. While the Company entered into a Funding Agreement aimed at covering arbitration legal costs and certain other costs, supplemental fundraising will be essential to meet more extensive operational demands. Management plans to pursue possible financing and strategic options, including, but not limited to, obtaining additional equity financing. Management has successfully pursued these options previously and believes that they alleviate the substantial doubt that the Company can continue its operations for the next 12 months as a going concern. However, there is no assurance that the Company will be successful in pursuing these plans. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and do not include any adjustments to the amounts and classification of assets and liabilities that may be necessary in the event the Company can no longer continue as a going concern. Such adjustments could be material.
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
This summary of significant accounting policies is presented to assist in understanding the consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements and notes are representations of the Company’s management, which is responsible for their integrity and objectivity.
Basis of Presentation
The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) using the accrual method of accounting, except for cash flow amounts.
All figures are in United States dollars unless otherwise noted.
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the presentation in the current period. Such reclassifications were not considered material.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, after elimination of intercompany accounts and transactions. The wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company are listed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.
The Company consolidated entities in which it has a controlling financial interest based on either the variable interest entity (VIE) or voting interest model.
Under the VIE model, a VIE is a reporting entity that has (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Currently, the Company manages the mineral exploration program in the property concessions in Mexico through its wholly owned subsidiary corporation Minera Metalin.
| F-9 |
Use of Estimates
The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates based on assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant under the circumstances. Revisions to estimates and assumptions are accounted for prospectively.
Significant areas involving the use of estimates include determining the allowance for uncollectible taxes, evaluating recoverability of property concessions, evaluating impairment of long-lived assets, evaluating recoverability of accounts receivable, calculating a valuation for warrant derivative liability and calculating stock-based compensation.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include all highly
liquid investments with an original maturity of
Accounts Receivable
Accounts Receivable consists of corporate costs that are to be reimbursed by Bench Walk 23P, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (“Bench Walk”), pursuant to the terms of the Funding Agreement (Note 4). The Company anticipates full recovery of its current receivables within three months (Note 17).
Property Concessions
Property concession acquisition costs are capitalized when incurred and will be amortized using the units of production method following the commencement of production. If a property concession is subsequently abandoned or impaired, any capitalized costs will be expensed in the period of abandonment or impairment. To date, no property concessions have reached the production stage.
Acquisition costs include cash consideration and the fair market value of shares issued on the acquisition of property concessions.
Exploration Costs
Exploration costs incurred are expensed to the date of establishing that costs incurred are economically recoverable. Exploration expenditures incurred subsequent to the establishment of economic recoverability are capitalized and included in the carrying amount of the related property. To date, the Company has not established the economic recoverability of its exploration prospects; therefore, all exploration costs are being expensed.
Office and Mining Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Assets under construction are depreciated when they are substantially complete and available for their intended use, over their estimated useful lives. Repairs and maintenance of property and equipment are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred to enhance the service potential of property and equipment are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful life of the improved asset. Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets as follows:
| ● | Mining equipment – |
| ● | Vehicles – |
| ● | Building and structures – |
| ● | Computer equipment and software – |
| ● | Well equipment – |
| ● | Office equipment – |
| F-10 |
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Management reviews and evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment when events and changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts of its assets may not be recoverable. Impairment is considered to exist if the future cash flows on an undiscounted basis are less than the carrying amount of the long-lived asset. An impairment loss is measured and recorded based on the difference between book value and fair value of the asset group. In estimating future cash flows, assets are grouped at the lowest level for which there is identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of cash flows from other asset groups. In estimating future cash flows, the Company estimates the price that would be received to sell an asset group in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Significant factors that impact this price include the price of silver and zinc, and general market conditions for exploration companies, among other factors.
Income Taxes
The Company follows the asset and liability
method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary
differences between the tax basis and accounting basis of the assets and liabilities measured using tax rates enacted at the balance sheet
date. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is at least “more likely than not” that
the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits
recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than
A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets if management does not believe that the Company has met the “more likely than not” standard imposed by this guidance to allow recognition of such an asset. Management recorded a full valuation allowance at October 31, 2024 and 2023 against the deferred tax assets as it determined that future realization would not meet the “more likely than not” criteria.
Warrant Derivative Liability
The Company accounts for its warrants as either equity or liabilities based upon the characteristics and provisions of each instrument. Warrants classified as derivative liabilities require separate accounting as liabilities are recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at their fair value on the date of issuance and will be revalued on each subsequent balance sheet date until such instruments are exercised or expire, with any changes in the fair value between reporting periods recorded as other income or expense. The Company has used the Black-Scholes pricing model to fair value the warrants. Determining the appropriate fair-value model and calculating the fair value of warrants requires considerable judgment. Any change in the estimates used may cause the value to be higher or lower than that reported. The estimated volatility of the Company’s common stock at the date of issuance, and at each subsequent reporting period, is based on the historical volatility adjusted to reflect the implicit discount to historical volatilities observed in the prices of traded warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on rates published by the government for bonds with a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants at the valuation date. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend yield is expected to be none as the Company has not paid dividends nor does the Company anticipate paying any dividend in the foreseeable future.
The derivative is not traded in an active market, and the fair value is determined using valuation techniques. The estimates may be significantly different from those recorded in the consolidated financial statements because of the use of judgment and the inherent uncertainty in estimating the fair value of these instruments that are not quoted in an active market. All changes in the fair value are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss each reporting period.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company uses the Black-Scholes pricing model as a method for determining the estimated fair value for all stock options awarded to employees, officers, directors and consultants. The expected term of the options is based upon an evaluation of historical and expected future exercise behavior. The risk-free interest rate is based on rates published by the government for bonds with a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the options at the valuation date. Volatility is determined based upon historical volatility of the Company’s stock and adjusted if future volatility is expected to vary from historical experience. The dividend yield is assumed to be none as the Company has not paid dividends nor does the Company anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company uses the graded vesting attribution method to recognize compensation costs over the requisite service period.
The Company classifies cumulative compensation cost associated with options on subsidiary equity as additional paid-in capital until exercise.
| F-11 |
Loss per Share
Basic loss per share includes no dilution and
is computed by dividing net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted
loss per share reflects the potential dilution of securities that could share in the earnings of an entity similar to fully diluted loss
per share. Although there were stock options and warrants in the aggregate of
Foreign Currency Translation
During the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, the functional currency of Silver Bull Resources, Inc. and its subsidiaries was the U.S. dollar.
During the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s Mexican operations’ monetary assets and liabilities with foreign source currencies were translated into U.S. dollars at the period-end exchange rate and non-monetary assets and liabilities with foreign source currencies were translated using the historical exchange rate. The Company’s Mexican operations’ revenue and expenses were translated at the average exchange rate during the period except for depreciation of office and mining equipment, costs of office and mining equipment sold and impairment of property concessions, all of which are translated using the historical exchange rate. Foreign currency translation gains and losses of the Company’s Mexican operations are included in the consolidated statement of operations.
