As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 19, 2025
Registration Statement No. 333-
Momentus Inc S-3, filed Sep 22, 2025
Momentus Inc. (MNTS)
S-3
2025-09-22
View Original
Added on
October 27, 2026
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM S-3
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
MOMENTUS INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware | 3714 | 84-1905538 | ||||
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||
3901 N. First Street
San Jose, CA 95134
(650) 564-7820
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)
John C. Rood
Chief Executive Officer
3901 N. First Street
San Jose, California 95134
Telephone: (650) 564-7820
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to:
Stephen C. Hinton, Esq.
Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP
1221 Broadway
Nashville, Tennessee 37203
Telephone: (615) 244-2582
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement, as determined by market conditions.
If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. ☐
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. ☒
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | ||||||
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒ | ||||||
Emerging growth company | ☐ | ||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐
The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment that specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
EXPLANATORY NOTE
This registration statement of Momentus Inc. contains two prospectuses:
• | a base prospectus, which covers the offering, issuance and sale by us of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, and units identified above from time to time in one or more offerings, which together shall have an aggregate initial offering price not to exceed $50,000,000; and |
• | an “at the market offering” prospectus covering the offer, issuance and sale by us of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of up to $7,350,000 of our common stock that may be issued and sold from time to time under the Sales Agreement, dated September 19, 2025 (the “Sales Agreement”), with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners. |
The base prospectus immediately follows this explanatory note. The specific terms of any securities to be offered pursuant to the base prospectus will be specified in one or more prospectus supplements to the base prospectus. The sales agreement prospectus immediately follows the base prospectus. The $7,350,000 of common stock that may be offered, issued and sold under the sales agreement prospectus is included in the $50,000,000 of securities that may be offered, issued and sold by us under the base prospectus. Upon termination of the sales agreement, any portion of the $7,350,000 included in the sales agreement prospectus that is not sold pursuant to the sales agreement will be available for sale in other offerings pursuant to the base prospectus, and if no shares are sold under the sales agreement, the full $50,000,000 of securities may be sold in other offerings pursuant to the base prospectus.
The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Subject to Completion, Dated September 19, 2025 PROSPECTUS
$50,000,000
MOMENTUS INC.
Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Debt Securities
Warrants
Units
We may, from time to time, offer and sell up to $50,000,000 of any combination of our Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 (the “common stock” or “Common Stock”), preferred stock, par value $0.00001 (the “preferred stock”), debt securities, warrants or units described in this prospectus, either individually or in combination with other securities, at prices and on terms described in one or more supplements to this prospectus. We may also offer common stock or preferred stock upon conversion of debt securities, common stock upon conversion of preferred stock, or common stock, preferred stock, or debt securities upon the exercise of warrants.
This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that we may offer. Each time we offer and sell securities, we will provide a supplement to this prospectus that contains specific information about the offering and the amounts, prices and terms of the securities. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you in connection with these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, as well as the documents incorporated by reference, before buying any of the securities being offered.
Securities may be sold by us to or through underwriters or dealers, directly to purchasers or through agents designated from time to time. For additional information on the methods of sale, you should refer to the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus and in the applicable prospectus supplement. If any underwriters, dealers or agents are involved in the sale of any of the securities, their names and any applicable purchase price, fee, commission or discount arrangement between or among them will be set forth, or will be calculable from the information set forth, in the applicable prospectus supplement. The price to the public of such securities and the net proceeds we expect to receive from such sale will also be set forth in a prospectus supplement. No securities may be sold without delivery of this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement describing the method and terms of the offering of such securities.
Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “MNTS.” On September 18, 2025, the last reported sale price of our common stock on Nasdaq was $1.19 per share. The applicable prospectus supplement will contain information, where applicable, as to any other listing, if any, on any securities market or other exchange of the specific security covered by such prospectus supplement.
As of the date of this prospectus, the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates is approximately $22.1 million, which is calculated based on 11,547,339 shares of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates and a price of $1.91 per share, the closing price of our common stock on August 13, 2025, which is the highest closing price of our common stock on Nasdaq within the prior 60 days of this prospectus. During the prior twelve calendar month period that ends on and includes the date hereof, we have offered and sold no shares of our common stock pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 to Form S-3.
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” beginning on page 13 of this prospectus and contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and in any free writing prospectuses we have authorized for use in connection with a specific offering, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus is , 2025.
This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration statement, we may sell from time to time in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $50,000,000 of shares of common stock, preferred stock, various series of debt securities and/or warrants to purchase any of such securities, either individually or as units in combination with other securities as described in this prospectus. Each time we sell any type or series of securities under this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain more specific information about the terms of that offering. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change any of the information contained in this prospectus or in the documents we have incorporated by reference into this prospectus. To the extent that any statement that we make in a prospectus supplement is inconsistent with statements made in this prospectus, the statements made in this prospectus will be deemed modified or superseded by those made in a prospectus supplement. You should carefully read both this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, together with the additional information described under “Where You Can Find More Information,” before buying any of the securities being offered.
THIS PROSPECTUS MAY NOT BE USED TO CONSUMMATE A SALE OF SECURITIES UNLESS IT IS ACCOMPANIED BY A PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
Neither we, nor any agent, underwriter or dealer has authorized any person to give any information or to make any representation other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. This prospectus, any applicable supplement to this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the registered securities to which they relate, nor does this prospectus, any applicable supplement to this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction.
You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of the document or that any information we have incorporated by reference is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference, even though this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus is delivered, or securities are sold, on a later date.
This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information.”
Except as otherwise indicated herein or as the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to “Momentus,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references refer to Momentus Inc., an entity incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, and where appropriate our consolidated subsidiaries.
This prospectus and the information incorporated herein by reference include trademarks, service marks and trade names owned by us or other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included or incorporated by reference into this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus are the property of their respective owners.
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The following summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus or incorporated by reference herein and does not contain all the information that may be important to purchasers of our securities. Prospective purchasers of our securities should carefully read the entire prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, including the risks of investing in our securities discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. Prospective purchasers of our securities should also carefully read the information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, including our financial statements, and the exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
The Company
Momentus is a U.S. commercial space company that offers satellites, satellite buses, and other satellite components, transportation and infrastructure services, including hosted payloads and other in-orbit services to help enable the commercialization of space. Satellite operators are our principal customers and target customers. Momentus offers satellites and satellite buses and technology designed to meet the specific needs of government and commercial customers.
Products that we provide or plan to provide include satellites, satellite buses, solar arrays, and other satellite components. Our satellites and satellite technologies offer competitive advantages to customers such as greater payload capability, significant on-orbit power, flexibility of design and ability to accommodate a range of sensors, communications equipment, and other space instruments, low cost, and speed of delivery.
Our Tape Spring Solar Array (“TASSA”) is an innovative solar array that Momentus is developing. It offers the potential to produce power at substantially lower cost than competing arrays. It also has important advantages from its ability to be deployed and retracted to protect the array from in-space collisions with debris and to more easily maneuver the satellite to different locations or adjust its characteristics.
Services that we provide or plan to provide include “last mile” satellite transportation, payload-hosting, on-orbit satellite refueling, on-orbit inspection, on-orbit satellite maintenance, de-orbiting, debris removal, and other satellite-to-satellite service offerings. We believe our planned service offerings will increase deployment options for satellite operators and lower their operating costs relative to traditional approaches while also minimizing environmental impact given our choice of water as a propellant.
We plan to provide these services with Orbital Service Vehicles (“OSVs”) that we design and manufacture. While we plan to eventually operate a family of progressively larger and more capable OSVs, we are currently focused on the first vehicle of the family, Vigoride, which will primarily operate in low-Earth orbit (“LEO”). We believe that Vigoride has the ability to deliver fast, versatile, and cost-effective transportation and infrastructure services to our customers. We conducted our inaugural test and demonstration mission with Vigoride in 2022 as well as two additional test and demonstration missions with Vigoride during 2023. The Company plans to use technological milestones like completion of development of Block 2.2 configuration of the Vigoride OSV, MET propulsion, and TASSA in space, and experience gained in both satellite deployment and hosted payloads as standards to build new OSVs and explore commercial opportunities.
Our transportation service offering focuses on delivering our customers’ satellites to precision orbits of their choosing. To accomplish this, we partner with leading launch service providers, such as SpaceX to “ride share” our customer’s satellites from Earth to space on a midsized or large rocket. Customer satellites can also be carried aboard small launch vehicles for dedicated missions. Our OSVs would then provide “last mile” transportation services from the rocket’s drop-off orbit to a custom orbit of the satellite operator’s choosing. We believe this “hub-and-spoke” model has the potential to expand our customers’ deployment options relative to what they would be able to achieve with ride share launch alone, while reducing their costs relative to what they could achieve with a dedicated small launch vehicle. Over time, we plan to begin introducing additional services beyond transportation.
Our OSVs will initially be expendable, meaning they will be used to perform services before they de-orbit themselves upon completion of their first mission. However, our goal is to eventually make our OSVs reusable, or capable of
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remaining in space to conduct follow-on missions, which has the potential to lower our cost to deliver services to our customers. To achieve reusability, we need to develop additional technologies that will allow our vehicles to locate and navigate to customer satellites in space, physically connect to them, and perform a variety of robotic operations including fluid transfer.
We are also offering variants of our Vigoride OSV to government and commercial customers as a traditional bus manufacture and satellite prime contractor. Vigoride, and its variants, M-500 and M-1000, are being offered to provide payload technology demonstrations as well as forming the space infrastructure backbone for constellations of satellites.
Momentus offers or plans to offer production and operation of small satellites to meet a range of defense, government, and commercial needs such as communications, tracking of missiles, remote sensing, and space domain awareness. There is a growing need for such capabilities for defense, government, and commercial customers. Technologies used to support the hosted payload market are directly applicable to offering customer-owned satellites for use in constellations. Momentus is offering high-volume production of buses, based on Vigoride’s technologies, and integrating customer’s unique payloads for a variety of missions ranging from communications to Earth Observation. This market heavily leverages prior investments in satellite technology to access a large and growing market segment.
We are developing our OSVs to provide safe, affordable, reliable, and regular in-space services to our customers, including space transportation, payload hosting, and in-orbit servicing. We have designed our Vigoride vehicle to deliver small customer payloads anywhere in LEO. However, we also plan to design and produce larger vehicles and satellite buses to carry larger payloads to more distant orbits such as GEO.
On April 12, 2025, we entered into a master services agreement (the “Master Services Agreement”) with Velo3D, Inc. (OTC: VLDX) (“VLD”), a provider of additive manufacturing solutions also referred to as 3D printing. Pursuant to the Master Services Agreement, VLD will provide services to design and produce components and systems that will be utilized by Momentus or its customers in its spacecraft, systems, and components. According to the terms of the Master Services Agreement, Momentus is entitled to services equal to the equivalent capacity of two VLD Sapphire XC 3D metal printers (or successor or comparable printers) (the “Equivalent Capacity”). Momentus will have first priority to utilize the Equivalent Capacity, and VLD will ensure the Equivalent Capacity is available for use as and when required by Momentus.
If and when the Equivalent Capacity is not utilized by Momentus, VLD may use the Equivalent Capacity to provide services to other customers. According to the Master Services Agreement, Momentus will be compensated for such use based on a formula equal to 20% of $3 million less service fees attributed to Momentus in the first year and 50% of $3 million less service fees attributed to Momentus in each subsequent year of the agreement. Such compensation shall reduce the amount in the prepaid reserve, as described in the Master Services Agreement. The term of the Master Services Agreement is five years unless terminated earlier in accordance with its terms.
In exchange for the services, Momentus issued an aggregate of 477,455 shares of Common Stock and 673,408 shares of non-voting Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Series A Convertible Preferred Stock”). Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible into ten shares of Common Stock, subject to the limitations in the Certificate of Designations of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Certificate of Designations”), including that VLD hold no more than 9.99% of the outstanding shares of Momentus’ Common Stock at any time.
Furthermore, pursuant to the Certificate of Designations, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock may not be converted into shares of Common Stock if conversion would result in the issuance, in the aggregate with all previous issuances of shares of Common Stock, of greater than 19.9% of the amount of Common Stock outstanding immediately preceding the date of the Master Services Agreement without first obtaining stockholder approval in compliance with the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market.
The Master Services Agreement provided for the cancellation of shares of the Company’s capital stock held by VLD in certain circumstances upon expiration or termination of the Master Services Agreement. On August 14, 2025, the Company irrevocably waived its right under the Master Services Agreement to cancel such shares upon expiration or termination of the Master Services Agreement (the “Waiver”).
Additional information on recent transactions and financings can be found in Item 15, Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities, in this registration statement. For a further description of the risks associated with our business, see “Risk Factors.” Investors are cautioned to review the following description of Momentus’ business together with the entirety of this prospectus, including the within-mentioned risk factors.
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Nasdaq Compliance
Our Common Stock is currently listed for quotation on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). We are required to meet Nasdaq listing rules in order to maintain such listing. As previously reported, the Company received a series of letters from the Listing Qualifications Staff of Nasdaq (the “Staff”) beginning March 27, 2024 with respect to the Company’s failure to comply certain requirements for continued listing according to the rules of Nasdaq, which non-compliance ultimately resulted in the Staff issuing a delisting determination letter on September 24, 2024 (the “Delisting Determination Letter”). As permitted by Nasdaq rules, the Company timely requested a hearing before a Nasdaq Hearing Panel (the “Panel”) to appeal Nasdaq’s delisting determination and received a stay of the suspension of trading and delisting of the Common Stock pending the conclusion of the hearing process.
On January 13, 2025, the Company received a letter issued by the Panel granting the Company’s request to continue its listing on Nasdaq until April 15, 2025 while the Company executes its plan to regain compliance with the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b). Additionally, the Panel confirmed that the Company has regained compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), as a result of the Reverse Stock Split the Company effected on December 12, 2024.
As disclosed in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 14, 2025, on April 12, 2025, the Company entered into the Master Services Agreement with VLD, pursuant to which VLD will provide services to design and produce components and systems that will be utilized by the Company or its customers in its spacecraft, systems, and components. In exchange for the services, the Company issued an aggregate of 477,455 shares of Common Stock and 673,408 shares of non-voting Series A Preferred Stock.
On June 24, 2025, the Company announced that it had received a letter from Nasdaq providing written confirmation that the Company has regained compliance with the Equity Rule. Nasdaq has indicated that if the Company’s stockholder’s equity as of June 30, 2025 included in the Company’s Quarterly Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2025 does not show a stockholder’s equity of $2,500,000, the Company may again be subject to delisting from Nasdaq. In the Company’s Quarterly Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on August 19, 2025, the Company reported a stockholders’ deficit of approximately $9.97 million.
The Master Services Agreement provided for the cancellation of shares of the Company’s capital stock held by VLD in certain circumstances upon expiration or termination. On August 14, 2025, the Company irrevocably waived its right under the Master Services Agreement to cancel such shares upon expiration or termination of the Master Services Agreement (the “Waiver”).
The Company believes that, after giving effect to this waiver, along with the proceeds from the July 2025 public offering and the August 2025 warrant inducement (each described below), the Company’s stockholders’ equity as of August 14, 2025 is in excess of $2.5 million.
Going Concern Uncertainty
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The going concern basis of presentation assumes that the Company will continue in operation one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued and will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company’s ability to successfully raise capital to fund its business operations and execute on its business plan. To date the Company remains heavily focused on growth and continued development of its proprietary technology, and as a result, it has not generated sufficient revenues to provide cash flows that enable the Company to finance its operations internally and the Company’s financial position and operating results raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. This is reflected by the Company’s incurred net losses of $34.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and an accumulated deficit of $408.0 million as of December 31, 2024 as well as the Company’s incurred net losses of $6.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and an accumulated deficit of $420.6 million as of June 30, 2025. Additionally, the Company used net cash of $16.6 million to fund its operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, and had cash and cash equivalents of $1.6 million as of December 31, 2024.
Pursuant to the requirements of ASC Sub-Topic 205-40, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, management must evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. This evaluation does not take into consideration the potential
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mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented or are not within control of the Company as of the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.
In connection with the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, management conducted an evaluation and concluded that there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within twelve months after the date of the issuance of such financial statements. The Company believes that its current level of cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund commercial scale production and sale of its services and products. These conditions raise substantial doubt regarding its ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least one year from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements. In order to proceed with the Company’s business plan and operating strategy, the Company will need to raise substantial additional capital to fund its operations. Until such time, if ever, the Company can generate revenues sufficient to achieve profitability, the Company expects to finance its operations through equity or debt financings, which may not be available to the Company on the timing needed or on terms that the Company deems to be favorable. In an effort to alleviate these conditions, the Company continues to seek and evaluate opportunities to access additional capital through all available means.
As a result of these uncertainties, and notwithstanding management’s plans and efforts to date, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to raise substantial additional capital in the near term, the Company’s operations and business plan will need to be scaled back or halted altogether. Additionally, if the Company is able to raise additional capital but that capital is insufficient to provide a bridge to full commercial production at a profit, the Company’s operations could be severely curtailed or cease entirely and the Company may not realize any significant value from its assets.
2024 Reverse Stock Split
In order to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, on December 4, 2024, the board of directors of the Company approved a reverse stock split ratio of 1-for-14 approved by the stockholders of the Company on December 2, 2024 (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Reverse Stock Split was effective at the opening of trading on Nasdaq on December 13, 2024 (the “Effective Date”). Unless otherwise noted, all information presented in this prospectus is presented on a post-split basis.
July 2025 Public Offering
On July 1, 2025, Momentus consummated a “best efforts” public offering in which the Company received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $4 million, before deducting placement agent’s fees and other offering expenses, from the offer and sale of (i) 680,000 shares Common Stock, (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 2,156,880 shares of Common Stock, and (iii) warrants to purchase up to 2,836,880 shares of Common Stock (the “July 2025 Warrants”). Each share of Common Stock, or a pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof, was sold together with an accompanying July 2025 Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock. The public offering price for each share of Common Stock and one accompanying July 2025 Warrant was $1.41, and the public offering price of each pre-funded warrant and one accompanying July 2025 Warrant was $1.40999, which equals the price at which one share of Common Stock and accompanying July 2025 Warrant was sold to the public, minus the $0.00001 per share exercise price of each pre-funded warrant.
The Company used the proceeds of the offering to repay all amounts owed under Loan Agreement dated May 30, 2025, between the Company and J.J. Astor & Co. in the amount of $1,026,250, and intends to use the remaining proceeds for general corporate purposes.
The Company agreed to call a special meeting of the stockholders of the Company within 90 days of July 1, 2025, to seek approval of the July 2025 Warrants. Each July 2025 Warrant will be immediately exercisable beginning on the effective date of stockholder approval, and will expire five years from the date of stockholder approval. Each July 2025 Warrant is exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an initial exercise price equal to $1.41, subject
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to adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events. Each pre-funded warrant was immediately exercisable and remained exercisable until all pre-funded warrants were exercised on July 1, 2025.
A holder of the July 2025 Warrants and the pre-funded warrants (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of such warrants to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% (or 9.99%, at the election of the holder) of the outstanding shares of Common Stock immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to the Company, the holder may increase the amount of beneficial ownership of outstanding shares after exercising the holder’s July 2025 Warrants or pre-funded warrants up to 9.99% of the number of the Company’s shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise.
The shares of Common Stock, July 2025 Warrants, shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the July 2025 Warrants, pre-funded warrants, and shares of Common Stock issued upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants were offered and sold by the Company pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-288123), filed with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, that was declared effective on June 30, 2025. In connection with the offering, on June 30, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with a single institutional investor, pursuant to which the Company agreed not to effect or enter into an agreement to effect any issuance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of shares of Common Stock or Common Stock equivalents for a period of forty-five (45) days and will not effect or enter into an agreement to effect any issuance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents (or a combination of units thereof) involving a Variable Rate Transaction (as defined in the securities purchase agreement) for a period of three (3) months after the closing date for the offering, subject to certain exceptions. Each of the Company’s executive officers and directors entered into a lock-up agreement with the placement agent for the offering providing that each such person, for a period of ninety (90) days from the Closing Date, may not, subject to customary exceptions, offer, issue, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of the Company’s securities without the prior written consent of the placement agent.
The investor in the offering was the holder of certain warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock issued on each of (i) October 24, 2024 and (ii) December 18, 2024. In connection with the offering, on June 30, 2025, the Company entered into an amendment to these warrants pursuant to which the exercise price per share of the Common Stock shall be $1.41, subject to adjustment. The warrant amendment is effective immediately, and the warrants shall expire on July 1, 2030.
Also, in connection with the offering, on June 30, 2025, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners to act as placement agent on a reasonable “best efforts” basis. The Company paid the placement agent a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds raised in the offering. In addition, the Company also agreed to reimburse the placement agent for legal expenses incurred by it in connection with the offering in an amount not to exceed $105,000.
A.G.P. Convertible Promissory Note
On May 13, 2025, the Company issued to A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners a convertible promissory note (the “Original Convertible Note”) in the principal amount of $1,200,000 to evidence A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners’ currently owed deferred commission. Unless earlier converted as specified in the Convertible Note, the principal amount plus all accrued but unpaid interest is due on November 13, 2026. The Convertible Note accrues interest at 4.5% per annum.
At any time prior to the full payment of the Original Convertible Note, A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners may elect to have all or any portion of the outstanding principal amount and all interest accrued converted into shares of Common Stock, at a fixed price of $1.67, subject to adjustment as provided therein and to take into account any future share splits or reverse splits. In addition, a conversion of the Original Convertible Note that would cause the aggregate number of shares issued under the Convertible Note to exceed the Conversion Limit (as such term is defined in the Original Convertible Note) may not occur prior to receipt of stockholder approval to provide for such conversion of the Original Convertible Note, and the subsequent issuance of Common Stock, pursuant to the stockholder approval rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Further, following A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners’ ability to convert the Convertible Note, if at all, A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners will not be entitled to receive the Company’s Common Stock upon conversion, if such conversion would result in A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners owning greater than 9.99% of the Company’s then currently outstanding Common Stock. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners is also entitled to resale registration rights as identified in the Original Convertible Note.
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The Company may prepay the Original Convertible Note in whole or in part. The Original Convertible Note contains customary default provisions for a transaction of this nature. In the event of certain Events of Default (as defined in the Original Convertible Note), all outstanding principal and accrued interest under the Convertible Note will become, or may become at A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners’ election, immediately due and payable to A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners.
The Company issued the Original Convertible Note pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, available under Section 4(a)(2). The shares of Common Stock that may be issued upon conversion of the Original Convertible Note, in amount of up to 767,066 shares, if such amount is not previously paid prior to maturity and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners elects to convert the Convertible Note, have not been registered under the Securities Act and such securities may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an exemption from registration under the Securities Act and any applicable state securities laws.
Additionally, on June 17, 2025, we executed an agreement with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners to cancel the Original Convertible Note and issue a new convertible note in the principal amount of $500,000 (the “New Convertible Note”) to A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners and A.G.P./Alliance Global. The New Convertible Note matures 18 months after issuance and is convertible into shares of our Common Stock at a conversion price of $1.67 per share. Pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110(g)(1), neither the New Convertible Note nor any shares issued upon conversion of the New Convertible Note shall be sold, transferred, assigned, pledged, or hypothecated, or be the subject of any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the securities by any person for a period of 180 days immediately following the issuance date of the New Convertible Note. We have agreed to file one or more registration statements to register the resale of all securities issuable upon conversion of the New Convertible Note, only one of which shall be at our expense and demand may be made after issuance until the maturity date. The Company issued the New Convertible Note pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, available under Section 4(a)(2).
Loan Agreement and Amendment
On May 30, 2025, Momentus entered into a Loan Agreement (the “May 2025 Loan Agreement”) with J.J. Astor & Co. (the “Lender”) pursuant to which Momentus could borrow up to $1.5 million in two tranches of $750,000 each. The proceeds of the May 2025 Loan Agreement were to be used for general working capital purposes. On June 17, 2025, the Company and the Lender entered into an amendment to the May 2025 Loan Agreement which, among other things, revised the conditions for the Lender to fund the second tranche of $750,000 under the May 2025 Loan Agreement. Additionally, the amendment to the May 2025 Loan Agreement provided that in the event that the Company priced an equity offering prior to the funding of the second tranche of $750,000 in an amount sufficient to repay all amounts owed to the Lender under the May 2025 Loan Agreement, then the obligation of the Lender to lend the second tranche would be suspended and instead the Company shall (a) repay all amounts then-due under the May 2025 Loan Agreement out of the proceeds of such equity offering (b) pay the Lender a termination fee of $100,000 payable in cash and (c) issue to the Lender the second tranche of warrants to purchase Common Stock as discussed below and register the underlying warrant shares.
In connection with the May 2025 Loan Agreement, as amended, Momentus issued to the Lender the warrants to purchase up to 952,940 shares of Common Stock in two tranches of 476,470 shares each (the “Loan Warrants”). The initial exercise price per share for the first tranche of the Loan Warrants that was issued on June 3, 2025 was $1.70, and the initial exercise price per share for the second tranche of the Loan Warrants issued on July 3, 2025 was $1.13, which was the closing price of the Common Stock on the day prior to issuance. In connection with the issuance of the second tranche of Loan Warrants on July 3, 2025, the exercise price of the first tranche of Loan Warrants adjusted down to $1.13 per share pursuant to the terms of the Loan Warrants. The exercise price of the Loan Warrants is subject to downward adjustment upon the issuance by the Company of Common Stock or Common Stock equivalents at a price per share that is less than the then-applicable exercise price of the Loan Warrants. The exercise price of the Loan Warrants is also subject to appropriate adjustments in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the Common Stock.
Momentus also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with the Lender that required the Company to file a resale shelf registration statement registering the resale of shares issuable pursuant to the May 2025 Loan Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby.
None of the Warrants can be exercised if it would cause the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by Lender (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock
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outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise. By written notice, Lender may from time to time increase or decrease this ownership limitation to any other percentage up to 9.99%; provided, that any such increase will not be effective until the 61st day after such notice is delivered to the Company. Conversion of the Convertible Notes and exercise of the Warrants is also subject to compliance with applicable Nasdaq rules, and the Convertible Notes and Warrants cannot be converted into or exercised for shares of Common Stock if such conversion or exercise would result in the issuance, in the aggregate with all previous issuances of shares of Common Stock under the Convertible Notes and the Warrants, of greater than 19.9% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately preceding the date of the May 2025 Loan Agreement without first obtaining stockholder approval in compliance with the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market.
On July 1, 2025, the Company repaid all amounts outstanding under the Loan Agreement with proceeds from the registered offering which closed on that date.
SIV Convertible Promissory Note
On July 12, 2024, the Company and Space Infrastructures Ventures, LLC (“SIV”) entered into a secured convertible promissory note (the “Initial Convertible Note”) pursuant to which the Company may borrow up to $2.3 million prior to September 1, 2024, consisting of (i) an initial loan in the principal amount of $500,000, and (ii) one or more subsequent loans totaling up to $1.8 million in aggregate principal amount. Borrowings under the Initial Convertible Note bear interest at 15% per annum. Principal on the Initial Convertible Note is to be re-paid in four equal payments on a quarterly basis, commencing on December 1, 2024, and the Initial Convertible Note has a maturity date of December 1, 2025, at which time all accrued interest is due. As of September 8, 2025, the principal plus total interest to maturity on the Initial Convertible Note was $300,196.
Amounts borrowed under the Initial Convertible Note are secured by a lien on substantially all of the assets of the Company. In lieu of cash payments of accrued interest, SIV, in its sole discretion, may elect to receive shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price which was initially $7.40712 per share and which the Company subsequently lowered to $2.12 on March 3, 2025 (the “Conversion Price”). On the maturity date, subject to the satisfaction of applicable legal and regulatory conditions, all outstanding obligations under the Initial Convertible Note automatically convert into Class A common stock at the Conversion Price.
On October 24, 2024, the Company and SIV entered into a secured convertible promissory note (the “Subsequent Convertible Note”, and, together with the Initial Convertible Note, the “Convertible Notes”) pursuant to which the Company borrowed $3.0 million. Borrowings under the Subsequent Convertible Note bear interest at 15% per annum. The Subsequent Convertible Note has a maturity date of March 1, 2026, at which time all principal and accrued interest is due. Amounts borrowed under the Subsequent Convertible Note are secured by a lien on substantially all of the assets of the Company. As of September 8, 2025, the principal of the Subsequent Convertible Note was approximately $2,703,645 plus $500,261 in interest to maturity.
At any time after the date that is six months after the original issuance date of the Subsequent Convertible Note, SIV may convert some or all of the outstanding obligations under the Convertible Note into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price of $7.4088 per share. The conversion price and the number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of the Subsequent Convertible Note is subject to appropriate adjustments in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the Class A common stock.
In addition to the Subsequent Convertible Note, the Company agreed to issue to SIV warrants to purchase approximately 463,222 shares of Class A common stock with an exercise price of $7.4088 per share (the “SIV Warrants”), of which warrants to purchase approximately 269,950 shares of Class A common stock were issued on November 14, 2024 following the funding of the first tranche under the Subsequent Convertible Note. The exercise price and the number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the SIV Warrants is subject to appropriate adjustments in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the Class A common stock. The SIV Warrants will expire April 24, 2030.
Additionally, on November 30, 2024, the Company entered into amendments to the Convertible Notes. The amendments to the Subsequent Convertible Note accelerated the borrowing date for the second tranche of $1 million in principal amount to December 2, 2024, which borrowing date had previously been no earlier than December 22, 2024.
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The amendments also permitted SIV to reserve out of the proceeds of the second tranche under the Subsequent Convertible Note of approximately $670 thousand, representing the amount of principal and interest due from the Company to SIV on December 1, 2024, under the Initial Convertible Note.
The amendments to the Convertible Notes also provide SIV the option to convert all amounts outstanding under either Convertible Note into shares of Class A common stock at any time. Previously, the Initial Convertible Note only permitted conversion of interest when and as due, while the Subsequent Convertible Note only permitted conversion of outstanding amounts when and as due. The conversion price of amounts outstanding under the Initial Convertible Note remained unchanged at $7.40712. The conversion price of amounts outstanding under the Subsequent Convertible Note remained unchanged at $7.4088.