Accounting for Loss Contingencies and Legal Costs
From time to time, the Company is named as a defendant in legal actions arising from its normal business activities. The Company records an accrual for the estimated loss from a loss contingency when information available prior to issuance of its financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Disclosure of a loss contingency is made by the Company if there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss has been incurred, and either an accrual has not been made or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the amount accrued. In cases where only disclosure of the loss contingency is required, either the estimated loss or a range of estimated loss is disclosed or it is stated that an estimate cannot be made. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are considered period costs and accordingly are expensed in the period services are provided.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Year
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2024
In November 2023, Silver Bull adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Updated (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU expands public entities’ segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items, and interim disclosures of a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. All disclosure requirements under ASU 2023-07 are also required for public entities with a single reportable segment. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. This ASU contains amendments to the Codification that remove references to various FASB Concepts Statements. The effort facilitates Codification updates for technical corrections such as conforming amendments, clarifications to guidance, simplifications to wording or the structure of guidance and other minor improvements. While the amendments are not expected to result in significant changes for most entities, the FASB provided transition guidance since some entities could be affected. This ASU will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
| F-12 |
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU expands public entities’ income tax disclosures by requiring disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. This ASU will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB (including its Emerging Issues Task Force) and the SEC did not or are not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s present or future consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 3 – ILLEGAL BLOCKADE OF SIERRA MOJADA PROPERTY AND ICSID ARBITRATION
The Company’s efforts and expenditures have been concentrated on the exploration of properties, principally with respect to the Sierra Mojada Property located in Coahuila, Mexico.
On June 1, 2018, the Company and its subsidiaries
Minera Metalin and Contratistas de Sierra Mojada S.A. de C.V. entered into an earn-in option agreement (the “South32 Option Agreement”)
with South32 International Investment Holdings Pty Ltd (“South32”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of South32 Limited (ASX/JSE/LSE:
S32), whereby South32 was able to obtain an option to purchase
On October 11, 2019, the Company and its subsidiary Minera Metalin issued a notice of force majeure to South32 pursuant to the South32 Option Agreement. Due to an illegal blockade by a cooperative of local miners called Sociedad Cooperativa de Exploración Minera Mineros Norteños, S.C.L. (“Mineros Norteños”), the Company halted all work on the Sierra Mojada Property. The notice of force majeure was issued because the Company and its subsidiary Minera Metalin were unable to perform their obligations under the South32 Option Agreement due to the blockade. Pursuant to the South32 Option Agreement, any time period provided for in the South32 Option Agreement was to be generally extended by a period equal to the period of delay caused by the event of force majeure.
On August 31, 2022, due to the ongoing blockade of the site, the South32 Option Agreement was mutually terminated by South32 and the Company.
No portion of the equity value of the Company
was classified as temporary equity as the South32 Option had no intrinsic value. South32 paid $
As of September 12, 2024, the blockade by Mineros Norteños at, on and around the Sierra Mojada Property is ongoing, and the Company remains unable to access the Sierra Mojada Property.
On March 2, 2023, the Company filed the NAFTA Notice of Intent. The Company has been unable to access the project since the illegal blockade commenced in September 2019. Despite numerous demands and requests for action by the Company, Mexican governmental agencies have allowed this unlawful conduct to continue and, as such, failed to protect the Company’s investment.
The Company held a meeting with Mexican government officials in Mexico City on May 30, 2023, in an attempt to explore amicable settlement options and avoid arbitration. However, the 90-day period for amicable settlement under NAFTA expired on June 2, 2023, without a resolution.
On June 28, 2023, the Company commenced international arbitration proceedings against Mexico under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (“USMCA”) and NAFTA (the “Arbitration”). The Arbitration was initiated under the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States process, which falls under the auspices of the World Bank’s International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (“ICSID”), to which Mexico is a signatory.
On June 17, 2024, the Company filed its Memorial
submission with ICSID detailing the claim against Mexico as well as damages for the sum of $
The Company has engaged Boies Schiller Flexner (UK) LLP as its legal advisers on the legacy NAFTA claim.
NOTE 4 – ARBITRATION FINANCING
On September 5, 2023, the Company entered into
a litigation funding agreement (“Funding Agreement” or the “LFA”) with Bench Walk, a third party, which specializes
in funding litigation and arbitration claims. Under the terms of the LFA, Bench Walk has agreed to fund the Company with up to $
| F-13 |
During the year ended October 31, 2024 and
2023, pursuant to the terms of the LFA, the Company received a reimbursement of corporate operating costs in the amount of $
The Company agreed that Bench Walk shall be
entitled to receive a share of any proceeds arising from the Claim (the “Claim Proceeds”) of up to 3.5x Bench Walk’s
capital outlay (or, if greater, a return of 1.0x Bench Walk’s capital outlay plus
As security for Bench Walk’s entitlement to receive a share of the Claim Proceeds under the LFA, the Company granted to Bench Walk a security interest in the Claim Proceeds, the Claim, all documents of title pertaining to the Claim, rights under any appeal bond or similar instrument posted by any of the defendants in the Claim, and all proceeds of any of the foregoing.
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Exploration and property holding costs | $ | $ | ||||||
| Personnel | ||||||||
| Office and administrative | ||||||||
| Professional services | ||||||||
| Directors’ fees | ||||||||
| Income taxes | ||||||||
| Changes for the year | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Accounts receivable | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accounts receivable – October 31, 2022 | $ | |||
| Expenditure incurred during the year ended October 31, 2023 | ||||
| Funding received | ( | ) | ||
| Accounts receivable – October 31, 2023 | ||||
| Expenditure incurred during the year ended October 31, 2024 | ||||
| Funding received | ( | ) | ||
| Accounts receivable – October 31, 2024 | $ |
NOTE 5 – DUE FROM RELATED PARTY
As of October 31, 2024, due from related party
consists of $
NOTE 6 – VALUE-ADDED TAX RECEIVABLE
Value-added tax (“VAT”) receivable
relates to VAT paid in Mexico. The Company estimates net VAT of $
| F-14 |
| Allowance for uncollectible VAT – October 31, 2022 | $ | |||
| Provision for uncollectible VAT | ||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | ||||
| Allowance for uncollectible VAT – October 31, 2023 | ||||
| Recovery of provision for uncollectible VAT | ( | ) | ||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | ( | ) | ||
| Allowance for uncollectible VAT – October 31, 2024 | $ | |||
NOTE 7 – OFFICE AND MINING EQUIPMENT
| October 31, | October 31, | |||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Mining equipment | $ | $ | ||||||
| Vehicles | ||||||||
| Buildings and structures | ||||||||
| Computer equipment and software | ||||||||
| Well equipment | ||||||||
| Office equipment | ||||||||
| Less: Accumulated depreciation | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Office and mining equipment, net | $ | $ | ||||||
During the year ended October 31, 2024 and
2023, the Company recorded a gain on sale of a vehicle of $
NOTE 8 – PROPERTY CONCESSIONS
| Property concessions – October 31, 2022 | $ | ||||
| Impairment | ( | ) | |||
| Property concessions – October 31, 2023 | |||||
| Property concessions – October 31, 2024 | $ |
During
the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023, the Company decided to withdraw certain concession applications in Sierra Mojada, Mexico. As a
result, the Company has written off the capitalized property concession balance related to these concessions of $
If the blockade at Sierra Mojada Property continues, further impairment of property concessions is possible.
NOTE 9 – LOAN PAYABLE
In June 2020, the Company received $
As at October 31, 2023, the total CEBA loan
amount stood at $CDN
On December 8, 2023, the Company repaid $
As at October 31, 2024, the total CEBA loan has been repaid.
| F-15 |
| Loan payable – October 31, 2023 | $ | |||
| Repayment | ( | ) | ||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | ||||
| Miscellaneous income | ( | ) | ||
| Loan payable – October 31, 2024 | $ |
NOTE 10 – COMMON STOCK
No shares of common stock were issued during the year ended October 31, 2024.
On October
30, 2023, the Company completed a private placement for
On March 9, 2023, the Company issued
NOTE 11 – STOCK OPTIONS
The Company has one stock option plan under
which equity securities are authorized for issuance to officers, directors, employees and advisors: the 2019 Stock Option and Stock Bonus
Plan (the “2019 Plan”). The 2019 Plan was amended on April 19, 2022 (the “Amended 2019 Plan”). Under the Amended
2019 Plan,
Options are typically granted with an exercise
price equal to the closing market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant, have a graded vesting schedule over
On January 30, 2024, the Company granted options
to acquire
On March 2, 2023, the Company granted options
to acquire
No options were exercised during the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023.
|
Year Ended October 31, | ||||
| Options | 2024 | 2023 | |||
| Expected volatility | |||||
| Risk-free interest rate | |||||
| Dividend yield | |||||
| Expected term (in years) | |||||
| Options | Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($CDN) | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at October 31, 2022 | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cancelled | ( | |||||||||||||||||
| Expired | ( | |||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at October 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at October 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Exercisable at October 31, 2024 | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
The Company recognized stock-based compensation
costs for stock options of $
| Options Outstanding | Options Exercisable | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise Price ($CDN) | Number Outstanding | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($CDN) | Number Exercisable | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($CDN) | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Options Outstanding | Options Exercisable | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise Price | Number Outstanding | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Number Exercisable | Weighted Average Exercise Price | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| F-16 |
NOTE 12 – WARRANTS
No warrants were issued or exercised during the year ended October 31, 2024.
During the year ended October 31, 2023, the
Company issued
No warrants were exercised during the year ended October 31, 2023.
| Warrants | Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||||||
| Outstanding and exercisable at October 31, 2022* | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Issued in the $CDN | ||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding and exercisable at October 31, 2024 and 2023 | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
* Pursuant to the Distribution,
| Warrants Outstanding and Exercisable | ||||||||||||||
| Exercise Price | Number Outstanding | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price | |||||||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| | ||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||||||||
* The Company’s $CDN warrants have been
recognized as a derivative liability.
| Warrant derivative liability at October 31, 2022 | $ | |||
| Warrants issued in $CDN | ||||
| Change in fair value of warrant derivative liability | ||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | ( | ) | ||
| Warrant derivative liability at October 31, 2023 | $ | |||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | ||||
| Change in fair value of warrant derivative liability | ||||
| Warrant derivative liability at October 31, 2024 | $ | |||
The fair value of the warrants issued in the
CDN$
The Company has reclassified derivative warrant
liabilities of $
NOTE 13 – INCOME TAXES
Provision for Taxes
The Tax Act was signed into law on December 22,
2017 and the Tax Act required the Company to use a statutory tax rate of
The Company files a United States federal income tax return and a Canadian branch return on a fiscal year-end basis and files Mexican income tax returns for its two Mexican subsidiaries on a calendar year-end basis. The Company and two of its wholly owned subsidiaries, Minera Metalin and Minas, have not generated taxable income since inception.
Contratistas, another wholly owned Mexican subsidiary, has historically generated taxable income based upon intercompany fees billed to Minera Metalin on the services it provides. On August 26, 2021, Contratistas merged with and into Minera Metalin.
| F-17 |
On April 16, 2010, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company was merged with and into Dome, resulting in Dome becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Dome, a Delaware corporation, files a tax return in the United States as part of the Company’s consolidated tax return.
| For the year ended | ||||||||
| October 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| United States | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Foreign | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Loss before income taxes | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| For the year ended | ||||||||
| October 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Current tax expense | $ | $ | ||||||
| Deferred tax expense | ||||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||
The Company’s provision for income taxes
for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024 consisted of a tax expense of $
| For the year ended | ||||||||
| October 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2022 | |||||||
| Income tax benefit calculated at U.S. federal income tax rate | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Differences arising from: | ||||||||
| Other permanent differences | ||||||||
| Differences due to foreign income tax rates | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Adjustment to prior year taxes | ||||||||
| Inflation adjustment foreign net operating loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Foreign currency fluctuations | ( | ) | ||||||
| Decrease in valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net operating loss carry forwards expiration - Mexico | ||||||||
| Other | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net income tax provision | $ | $ | ||||||
| F-18 |
| For the year ended October 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | ||||||||
| Net operating loss carry forwards – U.S. | $ | $ | ||||||
| Net operating loss carry forwards – Mexico | ||||||||
| Exploration costs | ||||||||
| Other – United States | ||||||||
| Other – Mexico | ||||||||
| Total net deferred tax assets | ||||||||
| Less: valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net deferred tax asset | $ | $ | ||||||
At October 31, 2024, the Company has U.S.
net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $
The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
of $
Net Operating Loss Carry Forward Limitation
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a change in ownership under IRC Section 382 has occurred as a result of the Dome merger in April 2010. When an ownership change has occurred, the utilization of these losses against future income would be subject to an annual limitation, which would be equal to the value of the acquired company immediately prior to the change in ownership multiplied by the IRC Section 382 rate in effect during the month of the change.
Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has not identified any unrecognized tax benefits or had any additions or reductions in tax positions and therefore a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is not presented.
The Company does not have any unrecognized tax benefits as of October 31, 2024, and accordingly the Company’s effective tax rate will not be materially affected by unrecognized tax benefits
| United States: | |
| Mexico: | |
| Canada: | |
The Company has not identified any uncertain tax position for which it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefit will significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months.
The Company’s policy is to classify tax related interest and penalties as income tax expense. There is no interest or penalties estimated on the underpayment of income taxes as a result of unrecognized tax benefits.
NOTE 14 – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair Value Measurements
All financial assets and financial liabilities are recorded at fair value on initial recognition. Transaction costs are expensed when they are incurred, unless they are directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or the assumption of liabilities carried at amortized cost, in which case the transaction costs adjust the carrying amount.
| F-19 |
The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
| Level 1 | Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities; |
| Level 2 | Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and |
| Level 3 | Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity). |
Under fair value accounting, assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, due from related party, investments, accounts payable, loan payable and warrant derivative liability.