In connection with the borrowing of the second tranche under the Subsequent Convertible Note, the Company issued to SIV warrants to purchase approximately 463,223 shares of Class A common stock with an exercise price of $7.4088 per share, as originally required by the Subsequent Convertible Note.
The Company also agreed to register the resale by SIV of all of the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Notes and the warrants issued to SIV. Neither the Subsequent Convertible Note nor the SIV Warrants can be converted or exercised if it would cause the aggregate number of shares of Class A common stock beneficially owned by SIV (together with its affiliates) to exceed 9.99% of the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion or exercise, as applicable. By written notice, SIV may, with the agreement of the Company, from time to time increase or decrease this ownership limitation to any other percentage.
The Subsequent Convertible Note requires SIV’s consent to take certain actions, such as purchasing assets outside the ordinary course of business, extending financing, making capital expenditures in excess of $100,000, repaying debts outside the ordinary course of business or investing in any entity or enterprise. On March 3, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company had previously offered SIV a reduced conversion price of $2.12 per share of Class A common stock for the Initial Convertible Note. The current conversion price for the Subsequent Convertible Note is $7.4088. On May 16, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized offering SIV a reduced conversion price of $1.77 per share with respect to 112,576 shares of Class A common stock under the Initial Convertible Note, and thereafter with respect to up to 275,000 shares of Class A common stock under the Subsequent Convertible Note during the period beginning on May 19, 2025 and continuing until June 1, 2025.
On September 8, 2025, we entered into a note amendment agreement with SIV to, among other things, amend and restate the Convertible Notes previously issued to SIV.
The amendments, among other things, (i) extend the maturity date under the Subsequent Convertible Note from October 24, 2025 until March 1, 2026, (ii) provide for repayment of the $2.7 million in outstanding principal amount under the Subsequent Convertible Note in two tranches, with the first tranche of $1.0 million due on December 1, 2025, and the remaining $1.7 million, plus unpaid accrued interest, due at maturity on March 1, 2026, and (iii) extend the maturity date of the Initial Convertible Note with respect to the remaining $300,196 of principal, plus unpaid accrued interest from September 1, 2025 to December 1, 2025.
The amendments also change the conversion price at which amounts of principal and interest outstanding under both Convertible Notes may be converted into shares of Common Stock to an amount equal to the lower of (i) $1.11 per share and (ii) a 10% discount to the closing price of the Common Stock on the day prior to each conversion, but in no event lower than $0.20 per share. SIV has agreed to use reasonable efforts to cause amounts outstanding under the Convertible Notes to be converted into shares of Common Stock from time to time, subject to market conditions, and provided that sales of shares of Common Stock converted at a Conversion Price of $1.11 per share on any given trading day are limited to no more than 15% of the average daily trading volume of the Common Stock as reported by Nasdaq, and shares of Common Stock converted at a Conversion Price lower than $1.11 per share sold on any given trading day are limited to no more than 10% of the average trading volume of the Common Stock as reported by Nasdaq.
In connection with the amendments to the Convertible Notes, the Company issued to SIV warrants to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $1.11. The Company also agreed to lower the exercise price of outstanding warrants to purchase up to 463,223 shares of Common Stock held by SIV to $1.11 per share.
The amendments also permit the Company to incur up to $4 million of indebtedness on or after December 1, 2025 that is pari passu with the unpaid balance of the Convertible Notes, provided that the Company issues to SIV warrants to
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purchase up to 10% of the total number of shares of Common Stock SIV has converted under both Convertible Notes after September 8, 2025, with the exercise price per share to correspond with the conversion price applicable under the Convertible Notes at the time of the debt incurrence. Thereafter, the Company would continue to issue to SIV warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock equal to 10% of shares converted from time to time under the Convertible Notes, with the warrants having an exercise price equal to the corresponding conversion price at the time of issuance.
The Company also agreed to register the resale by SIV of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Notes and the warrants issued pursuant to the Convertible Notes.
The Convertible Notes and the warrants issued to SIV cannot be converted or exercised if it would cause the aggregate number of shares of Class A common stock beneficially owned by SIV (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% of the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion or exercise, as applicable. By written notice, SIV may, with the agreement of the Company, from time to time increase or decrease this ownership limitation to any other percentage. Conversion of the Convertible Notes and exercise of the warrants by SIV is also subject to compliance with applicable Nasdaq rules. The Company has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain stockholder approval of the issuance of shares of Common Stock pursuant to the Convertible Notes and the warrants issued to SIV in order to satisfy Nasdaq rules by November 8, 2025. Such stockholder approval was received on September 17, 2025.
Except as amended, the remaining terms of the Convertible Notes remain in full force and effect.
Debt Settlements
On August 8, 2025, the Company issued 8,696 shares of its Common Stock to one vendor to settle outstanding debt of $10,000 pursuant to a success fee agreement. Previously, between April 21, 2025 and May 13, 2025, the Company issued 191,339 shares of its Common Stock to four vendors and one customer to settle outstanding debts of approximately $337,942.42, each under a debt settlement agreement (each debt settlement agreement and success fee agreement described in the foregoing two sentences, a “Debt Settlement Agreement”, and, together, the “Debt Settlement Agreements”).
Shares of the Company’s Common Stock issued in the transactions described herein are exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. Each of the vendors is an “accredited investor” as defined in Regulation D or “sophisticated investor” and was acquiring the shares for investment only and not with a view towards, or for resale in connection with, the public sale or distribution thereof. Accordingly, the shares of the Company’s Common Stock were not registered under the Securities Act and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an exemption from registration under the Securities Act and any applicable state securities laws.
Warrant Inducement
On August 13, 2025, we entered into the Inducement Agreement with an existing holder (the “Warrant Investor”) of certain existing warrants (the “Existing Warrants”) to purchase shares of Common Stock. Pursuant to the Inducement Agreement, the Warrant Investor agreed to, among other things, exercise for cash all of the Existing Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,431,029 shares of Common Stock, at an exercise price of $1.11 per share. In consideration for exercising the Existing Warrants, we agreed to issue to the Warrant Investor the Inducement Warrants to purchase up to 4,862,058 shares of Common Stock (the “Inducement Warrant Shares”).
Under the Inducement Agreement, we are obligated to seek stockholder approval for the exercise of the Inducement Warrants at either an annual or special meeting of stockholders to be held on or prior to October 12, 2025. Such stockholder approval was received on September 17, 2025.
The Inducement Warrants, which were issued pursuant to the Inducement Agreement, will become exercisable upon the date we receive approval of our stockholders (the “Stockholder Approval Date”) in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of Nasdaq, and may be exercised following such date through the five (5) year anniversary of the Stockholder Approval Date, at an exercise price of $1.11 per share of common stock.
Upon obtaining stockholder approval, the Inducement Warrants will become immediately exercisable. The Exercise Price is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the Class A common stock. Subject to limited exceptions, the holder of the Inducement Warrants will not have the right to exercise any portion of its Inducement Warrants if
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the holder (together with such holder’s affiliates, and any persons acting as a group together with the holder or any of the holder’s affiliates) would beneficially own a number of shares of common stock in excess of 4.99% of the shares of common stock then outstanding. At the holder’s option, upon notice to the Company, the holder may increase or decrease this beneficial ownership limitation not to exceed 9.99% of the shares of common stock then outstanding, with any such increase becoming effective upon 61 days’ prior notice to the Company.
Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company
As a company with less than $100 million of annual revenue in our most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2024, was less than $700 million, we qualify as a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. A smaller reporting company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These reduced reporting requirements include, but are not limited to, reduced disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements and an exemption from the requirements to obtain a non-binding advisory vote on golden parachute arrangements. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different from the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in the State of Delaware in May 2019 as a special purpose acquisition company under the name Stable Road Acquisition Corp. On November 13, 2019, we completed our initial public offering. On August 12, 2021, we consummated a business combination with Momentus Inc. (a separate legal entity from the Company) pursuant to that Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 7, 2020. In connection with such business combination, we changed our name from Stable Road Acquisition Corp. to Momentus Inc.
Our principal executive offices are located at 3901 N. First Street, San Jose, California 95134. Our telephone number is (650) 564-7820. Our website address is www.momentus.space. Information contained on our website or connected thereto does not constitute part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this prospectus or the registration statement of which it forms a part.
Momentus, the Momentus logo and our other registered or common law trademarks, service marks or trade names appearing in this prospectus are the property of Momentus. Other trademarks, service marks and trade names used in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.
Risks Associated with our Business
Our business is subject to numerous risks, as described under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and in any free writing prospectuses we have authorized for use in connection with a specific offering, and under similar headings in the documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
The Securities We May Offer
We may offer shares of our common stock, preferred stock, various series of debt securities and/or warrants to purchase any of such securities, either individually or as units in combination with other securities, with a total value of up to $50,000,000 from time to time under this prospectus at prices and on terms to be determined at the time of any offering. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we offer a type or series of securities under this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will describe the specific amounts, prices and other important terms of the securities, including, to the extent applicable:
• | designation or classification; |
• | aggregate principal amount or aggregate offering price; |
• | maturity; |
• | original issue discount; |
• | rates and times of payment of interest or dividends; |
• | redemption, conversion, exercise, exchange or sinking fund terms; |
• | ranking; |
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• | restrictive covenants; |
• | voting or other rights; |
• | conversion or exchange prices or rates and, if applicable, any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the conversion or exchange prices or rates and in the securities or other property receivable upon conversion or exchange; and |
• | a discussion of material United States federal income tax considerations, if any. |
The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus or in documents we have incorporated by reference. However, no prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will offer a security that is not registered and described in this prospectus at the time of the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
We may sell the securities directly to investors or to or through agents, underwriters or dealers. We, and our agents, underwriters or dealers reserve the right to accept or reject all or part of any proposed purchase of securities. If we do offer securities to or through agents, underwriters or dealers, we will include in the applicable prospectus supplement:
• | the names of those agents, underwriters, or dealers; |
• | applicable fees, discounts and commissions to be paid to them; |
• | details regarding over-allotment options, if any; and |
• | the net proceeds to us. |
The following is a summary of the securities we may offer with this prospectus.
Common Stock
We may issue shares of our common stock from time to time. Each holder of our common stock is entitled to one vote for each share on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders, including the election of directors. Under our articles of incorporation, as amended (the “Articles of Incorporation”) and second amended and restated bylaws (the “Bylaws”), our stockholders do not have cumulative voting rights. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any then-outstanding preferred stock, holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably those dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the board of directors out of legally available funds. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in the net assets legally available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities and the satisfaction of any liquidation preference granted to the holders of any then-outstanding shares of preferred stock. Holders of shares of our common stock do not have preemptive, subscription, redemption, or conversion rights and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that we may designate in the future.
Preferred Stock
We may issue shares of our preferred stock from time to time, in one or more series. Our board of directors will determine the designations, voting powers, preferences and rights of the preferred stock, as well as the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, conversion rights, preemptive rights, terms of redemption or repurchase, liquidation preferences, sinking fund terms and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of any series. Convertible preferred stock will be convertible into our common stock or exchangeable for other securities. Conversion may be mandatory or at the holder’s option and would be at prescribed conversion rates. If we sell any series of preferred stock under this prospectus, we will fix the designations, voting powers, preferences and rights of such series of preferred stock, as well as the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, in the certificate of designation relating to that series. We will file as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of any certificate of designation that describes the terms of the series of preferred stock that we are offering before the issuance of the related series of preferred stock.
We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement (and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) related to the series of preferred stock being offered, as well as the complete certificate of designation that contains the terms of the applicable series of preferred stock.
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Debt Securities
We may issue debt securities from time to time, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. The senior debt securities will rank equally with any other unsecured and unsubordinated debt. The subordinated debt securities will be subordinate and junior in right of payment, to the extent and in the manner described in the instrument governing the debt, to all of our senior indebtedness. Convertible debt securities will be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or other securities. Conversion may be mandatory or at your option and would be at prescribed conversion rates.
Any debt securities issued under this prospectus will be issued under one or more documents called indentures, which are contracts between us and a national banking association or other eligible party, as trustee. In this prospectus, we have summarized certain general features of the debt securities. We urge you, however, to read the applicable prospectus supplement (and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) related to the series of debt securities being offered, as well as the complete indentures that contain the terms of the debt securities. A form of indenture has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC.
Warrants
We may issue warrants for the purchase of common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities in one or more series. We may issue warrants independently or as units in combination with common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities, and the warrants may be attached to or separate from these securities. In this prospectus, we have summarized certain general features of the warrants.
We urge you, however, to read the applicable prospectus supplement (and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) related to the series of warrants being offered, as well as any warrant agreements and warrant certificates that contain the terms of the warrants. We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of warrant and/or the warrant agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable, that contain the terms of the particular series of warrants we are offering, and any supplemental agreements, before the issuance of such warrants.
Any warrants issued under this prospectus may be evidenced by warrant certificates. Warrants also may be issued under an applicable warrant agreement that we enter into with a warrant agent. We will indicate the name and address of the warrant agent, if applicable, in the prospectus supplement relating to the particular series of warrants being offered.
Units
We may issue units consisting of any combination of the other types of securities offered under this prospectus in one or more series. We may evidence each series of units by unit certificates that we will issue under a separate agreement. We may enter into unit agreements with a unit agent. Each unit agent will be a bank or trust company that we select. We will indicate the name and address of the unit agent in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of units.
In this prospectus, we have summarized certain general features of the units under “Description of Units.” We urge you, however, to read the applicable prospectus supplement (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) related to the series of units being offered, as well as the complete unit agreement that contains the terms of the units. We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the specific unit agreement that contains the terms of the particular series of units we are offering, before the issuance of such units.
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Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and discussed under the section entitled “Risk Factors” contained in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as may be updated by subsequent annual, quarterly and other reports that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus in their entirety. The risks described in these documents are not the only ones we face, but those that we consider to be material. There may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that could have material adverse effects on our future results. Past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance, and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flow could be seriously harmed. This could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, resulting in a loss of all or part of your investment. Please also read carefully the section below entitled “Forward-Looking Statements.”
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This prospectus, including the documents that we incorporate by reference herein, contains, and any applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus including the documents we incorporate by reference therein may contain, forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, including statements regarding our future financial condition, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “believe,” “will,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “might,” “approximately,” “expect,” “predict,” “could,” “potentially” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses or current expectations.
Discussions containing these forward-looking statements may be found, among other places, in the sections entitled “Business,” “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in the documents incorporated by reference herein, including our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as any amendments thereto.
These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievement to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. We discuss in greater detail, and incorporate by reference into this prospectus in their entirety, many of these risks and uncertainties under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement, in any free writing prospectus we may authorize for use in connection with a specific offering, and in the documents incorporated by reference herein. These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and subject to risks and uncertainties. We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.
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We will retain broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from the sale of the securities offered hereby. Except as described in any prospectus supplement or in any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you, we currently intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities offered by us hereunder primarily for working capital and general corporate purposes. We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus our intended use for the net proceeds received from the sale of any securities sold pursuant to the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus.
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The following is a description of the material terms of our capital stock. This is a summary only and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended, and our Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended, each of which are incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. We encourage you to read our Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended, and our Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended, and the applicable provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), for additional information.
Authorized and Outstanding Stock
Pursuant to the terms of our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, our authorized capital stock consists of:
• | 250,000,000 shares of the Common Stock, $0.00001 par value per share; and |
• | 20,000,000 shares of undesignated Preferred Stock, $0.00001 par value per share (“Preferred Stock”), of which 673,408 shares have been designated as the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. |
As of September 18, 2025, there were 11,635,152 shares of the Common Stock issued and outstanding and 673,408 shares of Preferred Stock outstanding.
Common Stock
Voting Power
Holders of Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. The holders of Common Stock will generally vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, unless otherwise required by Delaware law or the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended.
The Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and the Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended (collectively, our “Organizational Documents”), established a classified board of directors (the “board”) that is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. Only the directors in one class will be subject to election by a plurality of the votes cast at each annual meeting of stockholders, with the directors in the other classes continuing for the remainder of their respective three-year terms. The Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting for the election of directors.
Dividend Rights
Subject to preferences that may apply to any shares of Preferred Stock outstanding at the time, the holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive dividends out of funds legally available if the board, in its discretion, determines to issue dividends and then only at the times and in the amounts that the board may determine.
We have not paid any cash dividends on the Common Stock to date and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements, the terms of any outstanding indebtedness and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of the board at such time. In addition, the board is not currently contemplating and does not anticipate declaring any stock dividends in the foreseeable future.
No Preemptive or Similar Rights
The holders of the Common Stock are not entitled to preemptive rights and are not subject to conversion (except as noted above), redemption or sinking fund provisions.
Right to Receive Liquidation Distributions
If we become subject to a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the assets legally available for distribution to our stockholders would be distributable ratably among the holders of Common Stock and any participating Preferred Stock outstanding at that time, subject to prior satisfaction of all outstanding debt and liabilities and the preferential rights of and the payment of liquidation preferences, if any, on any outstanding shares of Preferred Stock.
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Fully Paid and Non-Assessable
All of the outstanding shares of Common Stock are fully paid and non-assessable.
Preferred Stock
Our board is authorized, subject to limitations prescribed by Delaware law, to issue Preferred Stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each series, and to fix the designation, vesting, powers, preferences, and rights of the shares of each series and any of its qualifications, limitations, or restrictions, in each case without further vote or action by the stockholders. Our board can also increase or decrease the number of shares of any series of Preferred Stock, but not below the number of shares of that series then outstanding, without any further vote or action by the stockholders.
Our board may authorize the issuance of Preferred Stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of Common Stock. The issuance of Preferred Stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could, among other things, have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control of the Company and may adversely affect the market price of Common Stock and the voting and other rights of the holders of Common Stock.
We filed the Certificate of Designations, which designated 673,408 shares of our preferred stock as “Series A Convertible Preferred Stock”, all of which are issued and outstanding as of April 18, 2025.
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
Ranking
With respect to (i) payment of dividends, (ii) distribution of assets, and (iii) all other liquidation, winding up, dissolution, dividend and redemption rights, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock shall rank pari passu in priority of payment to all Parity Stock (defined below) and senior in priority of payment to all Junior Stock (defined below) in any liquidation, dissolution, winding up or distribution of the Company, and junior to any indebtedness of the Company.
“Junior Stock” means (i) the Common Stock and (ii) any other equity interest of the Company, in each case which by its terms ranks junior to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock with respect to payment of dividends and/or distribution of assets.
“Parity Stock” means any equity interest of the Company hereinafter created which by its terms ranks pari passu with the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.
Dividends
The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock shall participate in any dividends or distributions paid to the holders of Common Stock as if such Series A Convertible Preferred Stock had been converted into Common Stock as of the record date for such dividend or distribution.
Voting Rights
The holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are not entitled to vote on any matters presented to the stockholders for their action or consideration, except as required by law or as otherwise provided in the Certificate of Designations.
Optional Conversion
Holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock may convert all of their respective shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock into shares of Common Stock at any time, subject to certain ownership limitations set forth in the Certificate of Designations.
Conversion Rate
The number of shares of Common Stock that each holder of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will receive upon conversion of such holder’s shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will be equal to the quotient of the stated value of the shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock to be converted, which is $20.80 per share divided by the Conversion Price, which is initially $2.08. No fractional shares of Common Stock shall be issued upon the exercise of any conversion right. Any fractional shares of Common Stock that a holder would otherwise be entitled to will be rounded up to the next whole share.
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Adjustments
Holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will have rights to certain adjustments for stock dividends, stock splits and other combinations or subdivisions of its outstanding shares of Common Stock.
Anti-Takeover Provisions
Some provisions of Delaware law, the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and the Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended, contain provisions that could make the following transactions more difficult: an acquisition of us by means of a tender offer, an acquisition of us by means of a proxy contest or otherwise, or the removal of our incumbent officers and directors. It is possible that these provisions could make it more difficult to accomplish or could deter transactions that stockholders may otherwise consider to be in their best interest or in our best interests, including transactions that provide for payment of a premium over the market price for our shares.
These provisions, summarized below, are intended to discourage coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with our board. We believe that the benefits of the increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with the proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure us outweighs the disadvantages of discouraging these proposals because negotiation of these proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.
Delaware Law
We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL regulating corporate takeovers. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the person became an interested stockholder unless:
• | prior to the date of the transaction, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; |
• | the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder, (i) shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) shares owned by employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or |
• | at or subsequent to the date of the transaction, the business combination is approved by the board of directors of the corporation and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder. |
Generally, a “business combination” includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or other transaction or series of transactions together resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. An interested stockholder is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns or, within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status, did own 15% or more of a corporation’s outstanding voting stock. We expect the existence of this provision to have an anti-takeover effect with respect to transactions the board does not approve in advance. We also anticipate that Section 203 may also discourage attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares of common stock held by stockholders.
Organizational Documents Provisions
Provisions of our Organizational Documents could make it more difficult to acquire us by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise, or to remove incumbent officers and directors.
Our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and our Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended, provide for certain provisions that may have an anti-takeover effect:
• | a classified board of directors whose members serve staggered three-year terms; |
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• | the authorization of “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our board of directors without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the Common Stock; |
• | a limitation on the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers; |
• | a requirement that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors acting by a written resolution by a majority of our directors then in office, the Chairperson of our board of directors, our Chief Executive Officer, or our Lead Independent Director; |
• | a requirement of advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors; |
• | a requirement that our directors may be removed only for cause and by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the stockholders; |
• | a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent; |
• | a requirement that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office or by a sole remaining director (subject to limited exceptions), even though less than a quorum; and |
• | a requirement of the approval of the board of directors or the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding shares of capital stock to amend our bylaws and certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation. |
Limitation of Liability and Indemnification
Our Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended, provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, and may indemnify our employees and other agents, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.
Delaware law prohibits the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, from limiting the liability of our directors for the following:
• | any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to us or to our stockholders; |
• | acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; |
• | unlawful payment of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions; and |
• | any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. |
If Delaware law is amended to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director, then the liability of our directors will be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, as so amended. The Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation does not eliminate a director’s duty of care and, in appropriate circumstances, equitable remedies, such as injunctive or other forms of non-monetary relief, remain available under Delaware law. This provision also does not affect a director’s responsibilities under any other laws, such as the federal securities laws or other state or federal laws. Under our Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended, we can purchase insurance on behalf of any person whom we are required or permitted to indemnify.
In addition to the indemnification required in our Organizational Documents, we have entered into an indemnification agreement with each member of our board and each of our officers. These agreements provide for the indemnification of our directors and officers for certain expenses and liabilities incurred in connection with any action, suit, proceeding or alternative dispute resolution mechanism, or hearing, inquiry or investigation that may lead to the foregoing, to which they are a party or other participant, or are threatened to be made a party or other participant, by reason of the fact that they are or were a director, officer, employee, agent or fiduciary of us, by reason of any action or inaction by them while serving as an officer, director, agent or fiduciary, or by reason of the fact that they were serving at our request as a director, officer, employee, agent or fiduciary of another entity. In the case of an action or proceeding by or in the right of the Company, no indemnification will be provided for any claim where a court determines that the indemnified party is prohibited from receiving indemnification. We believe that these certificate of incorporation and bylaw provisions and indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.
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The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our Organizational Documents may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and our stockholders. Moreover, a stockholder’s investment may be harmed to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.
Listing of Securities
The Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “MNTS” and “MNTSW,” respectively.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for the Common Stock is Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company.
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We may issue debt securities from time to time, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any debt securities that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of any debt securities offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the indenture, we also are referring to any supplemental indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities.
We will issue the debt securities under the indenture that we will enter into with the trustee named in the indenture. The indenture will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the “Trust Indenture Act”). We have filed the form of indenture as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC.
The following summary of material provisions of the debt securities and the indenture is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture applicable to a particular series of debt securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus related to the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete indenture that contains the terms of the debt securities.
General
The indenture will not limit the amount of debt securities that we may issue. It provides that we may issue debt securities up to the principal amount that we may authorize and may be in any currency or currency unit that we may designate. Except for the limitations on consolidation, merger and sale of all or substantially all of our assets contained in the indenture, the terms of the indenture do not contain any covenants or other provisions designed to give holders of any debt securities protection against changes in our operations, financial condition or transactions involving us.
We may issue the debt securities issued under the indenture as “discount securities,” which means they may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount. These debt securities, as well as other debt securities that are not issued at a discount, may be issued with “original issue discount,” or OID, for U.S. federal income tax purposes because of interest payment and other characteristics or terms of the debt securities. Material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to debt securities issued with OID will be described in more detail in any applicable prospectus supplement.
We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of debt securities being offered, including:
• | the title of the series of debt securities; |
• | any limit upon the aggregate principal amount that may be issued; |
• | the maturity date or dates; |
• | the form of the debt securities of the series; |
• | the applicability of any guarantees; |
• | whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt; |
• | whether the debt securities rank as senior debt, senior subordinated debt, subordinated debt or any combination thereof, and the terms of any subordination; |
• | if the price (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount thereof) at which such debt securities will be issued is a price other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount thereof payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof, or if applicable, the portion of the principal amount of such debt securities that is convertible into another security or the method by which any such portion shall be determined; |
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• | the interest rate or rates, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates; |
• | our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period; |
• | if applicable, the date or dates after which, or the period or periods during which, and the price or prices at which, we may, at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms of those redemption provisions; |
• | the date or dates, if any, on which, and the price or prices at which we are obligated, pursuant to any mandatory sinking fund or analogous fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holder’s option to purchase, the series of debt securities and the currency or currency unit in which the debt securities are payable; |
• | the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt securities, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof; |
• | any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series; |
• | any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series; |
• | any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series; |
• | whether the debt securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of a global security or securities; the terms and conditions, if any, upon which such global security or securities may be exchanged in whole or in part for other individual securities; and the depositary for such global security or securities; |
• | if applicable, the provisions relating to conversion or exchange of any debt securities of the series and the terms and conditions upon which such debt securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at our option or the holders’ option) conversion or exchange features, the applicable conversion or exchange period and the manner of settlement for any conversion or exchange; |
• | if other than the full principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of debt securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof; |
• | additions to or changes in the covenants applicable to the particular debt securities being issued, including, among others, the consolidation, merger or sale covenant; |
• | additions to or changes in the events of default with respect to the securities and any change in the right of the trustee or the holders to declare the principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, with respect to such securities to be due and payable; |
• | additions to or changes in or deletions of the provisions relating to covenant defeasance and legal defeasance; |
• | additions to or changes in the provisions relating to satisfaction and discharge of the indenture; |
• | additions to or changes in the provisions relating to the modification of the indenture both with and without the consent of holders of debt securities issued under the indenture; |
• | the currency of payment of debt securities if other than U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars; |
• | whether interest will be payable in cash or additional debt securities at our or the holders’ option and the terms and conditions upon which the election may be made; |
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• | the terms and conditions, if any, upon which we will pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the debt securities of the series to any holder that is not a “United States person” for federal tax purposes; |
• | any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the debt securities of the series; and |
• | any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the debt securities, any other additions or changes in the provisions of the indenture, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations. |
Conversion or Exchange Rights
We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms on which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or our other securities. We will include provisions as to settlement upon conversion or exchange and whether conversion or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number of shares of our common stock or our other securities that the holders of the series of debt securities receive would be subject to adjustment.
Consolidation, Merger or Sale
Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the indenture will not contain any covenant that restricts our ability to merge or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of our assets as an entirety or substantially as an entirety. However, any successor to or acquirer of such assets (other than a subsidiary of ours) must assume all of our obligations under the indenture or the debt securities, as appropriate.
Events of Default under the Indenture
Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the following are events of default under the indenture with respect to any series of debt securities that we may issue:
• | if we fail to pay any installment of interest on any series of debt securities, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues for a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by us in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this purpose; |
• | if we fail to pay the principal of, or premium, if any, on any series of debt securities as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to such series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such debt securities in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any; |
• | if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant or agreement contained in the debt securities or the indenture, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and our failure continues for 90 days after we receive written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such is a notice of default thereunder, from the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and |
• | if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur. |
If an event of default with respect to debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, other than an event of default specified in the last bullet point above, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and to the trustee if notice is given by such holders, may declare the unpaid principal of, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, due and payable immediately. If an event of default specified in the last bullet point above occurs with respect to us, the principal amount of and accrued interest, if any, of each issue of debt securities then outstanding shall be due and payable without any notice or other action on the part of the trustee or any holder.
The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or event of default with respect to the series and its consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we have cured the default or event of default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or event of default.
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Subject to the terms of the indenture, if an event of default under an indenture shall occur and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of debt securities, unless such holders have offered the trustee reasonable indemnity. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that:
• | the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the applicable indenture; and |
• | subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the trustee need not take any action that might involve it in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not involved in the proceeding. |
A holder of the debt securities of any series will have the right to institute a proceeding under the indenture or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies only if:
• | the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a continuing event of default with respect to that series; |
• | the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series have made written request, |
• | such holders have offered to the trustee indemnity satisfactory to it against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred by the trustee in compliance with the request; and |
• | the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other conflicting directions within 90 days after the notice, request and offer. |
These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of debt securities if we default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities.
We will periodically file statements with the trustee regarding our compliance with specified covenants in the indenture.
Modification of Indenture; Waiver
We and the trustee may change an indenture without the consent of any holders with respect to specific matters:
• | to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture or in the debt securities of any series; |
• | to comply with the provisions described above under “Description of Debt Securities—Consolidation, Merger or Sale;” |
• | to provide for uncertificated debt securities in addition to or in place of certificated debt securities; |
• | to add to our covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of debt securities, to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default or to surrender any right or power conferred upon us in the indenture; |
• | to add to, delete from or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication and delivery of debt securities, as set forth in the indenture; |
• | to make any change that does not adversely affect the interests of any holder of debt securities of any series in any material respect; |
• | to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the debt securities of any series as provided above under “Description of Debt Securities—General” to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of the indenture or any series of debt securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of debt securities; |
• | to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment under any indenture by a successor trustee; or |
• | to comply with any requirements of the SEC in connection with the qualification of any indenture under the Trust Indenture Act. |
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In addition, under the indenture, the rights of holders of a series of debt securities may be changed by us and the trustee with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected. However, unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we and the trustee may make the following changes only with the consent of each holder of any outstanding debt securities affected:
• | extending the fixed maturity of any debt securities of any series; |
• | reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending the time of payment of interest, or reducing any premium payable upon the redemption of any series of any debt securities; or |
• | reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any amendment, supplement, modification or waiver. |
Discharge
Each indenture provides that we can elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities, except for specified obligations, including obligations to:
• | provide for payment; |
• | register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of the series; |
• | replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series; |
• | pay principal of and premium and interest on any debt securities of the series; |
• | maintain paying agencies; |
• | hold monies for payment in trust; |
• | recover excess money held by the trustee; |
• | compensate and indemnify the trustee; and |
• | appoint any successor trustee. |
In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must deposit with the trustee money or government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, any premium, if any, and interest on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due.