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, due from related party and accounts payable approximate fair value at October 31, 2024 and 2023 due to the short maturities of these financial instruments. Loan payable is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. There were not transfers between levels 1, 2 and 3 during the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023.
Warrant Derivative Liability
The Company accounts for its warrants as either equity or liabilities based upon the characteristics and provisions of each instrument. Warrants classified as derivative liabilities require separate accounting as liabilities are recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at their fair value on the date of issuance and will be revalued on each subsequent balance sheet date until such instruments are exercised or expire, with any changes in the fair value between reporting periods recorded as other income or expense. The Company has used the Black-Scholes pricing model to fair value the warrants (Note 12). Determining the appropriate fair-value model and calculating the fair value of warrants requires considerable judgment. Any change in the estimates used may cause the value to be higher or lower than that reported. The estimated volatility of the Company’s common stock at the date of issuance, and at each subsequent reporting period, is based on the historical volatility adjusted to reflect the implicit discount to historical volatilities observed in the prices of traded warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on rates published by the government for bonds with a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants at the valuation date. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend yield is expected to be none as the Company has not paid dividends nor does the Company does not anticipate paying any dividend in the foreseeable future.
The derivative is not traded in an active market, and the fair value is determined using valuation techniques. The estimates may be significantly different from those recorded in the consolidated financial statements because of the use of judgment and the inherent uncertainty in estimating the fair value of these instruments that are not quoted in an active market. All changes in the fair value are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss each reporting period. This is considered to be a Level 3 financial instrument.
| October 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||
| Liability | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |||||||||
| Warrant derivative liability | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss for the Company by failing to discharge its obligations. To mitigate exposure to credit risk on financial assets, the Company has established policies to ensure liquidity of funds and ensure that counterparties demonstrate minimum acceptable credit worthiness.
The Company maintains its U.S. dollar and $CDN
cash and cash equivalents in bank and demand deposit accounts with major financial institutions with high credit standings. Cash deposits
held in Canada are insured by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (“CDIC”) for up to $CDN
| F-20 |
As at October 31, 2024 and 2023, cash and cash
equivalents consist of guaranteed investment certificates of $
The Company also maintains cash in bank accounts
in Mexico. These accounts are denominated in the local currency and are considered uninsured. As of October 31, 2024 and 2023, the
U.S. dollar equivalent balance for these accounts was $
Other receivables, accounts receivable and due from related party comprise receivable from GST refunds, Bench Walk and a related party. Receivable balances are monitored on an ongoing basis with the result that the Company’s exposure to impairment is not significant. At October 31, 2024 and 2023, none of the Company’s receivables are impaired. All receivables are normally settled between 30 to 90 days.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will be unable to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The Company’s approach to managing its liquidity risk is to ensure, as much as possible, that it will have sufficient liquid funds to meet its liabilities when due.
At October 31, 2024, the Company has $
Interest Rate Risk
The Company holds substantially all of the
Company’s cash and cash equivalents in bank and demand deposit accounts with major financial institutions. The interest rates received
on these balances may fluctuate with changes in economic conditions. Based on the average cash and cash equivalent balances during the
fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, a
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Certain purchases of labor, operating supplies and capital assets are denominated in $CDN, $MXN or other currencies. As a result, currency exchange fluctuations may impact the costs of the Company’s operations. Specifically, the appreciation of the $MXN or $CDN against the U.S. dollar may result in an increase in operating expenses and capital costs in U.S. dollar terms. The Company currently does not engage in any currency hedging activities.
Based on the net exposures as at October 31,
2024, a
NOTE 15 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Compliance with Environmental Regulations
The Company’s exploration activities are subject to laws and regulations controlling not only the exploration and mining of mineral properties, but also the effect of such activities on the environment. Compliance with such laws and regulations may necessitate additional capital outlays or affect the economics of a project, and cause changes or delays in the Company’s activities.
Property Concessions Mexico
To properly maintain property concessions in Mexico, the Company is required to pay a semi-annual fee to the Mexican government and complete annual assessment work.
Royalty
The Company
has agreed to pay a
| F-21 |
Litigation and Claims
Mineros Norteños Case
On
May 20, 2014, Mineros Norteños filed an action in the Local First Civil Court in the District of Morelos, State of Chihuahua,
Mexico, against the Company’s subsidiary, Minera Metalin, claiming that Minera Metalin breached an agreement regarding the development
of the Sierra Mojada Property. Mineros Norteños sought payment of the Royalty, including interest at a rate of
ICSID Arbitration
On
March 2, 2023, the Company filed the NAFTA Notice of Intent (Note 3). As is required by Article 1118 of NAFTA, the Company sought
to settle this dispute with Mexico through consultations. On May 30, 2023, the Company attended a meeting with Mexican government officials
in Mexico City, but, notwithstanding the Company’s good faith efforts to resolve the dispute amicably, no settlement was reached.
Accordingly, the Company filed a request for arbitration with ICSID on June 28, 2023. On July 20, 2023, ICSID registered the request.
On June 17, 2024, the Company filed its Memorial submission with ICSID detailing the claim against Mexico as well as damages for the sum
of $
As Arbitration proceedings are in early stages, the Company cannot determine the likelihood of succeeding in collecting any amount, as such has not accrued any amounts in the consolidated financial statements with respect to this claim.
Valdez Case
On February 15,
2016, Messrs. Jaime Valdez Farias and Maria Asuncion Perez Alonso (collectively, “Valdez”) filed an action before the
Local First Civil Court of Torreon, State of Coahuila, Mexico, against the Company’s subsidiary, Minera Metalin, claiming that Minera
Metalin had breached an agreement regarding the development of the Sierra Mojada Property. Valdez sought payment in the amount of $
From time to time, the Company is involved in other disputes, claims, proceedings and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company intends to vigorously defend all claims against the Company and pursue its full legal rights in cases where the Company has been harmed. Although the ultimate outcome of these proceedings cannot be accurately predicted due to the inherent uncertainty of litigation, in the opinion of management, based upon current information, no other currently pending or overtly threatened proceeding is expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.
| F-22 |
Arbitration Financing
On
September 5, 2023, the Company entered into the LFA with Bench Walk (Note 4). Under the terms of the LFA, Bench Walk has agreed to fund
the Company with up to $
The
Company agreed that Bench Walk shall be entitled to receive a share of any proceeds arising from the Claim Proceeds of up to 3.5x Bench
Walk’s capital outlay (or, if greater, a return of 1.0x Bench Walk’s capital outlay plus
As security for Bench Walk’s entitlement to receive a share of the Claim Proceeds under the LFA, the Company granted to Bench Walk a security interest in the Claim Proceeds, the Claim, all documents of title pertaining to the Claim, rights under any appeal bond or similar instrument posted by any of the defendants in the Claim, and all proceeds of any of the foregoing.
Management Retention Agreement and Salaries
The Company has established
a Management Retention Agreement (the “MRA”), which is a long-term incentive program to retain key personnel of the Company
who have important historical information and knowledge to contribute with respect to the Arbitration. The MRA provides that if the Company
is successful and the Company receives damages proceeds,
Additionally, management
of the Company has agreed to defer a portion of its salaries, as well as an annual bonuses granted, with the deferred amounts only being
paid in the event that the Company is successful in its Arbitration proceedings and the Company having sufficient funds to pay the deferred
amounts after discharging amounts owed to priority creditors, such as Bench Walk. Deferred amounts owed to management will accrue
interest at a rate of
As the outcome of the ICSID arbitration is not determinable as at October 31, 2024, no expense has been recorded in relation to the above.
NOTE 16 – SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Company operates in a reportable segment: the exploration of mineral property interests. The Company has mineral property interests in Sierra Mojada, Mexico.
| For the Year Ended | ||||||||
| October 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Net loss | ||||||||
| Mexico | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Kazakhstan | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Canada | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net Loss | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| F-23 |
| Canada | Mexico | Total | ||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
| Other receivables | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivables | ||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and deposits | ||||||||||||||
| Due from related party | ||||||||||||||
| Value-added tax receivable, net | ||||||||||||||
| Office and mining equipment, net | ||||||||||||||
| Property concessions | ||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Canada | Mexico | Total | ||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Other receivables | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivables | ||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and deposits | ||||||||||||
| Due from related party | ||||||||||||
| Value-added tax receivable, net | ||||||||||||
| Office and mining equipment, net | ||||||||||||
| Property concessions | ||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||
The Company has significant assets in Coahuila, Mexico. Although Mexico is generally considered economically stable, it is always possible that unanticipated events in Mexico could disrupt the Company’s operations. The Mexican government does not require foreign entities to maintain cash reserves in Mexico.
| For the Year Ended | ||||||||
| October 31, | ||||||||
| 2024 | 2023 | |||||||
| Exploration and property holding costs for the year | ||||||||
| Mexico | $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | ||
| Kazakhstan | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| $ | ( | ) | $ | ( | ) | |||
NOTE 17 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
On January 21, 2025, the Company received
an additional payment of $
| F-24 |
Exhibit 3.2.1
FIRST AMENDMENT TO
BYLAWS
OF
METALLINE MINING COMPANY
(A Nevada for profit corporation)
This FIRST AMENDMENT TO BYLAWS, effective as of January 26, 2023, amends the Bylaws (the “Bylaws”) of Metalline Mining Company, a Nevada corporation currently known as Silver Bull Resources, Inc., pursuant to Section 13 (Amendments) thereof.
| 1. | Section 3.7 of the Bylaws is hereby removed and replaced with the following: |
3.7 Quorum. At any meeting of the shareholders, 5% of all shares entitled to vote, present in person or by proxy, at the meeting shall constitute a quorum, unless or except to the extent that the presence of a larger number may be required by law.
If a quorum is not present at any meeting, the chairman of the meeting or the holders of a majority of the shares of stock entitled to vote who are present, in person or by proxy, may adjourn the meeting to another place, date, or time. Once a share is represented for any purpose at a meeting, it is deemed present for quorum purposes for the remainder of the meeting and for any adjournment of that meeting unless a new record date is or must be set for that adjourned meeting.
Exhibit 4.1
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following is a description of each class of securities of Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (“Silver Bull” or the “Company”) that is registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and does not purport to be complete. For a complete description of the terms and provisions of such securities, refer to the Company’s articles of incorporation and the Company’s bylaws, which are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on April 21, 2021 and Exhibit 3.1.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on January 14, 2011, respectively. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to these documents.
Common Stock
Silver Bull’s articles of incorporation authorize Silver Bull to issue 150,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share. As of October 31, 2023, 47,365,652 shares of Silver Bull common stock were issued and outstanding. The rights of the holders of Silver Bull common stock are governed by Chapter 78 of the Nevada Revised Statutes, Silver Bull’s articles of incorporation and Silver Bull’s bylaws.
Dividend Rights
Holders of Silver Bull common stock will be entitled to receive dividends when, as and if declared by the Company’s board of directors, and out of funds legally available for their payment. At the present time, the Company does not anticipate paying dividends, cash or otherwise, on Silver Bull common stock in the foreseeable future. Future dividends will depend on the Company’s earnings, if any, the Company’s financial requirements and other factors.
Redemption Rights
Silver Bull common stock is not redeemable or convertible.
Voting Rights
Each holder of Silver Bull common stock is entitled to one vote per share, and all voting rights are vested in the holders of shares of Silver Bull common stock. Holders of shares of common stock will have noncumulative voting rights, which means that the holders of more than 50% of the shares voting for the election of directors will be able to elect 100% of the directors, and the holders of the remaining shares voting for the election of directors will not be able to elect any directors.
Election of Directors
The Company’s directors are elected by a majority vote in a meeting at which a quorum is present. A director candidate that receives a majority of the votes in favor of such candidate will be elected to serve on the Company’s board of directors.
In February 2016, the Company’s board of directors adopted a majority voting policy stipulating that stockholders shall be entitled to vote in favor of, or withhold from voting for, each individual director nominee at a stockholders’ meeting. If the number of shares “withheld” for any nominee exceeds the number of shares voted “for” such nominee, then, notwithstanding that such director was duly elected as a matter of corporate law, he or she shall tender his or her written resignation to the chair of the board. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee will consider such offer of resignation and will make a recommendation to the board of directors concerning the acceptance or rejection of the resignation after considering, among other things, the stated reasons, if any, why certain stockholders “withheld” votes for the director, the qualifications of the director and whether the director’s resignation from the board would be in the best interests of the Company. The board of directors must take formal action on the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee’s recommendation within 90 days and announce its decision by a press release. According to the majority voting policy, the affected director cannot participate in the deliberations of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee or the board of directors regarding his or her resignation. The majority voting policy applies only in circumstances involving an uncontested election of directors, meaning an election in which the number of nominees is equal to the number of directors to be elected.
| |
Liquidation Rights
In the event of the Company’s voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of Silver Bull common stock will be entitled to share equally in any of Silver Bull’s assets available for distribution after the payment in full of all debts and distributions.
No Preemptive or Similar Rights
Under Nevada law, a stockholder of a corporation does not have a preemptive right to acquire the corporation’s unissued shares unless there is a provision to the contrary in the articles of incorporation. The Company’s articles of incorporation do not provide the Company’s stockholders with any preemptive or similar rights.
Transfer Agent
The transfer agent and registrar for Silver Bull common stock is Olympia Trust Company, located at 925 West Georgia Street, Suite 1900, Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 3L2, Canada.
Warrants
As of October 31, 2023, the Company had issued and outstanding warrants to purchase 1,971,289 shares at $0.59 per share (the “$0.59 Warrants”) and 5,842,499 shares at $0.11 per share, exercisable on October 27, 2020 and October 30, 2023 and expiring on October 27, 2025 and October 30, 2028, respectively. In accordance with the terms of the Separation and Distribution Agreement between Silver Bull and Arras, the Company will receive $0.34 of the proceeds from the exercise of each of these warrants and the remaining proceeds will be paid to Arras from the $0.59 Warrants.