Form, Exchange and Transfer
We will issue the debt securities of each series only in fully registered form without coupons and, unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indenture provides that we may issue debt securities of a series in temporary or permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, The Depository Trust Company, or DTC, or another depositary named by us and identified in the applicable prospectus supplement with respect to that series. To the extent the debt securities of a series are issued in global form and as book-entry, a description of terms relating such securities will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
At the option of the holder, subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement, the holder of the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the same series, in any authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount.
Subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the debt securities may present the debt securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the security registrar or at the office of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose. Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents for transfer or exchange, we will impose no service charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may require payment of any taxes or other governmental charges.
We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement the security registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt securities. We may at any time designate additional transfer
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agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of each series.
If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any series, we will not be required to:
• | issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities of that series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or |
• | register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in part. |
Information Concerning the Trustee
The trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are specifically set forth in the applicable indenture. Upon an event of default under an indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs. Subject to this provision, the trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by the indenture at the request of any holder of debt securities unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that it might incur.
Payment and Paying Agents
Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make payment of the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date to the person in whose name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on the regular record date for the interest.
We will pay principal of and any premium and interest on the debt securities of a particular series at the office of the paying agents designated by us, except that unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make interest payments by check that we will mail to the holder or by wire transfer to certain holders. Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will designate the corporate trust office of the trustee as our sole paying agent for payments with respect to debt securities of each series. We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities of a particular series. We will maintain a paying agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of a particular series.
All money we pay to a paying agent or the trustee for the payment of the principal of or any premium or interest on any debt securities that remains unclaimed at the end of two years after such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the debt security thereafter may look only to us for payment thereof.
Governing Law
The indenture and the debt securities will be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.
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The following description, together with the additional information we may include in any applicable prospectus supplement and in any related free writing prospectus, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, which may consist of warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock or debt securities and may be issued in one or more series. Warrants may be offered independently or in combination with common stock, preferred stock or debt securities offered by any prospectus supplement. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any series of warrants in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The following description of warrants will apply to the warrants offered by this prospectus unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement. The applicable prospectus supplement for a particular series of warrants may specify different or additional terms.
We have filed or will file forms of the warrant agreements and forms of warrant certificates containing the terms of the warrants that may be offered as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of warrant and/or the warrant agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable, that contain the terms of the particular series of warrants we are offering, and any supplemental agreements, before the issuance of such warrants. The following summaries of material terms and provisions of the warrants are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the form of warrant and/or the warrant agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable, and any supplemental agreements applicable to a particular series of warrants that we may offer under this prospectus. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement related to the particular series of warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as any related free writing prospectus, and the complete form of warrant and/or the warrant agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable, and any supplemental agreements, that contain the terms of the warrants.
General
We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of warrants being offered, including, to the extent applicable:
• | the offering price and aggregate number of warrants offered; |
• | the currency for which the warrants may be purchased; |
• | the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each such security or each principal amount of such security; |
• | the date on and after which the warrants and the related securities will be separately transferable; |
• | in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the price at, and currency in which, this principal amount of debt securities may be purchased upon such exercise; |
• | in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock, as the case may be, purchasable upon the exercise of one warrant and the price at which these shares may be purchased upon such exercise; |
• | the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other disposition of our business on the warrant agreements and the warrants; |
• | the terms of any rights to redeem or call the warrants; |
• | any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants; |
• | the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and expire; |
• | the manner in which the warrant agreements and warrants may be modified; |
• | a discussion of material United States federal income tax consequences of holding or exercising the warrants; |
• | the terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants; and |
• | any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of or restrictions on the warrants. |
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Before exercising their warrants, holders of warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the securities purchasable upon such exercise, including:
• | in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the right to receive dividends, if any, or, payments upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or to exercise voting rights, if any; or |
• | in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the right to receive payments of principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities purchasable upon exercise or to enforce covenants in the applicable indenture. |
Exercise of Warrants
Each warrant will entitle the holder to purchase the securities that we specify in the applicable prospectus supplement at the exercise price that we describe in the applicable prospectus supplement. Unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the warrants may exercise the warrants at any time up to the specified time on the expiration date that we set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date, unexercised warrants will become void.
Unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the warrants may exercise the warrants by delivering the warrant or warrant certificate representing the warrants to be exercised together with specified information, and paying the required amount to the warrant agent, if applicable, in immediately available funds, as provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. We will set forth on the reverse side of any warrant certificate and in the applicable prospectus supplement the information that the holder of the warrant will be required to deliver to any warrant agent in connection with the exercise of the warrant.
Upon receipt of payment and the warrant or warrant certificate, as applicable, properly completed and duly executed at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent, if any, or any other office, including ours, indicated in the prospectus supplement, we will, as soon as practicable, issue and deliver the securities purchasable upon such exercise. If fewer than all of the warrants (or the warrants represented by such warrant certificate) are exercised, a new warrant or a new warrant certificate, as applicable, will be issued for the remaining warrants.
Governing Law
Unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, the warrants and warrant agreements, and any claim, controversy or dispute arising under or related to the warrants or warrant agreements, will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.
Enforceability of Rights by Holders of Warrants
Each warrant agent, if any, will act solely as our agent under the applicable warrant agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with any holder of any warrant. A single bank or trust company may act as warrant agent for more than one issue of warrants. A warrant agent will have no duty or responsibility in case of any default by us under the applicable warrant agreement or warrant, including any duty or responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise, or to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a warrant may, without the consent of the related warrant agent or the holder of any other warrant, enforce by appropriate legal action its right to exercise, and receive the securities purchasable upon exercise of, its warrants.
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The following description, together with the additional information we may include in any applicable prospectus supplement and related free writing prospectus, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the units that we may offer under this prospectus. We may issue units consisting of any combination of the other types of securities offered under this prospectus in one or more series. We will issue each unit so that the holder of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. As a result, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations of a holder of each included security. The unit agreement under which a unit is issued may provide that the securities included in the unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before a specified date. We may evidence each series of units by unit certificates that we will issue under a separate agreement. We may enter into unit agreements with a unit agent. Each unit agent will be a bank or trust company that we select. We will indicate the name and address of any unit agent in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of units. The summary below and that contained in any prospectus supplement is qualified in its entirety by reference to all of the provisions of the unit agreement and/or unit certificate, and depositary arrangements, if applicable. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements and any related free writing prospectuses related to the units that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete unit agreement and/or unit certificate, and depositary arrangements, as applicable, that contain the terms of the units.
We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of unit agreement and/or unit certificate, and depositary arrangements, as applicable, that contain the terms of the particular series of units we are offering, and any supplemental agreements, before the issuance of such units.
We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of units being offered, including:
• | the designation and terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately; |
• | any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer, or exchange of the units or of the securities composing the units; |
• | whether the units will be issued in fully registered or global form; and |
• | any other terms of the units. |
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We can issue securities in registered form or in the form of one or more global securities. We describe global securities in greater detail below. We refer to those persons who have securities registered in their own names on the books that we or any applicable trustee, depositary or warrant agent maintain for this purpose as the “holders” of those securities. These persons are the legal holders of the securities. We refer to those persons who, indirectly through others, own beneficial interests in securities that are not registered in their own names, as “indirect holders” of those securities. As we discuss below, indirect holders are not legal holders, and investors in securities issued in book-entry form or in street name will be indirect holders.
Book-Entry Holders
We may issue securities in book-entry form only, as we will specify in the applicable prospectus supplement. This means securities may be represented by one or more global securities registered in the name of a financial institution that holds them as depositary on behalf of other financial institutions that participate in the depositary’s book-entry system. These participating institutions, which are referred to as participants, in turn, hold beneficial interests in the securities on behalf of themselves or their customers.
Only the person in whose name a security is registered is recognized as the holder of that security. Global securities will be registered in the name of the depositary or its participants. Consequently, for global securities, we will recognize only the depositary as the holder of the securities, and we will make all payments on the securities to the depositary. The depositary passes along the payments it receives to its participants, which in turn pass the payments along to their customers who are the beneficial owners. The depositary and its participants do so under agreements they have made with one another or with their customers; they are not obligated to do so under the terms of the securities.
As a result, investors in a global security will not own securities directly. Instead, they will own beneficial interests in a global security, through a bank, broker or other financial institution that participates in the depositary’s book-entry system or holds an interest through a participant. As long as the securities are issued in global form, investors will be indirect holders, and not legal holders, of the securities.
Street Name Holders
We may terminate a global security or issue securities that are not issued in global form. In these cases, investors may choose to hold their securities in their own names or in “street name.” Securities held by an investor in street name would be registered in the name of a bank, broker or other financial institution that the investor chooses, and the investor would hold only a beneficial interest in those securities through an account he or she maintains at that institution.
For securities held in street name, we or any applicable trustee or depositary will recognize only the intermediary banks, brokers and other financial institutions in whose names the securities are registered as the holders of those securities, and we or any such trustee or depositary will make all payments on those securities to them. These institutions pass along the payments they receive to their customers who are the beneficial owners, but only because they agree to do so in their customer agreements or because they are legally required to do so. Investors who hold securities in street name will be indirect holders, not holders, of those securities.
Legal Holders
Our obligations, as well as the obligations of any applicable trustee or third party employed by us or a trustee, run only to the legal holders of the securities. We do not have obligations to investors who hold beneficial interests in global securities, in street name or by any other indirect means. This will be the case whether an investor chooses to be an indirect holder of a security or has no choice because we are issuing the securities only in global form.
For example, once we make a payment or give a notice to the holder, we have no further responsibility for the payment or notice even if that holder is required, under agreements with its participants or customers or by law, to pass it along to the indirect holders but does not do so. Similarly, we may want to obtain the approval of the holders to amend an indenture, to relieve us of the consequences of a default or of our obligation to comply with a particular provision of an indenture, or for other purposes. In such an event, we would seek approval only from the legal holders, and not the indirect holders, of the securities. Whether and how the legal holders contact the indirect holders is up to the legal holders.
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Special Considerations for Indirect Holders
If you hold securities through a bank, broker or other financial institution, either in book-entry form because the securities are represented by one or more global securities or in street name, you should check with your own institution to find out:
• | how it handles securities payments and notices; |
• | whether it imposes fees or charges; |
• | how it would handle a request for the holders’ consent, if ever required; |
• | whether and how you can instruct it to send you securities registered in your own name so you can be a holder, if that is permitted in the future; |
• | how it would exercise rights under the securities if there were a default or other event triggering the need for holders to act to protect their interests; and |
• | if the securities are in book-entry form, how the depositary’s rules and procedures will affect these matters. |
Global Securities
A global security is a security that represents one or any other number of individual securities held by a depositary. Generally, all securities represented by the same global securities will have the same terms.
Each security issued in book-entry form will be represented by a global security that we issue to, deposit with and register in the name of a financial institution or its nominee that we select. The financial institution that we select for this purpose is called the depositary. Unless we specify otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, The Depository Trust Company, New York, New York, known as DTC, will be the depositary for all securities issued in book-entry form.
A global security may not be transferred to or registered in the name of anyone other than the depositary, its nominee or a successor depositary, unless special termination situations arise. We describe those situations below under “—Special Situations When a Global Security Will Be Terminated.” As a result of these arrangements, the depositary, or its nominee, will be the sole registered owner and legal holder of all securities represented by a global security, and investors will be permitted to own only beneficial interests in a global security. Beneficial interests must be held by means of an account with a broker, bank or other financial institution that in turn has an account with the depositary or with another institution that does. Thus, an investor whose security is represented by a global security will not be a legal holder of the security, but only an indirect holder of a beneficial interest in the global security.
If the prospectus supplement for a particular security indicates that the security will be issued in global form only, then the security will be represented by a global security at all times unless and until the global security is terminated. If termination occurs, we may issue the securities through another book-entry clearing system or decide that the securities may no longer be held through any book-entry clearing system.
Special Considerations for Global Securities
As an indirect holder, an investor’s rights relating to a global security will be governed by the account rules of the investor’s financial institution and of the depositary, as well as general laws relating to securities transfers. We do not recognize an indirect holder as a holder of securities and instead deal only with the depositary that holds the global security.
If securities are issued only as global securities, an investor should be aware of the following:
• | an investor cannot cause the securities to be registered in his or her name, and cannot obtain non-global certificates for his or her interest in the securities, except in the special situations we describe below; |
• | an investor will be an indirect holder and must look to his or her own bank or broker for payments on the securities and protection of his or her legal rights relating to the securities, as we describe above; |
• | an investor may not be able to sell interests in the securities to some insurance companies and to other institutions that are required by law to own their securities in non-book-entry form; |
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• | an investor may not be able to pledge his or her interest in the global security in circumstances where certificates representing the securities must be delivered to the lender or other beneficiary of the pledge in order for the pledge to be effective; |
• | the depositary’s policies, which may change from time to time, will govern payments, transfers, exchanges and other matters relating to an investor’s interest in the global security; |
• | we and any applicable trustee have no responsibility for any aspect of the depositary’s actions or for its records of ownership interests in the global security, nor will we or any applicable trustee supervise the depositary in any way; |
• | the depositary may, and we understand that DTC will, require that those who purchase and sell interests in the global security within its book-entry system use immediately available funds, and your broker or bank may require you to do so as well; and |
• | financial institutions that participate in the depositary’s book-entry system, and through which an investor holds its interest in the global security, may also have their own policies affecting payments, notices and other matters relating to the securities. |
There may be more than one financial intermediary in the chain of ownership for an investor. We do not monitor and are not responsible for the actions of any of those intermediaries.
Special Situations When a Global Security Will Be Terminated
In a few special situations described below, a global security will terminate and interests in it will be exchanged for physical certificates representing those interests. After that exchange, the choice of whether to hold securities directly or in street name will be up to the investor. Investors must consult their own banks or brokers to find out how to have their interests in securities transferred to their own names, so that they will be direct holders. We have described the rights of holders and street name investors above.
Unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, a global security will terminate when the following special situations occur:
• | if the depositary notifies us that it is unwilling, unable or no longer qualified to continue as depositary for that global security and we do not appoint another institution to act as depositary within 90 days; |
• | if we notify any applicable trustee that we wish to terminate that global security; or |
• | if an event of default has occurred with regard to securities represented by that global security and has not been cured or waived. |
The applicable prospectus supplement may also list additional situations for terminating a global security that would apply only to the particular series of securities covered by the applicable prospectus supplement. When a global security terminates, the depositary, and neither we nor any applicable trustee, is responsible for deciding the names of the institutions that will be the initial direct holders.
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We may sell the securities from time to time pursuant to underwritten public offerings, direct sales to the public, “at the market” offerings, negotiated transactions, block trades or a combination of these methods. We may sell the securities to or through one or more underwriters or dealers (acting as principal or agent), through agents, or directly to one or more purchasers. We may distribute securities from time to time in one or more transactions:
• | at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed; |
• | at market prices prevailing at the time of sale; |
• | at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or |
• | at negotiated prices. |
A prospectus supplement or supplements (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including, to the extent applicable:
• | the name or names of the underwriters, dealers, agents or other purchasers, if any; |
• | the purchase price of the securities or other consideration therefor, and the proceeds we will receive from the sale; |
• | any option to purchase additional shares or other options under which underwriters, dealers, agents or other purchasers may purchase additional securities from us; |
• | any agency fees or underwriting discounts to be allowed or paid to the agent or underwriters and other items constituting agents’ or underwriters’ compensation; |
• | any public offering price; |
• | any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers; and |
• | any securities exchange or market on which the securities may be listed. |
Only underwriters named in the prospectus supplement will be underwriters of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement. Dealers and agents participating in the distribution of the securities may be deemed to be underwriters, and compensation received by them on resale of the securities may be deemed to be underwriting discounts. If such dealers or agents were deemed to be underwriters, they may be subject to statutory liabilities under the Securities Act.
If underwriters are used in the sale, they will acquire the securities for their own account and may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement. We may offer the securities to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement other than securities covered by any option to purchase additional shares or other option. If a dealer is used in the sale of securities, we, or an underwriter, will sell the securities to the dealer, as principal. The dealer may then resell the securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by the dealer at the time of resale. To the extent required, we will set forth in the prospectus supplement the name of the dealer and the terms of the transaction. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may change from time to time. We may use underwriters, dealers or agents with whom we have a material relationship. We will describe in the prospectus supplement, naming the underwriter, dealer or agent, the nature of any such relationship.
We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities, and we will describe any commissions we will pay the agent in the prospectus supplement. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, the agent will act on a best-efforts basis for the period of its appointment.
We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by certain types of institutional investors to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. We will describe the conditions to these contracts and the commissions we must pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement.
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We may provide agents, dealers and underwriters with indemnification against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respect to payments that the agents, dealers or underwriters may make with respect to these liabilities. Agents, dealers and underwriters or their affiliates may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business.
All securities we may offer, other than common stock, will be new issues of securities with no established trading market. Any underwriters may make a market in these securities, but will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without notice. We cannot guarantee the liquidity of the trading markets for any securities.
Any underwriter may engage in overallotment, stabilizing transactions, short covering transactions and penalty bids. Overallotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which create a short position. Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum price. Syndicate covering or other short-covering transactions involve purchases of the securities, either through exercise of the option to purchase additional shares or in the open market after the distribution is completed, to cover short positions. Short covering transactions involve purchases of the securities in the open market after the distribution is completed to cover short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a dealer when the securities originally sold by the dealer are purchased in a stabilizing or covering transaction to cover short positions. Those activities may cause the price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. If commenced, the underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time. These transactions may be effected on any exchange or over-the-counter market or otherwise.
Any underwriters, dealers or agents that are qualified market makers on Nasdaq may engage in passive market making transactions in our common stock on Nasdaq in accordance Regulation M under the Exchange Act, during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the securities. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, however, the passive market maker’s bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded. Passive market making may stabilize the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
The specific terms of any lock-up provisions in respect of any given offering will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
The anticipated date of delivery of offered securities will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to each offer.
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The validity of the securities offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP. Additional legal matters may be passed upon for us or any underwriters, dealers or agents, by counsel that we will name in the applicable prospectus supplement.
The consolidated financial statements of the Company and subsidiaries as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, incorporated by reference in this prospectus, have been audited by Frank, Rimerman + Co. LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report. Such consolidated financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance upon the report of such firm given their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and we will file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements and other information are available at www.sec.gov. We also maintain a website at www.momentus.space, at which you may access these materials free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not a part of this prospectus, and the inclusion of our website address in this prospectus is an inactive textual reference only. We will provide you without charge, upon your oral or written request, with a copy of any or all reports, proxy statements and other documents we file with the SEC, as well as any or all of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus or the registration statement (other than exhibits to such documents unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents). Requests for such copies should be directed to:
Momentus Inc.
Attn: John C. Rood
Chief Executive Officer
3901 N. First Street
San Jose, CA 95134
Telephone: (650) 564-7820
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The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” information from other documents that we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus. Information in this prospectus supersedes information incorporated by reference that we filed with the SEC prior to the date of this prospectus.
We incorporate by reference into this prospectus and the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part the information or documents listed below that we have filed with the SEC (Commission File No. 001-12584):
• | our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on April 1, 2025 (as amended on April 9, 2025); |
• | our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2025 and for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on August 19, 2025; |
• | our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the SEC on April 28, 2025; |
• | the description of our Common Stock contained in Exhibit 4.19 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as filed with the SEC on April 21, 2025, and including any further amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description; and |
• | our Current Reports filed on Form 8-K with the SEC on January 16, 2025, January 31, 2025, February 13, 2025, March 4, 2025, March 21, 2025, March 27, 2025, April 14, 2025, April 15, 2025 (as amended on April 15, 2025), May 19, 2025, May 20, 2025, June 5, 2025, June 25, 2025, June 30, 2025, July 2, 2025, August 6, 2025, August 14, 2025, September 11, 2025 and September 18, 2025. |
All reports and other documents that we file with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the Exchange Act on or after the date of the filing of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and prior to effectiveness of the registration statement, and on or after the date of this prospectus but before the termination of the offering of the securities hereunder will also be considered to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus from the date of the filing of these reports and documents, and will supersede the information herein; provided, however, that all reports, exhibits and other information that we “furnish” to the SEC will not be considered incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We undertake to provide without charge to each person (including any beneficial owner) who receives a copy of this prospectus, upon written or oral request, a copy of all of the preceding documents that are incorporated by reference (other than exhibits, unless the exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into these documents). You may request a copy of these materials in the manner set forth under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information,” above.
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The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Subject to Completion, Dated September 19, 2025 PROSPECTUS
Up to $7,350,000
of Common Stock
We have entered into a Sales Agreement, dated September 19, 2025, (the “Sales Agreement”), with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (“A.G.P.” or the “Sales Agent”) relating to the sale of shares of our Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share (“common stock” or “Common Stock”), offered by this prospectus supplement, having an aggregate offering price of up to $7,350,000 from time to time through or to the Sales Agent, acting as sales agent or principal.
Sales of shares of our common stock, if any, under this prospectus supplement will be made in sales deemed to be “at the market offerings” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Sales Agent is not required to sell any specific amount, but will act as sales agent on a commercially reasonable efforts basis consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, on mutually agreed terms between the Sales Agent and us. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any escrow, trust or similar arrangement.
As sales agent, A.G.P. is entitled to compensation at a fixed commission rate equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds of each sale of shares of our common stock. In connection with the sale of our shares of common stock on our behalf, the Sales Agent will be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and the compensation of the Sales Agent will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have also agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to the Sales Agent with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). See the section titled “Plan of Distribution” beginning on page 33 for additional information regarding the Sales Agent’s compensation.
Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “MNTS.” On September 18, 2025, the last reported sale price of our common stock on Nasdaq was $1.19 per share.
As of the date of this prospectus, the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates is approximately $22.1 million, which is calculated based on 11,547,339 shares of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates and a price of $1.91 per share, the closing price of our common stock on August 13, 2025, which is the highest closing price of our common stock on Nasdaq within the prior 60 days of this prospectus. During the prior twelve calendar month period that ends on and includes the date hereof, we have offered and sold no shares of our common stock pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 to Form S-3.
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, please read the information under the heading “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-12 of this prospectus supplement and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
A.G.P.
The date of this prospectus is , 2025
This prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus relates to part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) utilizing a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may sell any combination of the securities described in our base prospectus included in the shelf registration statement in one or more offerings up to a total aggregate offering price of $7,350,000. The $7,350,000 of shares of common stock that may be offered, issued and sold under this prospectus supplement included in the $50,000,000 of securities that may be offered, issued and sold by us pursuant to our shelf registration statement. In connection with such offers and when accompanied by the base prospectus included in the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement is a part, this prospectus supplement will be deemed a prospectus supplement to such base prospectus.
This prospectus supplement relates to the offering of our shares of common stock. Before buying any of our shares of common stock that we are offering, we urge you to carefully read this prospectus supplement, together with the information incorporated by reference as described under the headings “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference” in this prospectus supplement. These documents contain important information that you should consider when making your investment decision.
This prospectus supplement describes the terms of this offering of our shares of common stock and also adds to and updates information contained in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus supplement, on the one hand, and the information contained in any document incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement that was filed with the SEC before the date of this prospectus supplement, on the other hand, you should rely on the information in this prospectus supplement. If any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date (for example, a document incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement) the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.
You should rely only on the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and in any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering. We have not, and the Sales Agent has not, authorized anyone to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not, and the Sales Agent is not, making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus supplement, the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, and in any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, is accurate only as of the date of those respective documents. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates. You should carefully read this prospectus supplement, the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, in their entirety before making an investment decision.
We further note that the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreements, and should not be deemed to be a representation, warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date when made. Accordingly, such representations, warranties and covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state of our affairs.
This prospectus supplement contains and incorporates by reference market data and industry statistics and forecasts that are based on independent industry publications and other publicly available information. Although we believe that these sources are reliable, we do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of this information and we have not independently verified this information. Although we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the market and industry data presented in this prospectus and the documents incorporated herein by reference, these estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this prospectus and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on this information.
Except as otherwise indicated herein or as the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to “Momentus,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references refer to Momentus Inc., an entity incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, and where appropriate our consolidated subsidiaries.
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This prospectus supplement, including the documents that we incorporate by reference herein, may contain, forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“the Exchange Act”), including statements regarding our future financial condition, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “believe,” “will,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “might,” “approximately,” “expect,” “predict,” “could,” “potentially” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses or current expectations.
Discussions containing these forward-looking statements may be found, among other places, in the sections entitled “Business,” “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, including our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, as well as any amendments thereto.
These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievement to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. We discuss in greater detail, and incorporate by reference into this prospectus supplement in their entirety, many of these risks and uncertainties under the section entitled “Risk Factors” included in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, as well as any amendments thereto, filed with the SEC, which are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. Additional factors are discussed under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus supplement and any free writing prospectus and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and subject to risks and uncertainties. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict these events or how they may affect us. We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.
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The following summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus supplement or incorporated by reference herein and does not contain all the information that may be important to purchasers of our securities. This summary is not intended to be complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding to invest in our securities. You should read this entire prospectus supplement carefully, especially the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page S-12 and other documents or information included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement before making an investment decision.
The Company
Momentus is a U.S. commercial space company that offers satellites, satellite buses, and other satellite components, transportation and infrastructure services, including hosted payloads and other in-orbit services to help enable the commercialization of space. Satellite operators are our principal customers and target customers. Momentus offers satellites and satellite buses and technology designed to meet the specific needs of government and commercial customers.
Products that we provide or plan to provide include satellites, satellite buses, solar arrays, and other satellite components. Our satellites and satellite technologies offer competitive advantages to customers such as greater payload capability, significant on-orbit power, flexibility of design and ability to accommodate a range of sensors, communications equipment, and other space instruments, low cost, and speed of delivery.
Our Tape Spring Solar Array (“TASSA”) is an innovative solar array that Momentus is developing. It offers the potential to produce power at substantially lower cost than competing arrays. It also has important advantages from its ability to be deployed and retracted to protect the array from in-space collisions with debris and to more easily maneuver the satellite to different locations or adjust its characteristics.
Services that we provide or plan to provide include “last mile” satellite transportation, payload-hosting, on-orbit satellite refueling, on-orbit inspection, on-orbit satellite maintenance, de-orbiting, debris removal, and other satellite-to-satellite service offerings. We believe our planned service offerings will increase deployment options for satellite operators and lower their operating costs relative to traditional approaches while also minimizing environmental impact given our choice of water as a propellant.
We plan to provide these services with Orbital Service Vehicles (“OSVs”) that we design and manufacture. While we plan to eventually operate a family of progressively larger and more capable OSVs, we are currently focused on the first vehicle of the family, Vigoride, which will primarily operate in low-Earth orbit (“LEO”). We believe that Vigoride has the ability to deliver fast, versatile, and cost-effective transportation and infrastructure services to our customers. We conducted our inaugural test and demonstration mission with Vigoride in 2022 as well as two additional test and demonstration missions with Vigoride during 2023. The Company plans to use technological milestones like completion of development of Block 2.2 configuration of the Vigoride OSV, MET propulsion, and TASSA in space, and experience gained in both satellite deployment and hosted payloads as standards to build new OSVs and explore commercial opportunities.
Our transportation service offering focuses on delivering our customers’ satellites to precision orbits of their choosing. To accomplish this, we partner with leading launch service providers, such as SpaceX to “ride share” our customer’s satellites from Earth to space on a midsized or large rocket. Customer satellites can also be carried aboard small launch vehicles for dedicated missions. Our OSVs would then provide “last mile” transportation services from the rocket’s drop-off orbit to a custom orbit of the satellite operator’s choosing. We believe this “hub-and-spoke” model has the potential to expand our customers’ deployment options relative to what they would be able to achieve with ride share launch alone, while reducing their costs relative to what they could achieve with a dedicated small launch vehicle. Over time, we plan to begin introducing additional services beyond transportation.
Our OSVs will initially be expendable, meaning they will be used to perform services before they de-orbit themselves upon completion of their first mission. However, our goal is to eventually make our OSVs reusable, or capable of remaining in space to conduct follow-on missions, which has the potential to lower our cost to deliver services to our customers. To achieve reusability, we need to develop additional technologies that will allow our vehicles to locate and navigate to customer satellites in space, physically connect to them, and perform a variety of robotic operations including fluid transfer.
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We are also offering variants of our Vigoride OSV to government and commercial customers as a traditional bus manufacture and satellite prime contractor. Vigoride, and its variants, M-500 and M-1000, are being offered to provide payload technology demonstrations as well as forming the space infrastructure backbone for constellations of satellites.
Momentus offers or plans to offer production and operation of small satellites to meet a range of defense, government, and commercial needs such as communications, tracking of missiles, remote sensing, and space domain awareness. There is a growing need for such capabilities for defense, government, and commercial customers. Technologies used to support the hosted payload market are directly applicable to offering customer-owned satellites for use in constellations. Momentus is offering high-volume production of buses, based on Vigoride’s technologies, and integrating customer’s unique payloads for a variety of missions ranging from communications to Earth Observation. This market heavily leverages prior investments in satellite technology to access a large and growing market segment.
We are developing our OSVs to provide safe, affordable, reliable, and regular in-space services to our customers, including space transportation, payload hosting, and in-orbit servicing. We have designed our Vigoride vehicle to deliver small customer payloads anywhere in LEO. However, we also plan to design and produce larger vehicles and satellite buses to carry larger payloads to more distant orbits such as GEO.