The number of shares of Silver Bull common stock to be received upon the exercise of each warrant may be adjusted from time to time upon the occurrence of certain events, including but not limited to (i) a declaration of a dividend or other distribution in respect of Silver Bull common stock; (ii) a subdivision, redivision or change to the outstanding shares of Silver Bull common stock into a greater number of shares of Silver Bull common stock; (iii) a reduction, combination or consolidation of Silver Bull common stock into a lesser number of shares of Silver Bull common stock; (iv) a rights offering to subscribe for or purchase Silver Bull common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Silver Bull common stock; and (v) a reorganization, reclassification, consolidation, amalgamation, arrangement or merger of the Company with or into any other corporation or entity, or a sale, lease, exchange or transfer of substantially all of the undertaking of assets of the Company, or similar event.
Anti-Takeover Provisions in the Company’s Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws
The Company’s articles of incorporation and bylaws also contain provisions that the Company describes in the following paragraphs, which may delay, defer, discourage, or prevent a change in control of the Company, the removal of the Company’s existing management or directors, or an offer by a potential acquirer to the Company’s stockholders, including an offer by a potential acquirer at a price higher than the market price for the stockholders’ shares.
Among other things, Silver Bull’s articles of incorporation and bylaws:
| · | provide that vacancies on the board of directors may be filled by the vote of a two-thirds (2/3) majority of the directors then in office or in the case of a vacancy by resignation or death, by the majority of directors then in office; |
| · | establish advance notice procedures with regard to stockholder proposals relating to the nomination of candidates for election as directors or new business to be brought before meetings of the Company’s stockholders. These procedures provide that notice of stockholder proposals must be timely given in writing to the Company’s corporate secretary prior to the meeting at which the action is to be taken. Generally, to be timely, notice must be received at the Company’s principal executive offices not less than 120 days prior to the first anniversary of the prior year’s annual meeting (or, in the case of a special meeting, a reasonable time before the Company begins to print and send its proxy materials). The Company’s bylaws specify the information that must be included in a stockholder’s notice. These requirements may prevent stockholders from bringing matters before the stockholders at an annual or special meeting; |
| · | provide that stockholders may not act by written consent in lieu of a meeting; |
| · | provide that stockholders are not permitted to call special meetings of stockholders. Only the board of directors, by a two-thirds (2/3) majority vote, and the Company’s president are permitted to call a special meeting of stockholders; and |
| · | provide that the Company’s board of directors, by a two-thirds (2/3) majority vote, may amend or repeal the Company’s bylaws without further stockholder approval unless otherwise required by law, and provide that a stockholder amendment to the bylaws requires a favorable vote of sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66 2/3%) of the Company’s outstanding voting shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors. |
Exhibit 19.1
Silver Bull Resources, Inc.
Policy Against Trading On The Basis Of Inside Information
Adopted by the Board of Directors on May 1, 2006
| A. | Introduction |
1. During the course of your employment or consulting relationship with Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (referred to herein as “Silver Bull”), you may receive important information that is not yet available to the general public, such as information that is not disclosed to the public in a press release or Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filing. This non-public or “inside information” may be about Silver Bull or about other publicly-traded companies with which Silver Bull has business dealings. Because of your access to this information, you may be in a position to profit financially by buying or selling or in some other way dealing in Silver Bull stock or stock of another publicly-traded company (“insider trading”), or to disclose such information to a third party who does so (a practice known as “tipping”).
2. It is illegal for anyone to use “Material Inside Information” (defined below) in order to gain any personal benefit, or to pass on, or tip the information to someone who does so. There is no minimum threshold test that must be passed for this type of liability to attach. Use of inside information to gain personal benefit and tipping are as illegal with respect to a few shares of stock as they are with respect to a large number of shares. You can be held liable both for your own transactions and those effected by a tippee, or even a tippee of a tippee. The only exception is that transactions directly with Silver Bull, e.g., option exercises or purchases under Silver Bull’s employee stock purchase plan, will not create problems. However, the subsequent sale of such stock is fully subject to these restrictions.
3. At Silver Bull, we believe it is important to avoid even the appearance of insider trading in stock, as well as the illegal practice of insider trading itself. For that reason, we have developed this written policy (“Policy”) to protect our employees, consultants, and Silver Bull.
| B. | How You Can Identify Material Inside Information |
1. As a practical matter, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether you possess Material Inside Information. The key to determining whether nonpublic information you possess is Material Inside Information is whether dissemination of the information would be likely to affect the market price of the company’s stock or would be likely to be considered important by investors who are considering trading in that company’s stock. Certainly, if the information makes you want to buy or sell securities, it would probably have the same effect on others.
2. Although by no means an all-inclusive list, information about the following items may be considered to be “inside information” until it is publicly disseminated:
| a) | financial results or forecasts (for a company as a whole or for a subsidiary or division) |
| b) | a new product, discovery or invention |
| c) | acquisitions or dispositions, or restructurings and reorganizations |
| d) | results of any well-drilling operations |
| e) | pending public or private sales of debt or equity security |
| f) | major contract awards or cancellations |
| g) | scientific, clinical or regulatory achievements |
| h) | top management or control changes |
| i) | possible tender offers |
| j) | significant writeoffs |
| k) | significant litigation |
| l) | corporate partner relationships |
| m) | notice of issuance of patents |
| n) | stock splits and dividend changes (if applicable) |
3. It is irrelevant as to how you obtain Material Inside Information. The law states that liability may be imposed whether the information is obtained in the course of your employment, from outside of Silver Bull, or even accidentally or inadvertently such as by overhearing a conversation in our offices. If you are in doubt as to whether information you possess is Material Inside Information, you should assume the information is material unless management advises you to the contrary.
| C. | Specific Requirements Prohibiting Misuse of Material Inside Information |
1. You must keep all market sensitive or confidential information (whether generated internally or acquired from any outside source) strictly confidential. Even within Silver Bull, you should only disclose such information to those who “need to know” in order for Silver Bull to effectively carry out our business. If there are rumors that are widespread and accurate, this does not mean that information has become publicly known and does not mean that you are relieved from your obligation to treat the information as confidential.
2. You may not trade in the stock or other securities of a firm at any time when, as a result of Silver Bull’s employment, you have Material Inside Information about that firm. This restriction on insider trading is not limited to trading in Silver Bull’s securities. It includes trading in the securities of other firms, particularly those that are current or prospective customers or suppliers of Silver Bull and those with which Silver Bull may currently be negotiating. "Trading" is the purchase or sale of stocks, bonds, debentures, options, or other marketable securities. Questions as to what transactions are covered by these terms can be addressed to our President.
3. In addition, you may not communicate Material Inside Information learned or developed through your employment with Silver Bull to other persons (this would be "tipping") who may misuse the information. You may not recommend that anyone purchase or sell any securities on the basis of such information, even if you do not disclose any specific Material Inside Information. So long as material information is not public, members of your immediate family and others who have received the information from you are not permitted to trade in the securities.
4. Even after information has been reported by the press or appears on the SEC website, we do not consider it public until 24 hours have passed and general marketplace has had time to evaluate the information. Therefore, after Material Inside Information learned or developed through your employment with Silver Bull has been publicly disclosed through a press release or other official announcement, you should not trade in the securities until 24 hours following the announcement to allow the market to absorb the information. (Officers and directors of Silver Bull must follow a more stringent “window period” described under a separate policy.)
5. In the event you learn of any violation of this Policy, including violations by yourself (which may be inadvertent) or violations of others, you must immediately report such violation(s) to our President or another member of management in accordance with our Code of Ethics.
| D. | Responsibilities and Penalties |
1. Every person who had previous knowledge of Material Inside Information is responsible for ensuring that he or she does not violate federal or state securities laws or this Policy covering securities trading. Under federal securities laws, unlawful purchases, sales, or communications related to insider trading and tipping can result in substantial civil and criminal penalties, including fines of up to three times the profit gained or loss avoided, as well as imprisonment. Silver Bull, as your employer, could also be liable for fines of $1 million or more as a consequence of an employee's or consultant’s insider trading or tipping.
| E. | Officer and Directors |
1. Because the officers and directors of Silver Bull are the most visible to the public and are most likely, in the view of the public, to possess inside information about Silver Bull, we ask them to do more than refrain from insider trading. Under a separate policy applicable to officers and directors, we suggest that they limit their transactions in Silver Bull stock to defined time periods following public dissemination of quarterly and annual financial results, notify our President prior to engaging in transactions in Silver Bull stock and observe other restrictions designed to minimize the risk of apparent or actual insider trading.
| F. | Conclusion |
1. It would be impossible for this Policy to cover every possible violation of law related to insider trading, so it is important to remember that this Policy is not intended to draw a line between legal and illegal practices under the law. Instead, this Policy is intended to establish policies and procedures to avoid even the appearance of impropriety.
2. Anyone who effects transactions in Silver Bull stock or the stock of other public companies engaged in business transactions with Silver Bull (or provides information to enable others to do so) on the basis of inside information is subject to civil liability and criminal penalties, as well as disciplinary action or discharge by Silver Bull. Our executive officers are responsible for providing guidance regarding this policy. Should you have questions about these matters, you should consult with your own attorney or the President.
The undersigned states and attests as follows:
I have read and understood the foregoing Policy and agree to abide by its terms. I understand that should I acquire Material Inside Information or market information whose dissemination would reasonably be expected to impact the value of related securities, it would be illegal for me to capitalize on that information by trading in those related securities while such information remains material and non-public.
| _____________________________ | __________________ |
| Employee/Consultant Signature | Date |
| _____________________________ | |
| (Please Print Name and Title) |
Exhibit 19.2
Silver Bull Resources, Inc.
Policy for Stock Trading by Directors, Executive Officers and Other Members of Management
Adopted by the Board of Directors on May 1, 2006
The Board of Directors of Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (“Silver Bull” or the “Company”) believes that members of management (including consultants) and directors of Silver Bull should have a meaningful investment in Silver Bull. As stockholders themselves, directors and members of management are more likely to represent the interests of other stockholders. Likewise, management may perform more effectively with the incentive of stock options or stock ownership.
However, from time to time members of management and directors will be aware of information that could be material to a stockholder’s investment decision, but which in the best interests of Silver Bull should not be disclosed until some later time. Hindsight can be remarkably acute, and an accusation can always be made that at any particular time a purchase or sale of stock by an insider was motivated by undisclosed favorable or unfavorable information. In such circumstances, the appearance of a problem can be almost as problematic as an actual abuse, both to Silver Bull and to the insider involved.
The Board of Directors has therefore determined that, in addition to the requirements set forth in Silver Bull’s Policy Against Trading on the Basis of Insider Information, it would be useful to establish guidelines for stock sales by directors and members of management.
The policies outlined in paragraph A through E below apply to all directors and executive officers of Silver Bull and to such other employees of Silver Bull as the President or the Chief Financial Officer may designate from time to time because of their access to sensitive Company information. Generally, any entities or family members whose trading activities are controlled or influenced by any director, executive officer, or other member of management should be considered to be subject to the same restrictions. These guidelines are:
A. Transactions During “Window Periods”: Generally, members of management and directors should buy or sell Silver Bull stock in the market during a “window period” commencing on the third business day after general public release of Silver Bull’s annual or quarterly earnings through the end of the quarter. This “window” may be closed early or may not open if, in the judgment of Silver Bull’s President and Chief Financial Officer, there exists undisclosed information that would make trades by members of Silver Bull’s management inappropriate.
Even within the window period, an insider who desires to buy or sell Silver Bull stock must consult in advance with Silver Bull’s Chief Financial Officer to confirm that he is not aware of undisclosed information that would make such a trade inappropriate.
B. Transactions Outside “Window Periods”: An insider who believes that special circumstances require him to trade outside the window period should consult with Silver Bull’s President or Chief Financial Officer. Permission to trade will be granted only where the circumstances are extenuating and there appears to be no significant risk that trade may subsequently be questioned.
C. Purchases or Sales Under Rule 10b5-1 Stock Trading Plan: Members of management may purchase or sell shares of Silver Bull stock under a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan provided the plan is accomplished through a reputable broker-dealer and meets the legal requirements for such plan. Persons utilizing the plan must notify the Company upon the adoption of the plan and upon each transaction under the plan. Transactions under a Rule 10b5-1 plan are not subject to the window period requirements contained in Paragraphs A and B.
D. Rules and Reporting Obligations: Finally, executive officers and directors should take care not to violate the prohibition on short-swing trading (Exchange Act Section 16(b)), the rules against short sales (Exchange Act Section 16(c)) and the restrictions on sales by control persons (Rule 144) and to file all appropriate reports (Forms 3, 4, and 5, and, where appropriate, Form 144). Executive officers and directors who beneficially own more than 5% of Silver Bull’s outstanding stock must additionally adhere to the reporting requirements under Section 13(d) and 13(g) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. Please consult with Silver Bull’s Chief Financial Officer for assistance with the foregoing.
E. Duty to Report Transactions on Forms 3, 4, and 5: The following applies to “reporting persons,” including any executive officer, director, or a beneficial owner of greater than 10% of Silver Bull’s securities, as well as any affiliates of any reporting person. Reporting obligations may continue to be applicable even after a person is no longer an executive officer, director, or beneficial owner.
1. Each person who is subject to the reporting obligation is individually responsible for filing his or her own reports. Silver Bull personnel may assist the individual in preparing or filing the reports, but ultimately it is the individual’s, not Silver Bull’s, responsibility.
2. All reports must be filed in electronic format with the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval System (EDGAR). A second copy must be sent contemporaneously to Silver Bull. When complying with your reporting obligations and SEC regulations, it is important that you consult with Silver Bull’s Chief Financial Officer.
(a) Form 3: You must file a Form 3 within 10 days of the event by which you become a reporting person (i.e., executive officer, director, 10% holder or other reporting person), regardless of whether you acquired any securities as a result of becoming a reporting person.