On April 12, 2025, we entered into a master services agreement (the “Master Services Agreement”) with Velo3D, Inc. (OTC: VLDX) (“VLD”), a provider of additive manufacturing solutions also referred to as 3D printing. Pursuant to the Master Services Agreement, VLD will provide services to design and produce components and systems that will be utilized by Momentus or its customers in its spacecraft, systems, and components. According to the terms of the Master Services Agreement, Momentus is entitled to services equal to the equivalent capacity of two VLD Sapphire XC 3D metal printers (or successor or comparable printers) (the “Equivalent Capacity”). Momentus will have first priority to utilize the Equivalent Capacity, and VLD will ensure the Equivalent Capacity is available for use as and when required by Momentus.
If and when the Equivalent Capacity is not utilized by Momentus, VLD may use the Equivalent Capacity to provide services to other customers. According to the Master Services Agreement, Momentus will be compensated for such use based on a formula equal to 20% of $3 million less service fees attributed to Momentus in the first year and 50% of $3 million less service fees attributed to Momentus in each subsequent year of the agreement. Such compensation shall reduce the amount in the prepaid reserve, as described in the Master Services Agreement. The term of the Master Services Agreement is five years unless terminated earlier in accordance with its terms.
In exchange for the services, Momentus issued an aggregate of 477,455 shares of Common Stock and 673,408 shares of non-voting Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Series A Convertible Preferred Stock”). Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible into ten shares of Common Stock, subject to the limitations in the Certificate of Designations of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Certificate of Designations”), including that VLD hold no more than 9.99% of the outstanding shares of Momentus’ Common Stock at any time.
Furthermore, pursuant to the Certificate of Designations, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock may not be converted into shares of Common Stock if conversion would result in the issuance, in the aggregate with all previous issuances of shares of Common Stock, of greater than 19.9% of the amount of Common Stock outstanding immediately preceding the date of the Master Services Agreement without first obtaining stockholder approval in compliance with the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market.
Additional information on recent transactions and financings can be found in Item 15, Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities, in this registration statement. For a further description of the risks associated with our business, see “Risk Factors.” Investors are cautioned to review the following description of Momentus’ business together with the entirety of this prospectus, including the within-mentioned risk factors.
Nasdaq Compliance
Our Common Stock is currently listed for quotation on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). We are required to meet Nasdaq listing rules in order to maintain such listing. As previously reported, the Company received a series of letters from the Listing Qualifications Staff of Nasdaq (the “Staff”) beginning March 27, 2024 with respect to the Company’s failure to comply certain requirements for continued listing according to the rules of Nasdaq, specifically in regards to the Company’s stockholders equity, which non-compliance ultimately resulted in the Staff issuing a delisting determination letter on September 24, 2024 (the “Delisting Determination Letter”). As permitted by Nasdaq
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rules, the Company timely requested a hearing before a Nasdaq Hearing Panel (the “Panel”) to appeal Nasdaq’s delisting determination and received a stay of the suspension of trading and delisting of the Common Stock pending the conclusion of the hearing process.
On January 13, 2025, the Panel granting the Company’s request to continue its listing on Nasdaq until April 15, 2025 while the Company executed its plan to regain compliance.
As disclosed in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 14, 2025, on April 12, 2025, the Company entered into the Master Services Agreement with VLD, pursuant to which VLD will provide services to design and produce components and systems that will be utilized by the Company or its customers in its spacecraft, systems, and components. In exchange for the services, the Company issued an aggregate of 477,455 shares of Common Stock and 673,408 shares of non-voting Series A Preferred Stock.
On June 24, 2025, the Company announced that it had received a letter from Nasdaq providing written confirmation that the Company has regained compliance with Nasdaq’s rules. Nasdaq has indicated that if the Company’s stockholder’s equity as of June 30, 2025 included in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2025 does not show a stockholder’s equity of at least $2,500,000, then the Company may again be subject to delisting from Nasdaq. In the Company’s Quarterly Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on August 19, 2025, the Company reported a stockholders’ deficit of approximately $9.97 million.
The Master Services Agreement provided for the cancellation of shares of the Company’s capital stock held by VLD in certain circumstances upon expiration or termination. On August 14, 2025, the Company irrevocably waived its right under the Master Services Agreement to cancel such shares upon expiration or termination of the Master Services Agreement (the “Waiver”).
The Company believes that, after giving effect to the Waiver, along with the proceeds from the public offering conducted in July 2025 and a warrant inducement transaction consummated in August 2025, the Company’s stockholders’ equity as of August 14, 2025 is in excess of $2.5 million.
Going Concern Uncertainty
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The going concern basis of presentation assumes that the Company will continue in operation one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued and will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company’s ability to successfully raise capital to fund its business operations and execute on its business plan. To date the Company remains heavily focused on growth and continued development of its proprietary technology, and as a result, it has not generated sufficient revenues to provide cash flows that enable the Company to finance its operations internally and the Company’s financial position and operating results raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. This is reflected by the Company’s incurred net losses of $34.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and an accumulated deficit of $408.0 million as of December 31, 2024 as well as the Company’s incurred net losses of $6.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and an accumulated deficit of $420.6 million as of June 30, 2025. Additionally, the Company used net cash of $16.6 million to fund its operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, and had cash and cash equivalents of $1.6 million as of December 31, 2024.
Pursuant to the requirements of ASC Sub-Topic 205-40, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, management must evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. This evaluation does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented or are not within control of the Company as of the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.
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In connection with the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, management conducted an evaluation and concluded that there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within twelve months after the date of the issuance of such financial statements. The Company believes that its current level of cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund commercial scale production and sale of its services and products. These conditions raise substantial doubt regarding its ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least one year from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements. In order to proceed with the Company’s business plan and operating strategy, the Company will need to raise substantial additional capital to fund its operations. Until such time, if ever, the Company can generate revenues sufficient to achieve profitability, the Company expects to finance its operations through equity or debt financings, which may not be available to the Company on the timing needed or on terms that the Company deems to be favorable. In an effort to alleviate these conditions, the Company continues to seek and evaluate opportunities to access additional capital through all available means.
As a result of these uncertainties, and notwithstanding management’s plans and efforts to date, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to raise substantial additional capital in the near term, the Company’s operations and business plan will need to be scaled back or halted altogether. Additionally, if the Company is able to raise additional capital but that capital is insufficient to provide a bridge to full commercial production at a profit, the Company’s operations could be severely curtailed or cease entirely and the Company may not realize any significant value from its assets.
2024 Reverse Stock Split
In order to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, on December 4, 2024, the board of directors of the Company approved a reverse stock split ratio of 1-for-14 approved by the stockholders of the Company on December 2, 2024 (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Reverse Stock Split was effective at the opening of trading on Nasdaq on December 13, 2024 (the “Effective Date”). Unless otherwise noted, all information presented in this prospectus is presented on a post-split basis.
July 2025 Public Offering
On July 1, 2025, Momentus consummated a “best efforts” public offering in which the Company received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $4 million, before deducting placement agent’s fees and other offering expenses, from the offer and sale of (i) 680,000 shares Common Stock, (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 2,156,880 shares of Common Stock, and (iii) warrants to purchase up to 2,836,880 shares of Common Stock (the “July 2025 Warrants”). Each share of Common Stock, or a pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof, was sold together with an accompanying July 2025 Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock. The public offering price for each share of Common Stock and one accompanying July 2025 Warrant was $1.41, and the public offering price of each pre-funded warrant and one accompanying July 2025 Warrant was $1.40999, which equals the price at which one share of Common Stock and accompanying July 2025 Warrant was sold to the public, minus the $0.00001 per share exercise price of each pre-funded warrant.
The Company used the proceeds of the offering to repay all amounts owed under Loan Agreement dated May 30, 2025, between the Company and J.J. Astor & Co. in the amount of $1,026,250, and intends to use the remaining proceeds for general corporate purposes.
The Company agreed to call a special meeting of the stockholders of the Company within 90 days of July 1, 2025, to seek approval of the July 2025 Warrants. Each July 2025 Warrant will be immediately exercisable beginning on the effective date of stockholder approval, and will expire five years from the date of stockholder approval. Each July 2025 Warrant is exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an initial exercise price equal to $1.41, subject to adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events. Each pre-funded warrant was immediately exercisable and remained exercisable until all pre-funded warrants were exercised on July 1, 2025.
A holder of the July 2025 Warrants and the pre-funded warrants (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of such warrants to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99% (or 9.99%, at the election of the holder) of the outstanding shares of Common Stock immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from the holder to the Company, the holder may increase the amount of beneficial ownership of outstanding shares after exercising the holder’s July 2025 Warrants or pre-funded warrants up to 9.99% of the number of the Company’s shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise.
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The shares of Common Stock, July 2025 Warrants, shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the July 2025 Warrants, pre-funded warrants, and shares of Common Stock issued upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants were offered and sold by the Company pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-288123), filed with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, that was declared effective on June 30, 2025. In connection with the offering, on June 30, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with a single institutional investor, pursuant to which the Company agreed not to effect or enter into an agreement to effect any issuance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of shares of Common Stock or Common Stock equivalents for a period of forty-five (45) days and will not effect or enter into an agreement to effect any issuance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents (or a combination of units thereof) involving a Variable Rate Transaction (as defined in the securities purchase agreement) for a period of three (3) months after the closing date for the offering, subject to certain exceptions. Each of the Company’s executive officers and directors entered into a lock-up agreement with the placement agent for the offering providing that each such person, for a period of ninety (90) days from the Closing Date, may not, subject to customary exceptions, offer, issue, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of the Company’s securities without the prior written consent of the placement agent.
The investor in the offering was the holder of certain warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock issued on each of (i) October 24, 2024 and (ii) December 18, 2024. In connection with the offering, on June 30, 2025, the Company entered into an amendment to these warrants pursuant to which the exercise price per share of the Common Stock shall be $1.41, subject to adjustment. The warrant amendment is effective immediately, and the warrants shall expire on July 1, 2030.
Also, in connection with the offering, on June 30, 2025, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners to act as placement agent on a reasonable “best efforts” basis. The Company paid the placement agent a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds raised in the offering. In addition, the Company also agreed to reimburse the placement agent for legal expenses incurred by it in connection with the offering in an amount not to exceed $105,000.
A.G.P. Convertible Promissory Note
On May 13, 2025, the Company issued to A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners a convertible promissory note (the “Original Convertible Note”) in the principal amount of $1,200,000 to evidence A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners’ currently owed deferred commission. Unless earlier converted as specified in the Convertible Note, the principal amount plus all accrued but unpaid interest is due on November 13, 2026. The Convertible Note accrues interest at 4.5% per annum.
At any time prior to the full payment of the Original Convertible Note, A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners may elect to have all or any portion of the outstanding principal amount and all interest accrued converted into shares of Common Stock, at a fixed price of $1.67, subject to adjustment as provided therein and to take into account any future share splits or reverse splits. In addition, a conversion of the Original Convertible Note that would cause the aggregate number of shares issued under the Convertible Note to exceed the Conversion Limit (as such term is defined in the Original Convertible Note) may not occur prior to receipt of stockholder approval to provide for such conversion of the Original Convertible Note, and the subsequent issuance of Common Stock, pursuant to the stockholder approval rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Further, following A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners’ ability to convert the Convertible Note, if at all, A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners will not be entitled to receive the Company’s Common Stock upon conversion, if such conversion would result in A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners owning greater than 9.99% of the Company’s then currently outstanding Common Stock. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners is also entitled to resale registration rights as identified in the Original Convertible Note.
The Company may prepay the Original Convertible Note in whole or in part. The Original Convertible Note contains customary default provisions for a transaction of this nature. In the event of certain Events of Default (as defined in the Original Convertible Note), all outstanding principal and accrued interest under the Convertible Note will become, or may become at A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners’ election, immediately due and payable to A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners.
The Company issued the Original Convertible Note pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, available under Section 4(a)(2). The shares of Common Stock that may be issued upon conversion of the Original Convertible Note, in amount of up to 767,066 shares, if such amount is not previously paid prior to maturity and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners elects to convert the Convertible Note, have not been registered under
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the Securities Act and such securities may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an exemption from registration under the Securities Act and any applicable state securities laws.
Additionally, on June 17, 2025, we executed an agreement with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners to cancel the Original Convertible Note and issue a new convertible note in the principal amount of $500,000 (the “New Convertible Note”) to A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners and A.G.P./Alliance Global. The New Convertible Note matures 18 months after issuance and is convertible into shares of our Common Stock at a conversion price of $1.67 per share. Pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110(g)(1), neither the New Convertible Note nor any shares issued upon conversion of the New Convertible Note shall be sold, transferred, assigned, pledged, or hypothecated, or be the subject of any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the securities by any person for a period of 180 days immediately following the issuance date of the New Convertible Note. We have agreed to file one or more registration statements to register the resale of all securities issuable upon conversion of the New Convertible Note, only one of which shall be at our expense and demand may be made after issuance until the maturity date. The Company issued the New Convertible Note pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, available under Section 4(a)(2).
Loan Agreement and Amendment
On May 30, 2025, Momentus entered into a Loan Agreement (the “May 2025 Loan Agreement”) with J.J. Astor & Co. (the “Lender”) pursuant to which Momentus could borrow up to $1.5 million in two tranches of $750,000 each. The proceeds of the May 2025 Loan Agreement were to be used for general working capital purposes. On June 17, 2025, the Company and the Lender entered into an amendment to the May 2025 Loan Agreement which, among other things, revised the conditions for the Lender to fund the second tranche of $750,000 under the May 2025 Loan Agreement. Additionally, the amendment to the May 2025 Loan Agreement provided that in the event that the Company priced an equity offering prior to the funding of the second tranche of $750,000 in an amount sufficient to repay all amounts owed to the Lender under the May 2025 Loan Agreement, then the obligation of the Lender to lend the second tranche would be suspended and instead the Company shall (a) repay all amounts then-due under the May 2025 Loan Agreement out of the proceeds of such equity offering (b) pay the Lender a termination fee of $100,000 payable in cash and (c) issue to the Lender the second tranche of warrants to purchase Common Stock as discussed below and register the underlying warrant shares.
In connection with the May 2025 Loan Agreement, as amended, Momentus issued to the Lender the warrants to purchase up to 952,940 shares of Common Stock in two tranches of 476,470 shares each (the “Loan Warrants”). The initial exercise price per share for the first tranche of the Loan Warrants that was issued on June 3, 2025 was $1.70, and the initial exercise price per share for the second tranche of the Loan Warrants issued on July 3, 2025 was $1.13, which was the closing price of the Common Stock on the day prior to issuance. In connection with the issuance of the second tranche of Loan Warrants on July 3, 2025, the exercise price of the first tranche of Loan Warrants adjusted down to $1.13 per share pursuant to the terms of the Loan Warrants. The exercise price of the Loan Warrants is subject to downward adjustment upon the issuance by the Company of Common Stock or Common Stock equivalents at a price per share that is less than the then-applicable exercise price of the Loan Warrants. The exercise price of the Loan Warrants is also subject to appropriate adjustments in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the Common Stock.
Momentus also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with the Lender that required the Company to file a resale shelf registration statement registering the resale of shares issuable pursuant to the May 2025 Loan Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby.
None of the Warrants can be exercised if it would cause the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by Lender (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise. By written notice, Lender may from time to time increase or decrease this ownership limitation to any other percentage up to 9.99%; provided, that any such increase will not be effective until the 61st day after such notice is delivered to the Company. Conversion of the Convertible Notes and exercise of the Warrants is also subject to compliance with applicable Nasdaq rules, and the Convertible Notes and Warrants cannot be converted into or exercised for shares of Common Stock if such conversion or exercise would result in the issuance, in the aggregate with all previous issuances of shares of Common Stock under the Convertible Notes and the Warrants, of greater than 19.9% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately preceding the date of the May 2025 Loan Agreement without first obtaining stockholder approval in compliance with the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market.
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On July 1, 2025, the Company repaid all amounts outstanding under the Loan Agreement with proceeds from the registered offering which closed on that date.
SIV Convertible Promissory Note
On July 12, 2024, the Company and Space Infrastructures Ventures, LLC (“SIV”) entered into a secured convertible promissory note (the “Initial Convertible Note”) pursuant to which the Company may borrow up to $2.3 million prior to September 1, 2024, consisting of (i) an initial loan in the principal amount of $500,000, and (ii) one or more subsequent loans totaling up to $1.8 million in aggregate principal amount. Borrowings under the Initial Convertible Note bear interest at 15% per annum. Principal on the Initial Convertible Note is to be re-paid in four equal payments on a quarterly basis, commencing on December 1, 2024, and the Initial Convertible Note has a maturity date of December 1, 2025, at which time all accrued interest is due. As of September 8, 2025, the principal plus total interest to maturity on the Initial Convertible Note was $300,196.
Amounts borrowed under the Initial Convertible Note are secured by a lien on substantially all of the assets of the Company. In lieu of cash payments of accrued interest, SIV, in its sole discretion, may elect to receive shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price which was initially $7.40712 per share and which the Company subsequently lowered to $2.12 on March 3, 2025 (the “Conversion Price”). On the maturity date, subject to the satisfaction of applicable legal and regulatory conditions, all outstanding obligations under the Initial Convertible Note automatically convert into Class A common stock at the Conversion Price.
On October 24, 2024, the Company and SIV entered into a secured convertible promissory note (the “Subsequent Convertible Note”, and, together with the Initial Convertible Note, the “Convertible Notes”) pursuant to which the Company borrowed $3.0 million. Borrowings under the Subsequent Convertible Note bear interest at 15% per annum. The Subsequent Convertible Note has a maturity date of March 1, 2026, at which time all principal and accrued interest is due. Amounts borrowed under the Subsequent Convertible Note are secured by a lien on substantially all of the assets of the Company. As of September 8, 2025, the principal of the Subsequent Convertible Note was approximately $2,703,645 plus $500,261 in interest to maturity.
At any time after the date that is six months after the original issuance date of the Subsequent Convertible Note, SIV may convert some or all of the outstanding obligations under the Convertible Note into shares of Class A common stock at a conversion price of $7.4088 per share. The conversion price and the number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of the Subsequent Convertible Note is subject to appropriate adjustments in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the Class A common stock.
In addition to the Subsequent Convertible Note, the Company agreed to issue to SIV warrants to purchase approximately 463,222 shares of Class A common stock with an exercise price of $7.4088 per share (the “SIV Warrants”), of which warrants to purchase approximately 269,950 shares of Class A common stock were issued on November 14, 2024 following the funding of the first tranche under the Subsequent Convertible Note. The exercise price and the number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the SIV Warrants is subject to appropriate adjustments in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the Class A common stock. The SIV Warrants will expire April 24, 2030.
Additionally, on November 30, 2024, the Company entered into amendments to the Convertible Notes. The amendments to the Subsequent Convertible Note accelerated the borrowing date for the second tranche of $1 million in principal amount to December 2, 2024, which borrowing date had previously been no earlier than December 22, 2024.
The amendments also permitted SIV to reserve out of the proceeds of the second tranche under the Subsequent Convertible Note of approximately $670 thousand, representing the amount of principal and interest due from the Company to SIV on December 1, 2024, under the Initial Convertible Note.
The amendments to the Convertible Notes also provide SIV the option to convert all amounts outstanding under either Convertible Note into shares of Class A common stock at any time. Previously, the Initial Convertible Note only permitted conversion of interest when and as due, while the Subsequent Convertible Note only permitted conversion of outstanding amounts when and as due. The conversion price of amounts outstanding under the Initial Convertible Note remained unchanged at $7.40712. The conversion price of amounts outstanding under the Subsequent Convertible Note remained unchanged at $7.4088.
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In connection with the borrowing of the second tranche under the Subsequent Convertible Note, the Company issued to SIV warrants to purchase approximately 463,223 shares of Class A common stock with an exercise price of $7.4088 per share, as originally required by the Subsequent Convertible Note.
The Company also agreed to register the resale by SIV of all of the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Notes and the warrants issued to SIV.
Neither the Subsequent Convertible Note nor the SIV Warrants can be converted or exercised if it would cause the aggregate number of shares of Class A common stock beneficially owned by SIV (together with its affiliates) to exceed 9.99% of the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion or exercise, as applicable. By written notice, SIV may, with the agreement of the Company, from time to time increase or decrease this ownership limitation to any other percentage.
The Subsequent Convertible Note requires SIV’s consent to take certain actions, such as purchasing assets outside the ordinary course of business, extending financing, making capital expenditures in excess of $100,000, repaying debts outside the ordinary course of business or investing in any entity or enterprise. On March 3, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company had previously offered SIV a reduced conversion price of $2.12 per share of Class A common stock for the Initial Convertible Note. The current conversion price for the Subsequent Convertible Note is $7.4088. On May 16, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized offering SIV a reduced conversion price of $1.77 per share with respect to 112,576 shares of Class A common stock under the Initial Convertible Note, and thereafter with respect to up to 275,000 shares of Class A common stock under the Subsequent Convertible Note during the period beginning on May 19, 2025 and continuing until June 1, 2025.
On September 8, 2025, we entered into a note amendment agreement with SIV to, among other things, amend and restate the Convertible Notes previously issued to SIV.
The amendments, among other things, (i) extend the maturity date under the Subsequent Convertible Note from October 24, 2025 until March 1, 2026, (ii) provide for repayment of the $2.7 million in outstanding principal amount under the Subsequent Convertible Note in two tranches, with the first tranche of $1.0 million due on December 1, 2025, and the remaining $1.7 million, plus unpaid accrued interest, due at maturity on March 1, 2026, and (iii) extend the maturity date of the Initial Convertible Note with respect to the remaining $300,196 of principal, plus unpaid accrued interest from September 1, 2025 to December 1, 2025.
The amendments also change the conversion price at which amounts of principal and interest outstanding under both Convertible Notes may be converted into shares of Common Stock to an amount equal to the lower of (i) $1.11 per share and (ii) a 10% discount to the closing price of the Common Stock on the day prior to each conversion, but in no event lower than $0.20 per share. SIV has agreed to use reasonable efforts to cause amounts outstanding under the Convertible Notes to be converted into shares of Common Stock from time to time, subject to market conditions, and provided that sales of shares of Common Stock converted at a Conversion Price of $1.11 per share on any given trading day are limited to no more than 15% of the average daily trading volume of the Common Stock as reported by Nasdaq, and shares of Common Stock converted at a Conversion Price lower than $1.11 per share sold on any given trading day are limited to no more than 10% of the average trading volume of the Common Stock as reported by Nasdaq.
In connection with the amendments to the Convertible Notes, the Company issued to SIV warrants to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $1.11. The Company also agreed to lower the exercise price of outstanding warrants to purchase up to 463,223 shares of Common Stock held by SIV to $1.11 per share.
The amendments also permit the Company to incur up to $4 million of indebtedness on or after December 1, 2025 that is pari passu with the unpaid balance of the Convertible Notes, provided that the Company issues to SIV warrants to purchase up to 10% of the total number of shares of Common Stock SIV has converted under both Convertible Notes after September 8, 2025, with the exercise price per share to correspond with the conversion price applicable under the Convertible Notes at the time of the debt incurrence. Thereafter, the Company would continue to issue to SIV warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock equal to 10% of shares converted from time to time under the Convertible Notes, with the warrants having an exercise price equal to the corresponding conversion price at the time of issuance.
The Company also agreed to register the resale by SIV of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Notes and the warrants issued pursuant to the Convertible Notes.
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The Convertible Notes and the warrants issued to SIV cannot be converted or exercised if it would cause the aggregate number of shares of Class A common stock beneficially owned by SIV (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% of the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the conversion or exercise, as applicable. By written notice, SIV may, with the agreement of the Company, from time to time increase or decrease this ownership limitation to any other percentage. Conversion of the Convertible Notes and exercise of the warrants by SIV is also subject to compliance with applicable Nasdaq rules. The Company has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain stockholder approval of the issuance of shares of Common Stock pursuant to the Convertible Notes and the warrants issued to SIV in order to satisfy Nasdaq rules by November 8, 2025. Such stockholder approval was received on September 17, 2025.
Except as amended, the remaining terms of the Convertible Notes remain in full force and effect.
Debt Settlements
On August 8, 2025, the Company issued 8,696 shares of its Common Stock to one vendor to settle outstanding debt of $10,000 pursuant to a success fee agreement. Previously, between April 21, 2025 and May 13, 2025, the Company issued 191,339 shares of its Common Stock to four vendors and one customer to settle outstanding debts of approximately $337,942.42, each under a debt settlement agreement (each debt settlement agreement and success fee agreement described in the foregoing two sentences, a “Debt Settlement Agreement”, and, together, the “Debt Settlement Agreements”).
Shares of the Company’s Common Stock issued in the transactions described herein are exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. Each of the vendors is an “accredited investor” as defined in Regulation D or “sophisticated investor” and was acquiring the shares for investment only and not with a view towards, or for resale in connection with, the public sale or distribution thereof. Accordingly, the shares of the Company’s Common Stock were not registered under the Securities Act and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an exemption from registration under the Securities Act and any applicable state securities laws.
Warrant Inducement
On August 13, 2025, we entered into the Inducement Agreement with an existing holder (the “Warrant Investor”) of certain existing warrants (the “Existing Warrants”) to purchase shares of Common Stock. Pursuant to the Inducement Agreement, the Warrant Investor agreed to, among other things, exercise for cash all of the Existing Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,431,029 shares of Common Stock, at an exercise price of $1.11 per share. In consideration for exercising the Existing Warrants, we agreed to issue to the Warrant Investor the Inducement Warrants to purchase up to 4,862,058 shares of Common Stock (the “Inducement Warrant Shares”).
Under the Inducement Agreement, we are obligated to seek stockholder approval for the exercise of the Inducement Warrants at either an annual or special meeting of stockholders to be held on or prior to October 12, 2025. Such stockholder approval was received on September 17, 2025.
The Inducement Warrants, which were issued pursuant to the Inducement Agreement, will become exercisable upon the date we receive approval of our stockholders (the “Stockholder Approval Date”) in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of Nasdaq, and may be exercised following such date through the five (5) year anniversary of the Stockholder Approval Date, at an exercise price of $1.11 per share of common stock.
Upon obtaining stockholder approval, the Inducement Warrants will become immediately exercisable. The Exercise Price is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the Class A common stock. Subject to limited exceptions, the holder of the Inducement Warrants will not have the right to exercise any portion of its Inducement Warrants if the holder (together with such holder’s affiliates, and any persons acting as a group together with the holder or any of the holder’s affiliates) would beneficially own a number of shares of common stock in excess of 4.99% of the shares of common stock then outstanding. At the holder’s option, upon notice to the Company, the holder may increase or decrease this beneficial ownership limitation not to exceed 9.99% of the shares of common stock then outstanding, with any such increase becoming effective upon 61 days’ prior notice to the Company.
Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company
As a company with less than $100 million of annual revenue in our most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2024, was less than $700 million, we qualify as a
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“smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. A smaller reporting company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These reduced reporting requirements include, but are not limited to, reduced disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements and an exemption from the requirements to obtain a non-binding advisory vote on golden parachute arrangements. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different from the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in the State of Delaware in May 2019 as a special purpose acquisition company under the name Stable Road Acquisition Corp. On November 13, 2019, we completed our initial public offering. On August 12, 2021, we consummated a business combination with Momentus Inc. (a separate legal entity from the Company) pursuant to that Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 7, 2020. In connection with such business combination, we changed our name from Stable Road Acquisition Corp. to Momentus Inc.
Our principal executive offices are located at 3901 N. First Street, San Jose, California 95134. Our telephone number is (650) 564-7820. Our website address is www.momentus.space. Information contained on our website or connected thereto does not constitute part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this prospectus or the registration statement of which it forms a part.
Momentus, the Momentus logo and our other registered or common law trademarks, service marks or trade names appearing in this prospectus are the property of Momentus. Other trademarks, service marks and trade names used in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.
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Issuer
Momentus Inc.
Common stock to be offered by us pursuant to this prospectus
Up to 6,176,470 shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to approximately $7,350,000 at an assumed offering price of $1.19 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our common stock on Nasdaq on September 18, 2025.
Common stock to be outstanding after the offering
Up to 17,811,622 (as more fully described in the notes following this table), assuming sales of approximately $7,350,000 of our common stock, or 6,176,470 shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed offering price of $1.19 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our common stock on Nasdaq on September 18, 2025. The actual number of shares issued will vary depending on the sales price under this offering.(1)
Manner of offering
“At the market offering” that may be made from time to time for our common stock in the United States through or to A.G.P., as sales agent or principal. See the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.”
Use of proceeds
We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and general corporate purposes, including, including, to acquire, license or invest in assets, businesses, technologies, product candidates or other intellectual property, to make milestone payments and to repurchase securities. See “Use of Proceeds.”
Risk factors
You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider before deciding to purchase shares of our common stock.
Nasdaq Trading Symbol
MNTS
Unless otherwise indicated, the number of shares of the common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 11,635,152 shares of common stock outstanding as of September 18, 2025, and excludes, as of that date, the following:
• | 11,311,208 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding Common Stock purchase warrants, with exercise prices ranging from $1.11 to $8,050.00 per share; |
• | 6,734,080 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock; |
• | 535 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options to purchase the Common Stock granted under the Momentus Inc. Amended and Restated 2018 Stock Plan and the Space Apprentices Enterprise Inc. 2018 Stock Plan (the “Prior Stock Plans”); and |
• | 714,273 shares of Common Stock subject to unvested restricted stock units, 33,250 shares of Common Stock subject to vested deferred restricted stock units, 30,791 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options to purchase the Common Stock, and 479,280 shares of the Common Stock reserved for future grants under the Momentus Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), the Momentus Inc. 2022 Inducement Equity Plan (the “2022 Plan”) and the Momentus Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). |
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Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk, and you should be able to bear the complete loss of your investment. You should consider carefully the risks described below and those described under the section captioned “Risk Factors” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on April 1, 2025, as amended by Form 10-K/A filed on April 9, 2025 any subsequent Annual Reports on Form 10-K, any subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all other information contained or incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement before deciding whether to purchase any of the common stock being offered under this prospectus supplement. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, consolidated financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements made throughout this prospectus supplement as a result of different factors, including the risks we face described below. Unless we have indicated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus or the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein to the “Company,” “Momentus,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Momentus Inc.
Risks Related to the Company
We may not currently or in the future be able to continue as a going concern.
The financial statements incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement have been prepared on a going concern basis of accounting which assumes that we will continue as a going concern, and do not reflect any adjustments that might result if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company’s ability to generate revenues and raise capital. To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenues to provide cash flows that enable the Company to finance its operations internally. In connection with an evaluation conducted by the Company’s management during the preparation of this report, management concluded that there were conditions and events which raised substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within twelve months after the date of the issuance of the financial statements included in this report.
The uncertainty regarding our ability to continue as a going concern could materially adversely affect our share price and our ability to service our indebtedness, raise new capital or enter into commercial transactions. To address these matters, the Company may take actions that materially and adversely affect our business, including significant reductions in research, development, administrative and commercial activities, reduction of our employee base, and ultimately curtailing or ceasing operations, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and share price. In addition, doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern could impact our relationships with customers, vendors and other third parties and our ability to obtain, maintain or renew contracts with them, or negatively impact our negotiating leverage with such parties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, any loss of key personnel, employee attrition or material erosion of employee morale arising out of doubts about our ability to operate as a going concern could have a material adverse effect on our ability to effectively conduct our business and could impair our ability to execute our strategy and implement our business objectives, thereby having a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to comply with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq we face possible delisting, which would result in a limited public market for our shares and make obtaining future debt or equity financing more difficult for us.
On September 24, 2024, the Company received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Staff of Nasdaq indicating that the Company was subject to delisting for failure to satisfy Nasdaq’s requirements for continued listing set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). The Company had also received deficiency letters on May 23, 2024 and August 21, 2024, respectively, from the Staff notifying the Company that the Company had not filed its Form 10-Q for the periods ending March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, respectively, as required for continued listing on the Nasdaq under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) (the “Periodic Reporting Requirement”). Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(d)(2), the failures to comply with the Periodic Reporting Requirement individually became additional and separate bases for delisting.
On October 15, 2024, the Company filed its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, resolving the deficiencies related to the Periodic Reporting Requirement. On October 17, 2024,
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the Company received further notice from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq notifying the Company that it was not in compliance with the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b) as a result of not having a minimum of $2,500,000 in stockholders’ equity for continued listing as of June 30, 2024, a market value of listed securities of at least $35 million, or net income from continuing operations of $500,000 in the most recently completed fiscal year or in two of the last three most recently completed fiscal years (the “Equity Rule”).
As permitted by Nasdaq rules, the Company timely requested a hearing before a Nasdaq Hearing Panel to appeal Nasdaq’s delisting determination. The Company requested and received a stay of the suspension of trading and delisting of the Common Stock pending the conclusion of the hearing process, which allowed the Common Stock to remain listed on Nasdaq at least until the Panel renders a decision following the hearing. The hearing before the Panel was held on November 14, 2024, at which the Company requested a suspension of delisting pending its return to compliance.
The Company called a special meeting of stockholders on December 2, 2024, to approve a reverse stock split to regain compliance with Nasdaq rules. On December 12, 2024, the Company effected a 1-for-14 reverse stock split, and on December 27, 2024, the Company’s Common Stock closed above the minimum bid price for ten consecutive trading days as required to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement.
On January 13, 2025, the Company received a letter issued by the Panel granting the Company’s request to continue its listing on Nasdaq until April 15, 2025 while the Company executed its plan to regain compliance with the requirements of the Equity Rule.
As disclosed in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 14, 2025, on April 12, 2025, the Company entered into the Master Services Agreement with VLD, pursuant to which VLD will provide services to design and produce components and systems that will be utilized by the Company or its customers in its spacecraft, systems, and components. In exchange for the services, the Company issued an aggregate of 477,455 shares of Common Stock and 673,408 shares of non-voting Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.
On June 24, 2025, the Company announced that it had received a letter from Nasdaq providing written confirmation that the Company has regained compliance with Nasdaq’s rules. Nasdaq has indicated that if the Company’s stockholder’s equity as of June 30, 2025 included in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2025 does not show a stockholder’s equity of at least $2,500,000, then the Company may again be subject to delisting from Nasdaq. In the Company’s Quarterly Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on August 19, 2025, the Company reported a stockholders’ deficit of approximately $9.97 million.
The Master Services Agreement with VLD provided for the cancellation of shares of the Company’s capital stock held by VLD in certain circumstances upon expiration or termination. On August 14, 2025, the Company irrevocably waived its right under the Master Services Agreement to cancel such shares upon expiration or termination of the Master Services Agreement.
The Company believes that, after giving effect to the Master Services Agreement waiver described above, along with the proceeds from the public offering conducted in July 2025 and a warrant inducement transaction consummated in August 2025, the Company’s stockholders’ equity as of August 14, 2025 is in excess of $2.5 million.
There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain compliance with the Equity Rule, the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, the Periodic Reporting Requirement, or other applicable Nasdaq listing rules, that the Company will be able to successfully implement a reverse stock split if it decides to pursue one, that the Panel will grant any future request from the Company for a suspension of delisting on Nasdaq, or that the Company’s appeal of a delisting determination will be successful. Additionally, if we fail to meet the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, we are not eligible for a 180-day cure period from Nasdaq to regain compliance with such requirement because we have conducted a reverse stock split in the past year and thus we would be immediately delisted.
If at the time of filing of the Company’s next periodic financial statements the Company does not evidence compliance with the Equity Rule, the Company may again be subject to delisting from Nasdaq. If the Common Stock loses its listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, the common stock would likely trade in the over-the-counter market. If the common stock were to trade on the over-the-counter market, selling the common stock could be more difficult because smaller quantities of shares would likely be bought and sold, transactions could be delayed, and security analysts’ coverage of us may be reduced. In addition, in the event the common stock is delisted, broker-dealers have certain regulatory burdens imposed upon them, which may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in the common stock, further limiting the liquidity of such shares. A determination that the common stock is a “penny
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stock” would require brokers trading in the common stock to adhere to even more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for the common stock. These factors could result in lower prices and larger spreads in the bid and ask prices for the common stock. Such delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market and continued or further declines in the price of shares of the common stock could also greatly impair our ability to raise additional necessary capital through equity or debt financing, and could significantly increase the ownership dilution to stockholders caused by our issuing equity in financing or other transactions.
Risks Related to this Offering
Our management will have broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from this offering, you may not agree with how we use the proceeds, and the proceeds may not be invested successfully.
We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes, which may include the development of our orbital transfer and satellite bus vehicles, research and development efforts relating to these vehicles, working capital, capital expenditures, repayment and refinancing of debt, research and development expenditures, acquisitions of additional companies or technologies and investments. From time to time, we engage in preliminary discussions and negotiations with various businesses in order to explore the possibility of an acquisition or investment. However, as of the date of this prospectus, we have not entered into any agreements or arrangements which would make any acquisition, investment, or repayment and refinancing of debt probable.
However, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of the common stock. The failure by management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business and cause the price of the common stock to decline.
This offering may cause the price of our common stock to decline and fall below the Minimum Bid Price Requirement required by the Nasdaq Listing Rules, which could result in our common stock being delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market. A delisting of our common stock from The Nasdaq Capital Market would adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital through the public or private sale of equity securities, the ability of investors to dispose of the common stock or obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of our common stock and the price and value of our common stock.
The issuance of a large number of shares of common stock in an offering at a price that is a discount to the market price of the stock, is likely to result in a decrease in the price of the common stock. Our common stock is currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market. Continued listing of a security on The Nasdaq Capital Market is conditioned upon compliance with various continued listing standards. In particular, the requirements for The Nasdaq Capital Market imposes a minimum $1.00 per share bid price requirement. To comply with this requirement, the closing price for our common stock must not fall below $1.00 for a 30 consecutive trading day period. If we are unable to maintain a minimum closing price of $1.00 per share for the 30 consecutive trading days, we will receive a delist letter from the staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market. In addition to The Nasdaq Stock Market enumerated criteria for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market tier, The Nasdaq Stock Market also has broad discretionary public interest authority that it can exercise to apply additional or more stringent criteria for continued listing, or to suspend or delist securities even though the securities meet all enumerated criteria for continued listing on The Nasdaq Stock Market.
Additionally, in the event of a delisting notice, we would typically have an opportunity to appeal such decision to the Nasdaq Hearing Panel or take other measures to preserve the listing of our common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market, but these measures and any appeal may not be successful. If our common stock is delisted by The Nasdaq Stock Market, our common stock may be eligible to trade on an over-the-counter quotation system, where an investor may find it more difficult to sell our common stock or obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of our common stock. We cannot ensure that our common stock, if delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market, will be listed on any national securities exchange or quoted on an over-the counter quotation system.
In the event we are delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market, the only established trading market for our common stock would be eliminated, and we would be forced to list our shares on the OTC Markets or another quotation medium, depending on our ability to meet the specific listing requirements of those quotation systems. As a result, an investor would likely find it more difficult to trade or obtain accurate price quotations for our common stock.
Delisting would likely also reduce the visibility, liquidity, and value of our common stock, reduce institutional investor interest in our company, and may increase the volatility of our common stock. Delisting could also cause a loss of confidence of potential industry partners, lenders, and employees, which could further harm our business and our future prospects.
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Unless our common stock is listed on a national securities exchange, such as The Nasdaq Stock Market, our common stock will also likely be subject to the regulations and restrictions regarding trading in “penny stocks,” which are those securities trading for less than $5.00 per share, and that are not otherwise exempted from the definition of a penny stock under other exemptions provided for in the applicable regulations. These penny stock requirements and regulations could severely limit the liquidity of our common stock in the secondary market because fewer brokers or dealers would be likely to be willing to undertake related compliance activities to trade in our common stock. If our common stock is not listed on a national securities exchange, the rules and restrictions regarding penny stock transactions may limit an investor’s ability to sell to a third-party and our trading activity in the secondary market may be reduced. Delisting from The Nasdaq Capital Market would also likely limit the range and attractiveness of strategic alternatives that we are able to consider, adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital through the public or private sale of equity securities, significantly affect the ability of investors to trade our securities, and/or negatively affect the value and liquidity of our common stock.
Future sales and issuances of the common stock could cause our stock price to fall.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of the common stock by our existing stockholders in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of the common stock and could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the issuance of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of the common stock.
Any issuance of equity we may undertake in the future to raise additional capital could cause the price of the common stock to decline, or require us to issue shares at a price that is lower than that paid by holders of the common stock in the past, which would result in those newly issued shares being dilutive. In addition, future investors could gain rights superior to existing stockholders, such as liquidation and other preferences. If we obtain funds through a credit facility or through the issuance of debt or preferred securities, these securities will likely have rights senior to the rights of a common stockholder, which could impair the value of the common stock.
We also have stock options and warrants outstanding to purchase shares of our capital stock. Our stockholders may incur dilution upon exercise of any outstanding stock options and warrants.
If you purchase shares of our common stock sold in this offering, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of your shares. In addition, we may issue additional equity or convertible debt securities in the future, which may result in additional dilution to investors.
The price per share of our common stock being offered may be higher than the net tangible book value per share of our outstanding common stock prior to this offering. Assuming that an aggregate of 6,176,470 shares of our common stock are sold at a price of $1.19 per share, the last reported sale price of our common stock on Nasdaq on September 18, 2025, new investors in this offering will incur immediate dilution of $0.64 per share, representing the difference between our as adjusted net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2025 after giving effect to this offering and the assumed price. For a more detailed discussion of the foregoing, see the section entitled “Dilution” elsewhere in this prospectus. To the extent that our outstanding stock options or warrants are exercised, there will be further dilution to new investors.
Our need for future financing may result in the issuance of additional securities which will cause investors to experience dilution.
Our cash requirements may vary from those now planned depending upon numerous factors. We expect to require additional capital until our operations generate sufficient revenue to cover our expenses. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. There are no other commitments by any person for future financing. Our securities may be offered to other investors at a price lower than the price per share offered to current stockholders, or upon terms which may be deemed more favorable than those offered to current stockholders. In addition, the issuance of securities in any future financing may dilute an investor’s equity ownership and have the effect of depressing the market price for our securities. Moreover, we may issue derivative securities, including options and/or warrants, from time to time, to procure qualified personnel or for other business reasons. The issuance of any such derivative securities, which is at the discretion of our Board of Directors, may further dilute the equity ownership of our stockholders.
We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights
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superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by investors in this offering. No assurance can be given as to our ability to procure additional financing, if required, and on terms deemed favorable to us. To the extent additional capital is required and cannot be raised successfully, we may then have to limit our then current operations and/or may have to curtail certain, if not all, of our business objectives and plans.
We have a substantial number of convertible securities outstanding. The exercise of our outstanding warrants and conversion of our outstanding convertible notes can have a dilutive effect on our common stock.
We have a substantial number of convertible securities outstanding. The exercise of our outstanding warrants, conversion of our convertible notes, and exercise of our convertible preferred stock will likely have a dilutive effect on our common stock. The issuance of shares of common stock upon exercise of outstanding options or warrants or conversion of preferred stock could result in substantial dilution to our stockholders, which may have a negative effect on the price of our common stock.
We need additional capital and any additional capital we seek may not be available in the amount or at the time we need it.
We need to raise funds in the future to execute our business plan. We may seek to raise additional capital to expand our business, pursue strategic investments, and take advantage of financing or other opportunities that we believe to be in our best interests and the interests of our stockholders. Additional capital may be raised through the sale of common or preferred equity or convertible debt securities, entry into debt facilities or other third-party funding arrangements. The sale of equity and convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our stockholders and those securities may have rights senior to those of the Common Stock. Agreements entered into in connection with such capital raising activities could contain covenants that would restrict our operations or require us to relinquish certain rights. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If we cannot timely raise any needed funds, we may be forced to reduce our operating expenses, which could adversely affect our ability to implement our long-term strategic roadmap and grow our business.
The market price of the Common Stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile, which could reduce the market price of the Common Stock.
The publicly traded shares of the Common Stock have experienced, and may experience in the future significant price and volume fluctuations. During the 12 months ended September 12, 2025, the market price of the common stock as reported by Nasdaq has ranged from a high of $14.8399 per share to a low of $1.03 per share. This market volatility could reduce the market price of the common stock without regard to our operating performance. In addition, the trading price of the common stock could change significantly in response to actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results, announcements by us or our competitors, factors affecting the space transportation industry generally, changes in national or regional economic conditions, changes in securities analysts’ estimates for us or our competitors’ or industry’s future performance or general market conditions, making it more difficult for shares of the common stock to be sold at a favorable price or at all. The market price of the common stock could also be reduced by general market price declines or market volatility in the future or future declines or volatility in the prices of stocks for companies in our industry.
Because we do not intend to declare cash dividends on our shares of common stock in the foreseeable future, stockholders must rely on appreciation of the value of our common stock for any return on their investment.
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, we expect that only appreciation of the price of our common stock, if any, will provide a return to investors in this offering for the foreseeable future.
Resales of our common stock in the public market during this offering by our stockholders may cause the market price of our common stock to fall.
We may issue shares of our common stock from time to time in connection with this offering. This issuance from time to time of these new shares of our common stock, or our ability to issue these shares of our common stock in this offering, could result in resales of our common stock by our current stockholders concerned about the potential dilution of their holdings. In turn, these resales could have the effect of depressing the market price for our common stock.
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The actual number of shares we will issue under the sales agreement, at any one time or in total, is uncertain.
Subject to certain limitations in the sales agreement with the sales agent and compliance with applicable law, we have the discretion to deliver placement notices to the sales agent at any time throughout the term of the sales agreement. The number of shares that are sold by the sales agent after delivering a placement notice will fluctuate based on the market price of the common stock during the sales period and limits we set with the sales agent.
The shares of common stock offered under this prospectus supplement and documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus may be sold in “at the market offerings,” and investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices.
Investors who purchase shares under this prospectus supplement and documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement at different times will likely pay different prices, and so may experience different outcomes in their investment results. We will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices, and numbers of shares sold, and there is no minimum or maximum sales price. Investors may experience declines in the value of their shares as a result of share sales made at prices lower than the prices they paid.
The issuance of common stock upon conversion of our outstanding non-voting Series A Preferred Stock will cause immediate and substantial dilution to existing shareholders.
As of the date of this prospectus supplement, we had 673,408 outstanding shares of non-voting Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. The holder of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock may, at its option, convert each of its shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock into ten shares of common stock, subject to the limitations in the Certificate of Designations, provided that such holder hold no more than 9.99% of the outstanding shares of our common stock at any time. The conversion of the non-voting Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company will cause significant dilution to the then holders of our common stock. In addition, the common stock issuable upon conversion of our outstanding non-voting Series A Convertible Preferred Stock may represent overhang that may also adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Overhang occurs when there is a greater supply of a company’s stock in the market than there is demand for that stock, which typically depresses a company’s stock price. If we experience overhang, any additional shares which the then holders of our common stock attempt to sell in the market will only further decrease the market price of our common stock.
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We may issue and sell shares of our common stock having aggregate gross proceeds of up to $7,350,000 from time to time under this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to close this offering, the actual total offering amount, commissions and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time. The amount of proceeds from this offering will depend upon the number of shares of our common stock sold and the market price at which they are sold. There can be no assurance that we will be able to sell any shares of our common stock under or fully utilize the Sales Agreement with A.G.P. as a source of financing.
We intend to use the net proceeds, if any, from the sales of shares of our common stock offered by this prospectus for working capital and general corporate purposes, including, to acquire, license or invest in assets, businesses, technologies, product candidates or other intellectual property, to make milestone payments and to repurchase securities. We have broad discretion in determining how the proceeds of this offering will be used, and our discretion is not limited by the aforementioned possible uses. Our Board of Directors believes the flexibility in application of the net proceeds is prudent.
As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds to be received from this offering. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures will depend on numerous factors including our operating costs and the amount of funding, if any, received from grants. Accordingly, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and investors will be relying on the judgment of management regarding the application of the net proceeds from the offering. We may find it necessary or advisable to reallocate the net proceeds of this offering; however, any such reallocation would be substantially limited to the categories set forth above as we do not intend to use the net proceeds for other purposes. Pending such uses set forth above, we plan to invest the net proceeds in government securities and other short-term investment grade, marketable securities.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We expect to retain all available funds and future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends, if any, on our common stock will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements and contractual restrictions.
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Our net tangible book value as of June 30, 2025 was approximately $(10.2) million, or $(1.75) per share. Net tangible book value per share is determined by dividing our total tangible assets, less total liabilities, by the number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2025. Dilution with respect to net tangible book value per share represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of common stock in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering.
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, among other things, (i) we issued 2,836,880 shares of common stock and received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $3.6 million on July 1, 2025 in connection with a registered offering, (ii) we issued 2,431,029 shares of common stock and received net proceeds of approximately $2.5 million in connection with the exercise of certain warrants (iii) we issued 8,696 shares of common stock to a vendor to settle debt of $10,000 and (iv) waived a provision under the Master Services Agreement with VLD, resulting in 477,455 shares of common stock and 673,408 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (convertible into 6,734,080 shares of common stock) becoming fully vested and the recognition of an asset of approximately $10.7 million. On a pro forma basis after giving effect to these transactions, as of June 30, 2025, our pro forma net tangible book value per share would have been $0.361 per share.
After giving effect to the pro forma adjustments set forth above and to the sale of 6,176,470 shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed offering price of $1.19 per share, which is the closing price of our common stock on Nasdaq on September 18, 2025, and after deducting the sales agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2025 would have been approximately $13.5 million, or $0.55 per share. This represents an immediate increase in as adjusted net tangible book value of $0.19 per share to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $0.64 per share to new investors purchasing securities in this offering. The following table illustrates this per share dilution:
Assumed public offering price per share | $1.19 | ||
Historical net tangible book value as of June 30, 2025 | $(1.75) | ||
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2025 | $0.36 | ||
Increase in adjusted net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering | $0.19 | ||
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2025, after giving effect to this offering | $0.55 | ||
Dilution per share to new investors purchasing our common stock in this offering | $0.64 | ||
The table and discussion above excludes, as of June 30, 2025:
• | 8,546,867 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding Common Stock purchase warrants, with exercise prices ranging from $1.11 to $8,050.00 per share; |
• | 535 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options to purchase the Common Stock granted under the Prior Stock Plans; and |
• | 619,798 shares of Common Stock subject to unvested restricted stock units, 98,426 shares of Common Stock subject to vested deferred restricted stock units, 30,791 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options to purchase the Common Stock, and 574,039 shares of the Common Stock reserved for future grants under the 2021 Plan, the 2022 Plan and the ESPP. |
The above illustration of dilution per share to investors participating in this offering assumes no exercise of outstanding options to purchase our common stock or outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. To the extent that any of these outstanding options or warrants are exercised or we issue additional shares under our equity incentive plans, there will be further dilution to new investors. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.
S-19
We entered into the Sales Agreement with A.G.P. under which we may issue and sell from time-to-time shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $7,350,000 to or through A.G.P., acting as our sales agent or principal. The sales of shares of our common stock, if any, under this prospectus supplement will be made at market prices by any method deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act, including sales made directly on Nasdaq, on any other existing trading market for our common stock or to or through a market maker. If we and A.G.P. agree on any method of distribution other than sales of our common stock on or through Nasdaq or another existing trading market in the United States at market prices, we will file an additional prospectus supplement to provide information about any such methods of distribution as required by Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act.
Each time that we wish to issue and sell shares of our common stock under the Sales Agreement, we will provide the Sales Agent with a placement notice describing the amount of shares to be sold, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the amount of shares of our common stock that may be sold in any single day, any minimum price below which sales may not be made or any minimum price requested for sales in a given time period and any other instructions relevant to such requested sales. Upon receipt of a placement notice, the Sales Agent, acting as our sales agent, will use commercially reasonable efforts, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of Nasdaq, to sell shares of our common stock under the terms and subject to the conditions of the placement notice and the sales agreement. We or the Sales Agent may suspend the offering of shares of our common stock pursuant to a placement notice upon notice.
Settlement for sales of shares of common stock, unless the parties agree otherwise, will occur on the first trading day following the date on which any sales are made in return for payment of the net proceeds to us. There are no arrangements to place any of the proceeds of this offering in an escrow, trust or similar account. Sales of shares of our common stock as contemplated in this prospectus will be settled through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company or by such other means as we and the Sales Agent may agree upon.
The Sales Agent will be entitled to compensation at a fixed commission rate of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock on our behalf pursuant to the sales agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the sales agreement, we agreed to reimburse the Sales Agent for the documented fees and costs of its legal counsel reasonably incurred in connection with entering into the transactions contemplated by the Sales Agreement in an amount not to exceed $50,000 in the aggregate, in addition to up to $10,000 annually for the Sales Agent’s counsel’s fees and any incidental expenses to be reimbursed by us. We will report at least quarterly the number of shares of common stock sold through the Sales Agent under the Sales Agreement, the net proceeds to us and the compensation paid by us to the Sales Agent in connection with the sales of common stock.
We estimate that the total expenses for this offering, excluding compensation payable to the Sales Agent and certain expenses reimbursable to the Sales Agent under the terms of the Sales Agreement, will be approximately $200,000. The remaining sales proceeds, after deducting any expenses payable by us and any transaction fees imposed by any governmental, regulatory, or self-regulatory organization in connection with the sales, will equal our net proceeds for the sale of such shares of common stock.
Because there are no minimum sale requirements as a condition to this offering, the actual total public offering price, commissions and net proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time. The actual dollar amount and number of shares of common stock we sell through this prospectus will be dependent, among other things, on market conditions and our capital raising requirements.
In connection with the sale of shares of common stock on our behalf, the Sales Agent will be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and the compensation of the Sales Agent will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to the Sales Agent against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.
The Sales Agent will not engage in any market making activities involving shares of our common stock while the offering is ongoing under this prospectus if such activity would be prohibited under Regulation M or other anti-manipulation rules under the Securities Act. As our sales agent, the Sales Agent will not engage in any transactions that stabilizes shares of our common stock.
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The offering pursuant to the Sales Agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (i) the sale of all shares of common stock subject to the sales agreement and (ii) termination of the sales agreement as permitted therein. We may terminate the sales agreement in our sole discretion at any time by giving one (1) day’s prior notice to the Sales Agent. The Sales Agent may terminate the Sales Agreement under the circumstances specified in the sales agreement and in its sole discretion at any time by giving five (5) days’ prior notice to us.
This prospectus may be made available in electronic format on a website maintained by the Sales Agent, and the Sales Agent may distribute this prospectus electronically.
Regulation M
In connection with the sale of our common stock on our behalf, A.G.P. will be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and the compensation of A.G.P. will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts.
A.G.P. will not engage in any market making activities involving our common stock while the offering is ongoing under this prospectus supplement if such activity would be prohibited under Regulation M or other anti-manipulation rules under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act. As our sales agent, A.G.P. will not engage in any transactions that stabilizes our common stock.
Indemnification
We have agreed to indemnify A.G.P. against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, and to contribute to payments that the A.G.P. may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.
Listing
Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “MNTS.”
Other Relationships
In the ordinary course of its business activities, A.G.P. and its affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for its own account and for the accounts of its customers. Such investments and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments of ours or our affiliates.
The Agent and its affiliates may in the future provide various investment banking, commercial banking, financial advisory, and other financial services for us and our affiliates, for which services they may in the future receive customary fees.
On September 11, 2023, we closed an offering of Common Stock and warrants in which we raised approximately $5,000,000 of gross proceeds. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as our exclusive Placement Agent in connection with the offering and received a cash fee equal to 7.0%. In addition, we reimbursed A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at the closing of the offering $75,000 for legal expenses incurred by them in connection with the offering and $10,000 for non-accountable expense reimbursement.
On October 4, 2023, we closed an offering of Common Stock and warrants in which we raised approximately $4,000,000 of gross proceeds. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as our exclusive placement agent in connection with the offering and received a cash fee equal to 7.0%. In addition, we reimbursed A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at the closing of the offering $75,000 for legal expenses incurred by them in connection with the offering and $10,000 for non-accountable expense reimbursement.
On November 9, 2023, we closed a warrant inducement offering in which we raised approximately $6,500,000 of gross proceeds. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as the exclusive financial advisor in connection with the warrant inducement offering and received a cash fee equal to 7.0%. In addition, we reimbursed A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at the closing of the warrant inducement offering $60,000 for legal expenses incurred by them in connection with the warrant inducement offering.
On January 17, 2024, we closed an offering of Common Stock and warrants in which we raised approximately $4,000,000 of gross proceeds. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as our exclusive placement agent in connection with the offering and received a cash fee equal to 7.0%. In addition, we reimbursed A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at the closing of the offering $75,000 for legal expenses incurred by them in connection with the offering and $10,000 for non-accountable expense reimbursement.
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On March 7, 2024, we closed an offering of Common Stock and warrants in which we raised approximately $4,000,000 of gross proceeds. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as our exclusive placement agent in connection with the offering and received a cash fee equal to 7.0%. In addition, we reimbursed A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at the closing of the offering $75,000 for legal expenses incurred by them in connection with the offering and $10,000 for non-accountable expense reimbursement.
On September 17, 2024, we closed an offering of Common Stock and warrants in which we raised approximately $2,750,000 of gross proceeds. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as our exclusive placement agent in connection with the offering and received a cash fee equal to 7.0% and warrants to purchase 500,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.6325. In addition, we reimbursed A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at the closing of the offering $125,000 for legal expenses incurred by them in connection with the offering and $10,000 for non-accountable expense reimbursement.
On December 13, 2024, we entered into a Loan Agreement (the “December 2024 Loan Agreement”) with J.J. Astor & Co. (the “Lender”) pursuant to which we borrowed $2.0 million. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as our financial advisor in connection with the Loan Agreement and received a cash fee equal to 7.5% of the loan amount.
On December 18, 2024, we closed an offering of Common Stock and warrants in which we raised approximately $5,000,000 of gross proceeds. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as our exclusive placement agent in connection with the offering and received a cash fee equal to 7.0% and warrants to purchase 40,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $6.82. In addition, we reimbursed A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at the closing of the offering $95,000 for legal expenses incurred by them in connection with the offering and $10,000 for non-accountable expense reimbursement.
On February 11, 2025, we closed an offering of Common Stock and warrants in which we raised approximately $5,000,000 of gross proceeds. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as our exclusive placement agent in connection with the offering and received a cash fee equal to 7.0% and warrants to purchase 63,694 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $4.3175. In addition, we reimbursed A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at the closing of the offering $95,000 for legal expenses incurred by them in connection with the offering and $10,000 for non-accountable expense reimbursement.
On March 20, 2025, we closed a warrant inducement offering (the “Inducement Warrants”) in which we raised approximately $2.07 million of gross proceeds. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as the exclusive financial advisor in connection with the warrant inducement offering and received a cash fee equal to approximately $145,000. In addition, we reimbursed A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at the closing of the warrant inducement offering $35,000 for legal expenses incurred by them in connection with the warrant inducement offering.
On April 12, 2025, we entered into the Master Services Agreement with Velo3D, Inc. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as the exclusive financial advisor in connection with the Master Services Agreement, and agreed to receive a fee equal to 8.0% of the transaction price in the form of a convertible note in the principal amount of $1,200,000 (the “Original Convertible Promissory Note”). On June 17, 2025, we executed an agreement with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners that amended the Original Convertible Promissory Note that provides that upon the commencement of sales in this offering, the Original Convertible Promissory Note will be null and void and a new convertible note in the principal amount of $500,000 (the “New Convertible Note”) shall be issued by us to A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners shall have no recourse against us for the $700,000 of principal that it will no longer receive pursuant to the terms of the Original Convertible Promissory Note. The New Convertible Note shall mature 18 months after issuance and be convertible into shares of our common stock at a conversion price of $1.67 per share. Pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110(g)(1), neither the New Convertible Note nor any shares issued upon conversion of the New Convertible Note shall be sold, transferred, assigned, pledged, or hypothecated, or be the subject of any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the securities by any person for a period of 180 days immediately following the issuance date of the New Convertible Note. We have agreed to file one or more registration statements to register the resale of all securities issuable upon conversion of the New Convertible Note, only one of which shall be at our expense and demand may be made after issuance until the maturity date.
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On May 30, 2025, we entered into a private placement for a loan in the principal amount of $1,500,000, as amended on June 17, 2025. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as the exclusive financial advisor in connection with the private placement pursuant to which we issued to the lender a note in the principal amount of $1,012,500 and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners will receive a $75,000 cash fee. In addition, when the second tranche of notes is issued to the lender A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners will receive an additional cash fee of $75,000.
On July 1, 2025, we closed an offering of Common Stock and warrants in which we raised approximately $4,000,000 of gross proceeds. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners served as our exclusive placement agent in connection with the offering and received a cash fee equal to 7.0%. In addition, we reimbursed A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at the closing of the offering $105,000 for legal expenses incurred by them in connection with the offering reimbursement.
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The validity of the securities offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP. A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners is being represented in connection with this offering by Thompson Hine LLP.
The consolidated financial statements of the Company and subsidiaries as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, incorporated by reference in this prospectus, have been audited by Frank, Rimerman + Co. LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report. Such consolidated financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance upon the report of such firm given their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and we will file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements and other information are available at www.sec.gov. We also maintain a website at www.momentus.space, at which you may access these materials free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not a part of this prospectus, and the inclusion of our website address in this prospectus is an inactive textual reference only. We will provide you without charge, upon your oral or written request, with a copy of any or all reports, proxy statements and other documents we file with the SEC, as well as any or all of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus or the registration statement (other than exhibits to such documents unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents). Requests for such copies should be directed to:
Momentus Inc.
Attn: John C. Rood
Chief Executive Officer
3901 N. First Street
San Jose, CA 95134
Telephone: (650) 564-7820
The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” information from other documents that we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus. Information in this prospectus supersedes information incorporated by reference that we filed with the SEC prior to the date of this prospectus.
We incorporate by reference into this prospectus and the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part the information or documents listed below that we have filed with the SEC (Commission File No. 001-12584):
• | our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on April 1, 2025 (as amended on April 9, 2025); |
• | our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on May 15, 2025 and for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on August 19, 2025; |
• | our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the SEC on April 28, 2025; |
• | the description of our Common Stock contained in Exhibit 4.19 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as filed with the SEC on April 21, 2025, and including any further amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description; and |
• | our Current Reports filed on Form 8-K with the SEC on January 16, 2025, January 31, 2025, February 13, 2025, March 4, 2025, March 21, 2025, March 27, 2025, April 14, 2025, April 15, 2025 (as amended on April 15, 2025), May 19, 2025, May 20, 2025, June 5, 2025, June 20, 2025, June 25, 2025, June 30, 2025, July 2, 2025, August 6, 2025, August 14, 2025, September 11, 2025 and September 18, 2025. |
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All reports and other documents that we file with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the Exchange Act on or after the date of the filing of the registration statement of which this prospectus supplement forms a part and prior to effectiveness of the registration statement, and on or after the date of this prospectus supplement but before the termination of the offering of the securities hereunder will also be considered to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement from the date of the filing of these reports and documents, and will supersede the information herein; provided, however, that all reports, exhibits and other information that we “furnish” to the SEC will not be considered incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We undertake to provide without charge to each person (including any beneficial owner) who receives a copy of this prospectus supplement, upon written or oral request, a copy of all of the preceding documents that are incorporated by reference (other than exhibits, unless the exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into these documents). You may request a copy of these materials in the manner set forth under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information,” above.
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PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN THE PROSPECTUS
Item 14. | Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution. |
The following sets forth the estimated costs and expenses, all of which shall be borne by Momentus Inc. (the “Registrant”), in connection with the offering of the securities pursuant to this registration statement.
SEC registration fee | $—(1) | ||
FINRA filing fee | $8,000 | ||
Transfer agent and registrar expenses | (2) | ||
Accounting fees and expenses | (2) | ||
Legal fees and expenses | (2) | ||
Printing and engraving expenses | (2) | ||
Miscellaneous | (2) | ||
Total | $ (2) | ||
(1) | Excludes offset of registration fees previously paid with respect toa prior registration statement pursuant to Rule 457(p) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (see Exhibit 107 to this registration statement). |
(2) | These fees are calculated based on the securities offered and the number of issuances and, accordingly, cannot be estimated at this time. An estimate of the aggregate expenses in connection with the sale and distribution of securities being offered will be included in the applicable prospectus supplement. |
Item 15. | Indemnification of Directors and Officers. |
Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) provides that a corporation may indemnify directors and officers as well as other employees and individuals against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any threatened, pending or completed actions, suits or proceedings in which such person is made a party by reason of such person being or having been a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise. The DGCL provides that Section 145 is not exclusive of other rights to which those seeking indemnification may be entitled under any bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise. The registrant’s Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended, provide for indemnification by the registrant of its directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL.
Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL permits a corporation to provide in its certificate of incorporation that a director of the corporation shall not be personally liable to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability (1) for any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders, (2) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (3) for unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases, redemptions or other distributions, or (4) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. The registrant’s Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, provides for such limitation of liability to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL.
The registrant has entered into, and expects to continue to enter into, indemnification agreements with each of its directors and executive officers. These agreements provide that the registrant will indemnify each of its directors and such officers to the fullest extent permitted by law.
Any underwriting agreement or distribution agreement that the registrant enters into with any underwriters or agents involved in the offering or sale of any securities registered hereby may require such underwriters or dealers to indemnify the registrant, some or all of its directors and officers and its controlling persons, if any, for specified liabilities, which may include liabilities under the Securities Act.
The registrant also maintains standard policies of insurance under which coverage is provided to its directors and officers against loss arising from claims made by reason of breach of duty or other wrongful act, while acting in their capacity as directors and officers of the registrant.
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Item 16. | Exhibits. |
The exhibits to this registration statement are listed in the Exhibit Index to this registration statement, which immediately precedes the Signature Page and which Exhibit Index is hereby incorporated by reference.
Item 17. | Undertakings. |
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
(1) | To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement: |
(i) | To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act; |
(ii) | To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and |
(iii) | To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement; |
provided, however, that the undertakings set forth in paragraphs (1)(i), (1)(ii) and (1)(iii) above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are incorporated by reference in this registration statement or are contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of this registration statement.
(2) | That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
(3) | To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering. |
(4) | That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser: |
(i) | Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and |
(ii) | Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date. |
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(5) | That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser: |
(i) | any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424; |
(ii) | any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant; |
(iii) | the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and |
(iv) | any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser. |
(6) | That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
(7) | To file an application for the purpose of determining the eligibility of the trustee to act under subsection (a) of Section 310 of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the SEC under Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act. |
(8) | Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. |
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EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibit | ||
Sales Agreement, dated September 19, 2025, by and between Momentus Inc. and Alliance Global Partners. | |||
1.2** | Form of Underwriting Agreement | ||
2.1† | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 7, 2020, by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp., Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, and Momentus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 7, 2020). | ||
Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 5, 2021, by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp., Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, and Momentus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 (Registration No. 333-249787) filed on March 8, 2021). | |||
Amendment No. 2 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 6, 2021, by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp., Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, and Momentus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 8, 2021). | |||
Amendment No. 3 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 29, 2021, by and among Stable Road Acquisition Corp., Project Marvel First Merger Sub, Inc., Project Marvel Second Merger Sub, LLC, and Momentus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 29, 2021). | |||
Warrant Agreement, dated November 7, 2019, between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and SRAC (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 13, 2019). | |||
Specimen Warrant Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-233980) filed on October 10, 2019). | |||
Form of Class A Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 16, 2024). | |||
Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 16, 2024). | |||
Form of Common Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 18, 2024). | |||
Form of Placement Agent Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 18, 2024). | |||
Form of Common Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 13, 2025). | |||
Amendment to Common Stock Purchase Warrants (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 13, 2025). | |||
Form of Placement Agent Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 13, 2025). | |||
Form of Inducement Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 21, 2025). | |||
Description of Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on April 21, 2025). | |||
Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-287712) filed on May 30, 2025). | |||
Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 2, 2025). | |||
Amendment to Common Stock Purchase Warrants (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 2, 2025). | |||
Form of Inducement Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 14, 2025). | |||
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Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibit | ||
Form of Class A Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit C to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 11, 2025). | |||
Form of Senior Indenture | |||
Form of Subordinated Indenture | |||
4.19** | Form of Preferred Stock Certificate | ||
4.20** | Form of Senior Note | ||
4.21** | Form of Subordinated Note | ||
4.22** | Form of Warrant Agreement and Warrant Certificate | ||
Opinion of Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP. | |||
Consent of Frank, Rimerman + Co. LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. | |||
Consent of Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1). | |||
Power of Attorney (included on the signature page to the prospectus which forms part of this registration statement). | |||
25.1# | Form T-1 Statement on Eligibility of Trustee for Senior Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. | ||
25.2# | Form T-1 Statement on Eligibility of Trustee for Subordinate Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. | ||
Filing Fee Table. | |||
† | Certain of the exhibits and schedules to this Exhibit List have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5). The registrant agrees to furnish a copy of all omitted exhibits and schedules to the SEC upon its request. |
* | Filed herewith |
** | To be filed by amendment or by a report on Form 8-K pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K and incorporated herein by reference. |
# | To be incorporated herein by reference from a subsequent filing in accordance with Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. |
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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on September 19, 2025.
MOMENTUS INC. | ||||||
By: | /s/ Lon Ensler | |||||
Name: | Lon Ensler | |||||
Title: | Chief Financial Officer | |||||
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints John C. Rood and Lon Ensler, and each and either of them, his true and lawful agent, proxy and attorney-in-fact, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to (i) act on, sign and file with the Securities and Exchange Commission any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement together with all schedules and exhibits thereto and any subsequent registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, together with all schedules and exhibits thereto, (ii) act on, sign and file such certificates, instruments, agreements and other documents as may be necessary or appropriate in connection therewith, (iii) act on and file any supplement to any prospectus included in this registration statement or any such amendment or any subsequent registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act and (iv) take any and all actions which may be necessary or appropriate to be done, as fully for all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby approving, ratifying and confirming all that such agent, proxy and attorney-in-fact or any of his substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature | Title | Date | ||||
/s/ John C. Rood | Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) | September 19, 2025 | ||||
John C. Rood | ||||||
/s/ Lon Ensler | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | September 19, 2025 | ||||
Lon Ensler | ||||||
/s/ Brian Kabot | Director | September 19, 2025 | ||||
Brian Kabot | ||||||
/s/ Chris Hadfield | Director | September 19, 2025 | ||||
Chris Hadfield | ||||||
/s/ Victorino Mercado | Director | September 19, 2025 | ||||
Victorino Mercado | ||||||
/s/ Kimberly A. Reed | Director | September 19, 2025 | ||||
Kimberly A. Reed | ||||||
/s/ Linda J. Reiners | Director | September 19, 2025 | ||||
Linda J. Reiners | ||||||
/s/ Mitchel B. Kugler | Director | September 19, 2025 | ||||
Mitchel B. Kugler | ||||||
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Exhibit 1.1
MOMENTUS INC.
COMMON STOCK
SALES AGREEMENT
September 19, 2025
A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners
590 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10022
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Momentus Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), confirms its agreement (this “Agreement”)
with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (the “Sales Agent”), as follows:
1. Issuance and Sale of Shares. The Company agrees that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and
sell to or through the Sales Agent shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Common Stock”), subject to the limitations set forth in Section 3(b) hereof. The
issuance and sale of Common Stock to or through the Sales Agent will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined below) filed by the Company and which was declared effective under the Securities Act (as defined below) by the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”).
As of the date of this Agreement, the Company has filed, or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder
(collectively, the “Securities Act”), with the Commission, a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the “Shelf Registration Statement”), including a
base prospectus, relating to certain securities, including the shares of Common Stock, to be issued from time to time by the Company, and which incorporates by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the
provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Exchange Act”). The Company has prepared a prospectus supplement, which is or
will be included in the Shelf Registration Statement, specifically relating to the offering of Common Stock pursuant to this Agreement (the “ATM Prospectus”). The Company will furnish to the Sales
Agent, for use by the Sales Agent, copies of the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement, as supplemented by the ATM Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares (as defined below). Except where the context otherwise
requires, such registration statement, as amended at the time of such registration statement’s effectiveness for purposes of Section 11 of the Securities Act, including all documents filed as a part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and
including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined below) subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act or deemed to be a part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule 430B or 462(b) of
the Securities Act, is herein called the “Registration Statement.” The base prospectus, including all documents incorporated therein by reference (to the extent such information has not been superseded
or modified in accordance with Rule 412 under the Securities Act (as qualified by Rule 430B(g) of the Securities Act)), and the ATM Prospectus, including all documents incorporated therein by reference (to the extent such information has not been
superseded or modified in accordance with Rule 412 under the Securities Act (as qualified by Rule 430B(g) of the Securities Act)), each of which is included in the Registration Statement, as it or they may be supplemented from time to time by any
additional prospectus supplement, in the form in which such prospectus and/or ATM Prospectus have most recently been filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, together with any “issuer free writing
prospectus” (“Issuer Free Writing Prospectus”), as defined in Rule 433 of the Securities Act (“Rule 433”), relating to the Placement Shares (as defined
below) that (i) is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company or (ii) is exempt from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i), in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in
the form retained in the Company’s records pursuant to Rule 433(g), is herein called the “Prospectus.” Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement
thereto shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein, and any reference herein to the terms “amend,” “amendment” or “supplement” with respect to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus shall be deemed
to refer to and include the filing after the execution hereof of any document with the Commission deemed to be incorporated by reference therein. For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or to any
amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to include any copy filed with the Commission pursuant to either the Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval System, or if applicable, the Interactive Data Electronic Applications
(collectively “EDGAR”).
1
2. Placements. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell shares of Common Stock through the Sales Agent, as agent, hereunder (each, a “Placement”),
it will notify the Sales Agent by e-mail notice (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the parties) (a “Placement Notice”) containing the parameters in accordance with which it desires the
Common Stock to be sold, which shall at a minimum include the number of shares of Common Stock to be issued (the “Placement Shares”), the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any
limitation on the number of shares of Common Stock that may be sold in any one Trading Day (as defined in Section 3) and any minimum price below which sales may not be made, a form of which containing such minimum sales parameters necessary is
attached hereto as Schedule 1. The Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company set forth on Schedule 2 (with a copy to each of the
other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule) and shall be addressed to each of the individuals from the Sales Agent set forth on Schedule 2, as such Schedule
2 may be amended from time to time. The Placement Notice shall be effective upon receipt by the Sales Agent unless and until (i) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 4, the Sales Agent declines to accept the
terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, (ii) the entire amount of the Placement Shares have been sold, (iii) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 4, the Company suspends or terminates the Placement
Notice, (iv) the Company issues a subsequent Placement Notice with parameters superseding those on the earlier dated Placement Notice, or (v) the Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of Section 11. The amount of any discount,
commission or other compensation to be paid by the Company to the Sales Agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares through the Sales Agent, as agent, shall be as set forth in Schedule 3. It is
expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor the Sales Agent will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to the Sales Agent and
the Sales Agent does not decline such Placement Notice pursuant to the terms set forth above, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement
Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control.
3. Sale of Placement Shares by the Sales Agent.
(a) Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, upon the Company’s issuance of a Placement Notice, and unless the sale of the Placement Shares described therein has been declined,
suspended, or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the Sales Agent, as agent for the Company, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state
and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of The Nasdaq Capital Market (the “Exchange”), for the period specified in the Placement Notice, to sell such Placement Shares up to the amount
specified by the Company in, and otherwise in accordance with, the terms of such Placement Notice. If acting as agent hereunder, the Sales Agent will provide written confirmation to the Company by e-mail correspondence to each of the individuals of
the Company set forth on Schedule 2 no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder
setting forth the number of Placement Shares sold on such day, the volume-weighted average price of the Placement Shares, the compensation payable by the Company to the Sales Agent pursuant to Section 2 with respect to such sales, and the
Net Proceeds (as defined below) payable to the Company, with an itemization of the deductions made by the Sales Agent (as set forth in Section 5(a)) from the gross proceeds that it receives from such sales. Subject to the terms of the
Placement Notice, the Sales Agent may sell Placement Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, including without limitation sales made directly on the Exchange,
on any other existing trading market for the Common Stock or to or through a market maker. Subject to the terms of a Placement Notice, the Sales Agent may also sell Placement Shares by any other method permitted by law, including but not limited to
in negotiated transactions with the Company’s prior written consent. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) there can be no assurance that the Sales Agent will be successful in selling Placement Shares, (ii) the Sales Agent will incur no
liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by the Sales Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales
practices and applicable law and regulations to sell such Placement Shares as required under this Agreement and (iii) the Sales Agent shall be under no obligation to purchase Placement Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except
as otherwise agreed by the Sales Agent and the Company in writing and expressly set forth in a Placement Notice. For the purposes hereof, “Trading Day” means any day on which the Company’s Common Stock
is purchased and sold on the principal market on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted.
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(b) Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares if, after giving effect to the sale of such Placement Shares, the aggregate number or gross
sales proceeds of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would exceed the lesser of: (i) the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock registered pursuant to the Registration Statement pursuant to which the offering hereunder is
being made, (ii) the number of authorized but unissued and unreserved shares of Common Stock, (iii) the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock permitted to be offered and sold by the Company under Form S-3 (including General Instruction
I.B.6 of Form S-3, if and for so long as applicable), (iv) the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock authorized from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement by the Company’s board of directors, a duly authorized
committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Sales Agent in writing, or (v) the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock for which the Company has filed the ATM Prospectus or other prospectus supplement
specifically relating to the offering of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the
minimum price authorized from time to time by the Company’s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Sales Agent in writing. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary
contained herein, the parties hereto acknowledge and agree that compliance with the limitations set forth in this Section 3(b) on the number or dollar amount of Placement Shares that may be issued and sold under this Agreement from time to
time shall be the sole responsibility of the Company, and that the Sales Agent shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance.
(c) During the term of this Agreement, neither the Sales Agent nor any of its affiliates or subsidiaries shall engage in (i) any short sale of any security of the Company or (ii) any sale of any
security of the Company that the Sales Agent does not own or any sale that is consummated by the delivery of a security of the Company borrowed by, or for the account of, the Sales Agent. During the term of this Agreement and notwithstanding
anything to the contrary herein, the Sales Agent agrees that in no event will the Sales Agent or its affiliates engage in any market making, bidding, stabilization or other trading activity with regard to the Common Stock or related derivative
securities if such activity would be prohibited under Regulation M or other anti-manipulation rules under the Exchange Act.
4. Suspension of Sales.
(a) The Company or the Sales Agent may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by e-mail correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 2, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable
facsimile transmission or e-mail correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 2), suspend any sale of Placement Shares for a period of time (a “Suspension Period”); provided, however, that such suspension shall not affect or impair either party’s obligations with
respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice. Each of the parties hereto agrees that no such notice under this Section 4 shall be effective against the other unless it is made to one of the individuals
named on Schedule 2 hereto, as such schedule may be amended from time to time. During a Suspension Period, the Company shall not issue any Placement Notices and the Sales Agent shall not sell any
Placement Shares hereunder. The party that issued a suspension notice shall notify the other party in writing of the Trading Day on which the Suspension Period shall expire not later than twenty-four (24) hours prior to such Trading Day.
(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, during any period in which the Company is in possession of material non-public information, the Company and the Sales Agent agree that (i)
no sale of Placement Shares will take place, (ii) the Company shall not request the sale of any Placement Shares, and (iii) the Sales Agent shall not be obligated to sell or offer to sell any Placement Shares.
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5. Settlement.
(a) Settlement of Placement Shares. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement Shares will occur on the first (1st) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice for regular-way trading) following the respective Point of Sale (as defined below) (each, a “Settlement Date”). The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the “Net Proceeds”)
will be equal to the aggregate sales price received by the Sales Agent at which such Placement Shares were sold, after deduction for (i) the Sales Agent’s discount, commission or other compensation for such sales payable by the Company pursuant to
Section 2 hereof, (ii) any other amounts due and payable by the Company to the Sales Agent hereunder pursuant to Section 7(g) (Expenses) hereof and (iii) any transaction fees, trading expenses or execution fees imposed by any
clearing organization or any governmental or self-regulatory organization and any other fees incurred by the Sales Agent in respect of such sales.
(b) Delivery of Placement Shares. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer the Placement Shares being sold by
crediting the Sales Agent’s or its designee’s account (provided the Sales Agent shall have given the Company written notice of such designee at least one Trading Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit
and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which in all cases shall be freely tradable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement
Date, the Sales Agent will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement Date. The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in
its obligation to deliver duly authorized Placement Shares on a Settlement Date, the Company agrees that in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in Section 9(a) (Indemnification and Contribution) hereto,
the Company will (i) hold the Sales Agent, its directors, officers, members, partners, employees and agents of the Sales Agent, each broker dealer affiliate of the Sales Agent, and each person, if any, who (A) controls the Sales Agent within the
meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act or (B) is controlled by or is under common control with the Sales Agent (each, a “Sales Agent Affiliate”), and the Sales
Agent’s clearing organization, harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or reasonable and documented expense (including reasonable legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company or its
transfer agent (if applicable) and (ii) pay to the Sales Agent any commission, discount, or other compensation to which it would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.
6. Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company, on behalf of itself and its subsidiaries, represents and warrants to, and agrees with, the Sales Agent that as of each
Applicable Time (as defined in Section 22(a)), unless such representation, warranty or agreement specifies a different time or times:
(a) Compliance with Registration Requirements. As of each Applicable Time other than the date of this Agreement, the Registration Statement (including any abbreviated registration statement
filed by the Company pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act (“Rule 462(b) Registration Statement”)) has been declared effective by the Commission under the Securities Act. As of each Applicable Time
other than the date of this Agreement, the Company has not received from the Commission any notice pursuant to Rule 401(g)(1) under the Securities Act objecting to the use of the Registration Statement. As of each Applicable Time other than the
date of this Agreement, the Company has complied to the Commission’s satisfaction with all requests of the Commission for additional or supplemental information related to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. As of each Applicable Time
other than the date of this Agreement, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement (including any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement) is in effect and no proceedings for such purpose have been instituted or are pending
or, to the knowledge of the Company, are contemplated or threatened by the Commission. The Registration Statement and, assuming no act or omission on the part of the Sales Agent that would make such statements untrue, the offer and sale of the
Placement Shares as contemplated hereby meet the requirements of Rule 415 under the Securities Act and comply in all material respects with said rule. In the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” in the ATM Prospectus, the Company has named
A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners as an agent that the Company has engaged in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The Company is not an “ineligible issuer” as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act.
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(b) No Misstatement or Omission. The Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the time it became or becomes effective, complied or will comply in all material
respects with the Securities Act. The Prospectus, and any amendment or supplement thereto, on the date of such Prospectus or amendment or supplement, complied or will comply in all material respects with the Securities Act. The Registration
Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the time it became or becomes effective, did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make
the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, as of its date, did not and, as of each Point of Sale and each Settlement Date, will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material
fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The representations and warranties set forth in the two immediately preceding sentences do not apply to statements
in or omissions from the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the Prospectus, or any amendments or supplements thereto, made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to the Sales Agent furnished to
the Company in writing by the Sales Agent expressly for use therein. “Point of Sale” means, for a Placement, the time at which an acquiror of Placement Shares entered into a contract, binding upon such
acquiror, to acquire such Placement Shares.
(c) Offering Materials Furnished to the Sales Agent. Copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and all amendments or supplements thereto and all documents incorporated by
reference therein that were filed with the Commission on or prior to the date of this Agreement, have been delivered, or are publicly available through EDGAR, to the Sales Agent. Each Prospectus delivered to the Sales Agent for use in connection
with the sale of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement will be identical to the version of such Prospectus filed with the Commission via EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.
(d) Distribution of Offering Material By the Company. The Company has not distributed and will not distribute, prior to the completion of the Sales Agent’s distribution of the Placement
Shares, any offering material in connection with the offering and sale of the Placement Shares other than the Prospectus or the Registration Statement.
(e) The Sales Agreement. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company, and constitutes a valid, legal, and binding obligation of the Company, enforceable
against the Company in accordance with its terms, except as rights to indemnity hereunder may be limited by federal or state securities laws and except as such enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or
similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally, and subject to general principles of equity. The Company has full corporate power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to authorize, issue and sell the Placement Shares as
contemplated by this Agreement. This Agreement conforms in all material respects to the descriptions thereof in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.
(f) Authorization of the Placement Shares. The Placement Shares, when issued and paid for as contemplated herein, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, will be issued in
compliance with all applicable securities laws, and will be free of preemptive, registration or similar rights, and will conform to the description of the Common Stock contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.
(g) No Applicable Registration or Other Similar Rights. There are no persons with registration or other similar rights to have any equity or debt securities registered for sale under the
Registration Statement or included in the offering contemplated by this Agreement, except for such rights as have been duly waived. No person has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the Company in connection with the
offer and sale of the Placement Shares hereunder, whether as a result of the filing or effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated hereby or otherwise.
(h) No Material Adverse Change. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Prospectus, subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is given in the Prospectus: (i) there has been no
material adverse change in the business, properties, prospects, operations, condition (financial or otherwise) or results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole (any such change is called a “Material Adverse Change”), which, individually or in the aggregate, has had or would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change; (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries, considered as one entity, have not
incurred any material liability or obligation, indirect, direct or contingent, not in the ordinary course of business nor entered into any material transaction or agreement not in the ordinary course of business; (iii) there has been no dividend or
distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company; (iv) no executive officer or director of the Company has resigned from any position with the Company; and (v) there has not been any Material Adverse Change in the Company’s long-term
or short-term debt.
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(i) Independent Accountants. To the knowledge of the Company, Frank, Rimerman + Co. LLP, whose report is filed with the Commission and included or incorporated by reference in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus, is an independent registered public accounting firm as required by the Securities Act and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Frank, Rimerman + Co. LLP has not, during the periods covered by the
financial statements included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, provided to the Company any non-audit services, as such term is used in Section 10A(g) of the Exchange Act.
(j) Financial Statements. The financial statements filed with the Commission as a part of the Registration Statement and included in the Prospectus, together with the related notes and
schedules, present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company and its subsidiaries as of and at the dates indicated and the results of their operations and cash flows for the periods therein specified. Such
financial statements and supporting schedules have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved,
except as may be expressly stated in the related notes thereto, provided, that, unaudited interim financial statements are subject to year-end audit adjustments that are not expected to be material in the aggregate and do not contain all footnotes
required by GAAP. No other financial statements or supporting schedules are required to be included in or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus.
(k) Forward-Looking Statements. No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act) contained or incorporated by
reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed by the Company without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed by the Company other than in good faith.
(l) Statistical and Market-Related Data. The statistical and market-related data included or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement or the Prospectus are based on
or derived from sources that the Company reasonably believes to be reliable and accurate or represent the Company’s good faith estimates that are made on the basis of data derived from such sources.
(m) XBRL. The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (“XBRL”) included or incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission’s rules and guidelines applicable thereto.
(n) Incorporation and Good Standing of the Company and its Subsidiaries. The Company is a corporation duly incorporated and validly existing under the laws of the State of Delaware. The
Company has requisite corporate power to carry on its business as described in the Prospectus. The Company is duly qualified to transact business and is in good standing in all jurisdictions in which the conduct of its business requires such
qualification; except where the failure to be so qualified or to be in good standing would not result in a Material Adverse Change. The Company does not own or control, directly or indirectly, any corporation, association or other entity other than
the subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 21.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the most recently ended fiscal year and other than (i) those subsidiaries not required to be listed on Exhibit 21.1 by Item 601 of Regulation S-K under the
Exchange Act, (ii) those subsidiaries formed or acquired since the last day of the most recently ended fiscal year, and (iii) as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. Each subsidiary is a corporation or limited liability
company duly incorporated or formed and validly existing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or formation and is in good standing under such laws. Each of the subsidiaries has requisite corporate power to carry on its business
as described in the Prospectus. Each of the subsidiaries is duly qualified to transact business and is in good standing in all jurisdictions in which the conduct of its business requires such qualification; except where the failure to be so
qualified or to be in good standing would not result in a Material Adverse Change.
(o) Capital Stock Matters. All issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company issued prior to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement have been duly authorized and
validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable; the holders thereof have no rights of rescission with respect thereto, and are not subject to personal liability by reason of being such holders; and none of such securities were issued in
violation of the preemptive rights of any holders of any security of the Company or similar contractual rights granted by the Company. The authorized shares of Common Stock conform in all material respects to all statements relating thereto
contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. The offers and sales of the outstanding shares of Common Stock were at all relevant times either registered under the Securities Act and the applicable state securities or “blue sky” laws
or, based in part on the representations and warranties of the purchasers of such shares, exempt from such registration requirements. The description of the Company’s stock option, stock bonus and other stock plans or arrangements, and the options
or other rights granted thereunder, as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, accurately and fairly present, in all material respects, the information required to be shown with respect to such plans, arrangements, options and
rights.
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(p) Non-Contravention of Existing Instruments; No Further Authorizations or Approvals Required. The Company’s execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and consummation of the
transactions contemplated hereby or by the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (including the issuance and sale of the Placement Shares and the use of the proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares as described in the Prospectus under the
caption “Use of Proceeds”) will not (A) conflict with, result in any violation or breach of, or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, or give to others any right of termination,
amendment, acceleration or cancellation (with or without notice, lapse of time or both) (a “Default Acceleration Event”) of, any agreement, lease, credit facility, debt, note, bond, mortgage, indenture
or other instrument (“Contract”) or obligation or other understanding to which the Company or any subsidiary is a party or by which any property or asset of the Company or any subsidiary is bound or
affected, except to the extent that such conflict, default, or Default Acceleration Event is not reasonably likely to result in a Material Adverse Change, or (B) result in a breach or violation of any of the terms and provisions of, or constitute a
default under, the Company’s articles of incorporation (as the same may be amended or restated from time to time) or bylaws (as the same may be amended or restated from time to time). Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the
Prospectus, neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in violation, breach or default under its articles of incorporation (as the same may be amended or restated from time to time), bylaws (as the same may be amended or restated from time
to time) or other equivalent organizational or governing documents. Neither the Company nor any its subsidiaries nor, to its knowledge, any other party is in violation, breach or default of any Contract that has resulted in or could reasonably be
expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. Each approval, consent, order, authorization, designation, declaration or filing by or with any regulatory, administrative or other governmental body necessary in connection with the execution and
delivery by the Company of this Agreement and the performance of the Company of the transactions herein contemplated has been obtained or made and is in full force and effect, except (i) with respect to any Applicable Time at which the Sales Agent
would not be able to rely on Rule 5110(b)(7)(C)(i) of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”), such additional steps as may be required by FINRA, (ii) filings with the Commission
required under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, or filings or notice with the Exchange pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Exchange, in each case that are contemplated by this Agreement to be made after the date of this Agreement,
and (iii) such additional steps as may be necessary to qualify the Common Stock for sale by the Sales Agent under state securities or Blue Sky laws.
(q) No Material Actions or Proceedings. There is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry, arbitration, investigation, litigation or governmental proceeding pending or, to the Company’s
knowledge, threatened against, or involving the Company or, to the Company’s knowledge, any executive officer or director of the Company including any proceeding before any federal, state, local or foreign governmental bodies, which is required to
be disclosed and has not been disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change.
(r) Labor Disputes. There is (A) no unfair labor practice complaint pending against the Company, or any of its subsidiaries, nor to the Company’s knowledge, threatened against it or any of
its subsidiaries, before the National Labor Relations Board, any state or local labor relation board or any foreign labor relations board, and no grievance or arbitration proceeding arising out of or under any collective bargaining agreement is so
pending against the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened against it and (B) no labor disturbance by the employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries exists or, to the Company’s knowledge, is
imminent, and the Company is not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by the employees of any of its or its subsidiaries, principal suppliers, manufacturers, customers or contractors, that could reasonably be expected, singularly or
in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Change. The Company is not aware that any key employee or significant group of employees of the Company or any subsidiary plans to terminate employment with the Company or any such subsidiary.
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(s) Compliance with Certain Applicable Laws. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries: (A) is and at all times has been in compliance with all statutes, rules, or regulations applicable to
the conduct of its business (“Applicable Laws”), except as could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change; (B) has not received any warning letter, untitled letter or other correspondence or notice from any governmental authority alleging or asserting noncompliance with any Applicable Laws or any licenses, certificates,
approvals, clearances, authorizations, permits and supplements or amendments thereto required by any such Applicable Laws (“Authorizations”); (C) possesses all material Authorizations and such
Authorizations are valid and in full force and effect and are not in material violation of any term of any such Authorizations; (D) has not received notice of any claim, action, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration or
other action from any governmental authority or third party alleging that any product operation or activity is in violation of any Applicable Laws or Authorizations and has no knowledge that any such governmental authority or third party is
considering any such claim, litigation, arbitration, action, suit, investigation or proceeding; (E) has not received notice that any governmental authority has taken, is taking or intends to take action to limit, suspend, modify or revoke any
Authorizations and has no knowledge that any such governmental authority is considering such action; and (F) has filed, obtained, maintained or submitted all material reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions
and supplements or amendments as required by any Applicable Laws or Authorizations and that all such reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments were complete and correct on the date
filed (or were corrected or supplemented by a subsequent submission).
(t) Tax Law Compliance. Other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, each of the Company and its subsidiaries has (a) filed all material foreign, federal, state
and local tax returns (as hereinafter defined) required to be filed with taxing authorities prior to the date hereof or has duly obtained extensions of time for the filing thereof and (b) paid all taxes (as hereinafter defined) shown as due and
payable on such returns that were filed and has paid all taxes imposed on or assessed against the Company or such respective subsidiary. The provisions for taxes payable, if any, shown on the financial statements included or incorporated by
reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus are sufficient for all accrued and unpaid taxes, whether or not disputed, and for all periods to and including the dates of such consolidated financial statements. Other than as disclosed
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, no material issues have been raised (and are currently pending) by any taxing authority in connection with any of the returns or taxes asserted as due from the Company or its subsidiaries, and no
waivers of statutes of limitation with respect to the returns or collection of taxes have been given by or requested from the Company or its subsidiaries. There are no tax liens against the assets, properties or business of the Company or any of
its subsidiaries. The term “taxes” mean all federal, state, local, foreign, and other net income, gross income, gross receipts, sales, use, ad valorem, transfer, franchise, profits, license, lease,
service, service use, withholding, payroll, employment, excise, severance, stamp, occupation, premium, property, windfall profits, customs, duties or other taxes, fees, assessments, or charges of any kind whatever, together with any interest and
any penalties, additions to tax, or additional amounts with respect thereto. The term “returns” means all returns, declarations, reports, statements, and other documents required to be filed in respect
to taxes.
(u) Company Not an “Investment Company”. The Company is not, and will not be, either after receipt of payment for the Placement Shares or after the application of the proceeds therefrom as
described under “Use of Proceeds” in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, required to register as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company
Act”).
(v) Insurance. The Company and each of its subsidiaries carries, or is entitled to the benefits of insurance in such amounts and covering such risks, which the Company believes are adequate
for the conduct of its business and the value of its properties and as is customary for companies engaged in similar businesses in similar industries, and all such insurance is in full force and effect. Neither the Company nor any of its
subsidiaries has reason to believe that it will not be able (i) to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire or (ii) to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct
its business as now conducted and at a cost that would not result in a Material Adverse Change.
(w) No Price Stabilization or Manipulation. The Company has not taken, directly or indirectly (without giving any effect to the activities of the Sales Agent), any action designed to or
that might cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Common Stock or of any “reference security” (as defined in Rule 100 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act (“Regulation M”))
with respect to the Common Stock, whether to facilitate the sale or resale of the Placement Shares or otherwise, and has taken no action which would directly or indirectly violate Regulation M.
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(x) Related Party Transactions. There are no business relationships or related party transactions involving the Company or any other person required to be described in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus that have not been described as required pursuant to the Securities Act.
(y) Exchange Act Compliance. The documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, at
the time they were or hereafter are filed with the Commission under the Exchange Act, complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act, and, when read together with the other information in the Prospectus,
at each Point of Sale and each Settlement Date, will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make
the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
(z) Conformity of Issuer Free Writing Prospectus. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus conformed or will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Securities Act on the
date of first use, and the Company has complied or will comply with any filing requirements applicable to such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus pursuant to the Securities Act. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, as of its issue date and at all
subsequent times through the completion of the public offer and sale of the Placement Shares, did not, does not and will not include any information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus, including any document incorporated by reference therein that has not been superseded or modified. The Company has not made any offer relating to the Placement Shares that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing
Prospectus without the prior written consent of the Sales Agent. The Company has retained in accordance with the Securities Act all Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses that were not required to be filed pursuant to the Securities Act.
(aa) Compliance with Environmental Laws. The Company and its subsidiaries are in compliance with all foreign, federal, state and local rules, laws and regulations relating to the use,
treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous or toxic substances or waste and protection of health and safety or the environment which are applicable to their businesses (“Environmental Laws”), except
where the failure to comply has not had and would not reasonably be expected to result in, singularly or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Change. There has been no storage, generation, transportation, handling, treatment, disposal, discharge,
emission, or other release of any kind of toxic or other wastes or other hazardous substances by, due to, or caused by the Company or any of its subsidiaries (or, to the Company’s knowledge, any other entity for whose acts or omissions the Company
or any of its subsidiaries is or may otherwise be liable) upon any of the property now or previously owned or leased by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or upon any other property, in violation of any law, statute, ordinance, rule,
regulation, order, judgment, decree or permit or which would, under any law, statute, ordinance, rule (including rule of common law), regulation, order, judgment, decree or permit, give rise to any liability, except for any violation or liability
which has not had and would not reasonably be expected to have, singularly or in the aggregate with all such violations and liabilities, a Material Adverse Change; and there has been no disposal, discharge, emission or other release of any kind
onto such property or into the environment surrounding such property of any toxic or other wastes or other hazardous substances with respect to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries has knowledge, except for any such disposal, discharge,
emission, or other release of any kind which would not have, singularly or in the aggregate with all such discharges and other releases, a Material Adverse Change.
9
(bb) Intellectual Property. The Company and each of its subsidiaries own or possess or have valid rights to use all patents, patent applications, trademarks, service marks, trade names,
trademark registrations, service mark registrations, copyrights, licenses, inventions, trade secrets and similar rights (“Intellectual Property Rights”) necessary for the conduct of the business of the
Company and its subsidiaries as currently carried on and as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, except as would not be reasonably likely to result in a Material Adverse Change. To the knowledge of the Company, no action or
use by the Company or any of its subsidiaries necessary for the conduct of their business as currently carried on and as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will involve or give rise to any infringement of, or license or
similar fees for, any Intellectual Property Rights of others, except where such action, use, license or fee is not reasonably likely to result in a Material Adverse Change. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries have received any notice
alleging any such infringement, fee or conflict with asserted Intellectual Property Rights of others. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result, individually or in the aggregate, in a Material Adverse Change (A) to the knowledge of the
Company, there is no infringement, misappropriation or violation by third parties of any of the Intellectual Property Rights owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries; (B) there is no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened
action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the rights of the Company or any of its subsidiaries in or to any such Intellectual Property Rights, and the Company is unaware of any facts which would form a reasonable basis for any such
claim, that would, individually or in the aggregate, together with any other claims in this Section 6(bb), reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change; (C) the Intellectual Property Rights owned by the Company or any of
its subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Company, the Intellectual Property Rights licensed to the Company have not been adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, and there is no pending or,
to the Company’s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the validity or scope of any such Intellectual Property Rights, and the Company is unaware of any facts which would form a reasonable basis for any such
claim that would, individually or in the aggregate, together with any other claims in this Section 6(bb), reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change; (D) there is no pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened
action, suit, proceeding or claim by others that the Company or any of its subsidiaries infringes, misappropriates or otherwise violates any Intellectual Property Rights or other proprietary rights of others, neither the Company nor any of its
subsidiaries has received any written notice of such claim and the Company is unaware of any other facts which would form a reasonable basis for any such claim that would, individually or in the aggregate, together with any other claims in this Section
6(bb), reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change; and (E) except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, to the Company’s knowledge, no employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is in or has
ever been in violation in any material respect of any term of any employment contract, patent disclosure agreement, invention assignment agreement, non-competition agreement, non-solicitation agreement, nondisclosure agreement or any restrictive
covenant to or with a former employer where the basis of such violation relates to such employee’s employment with the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or actions undertaken by the employee while employed with the Company or any of its
subsidiaries and could reasonably be expected to result, individually or in the aggregate, in a Material Adverse Change. To the Company’s knowledge, all material technical information developed by and belonging to the Company or any of its
subsidiaries which has not been patented has been kept confidential. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is a party to or bound by any options, licenses or agreements with respect to the Intellectual Property Rights of any other person
or entity that are required to be set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and are not described therein. The Registration Statement and the Prospectus contain in all material respects the same description of the matters set forth
in the preceding sentence. None of the technology employed by the Company or its subsidiaries has been obtained or is being used by the Company or any of its subsidiaries in violation of any contractual obligation binding on the Company or any such
subsidiary or, to the Company’s knowledge, any of its or its subsidiaries’ officers, directors or employees, or otherwise in violation of the rights of any persons, except for violations that would not result in a Material Adverse Change.
(cc) Brokers. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is a party to any contract, agreement or understanding with any person (other than as contemplated by this Agreement) that
would give rise to a valid claim against the Company or any of its subsidiaries or the Sales Agent for a brokerage commission, finder’s fee or like payment in connection with the offering and sale of the Placement Shares by the Sales Agent under
this Agreement.
(dd) No Outstanding Loans or Other Indebtedness. There are no outstanding loans, advances (except normal advances for business expenses in the ordinary course of business) or guarantees or
indebtedness by the Company or any of its subsidiaries to or for the benefit of any of the officers or directors of the Company or executive officers of any of its subsidiaries to the extent such executive officers may be deemed executive officers
of the Company, or any of their respective family members, except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. The Company has not directly or indirectly extended or maintained credit, arranged for the extension of credit, or
renewed an extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan to or for any director or executive officer of the Company.
(ee) No Reliance. The Company has not relied upon the Sales Agent or legal counsel for the Sales Agent for any legal, tax or accounting advice in connection with the offering and sale of
the Placement Shares.
(ff) Broker-Dealer Status. Neither the Company nor any of its related entities (i) is required to register as a “broker” or “dealer” in accordance with the provisions of the Exchange Act or
(ii) directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is a “person associated with a member” or “associated person of a member” (within the meaning of Article I of the NASD Manual administered by FINRA). To the Company’s
knowledge, there are no affiliations or associations between any member of FINRA and any of the Company’s officers, directors or 10% or greater security holders, except as set forth in the Registration Statement.
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(gg) S-3 Eligibility. (i) At the time of filing the Registration Statement and (ii) at the time of the most recent amendment thereto for the purposes of complying with Section 10(a)(3) of
the Securities Act (whether such amendment was by post-effective amendment, incorporated report filed pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act or form of prospectus), the Company met the then applicable requirements for use of Form S-3
under the Securities Act, including compliance with General Instruction I.B.1 or General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, if and for so long as applicable, or the staff of the Commission has granted a waiver of such eligibility requirements. The
Company is not a shell company (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) and has not been a shell company for at least 12 calendar months previously and if it has been a shell company at any time previously, has filed current Form 10
information (as defined in General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3) with the Commission at least 12 calendar months previously reflecting its status as an entity that is not a shell company.
(hh) FINRA Matters. All of the information provided to the Sales Agent or to counsel for the Sales Agent by the Company, its counsel, its officers and directors and,
to the Company’s knowledge, the holders of any securities (debt or equity) or options to acquire any securities of the Company in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares is true, complete, correct and compliant with FINRA’s rules in
all material respects and any letters, filings or other supplemental information provided to FINRA pursuant to FINRA Rules or NASD Conduct Rules is true, complete and correct in all material respects. Except as disclosed in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus, there is no (i) officer or director of the Company, (ii) beneficial owner of 10% or more of any class of the Company’s securities or (iii) to the Company’s knowledge, beneficial owner of the Company’s unregistered
equity securities that were acquired during the 180-day period immediately preceding the date of this Agreement that is an affiliate or associated person of a FINRA member participating in the offer, issuance and sale of the Placement Shares as
contemplated by this Agreement and the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (as determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of FINRA).
(ii) Compliance with Orders. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in violation of any material judgment, decree, or order of any court, arbitrator or other governmental
authority.
(jj) Sarbanes–Oxley Act. There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or any of the Company’s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material
respects with any applicable provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated in connection therewith (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), including Section 402 related to
loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications.
(kk) Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company and its subsidiaries maintain systems of “internal control over
financial reporting” (as defined under Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act) that comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act and have been designed by, or under the supervision of, their respective principal executive and principal
financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP, including, but
not limited to, internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorizations; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit
preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain asset accountability; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; (iv) the recorded accountability for
assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences; and (v) the interactive data in XBRL included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the
Prospectus fairly present the information called for in all material respects and are prepared in accordance with the Commission’s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. Since the date of the latest audited financial statements included in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial
reporting.
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(ll) ERISA. The Company, its subsidiaries and any “employee benefit plan” (as defined under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, and the regulations and
published interpretations thereunder (collectively, “ERISA”)) established or maintained by the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their “ERISA Affiliates” (as defined below) are in compliance in all
material respects with ERISA. “ERISA Affiliate” means, with respect to the Company and each of its subsidiaries, any member of any group of organizations described in Sections 414(b),(c),(m) or (o) of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (the “Code”) of which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a member. No “reportable
event” (as defined under ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur with respect to any “employee benefit plan” established or maintained by the Company, or any of its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates. No “employee benefit
plan” established or maintained by the Company, any of its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates, if such “employee benefit plan” were terminated, would have any “amount of unfunded benefit liabilities” (as defined under ERISA). Neither the
Company nor any of its subsidiaries nor any of their ERISA Affiliates has incurred or reasonably expects to incur any material liability under (i) Title IV of ERISA with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from, any “employee benefit plan” or
(ii) Sections 412, 4971, 4975 or 4980B of the Code. Each “employee benefit plan” established or maintained by the Company, any of its subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates that is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code is
so qualified and, to the knowledge of the Company, nothing has occurred, whether by action or failure to act, which would cause the loss of such qualification.
(mm) Contracts and Agreements. The agreements and documents described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus conform in all material respects to the descriptions thereof contained
therein and there are no agreements or other documents required by the Securities Act to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or to be filed with the Commission as exhibits to the Registration Statement, that have not been
so described or filed. Each agreement or other instrument (however characterized or described) to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by which it is or may be bound or affected and (i) that is referred to in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus, or (ii) is material to the Company’s or its subsidiaries’ business, has been duly authorized and validly executed by the Company, is in full force and effect in all material respects and is enforceable against the
Company or any of its subsidiaries and, to the Company’s knowledge, the other parties thereto, in accordance with its terms, except (x) as such enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or similar laws affecting
creditors’ rights generally, (y) as enforceability of any indemnification or contribution provision may be limited under the federal and state securities laws, and (z) that the remedy of specific performance and injunctive and other forms of
equitable relief may be subject to the equitable defenses and to the discretion of the court before which any proceeding therefor may be brought. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, none of such agreements or
instruments has been assigned by the Company or its subsidiaries, and neither the Company, its subsidiaries nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any other party is in default thereunder and, to the Company’s knowledge, no event has occurred that, with
the lapse of time or the giving of notice, or both, would constitute a default thereunder. To the Company’s knowledge, performance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of the material provisions of such agreements or instruments will not
result in a violation of any existing applicable law, rule, regulation, judgment, order or decree of any governmental agency or court, domestic or foreign, having jurisdiction over the Company, its subsidiaries or any of their assets or businesses
(each, a “Governmental Entity”), including, without limitation, those relating to environmental laws and regulations.
(nn) Title to Properties. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company and each of its subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to, or
have valid rights to lease or otherwise use, all items of real or personal property which are material to the business of the Company, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, security interests, claims and defects that do not,
singly or in the aggregate, materially affect the value of such property and do not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company or any of its subsidiaries; and all of the leases and subleases material to the
business of the Company, and under which the Company or any of its subsidiaries hold properties described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, are in full force and effect, and neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has
received any notice of any material claim of any sort that has been asserted by anyone adverse to the rights of the Company or any of its subsidiaries under any of the leases or subleases mentioned above, or affecting or questioning the rights of
the Company or any of its subsidiaries to the continued possession of the leased or subleased premises under any such lease or sublease, which would result in a Material Adverse Change.
(oo) No Unlawful Contributions or Other Payments. No payments or inducements have been made or given, directly or indirectly, to any federal or local official or candidate for, any federal
or state office in the United States or foreign offices by the Company, any of its subsidiaries or any of their officers or directors, or, to the knowledge of the Company, by any of its employees or agents or any other person in connection with any
opportunity, contract, permit, certificate, consent, order, approval, waiver or other authorization relating to the business of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, except for such payments or inducements as were lawful under applicable laws,
rules and regulations. Neither the Company, any of its subsidiaries, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, (i) has
used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to political activity; (ii) made any direct or indirect unlawful payment to any government official or employee from corporate funds; or
(iii) made any bribe, unlawful rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment in connection with the business of the Company.
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(pp) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. None of the Company, any of its subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or other person
acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, is aware of or has taken any action, directly or indirectly, that would result in a violation by such persons of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and
regulations thereunder (collectively, the “FCPA”), including, without limitation, making use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer,
payment, promise to pay or authorization of the payment of any money, or other property, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to any “foreign official” (as such term is defined in the FCPA) or any foreign
political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office, in contravention of the FCPA. The Company and its subsidiaries have conducted their respective businesses in compliance with the FCPA and have instituted and
maintains policies and procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to continue to ensure, continued compliance therewith.
(qq) Money Laundering Laws. The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting
requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued,
administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the “Money Laundering Laws”) and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any
arbitrator involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened.
(rr) OFAC and Sanctions. None of the Company, any of its subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or person acting on behalf of
the Company or any of its subsidiaries is currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department (“OFAC”); and the Company will not
directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity, for the purpose of financing the activities of any person
currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by OFAC.
(ss) Exchange Listing. The Common Stock are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and is currently listed on the Exchange under the trading symbol “MNTS”. Except as
disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there is no action pending by the Company or, to the Company’s knowledge, the Exchange to delist the Common Stock from the Exchange, nor has the Company received any notification that the
Exchange is currently contemplating terminating such listing, except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and Prospectus. The Company has no intention to delist the Common Stock from the Exchange or to deregister the Common Stock
under the Exchange Act, in either case, at any time during the period commencing on the date of this Agreement through and including the 90th calendar day after the termination of this Agreement. The Company has or will file with the Exchange a
Listing of Additional Shares Notification Form for the offering of the Placement Shares as contemplated in this Agreement. The issuance and sale of the Placement Shares under this Agreement does not contravene the rules and regulations of the
Exchange.
(tt) Margin Rules. The Company owns no “margin securities” as that term is defined in Regulation U of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”), and none of the proceeds from the issuance, sale and delivery of the Placement Shares as contemplated by this Agreement and as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will be used,
directly or indirectly, for the purpose of purchasing or carrying any margin security, for the purpose of reducing or retiring any indebtedness which was originally incurred to purchase or carry any margin security or for any other purpose which
might cause any of the shares of Common Stock to be considered a “purpose credit” within the meanings of Regulation T, U or X of the Federal Reserve Board.
(uu) Underwriter Agreements. The Company is not a party to any agreement with an agent or underwriter for any other “at-the-market” or continuous equity transaction.
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(vv) Board of Directors. The qualifications of the persons serving as board members of the Company and the overall composition of the Company’s Board of Directors comply with the applicable
requirements of the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the listing rules of the Exchange applicable to the Company. At least one member of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company qualifies as an “audit committee
financial expert,” as such term is defined under Regulation S-K and the listing rules of the Exchange. In addition, at least a majority of the persons serving on the Board of Directors of the Company qualify as “independent,” as defined under the
listing rules of the Exchange.
(ww) No Integration. Neither the Company, nor any of its affiliates, nor any person acting on its or their behalf has, directly or indirectly, made any offers or sales of any security or
solicited any offers to buy any security, under circumstances that would cause the offer and sale of the Placement Shares hereunder to be integrated with prior offerings by the Company for purposes of the Securities Act that would require the
registration of any such securities under the Securities Act.
(xx) No Material Defaults. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term
leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. The Company has not filed a report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act since the filing of its last
Annual Report on Form 10-K, indicating that it (i) has failed to pay any dividend or sinking fund installment on preferred stock or (ii) has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term
leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change.
(yy) Books and Records. The minute books of the Company and each of its subsidiaries have been made available to the Sales Agent and counsel for the Sales Agent, and such books (i) contain
a substantially complete summary of all meetings and material actions of the board of directors (including each board committee) and stockholders of the Company (or analogous governing bodies and interest holders, as applicable) and each of its
subsidiaries since the time of its respective incorporation or organization through the date of the latest meeting and action, and (ii) accurately reflects in all material respects all transactions referred to in such minutes.
(zz) Regulations. The disclosures in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus concerning the effects of federal, state, local and all foreign regulation on the Company’s business in
the past and as currently contemplated are correct in all material respects and no other such regulations are required to be disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus which are not so disclosed.
(aaa) [Reserved].
(bbb) Information Technology. The Company’s information technology assets and equipment, computers, systems, networks, hardware, software, websites, applications, and databases
(collectively, “IT Systems”) are adequate for, and operate and perform in all material respects as required in connection with, the operation of the business of the Company as currently conducted,
except where such failure to operate and perform would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, and to the knowledge of the Company are free and clear of all material bugs, errors, defects, Trojan horses, time bombs,
malware and other corruptants. The Company has implemented and maintained commercially reasonable controls, policies, procedures, and safeguards to maintain and protect their material confidential information and the integrity, continuous
operation, redundancy and security of all IT Systems and data (including all personal, personally identifiable, sensitive, confidential or regulated data (“Personal Data”)) used in connection with
their businesses, and except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change, there have been no breaches, violations, outages or unauthorized uses of or accesses to same, except for those that have been remedied
without material cost or liability or the duty to notify any other person, nor any incidents under internal review or investigations relating to the same. The Company is presently in compliance in all material respects with all applicable laws or
statutes and all applicable judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Personal
Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Personal Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except for any such noncompliance that would not result in a Material Adverse Change. The disclosures in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus concerning the effects of federal, state, local and all foreign regulation on the Company’s business in the past and as currently contemplated are correct in all material respects and no other such
regulations are required to be disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus which are not so disclosed.
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(ccc) Confidentiality and Non-Competitions. To the Company’s knowledge, no director, officer, key employee or consultant of the Company is subject to any confidentiality, non-disclosure,
non-competition agreement or non-solicitation agreement with any employer or prior employer that could reasonably be expected to materially affect his ability to be and act in his respective capacity of the Company or be expected to result in a
Material Adverse Change.
(ddd) All Necessary Permits, etc. The Company and each of its subsidiaries holds, and is in compliance with, all franchises, grants, authorizations, licenses, permits, easements, consents,
certificates and orders (“Permits”) of any governmental or self-regulatory agency, authority or body required for the conduct of its business, and all such Permits are in full force and effect.
Any certificate signed by an officer of the Company and delivered to the Sales Agent or to counsel for the Sales Agent pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed to be a representation and
warranty by the Company to the Sales Agent as to the matters set forth therein.
The Company acknowledges that the Sales Agent and, for purposes of the opinions to be delivered pursuant to Section 7 hereof, counsel to the Company and counsel to the Sales Agent, will rely upon the accuracy
and truthfulness of the foregoing representations and hereby consents to such reliance.
7. Covenants of the Company. The Company covenants and agrees with the Sales Agent that:
(a) Registration Statement Amendments. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a Prospectus relating to any Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Sales
Agent under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 153 or Rule 172 under the Securities Act), (i) the Company will notify the Sales Agent promptly of the time when any subsequent
amendment to the Registration Statement, other than documents incorporated by reference, has been filed with the Commission and/or has become effective or any subsequent supplement to the Prospectus has been filed and of any request by the
Commission for any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus or for additional information; (ii) the Company will prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon the Sales Agent’s reasonable request, any amendments or
supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that, in the Sales Agent’s reasonable opinion, may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution of the Placement Shares by the Sales Agent (provided,
however, that the failure of the Sales Agent to make such request shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Sales Agent’s right to rely on the representations and
warranties made by the Company in this Agreement, and provided, further, that the only remedy the Sales Agent shall have with respect to the failure to make such
filing shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed); (iii) the Company will not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus, other than documents incorporated by
reference, relating to the Placement Shares or a security convertible into the Placement Shares unless a copy thereof has been submitted to the Sales Agent within a reasonable period of time before the filing and the Sales Agent has not reasonably
objected thereto (provided, however, that the failure of the Sales Agent to make such objection shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability
hereunder, or affect the Sales Agent’s right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement, and provided, further, that the
only remedy the Sales Agent shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to obtain such consent shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement); (iv) the Company will furnish to the Sales Agent at the time of filing thereof a copy of
any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents available via EDGAR; and (v) the Company will cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus,
other than documents incorporated by reference, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act (without reliance on Rule 424(b)(8) of the Securities Act) or, in the case of any
documents incorporated by reference, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the Exchange Act, within the time period prescribed.
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(b) Notice of Commission Stop Orders. The Company will advise the Sales Agent, promptly after it receives notice or obtains knowledge thereof, of the issuance by the Commission of any stop
order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any notice objecting to, or other order preventing or suspending the use of, the Prospectus, of the suspension of the qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in
any jurisdiction, or of the initiation of any proceeding for any such purpose or any examination pursuant to Section 8(e) of the Securities Act, or if the Company becomes the subject of a proceeding under Section 8A of the Securities Act in
connection with the offering of the Placement Shares; and it will promptly use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued. Until such time as any
stop order is lifted, the Sales Agent shall cease making offers and sales under this Agreement.
(c) Delivery of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes. During any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Sales Agent under the Securities
Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 153 or Rule 172 under the Securities Act), the Company will comply in all material respects with all
requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before their respective due dates all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the
Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If during such period any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue
statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during such period it is necessary to amend or supplement the
Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company will promptly notify the Sales Agent to suspend the offering of Placement Shares during such period and the Company will promptly amend or supplement the
Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance; provided, however, that
the Company may delay any such amendment or supplement if, in the reasonable judgment of the Company, it is in the best interests of the Company to do so.
(d) Listing of Placement Shares. During any period in which the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Sales Agent under the Securities Act with
respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 153 or Rule 172 under the Securities Act), the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the
Placement Shares to be listed on the Exchange and to qualify the Placement Shares for sale under the securities laws of such jurisdictions as the Sales Agent reasonably designates and to continue such qualifications in effect so long as required
for the distribution of the Placement Shares; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith to qualify as a foreign corporation
or dealer in securities or file a general consent to service of process in any jurisdiction.
(e) Delivery of Registration Statement and Prospectus. The Company will furnish to the Sales Agent and its counsel (at the expense of the Company) copies of the Registration Statement, the
Prospectus (including all documents incorporated by reference therein) and all amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during any period in which a Prospectus relating to the
Placement Shares is required to be delivered under the Securities Act (including all documents filed with the Commission during such period that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable and
in such quantities as the Sales Agent may from time to time reasonably request and, at the Sales Agent’s request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange or market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus) to the Sales Agent to the extent such document is available
on EDGAR.
(f) Earnings Statement. The Company will make generally available to its security holders as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than 15 months after the end of the Company’s
current fiscal quarter, an earnings statement of the Company and its subsidiaries (which need not be audited) covering a 12-month period that complies with Section 11(a) and Rule 158 of the Securities Act. The terms “earnings statement” and “make
generally available to its security holders” shall have the meanings set forth in Rule 158 under the Securities Act.
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(g) Expenses. The Company, whether or not the transactions contemplated hereunder are consummated or this Agreement is terminated in accordance with the provisions of Section 11
hereunder, will pay the following expenses all incident to the performance of its obligations hereunder, including, but not limited to, expenses relating to (i) the preparation, printing and filing of the Registration Statement and each amendment
and supplement thereto, of each Prospectus and of each amendment and supplement thereto, (ii) the preparation, issuance and delivery of the Placement Shares, including any stock or other transfer taxes and any stamp or other duties payable upon the
sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares to the Sales Agent, (iii) the fees and disbursements of the counsel, accountants and other advisors to the Company in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; (iv) the
qualification of the Placement Shares under securities laws in accordance with the provisions of Section 7(d) of this Agreement, including filing fees (provided, however,
that any fees or disbursements of counsel for the Sales Agent in connection therewith shall be paid by the Sales Agent except as set forth in (ix) below), (v) the printing and delivery to the Sales Agent of copies of the Prospectus and any
amendments or supplements thereto, and of this Agreement, (vi) the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing or qualification of the Placement Shares for trading on the Exchange, (vii) the fees and expenses of the transfer agent or
registrar for the Common Stock; (viii) filing fees and expenses, if any, of the Commission and the FINRA Corporate Financing Department (provided, however, that any
fees or disbursements of counsel for the Sales Agent in connection therewith shall be paid by the Sales Agent except as set forth in (ix) below) and (ix) the Company shall reimburse the Sales Agent for its reasonable and documented out-of-pocket
costs and expenses (including but not limited to the reasonable fees and documented out-of-pocket costs and expenses of counsel to the Sales Agent) in an amount not to exceed $50,000, which shall be paid upon the execution of this Agreement; provided further that the Company shall reimburse the Sales Agent for its expenses (including but not limited to the reasonable fees and documented out-of-pocket costs and expenses of counsel to the Sales Agent)
up to an additional $5,000 per calendar quarter thereafter payable in connection with each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(m) for which no waiver is applicable and
excluding the date of this Agreement (and in no event to exceed more than $20,000 per fiscal year); provided further that the Company shall reimburse the Sales Agent for its expenses (including but not
limited to the reasonable fees and documented out-of-pocked costs and expenses of counsel to the Sales Agent) up to $10,000 for each program “refresh” (filing of a new registration statement, prospectus, or prospectus supplement relating to the
Placement Shares and/or an amendment of this Agreement) executed pursuant to this Agreement.
(h) Use of Proceeds. The Company will use the Net Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled “Use of Proceeds.”
(i) Notice of Other Sales. The Company (I) shall provide the Sales Agent notice at least two (2) days, before it offers to sell, contracts to sell, sells, grants any option to sell or
otherwise disposes of any shares of Common Stock (other than Placement Shares offered pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, or warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire
Common Stock, during the period beginning on the fifth (5th) Trading Day immediately prior to the date on which any Placement Notice is delivered to the Sales Agent
hereunder and ending on the fifth (5th) Trading Day immediately following the final Settlement Date with respect to Placement Shares sold pursuant to such Placement
Notice (or, if the Placement Notice has been terminated or suspended prior to the sale of all Placement Shares covered by a Placement Notice, the fifth (5th) Trading
Day immediately following the date of such suspension or termination), and (II) will not directly or indirectly enter into or utilize any other “at-the-market” or continuous equity transaction offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option
to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock prior
to the termination of this Agreement; provided, however, that such notice requirements or restrictions, as the case may be, will not be required in connection with
the Company’s issuance or sale of (i) shares of Common Stock, options to purchase shares of Common Stock, other equity awards or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options or other equity awards, pursuant to any employee or director stock
option or benefits plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan of the Company whether now in effect or hereafter implemented, (ii) shares of Common Stock issuable upon exchange, conversion or redemption of securities or the exercise of
warrants, options or other rights in effect or outstanding, and disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR or otherwise in writing (including by e-mail correspondence) to the Sales Agent and (iii) shares of Common Stock or securities
convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Common Stock as consideration for mergers, acquisitions, sale or purchase of assets, other business combinations or strategic alliances, vendor, consultant, customer or other comparable transactions
occurring after the date of this Agreement which are not issued for capital raising purposes.
(j) Change of Circumstances. The Company will, at any time during a fiscal quarter in which the Company intends to tender a Placement Notice or sell Placement Shares, advise the Sales Agent
promptly after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other document provided to the Sales Agent pursuant to
this Agreement.
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(k) Due Diligence Cooperation. The Company will cooperate with any reasonable due diligence review conducted by the Sales Agent or its agents in connection with the transactions
contemplated hereby, including, without limitation, providing information and making available documents and senior corporate officers, during regular business hours and at the Company’s principal offices, as the Sales Agent may reasonably request.
(l) Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares. The Company shall set forth in each Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company with
the Commission in respect of any quarter in which sales of Placement Shares were made by or through the Sales Agent under this Agreement, with regard to the relevant period, the amount of Placement Shares sold to or through the Sales Agent, the Net
Proceeds to the Company and the compensation payable by the Company to the Sales Agent with respect to such sales of Placement Shares. To the extent that the filing of a prospectus supplement with the Commission with respect to any sales of
Placement Shares becomes required under Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, the Company agrees that, on or before such dates as the Securities Act shall require, the Company will (i) file a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the
applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, which prospectus supplement will set forth, with regard to the relevant period, the amount of Placement Shares sold to or through the Sales Agent, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the
compensation payable by the Company to the Sales Agent with respect to such Placement Shares, and (ii) deliver such number of copies of each such prospectus supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required
by the rules or regulations of such exchange or market. The Company shall afford the Sales Agent and its counsel with a reasonable opportunity to review and comment upon, shall consult with the Sales Agent and its counsel on the form and substance
of, and shall give due consideration to all such comments from the Sales Agent or its counsel on, any such filing prior to the issuance, filing or public disclosure thereof; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to submit for
review (A) any portion of any periodic reports filed with the Commission under the Exchange Act other than the specific disclosure relating to any sales of Placement Shares and (B) any disclosure contained in periodic reports filed with the
Commission under the Exchange Act if it shall have previously provided the same disclosure for review in connection with a previous filing.
(m) Representation Dates; Certificate. On or prior to the date the first Placement Notice is given hereunder and thereafter each time the Company (i) files the Prospectus relating to the
Placement Shares or amends or supplements the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares (other than (A) a prospectus supplement filed in accordance with Section 7(l) of this Agreement or (B) a supplement or
amendment that relates to an offering of securities other than the Placement Shares) by means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement but not by means of incorporation of document(s) by reference to the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares; (ii) files an annual report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act (including any Form 10-K/A containing amended financial information or a material amendment to the previously filed Form 10-K); (iii) files
a quarterly report on Form 10-Q under the Exchange Act; or (iv) files a current report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information (other than an earnings release, to “furnish” information pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K or to
provide disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form 8-K relating to the reclassification of certain properties as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144) under the Exchange Act (each date of
filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses (i) through (iv) shall be a “Representation Date”), the Company shall furnish the Sales Agent within three (3) Trading Days after each
Representation Date with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(m). The requirement to provide a certificate under this Section 7(m) shall be waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time at which no
Placement Notice is pending, which waiver shall continue until the earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date) and the next occurring
Representation Date; provided, however, that such waiver shall not apply for any Representation Date on which the Company files its annual report on Form 10-K. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company
subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares following a Representation Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did not provide the Sales Agent with a certificate under this Section 7(m), then before the Company delivers the
Placement Notice or the Sales Agent sells any Placement Shares, the Company shall provide the Sales Agent with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(m), dated the date of the Placement Notice.
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(n) Legal Opinions. On or prior to the date the first Placement Notice is given hereunder, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Sales Agent the negative assurance of Bradley Arant
Boult Cummings LLP, as counsel to the Company, or other counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Sales Agent (“Company Counsel”), substantially in the form previously agreed between the Company and the
Sales Agent. Thereafter, within three (3) Trading Days after each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(m) for which no waiver is applicable pursuant to Section
7(m), the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Sales Agent the written opinion and negative assurance of the Company Counsel substantially in the forms previously agreed between the Company and the Sales Agent, modified, as necessary,
to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented and within three (3) Trading Days after the Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section
7(m) for which no waiver is applicable pursuant to Section 7(m), other than a Representation Date under Section 7(m)(iv); provided, however, that if the Company
Counsel has previously furnished to the Sales Agent such written opinion and negative assurance of Company Counsel, substantially in the form previously agreed between the Company and the Sales Agent, then the Company Counsel, may, in respect of
any future Representation Date, furnish the Sales Agent with a letter signed by Company Counsel (each, a “Reliance Letter”) in lieu of such opinion and negative assurance of Company Counsel to the
effect that the Sales Agent may rely on the prior opinion and negative assurance of such counsel delivered pursuant to this Section 7(n) to the same extent as if it were dated the date of such Reliance Letter (except that statements in such
prior opinion and negative assurance shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented to the date of such Reliance Letter).
(o) Comfort Letter. On or prior to the date the first Placement Notice is given hereunder and within three (3) Trading Days after the subsequent Representation Date with respect to which
the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(m), other than a Representation Date under Section 7(m)(iii)-(iv) unless with respect to a Representation Date under Section 7(m)(iv) the Sales Agent reasonably requests
delivery thereof, the Company shall cause its independent accountants to furnish the Sales Agent letters (the “Comfort Letters”), dated the date that the Comfort Letter is delivered, in form and
substance satisfactory to the Sales Agent, (i) confirming that they are an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations of the PCAOB and are in compliance
with the applicable requirements relating to the qualification of accountants under Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X of the Commission, (ii) stating, as of such date, the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information
and other matters ordinarily covered by accountants’ “comfort letters” to the Sales Agent in connection with registered public offerings (the first such letter, the “Initial Comfort Letter”) and (iii)
updating the Initial Comfort Letter with any information that would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it been given on such date and modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and
supplemented to the date of such letter.
(p) Market Activities. The Company will not, directly or indirectly, (i) take any action designed to cause or result in, or that constitutes or might reasonably be expected to constitute,
the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Common Stock or (ii) sell, bid for, or purchase shares of Common Stock in violation of Regulation M, or pay anyone any
compensation for soliciting purchases of the Placement Shares other than the Sales Agent.
(q) Insurance. The Company and its subsidiaries shall maintain, or cause to be maintained, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as is reasonable and customary for the business
in which it is engaged.
(r) Investment Company Act. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that neither it nor its subsidiaries or, after giving effect to the offering and
sale of the Placement Shares and the application of proceeds therefrom as described in the Prospectus, will be, an “investment company” within the meaning of such term under the Investment Company Act.
(s) Securities Act and Exchange Act. The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act and the Exchange Act as
from time to time in force, so far as necessary to permit the continuance of sales of, or dealings in, the Placement Shares as contemplated by the provisions hereof and the Prospectus.
(t) No Offer to Sell. Other than the Prospectus and an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus approved in advance by the Company and the Sales Agent in its capacity as principal or agent hereunder,
neither the Sales Agent nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Sales Agent in its capacity as such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written communication (as defined in Rule 405 under
the Securities Act), required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares hereunder.
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(u) Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Company and its subsidiaries will use their reasonable efforts to comply with all effective applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
(v) Transfer Agent. The Company shall maintain, at its sole expense, a registrar and transfer agent for the Common Stock.
8. Conditions to the Sales Agent’s Obligations. The obligations of the Sales Agent hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject to the continuing accuracy and completeness of the
representations and warranties made by the Company herein, to the due performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, to the completion by the Sales Agent of a due diligence review satisfactory to the Sales Agent in its reasonable
judgment, and to the continuing satisfaction (or waiver by the Sales Agent in its sole discretion) of the following additional conditions:
(a) Registration Statement Effective. The Registration Statement shall be effective and shall be available for the sale of all Placement Shares contemplated to be issued by any Placement
Notice which have not yet been issued and sold pursuant to such Registration Statement.
(b) Securities Act Filings Made. The Company shall have filed with the Commission the ATM Prospectus pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act not later than the Commission’s close
of business on the second Business Day following the date of this Agreement. All other filings with the Commission required by Rule 424(b) or Rule 433 under the Securities Act to have been filed prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice
hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule 424(b) (without reliance on Rule 424(b)(8) of the Securities Act) or Rule 433, as applicable.
(c) No Material Notices. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of any request for additional information
from the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority during the period of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the response to which would require any post-effective amendments or supplements to the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus; (ii) the issuance by the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the initiation of any proceedings for that
purpose; (iii) receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any
proceeding for such purpose; (iv) the occurrence of any event that makes any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference untrue in
any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in the Registration Statement, related Prospectus or such documents so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a
material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading and, that in the case of the Prospectus, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a material
fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
(d) No Misstatement or Material Omission. The Sales Agent shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains
an untrue statement of fact that in the Sales Agent’s reasonable opinion is material, or omits to state a fact that in the Sales Agent’s reasonable opinion is material and is required to be stated therein or is necessary to make the statements
therein not misleading.
(e) Material Changes. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company’s reports filed with the Commission, there shall not have been any material adverse change in the
authorized capital stock of the Company or any Material Adverse Change or any development that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, the effect of which, in the case of any such action by a rating organization
described above, in the reasonable judgment of the Sales Agent (without relieving the Company of any obligation or liability it may otherwise have), is so material as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering of the
Placement Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated by this Agreement and the Prospectus.
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(f) Representation Certificate. The Sales Agent shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(m) on or before the date on which delivery of such
certificate is required pursuant to Section 7(m).
(g) Legal Opinions. The Sales Agent shall have received the opinion and negative assurance of Company Counsel as required to be delivered pursuant Section 7(n) on or before the date
on which such delivery of such opinions and negative assurance, as applicable, is required pursuant to Section 7(n).
(h) Comfort Letter. The Sales Agent shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant Section 7(o) on or before the date on which delivery of such Comfort
Letter is required pursuant to Section 7(o).
(i) Officer’s Certificate. On or prior to the date the first Placement Notice is given hereunder, the Sales Agent shall have received a certificate, signed on behalf of the Company by its
President and Chief Executive Officer, certifying as to (i) the certificate of incorporation of the Company (as the same may be amended or restated from time to time), (ii) the bylaws of the Company (as the same may be amended or restated from time
to time), (iii) the resolutions of the Board of Directors of the Company (or a committee thereof) authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the issuance of the Placement Shares and (iv) the incumbency of the officers
duly authorized to execute this Agreement and the other documents contemplated by this Agreement.
(j) No Suspension. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on the Exchange and the Common Stock shall not have been delisted from the Exchange.
(k) Other Materials. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(m), the Company shall have furnished to the Sales Agent such
appropriate further opinions, certificates, letters and documents as the Sales Agent may have reasonably requested. All such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents shall have been in compliance with the provisions hereof. The Company
will furnish the Sales Agent with such conformed copies of such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents as the Sales Agent shall have reasonably requested.
(l) Approval for Listing. The Placement Shares shall either have been (i) approved for listing on the Exchange, subject only to notice of issuance, or (ii) the Company shall have filed an
application for listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange at, or prior to, the issuance of any Placement Notice.
(m) No Termination Event. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit the Sales Agent to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 11(a).
(n) FINRA. The Sales Agent shall have received a letter from the Corporate Financing Department of FINRA confirming that such department has determined to raise no objection with respect to
the fairness or reasonableness of the terms and arrangements related to the sale of the Placement Shares pursuant to the Agreement.
9. Indemnification and Contribution.
(a) Company Indemnification. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Sales Agent, the directors, officers, members, partners, employees and agents of the Sales Agent, each
broker dealer affiliate of the Sales Agent, and each Sales Agent Affiliate, if any, from and against any and all losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including, but not limited to, any and all reasonable investigative, legal and other
expenses incurred in connection with, and any and all amounts paid in settlement (in accordance with Section 9(c)) of, any action, suit or proceeding between any of the indemnified parties and any indemnifying parties or between any
indemnified party and any third party, or otherwise, or any claim asserted), as and when incurred, to which the Sales Agent, or any such person, may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal or state statutory law
or regulation, at common law or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, liabilities, expenses or damages arise out of or are based, directly or indirectly, on (x) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in
the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto or in any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or in any application or other document executed by or on behalf of the Company or based on written information furnished
by or on behalf of the Company filed in any jurisdiction in order to qualify the Common Stock under the securities laws thereof or filed with the Commission, (y) the omission or alleged omission to state in any such document a material fact
required to be stated in it or necessary to make the statements in it not misleading or (z) any breach by any of the indemnifying parties of any of their respective representations, warranties and agreements contained in this Agreement; provided, however, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to the extent that such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage arises from the sale of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement and is
caused directly by an untrue statement or omission made in reliance upon and in strict conformity with written information relating to the Sales Agent and furnished to the Company by the Sales Agent expressly for inclusion in any document as
described in clause (x) of this Section 9(a). This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability that the Company might otherwise have.
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(b) The Sales Agent Indemnification. The Sales Agent agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and each officer of the Company that signed the Registration
Statement, and each person, if any, who (i) controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act or (ii) is controlled by or is under common control with the Company (each, a “Company Affiliate”) from and against any and all losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including, but not limited to, any and all reasonable investigative, legal and other expenses incurred in
connection with, and any and all amounts paid in settlement (in accordance with Section 9(c)) of, any action, suit or proceeding between any of the indemnified parties and any indemnifying parties or between any indemnified party and any
third party, or otherwise, or any claim asserted), as and when incurred, to which any such Company Affiliate, may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or
otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, liabilities, expenses or damages arise out of or are based, directly or indirectly, on (x) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, or (y) the omission or alleged omission to state in any such document a material fact required to be stated in it or necessary to make the statements in it not misleading; provided, however, that this indemnity agreement shall apply only to the extent that such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage is caused directly by an untrue statement or omission
made in reliance upon and in strict conformity with written information relating to the Sales Agent and furnished to the Company by the Sales Agent expressly for inclusion in any document as described in clause (x) of this Section 9(b).
(c) Procedure. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this Section 9 will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such
party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this Section 9, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all papers served, but the omission
so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from (i) any liability that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this Section 9 and (ii) any liability that it may have to any indemnified
party under the foregoing provision of this Section 9 unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any
indemnified party and it notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving
notice of the commencement of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice
from the indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any legal or other expenses except as provided below and except for the reasonable
costs of investigation subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel
will be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (1) the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2) the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel)
that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3) a conflict or potential conflict exists (based on advice of counsel to the
indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (4) the indemnifying party has not
in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such action within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which cases the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the
expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable fees, disbursements and
other charges of more than one separate firm admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly
as they are incurred. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party,
settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this Section 9 (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless
such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising or that may arise out of such claim, action or proceeding.
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(d) Contribution. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in the foregoing paragraphs of this Section 9 is
applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable from the Company or the Sales Agent, the Company and the Sales Agent will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any
investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from persons
other than the Sales Agent, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act, officers of the Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to
which the Company and the Sales Agent may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Sales Agent on the other. The relative benefits received by the Company
on the one hand and the Sales Agent on the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total Net Proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation
received by the Sales Agent from the sale of Placement Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such
proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Sales Agent, on the other, with respect to the statements or omission
that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among
other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or the Sales Agent, the intent of the parties and their relative
knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and the Sales Agent agree that it would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this Section 9(d) were to be
determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability,
expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this Section 9(d) shall be deemed to include, for the purpose of this Section 9(d), any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in
connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the extent consistent with Section 9(c) hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 9(d), the Sales Agent shall not be required to
contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by it under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any
person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section 9(d), any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of the Securities Act will have the same rights to contribution as that
party (and any officers, directors, members, partners, employees or agents of the Sales Agent and each broker dealer affiliate of the Sales Agent will have the same rights to contribution as the Sales Agent), and each officer of the Company who
signed the Registration Statement and each director of the Company will have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of notice of
commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this Section 9(d), will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify will
not relieve that party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this Section 9(d) except to the extent that the failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the
substantive rights or defenses of the party from whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of Section 9(c) hereof, no party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or
claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required pursuant to Section 9(c) hereof.
23
10. Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in Section 9 of this Agreement and all representations and warranties of the
Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive, as of their respective dates, regardless of (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of the Sales Agent, any controlling person of the Sales Agent, or the Company (or any
of their respective officers, directors, members or controlling persons), (ii) delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment therefor or (iii) any termination of this Agreement.
11. Termination.
(a) The Sales Agent shall have the right by giving notice as hereinafter specified at any time to terminate this Agreement if (i) any Material Adverse Change, or any development that could
reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change has occurred that, in the reasonable judgment of the Sales Agent, may materially impair the ability of the Sales Agent to sell the Placement Shares hereunder, (ii) the Company shall have
failed, refused or been unable to perform any agreement on its part to be performed hereunder; provided, however, in the case of any failure of the Company to
deliver (or cause another person to deliver) any certification, opinion, or letter required under Sections 7(m), 7(n) or 7(o), the Sales Agent’s right to terminate shall not arise unless such failure to deliver (or cause to
be delivered) continues for more than thirty (30) days from the date such delivery was required, (iii) any other condition of the Sales Agent’s obligations hereunder is not fulfilled, or (iv) any suspension or limitation of trading in the Placement
Shares or in securities generally on the Exchange shall have occurred (including automatic halt in trading pursuant to market-decline triggers, other than those in which solely program trading is temporarily halted), or a major disruption of
securities settlements or clearing services in the United States shall have occurred, or minimum prices for trading have been fixed on the Exchange. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the
provisions of Section 7(g) (Expenses), Section 9 (Indemnification and Contribution), Section 10 (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), Section 11(f), Section 16 (Applicable Law; Consent to
Jurisdiction) and Section 17 (Waiver of Jury Trial) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. If the Sales Agent elects to terminate this Agreement as provided in this Section 11(a), the Sales
Agent shall provide the required notice as specified in Section 12 (Notices).
(b) The Company shall have the right, by giving three (3) days’ notice as hereinafter specified in Section 12, to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date
of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 11(f), Section 16 and Section
17 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.
(c) The Sales Agent shall have the right, by giving three (3) days’ notice as hereinafter specified in Section 12, to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the
date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 11(f), Section 16 and Section
17 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.
(d) Unless earlier terminated pursuant to this Section 11, this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the earlier to occur of (i) issuance and sale of all of the Placement Shares to
or through the Sales Agent on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein and (ii) the expiration of the Registration Statement on the third (3rd)
anniversary of the initial effective date of the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 415(a)(5) under the Securities Act; provided that the provisions of Section 7(g), Section 9, Section
10, Section 11(f), Section 16 and Section 17 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.
(e) This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to Sections 11(a), (b), (c) or (d) above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the
parties; provided, however, that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed to provide that Section 7(g), Section 9, Section
10, Section 11(f), Section 16 and Section 17 shall remain in full force and effect.
(f) Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; provided, however,
that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Sales Agent or the Company, as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of
Placement Shares, such termination shall not become effective until the close of business on such Settlement Date and such Placement Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.
24
12. Notices. All notices or other communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the terms of this Agreement shall be in writing, unless
otherwise specified, and if sent to the Sales Agent, shall be delivered to:
A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners
590 Madison Avenue, 28th Floor
New York, NY 10022
Attention: Tom Higgins
E-mail: atm@allianceg.com
with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:
Thompson Hine LLP
300 Madison Avenue, 27th Floor
New York, New York 10017
Attention: Faith L. Charles
E-mail: faith.charles@thompsonhine.com
and if to the Company, shall be delivered to:
Momentus Inc.
Attn: Lon Ensler and Jon Layman
3901 N. First Street
San Jose, California 95134
E-mail: lon.ensler@momentusspace.com and jon.layman@momentusspace.com
with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:
Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP
One Federal Place, 1819 5th Avenue N
Birmingham, AL 35203
Attention: Stephen Hinton
E-mail: shinton@bradley.com
Each party may change such address for notices by sending to the other party to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such purpose. Each such notice or other communication shall be
deemed given (i) when delivered personally, by e-mail or by verifiable facsimile transmission (with an original to follow) on or before 4:30 p.m., New York City time, on a Business Day or, if such day is not a Business Day, on the next succeeding
Business Day, (ii) on the next Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier and (iii) on the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested,
postage prepaid). For purposes of this Agreement, “Business Day” shall mean any day on which the Exchange and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business.
An electronic communication (“Electronic Notice”) shall be deemed written notice for purposes of this Section 12 if sent to the electronic
mail address specified by the receiving party under separate cover. Electronic Notice shall be deemed received at the time the party sending Electronic Notice receives confirmation of receipt by the receiving party (other than pursuant to
auto-reply). Any party receiving Electronic Notice may request and shall be entitled to receive the notice on paper, in a nonelectronic form (“Nonelectronic Notice”) which shall be sent to the
requesting party within ten (10) days of receipt of the written request for Nonelectronic Notice.
13. Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and the Sales Agent and their respective successors and permitted assigns and, as to
Sections 5(b) and 9, the other indemnified parties specified therein. References to any of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing in this Agreement, express or
implied, is intended to confer upon any other person any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly provided in this Agreement. Neither party may assign its rights or obligations under
this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party; provided, however, that the Sales Agent may assign its rights and obligations hereunder to an
affiliate of the Sales Agent without obtaining the Company’s consent.
25
14. Adjustments for Share Splits. The parties acknowledge and agree that all share-related numbers contained in this Agreement shall be adjusted to take into account any share split, share
dividend or similar event effected with respect to the Common Stock.
15. Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability. This Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement Notices issued pursuant hereto) and any other writing
entered into by the parties relating to this Agreement constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings, both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject
matter hereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof may be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and the Sales Agent. In the event that any one or more of the provisions contained herein, or the application
thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent that it is valid, legal and enforceable,
and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder of the
terms and provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement.
16. Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction. This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the
principles of conflicts of laws. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in
connection with any transaction contemplated hereby, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit,
action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit,
action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient
service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law.
17. Waiver of Jury Trial. The Company and the Sales Agent each hereby irrevocably waives any right it may have to a trial by jury in respect of any claim based upon or arising out of this
Agreement or any transaction contemplated hereby.
18. Absence of Fiduciary Relationship. The Company acknowledges and agrees that:
(a) the Sales Agent is acting solely as agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares contemplated by this Agreement and the process leading to such transactions, and no fiduciary or
advisory relationship between the Company or any of its respective affiliates, stockholders (or other equity holders), creditors or employees or any other party, on the one hand, and the Sales Agent, on the other hand, has been or will be created
in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, irrespective of whether the Sales Agent has advised or is advising the Company on other matters, and the Sales Agent has no obligation to the Company with respect to the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement, except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement;
(b) the Company is capable of evaluating and understanding and understands and accepts the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(c) the Sales Agent has not provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and the Company has consulted its own legal,
accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate;
(d) the Company has been advised and is aware that the Sales Agent and its affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve interests that differ from those of the Company
and that the Sales Agent has no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship; and
26
(e) the Company waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against the Sales Agent, for breach of fiduciary duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty and agrees that the
Sales Agent shall have no liability (whether direct or indirect, in contract, tort or otherwise) to the Company in respect of such a fiduciary claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on behalf of or in right of the Company,
including stockholders, partners, employees or creditors of the Company.
19. Use of Information. The Sales Agent may not provide any information gained in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including due diligence
(collectively, the “Information”), to any third party other than its legal counsel advising it on this Agreement unless expressly approved by the Company in writing. The Sales Agent agrees to use the same
measures to protect the confidentiality of the Information that it uses to protect the confidentiality of its own proprietary and confidential information and materials of like kind, but in no event less than a reasonable standard of care.
20. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same
instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be made by facsimile, e-mail or other means of electronic transmission.
21. Effect of Headings; Knowledge of the Company. The section and Exhibit headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof. All references in this
Agreement to the “knowledge of the Company” or the “Company’s knowledge” or similar qualifiers shall mean the actual knowledge of the directors and officers of the Company, after due inquiry.
22. Definitions. As used in this Agreement, the following term has the meaning set forth below:
| (a) |
“Applicable Time” means the date of this Agreement, each Representation Date, each date on which a Placement Notice is given, each Point of Sale, and each Settlement Date.
|
[Remainder of Page Intentionally Blank]
27
If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding between the Company and the Sales Agent, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall
constitute a binding agreement between the Company and the Sales Agent.
|
Very truly yours,
|
|||
|
MOMENTUS INC.
|
|||
|
By:
|
/s/ John Rood |
||
|
Name: John Rood
|
||
|
Title: Chief Executive Officer
|
|
ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written:
|
|||
|
A.G.P./ALLIANCE GLOBAL PARTNERS
|
|||
|
By:
|
/s/ Thomas J. Higgins |
||
|
Name: Thomas J. Higgins
|
||
|
Title: Managing Director
|
28
SCHEDULE 1
Form of Placement Notice
|
From:
|
Momentus Inc.
|
|
To:
|
A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners
|
|
Attention: [•]
|
|
|
Subject:
|
Placement Notice
|
|
Date:
|
[•], 202[•]
|
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) between Momentus Inc., a Delaware
corporation (the “Company”), and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (the “Sales Agent”), dated September [●], 2025, the Company hereby requests that the
Sales Agent sell up to [•] of the Company’s Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Placement Shares”), at a minimum market price of $[•] per share, during the time period beginning
[month, day, time] and ending [month, day, time] [and with no more than [•] Placement Shares sold in any one Trading Day].
[The Company may include such other sale parameters as it deems appropriate.]
Capitalized terms used and not defined herein shall have the respective meanings assigned to them in the Sales Agreement.
29
SCHEDULE 2
Notice Parties
Momentus Inc.
John Rood (john.rood@momentusspace.com)
Lon Ensler (lon.ensler@momentusspace.com)
With copies to:
Jon Layman (jon.layman@momentusspace.com)
Stephen Hinton (shinton@bradley.com)
The Sales Agent
Tom Higgins (thiggins@allianceg.com)
With copies to:
atm@allianceg.com
30
SCHEDULE 3
Compensation
The Company shall pay to the Sales Agent in cash, upon each sale of Placement Shares through the Sales Agent pursuant to this Agreement, an amount equal to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of
Placement Shares.
31
Exhibit 7(m)
OFFICER CERTIFICATE
The undersigned, the duly qualified and appointed __________________ of Momentus Inc., a Delaware Corporation (the “Company”),
does hereby certify in such capacity and on behalf of the Company, pursuant to Section 7(m) of the Sales Agreement, dated September [●], 2025 (the “Sales Agreement”), between the Company and
A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, that:
| (i) |
the representations and warranties of the Company in Section 6 of the Sales Agreement (A) to the extent such representations and warranties are subject to qualifications and exceptions contained
therein relating to materiality or Material Adverse Change, are true and correct on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof, except for those representations and warranties
that speak solely as of a specific date and which were true and correct as of such date, and (B) to the extent such representations and warranties are not subject to any qualifications or exceptions, are true and correct in all material
respects as