Example: A person who is appointed as an officer on June 4th and receives a stock option to purchase 100 shares of common stock must file a Form 3 on or before June 14th whether or not that person owns any of Silver Bull’s stock or stock options.
(b) Form 4: This form reports changes in beneficial ownership (sales, purchases, gifts, stock bonuses, warrant exercises, etc.) and you must file a Form 4 before the end of the second business day following the day on which a transaction resulting in a change in beneficial ownership has been executed.
Example: A sale of common stock on Thursday, June 4th must be reported no later than Monday, June 8th.
Example: A grant of a stock bonus of 100 shares of common stock or an option to purchase 100 shares of common stock on Monday, August 25th must be reported no later than Wednesday, August 27th.
(c) Form 5: This form must be filed on or before the 45th day of the end of the issuer’s fiscal year if there are transactions not previously reported. Silver Bull’s fiscal year ends October 31st. Transactions previously reported are not required to be included on this form.
The undersigned states and attests as follows:
I have read and understood the foregoing as well as Silver Bull’s “Policy Against Trading on the Basis of Inside Information,” and agree to abide by the terms of each.
__________________________________
Signature Date
__________________________________
(Please Print Name and Title)
Exhibit 21.1
Subsidiaries of the Registrant
Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (the “Company”) currently conducts its operations through subsidiaries. The names and ownership structure of its subsidiaries as of October 31, 2024 are set forth in the chart below:
| Name | Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization | Ownership Percentage |
| Metalline, Inc. (“Metalline”) | Colorado, USA | 100% by Silver Bull |
| Minera Metalin S.A. de C.V. (“Minera Metalin”) | Mexico | 99.998% by Silver Bull and 0.002% by Metalline |
| Minas de Coahuila SBR S.A. de C.V. | Mexico | 99.998% by Silver Bull and 0.002% by Metalline |
| Dome Ventures Corporation (“Dome”) | Delaware, USA | 100% by Silver Bull |
| Dome Asia Inc. | British Virgin Islands | 100% by Dome |
| Dome Minerals Nigeria Limited | Nigeria | 99.99% by Dome Asia Inc. |
| Nomad Minerals Ltd. (“Nomad Minerals”) | Kazakhstan | 100% by Silver Bull |
| Nomad Metals Limited. | Kazakhstan | 100% by Nomad Minerals |
Exhibit 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-1 (File Nos. 333-214228, 333-221459, 333-227465, and 333-251229), as amended, and Form S-8 (File Nos. 333-171723, 333-180142, 333-214229, 333-221460, and 333-232627) of Silver Bull Resources, Inc. of our report dated January 28, 2025 relating to the audit of the consolidated financial statements, which appears in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2024.
/s/ Smythe LLP
Smythe LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
Vancouver, Canada
January 28, 2025
Exhibit 23.2
CONSENT OF ARCHER, CATHRO & ASSOCIATES (1981) lIMITED
We, Archer, Cathro & Associates (1981) Limited, hereby consent to the incorporation by reference of any mineral resources and other analyses performed by us in our capacity as an independent consultant to Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (the “Company”), which are set forth in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2024 (the “Form 10-K”), in the Company’s Registration Statements on Form S-1 (File Nos. 333-214228, 333-221459, 333-227465, and 333-251229), as amended, and Form S-8 (File Nos. 333-171723, 333-180142, 333-214229, 333-221460, and 333-232627), or in any prospectuses or amendments or supplements thereto. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading “Experts” in such Registration Statements and any related amendments or prospectuses.
In connection with the Company’s Form 10-K, we also consent to:
| · | the filing and use of the technical report summary titled “S-K 1300 Summary Technical Report on the Resources of the Silver-Zinc Sierra Mojada Project Coahuila, Mexico” (the “Technical Report Summary”), dated January 24, 2023, as an exhibit to and referenced in the Form 10-K or any amendment or supplement thereto; |
| · | the use of and references to our name, including our status as an expert or “qualified person” (as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission), in connection with the Form 10-K or any amendment or supplement thereto and any such Technical Report Summary; and |
| · | the information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the Technical Report Summary, or portions thereof, that was prepared by us, that we supervised the preparation of and/or that was reviewed and approved by us, that is included or incorporated by reference in the Form 10-K or any amendment or supplement thereto. |
We are a qualified person responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to, the following sections of the Technical Report Summary:
| · | Sections 1 - 3, 9, 11 and 22 |
| ARCHER, CATHRO & ASSOCIATES (1981) LIMITED | |||
| Date: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ Heather Burrell | |
| Name: Heather Burrell, P. Geo. | |||
| Title: Partner and Senior Geologist | |||
Exhibit 23.3
CONSENT OF TIMOTHY BARRY
I, Timothy Barry, in connection with Silver Bull Resources, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K dated January 28, 2025 (the “Form 10-K”), consent to:
| · | the filing and use of the technical report summary titled “S-K 1300 Summary Technical Report on the Resources of the Silver-Zinc Sierra Mojada Project Coahuila, Mexico” (the “Technical Report Summary”), dated January 24, 2023, as an exhibit to and referenced in the Form 10-K or any amendment or supplement thereto; |
| · | the use of and references to my name, including my status as an expert or “qualified person” (as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission), in connection with the Form 10-K or any amendment or supplement thereto and any such Technical Report Summary; and |
| · | the information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the Technical Report Summary, or portions thereof, that was prepared by me, that I supervised the preparation of and/or that was reviewed and approved by me, that is included or incorporated by reference in the Form 10-K or any amendment or supplement thereto. |
I am a qualified person responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to, the following sections of the Technical Report Summary:
· Sections 1 - 8, 10 and 20 - 22
| Date: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ Timothy Barry | |
| Name: Timothy Barry, MAusIMM (CP) |
Exhibit 31.1
Certification
of CEO Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14,
as adopted pursuant to
Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Timothy Barry, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Silver Bull Resources, Inc.; |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
| 4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
| a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
| b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
| c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
| d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
| 5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
| b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
| Dated: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ Timothy Barry |
|
Timothy Barry, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | ||
Exhibit 31.2
Certification
of CFO Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14,
as adopted pursuant to
Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Christopher Richards, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Silver Bull Resources, Inc.; |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
| 4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
| a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
| b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
| c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
| d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
| 5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
| b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
| Dated: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ Christopher Richards |
|
Christopher Richards, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer) | ||
Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION OF CEO PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code), the undersigned officer of Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (the “Company”) does hereby certify with respect to the Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K for the period ended October 31, 2024 (the “Report”) that:
| 1. | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and |
| 2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
| Dated: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ Timothy Barry | ||
|
Timothy Barry, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | ||||
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code). It shall not be deemed filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. Section 78r) or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. It shall also not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference.
Exhibit 32.2
CERTIFICATION OF CFO PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code), the undersigned officer of Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (the “Company”) does hereby certify with respect to the Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K for the period ended October 31, 2024 (the “Report”) that:
| 1. | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and |
| 2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
| Dated: January 28, 2025 | By: | /s/ Christopher Richards | ||
|
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer) | ||||
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code). It shall not be deemed filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. Section 78r) or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. It shall also not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference.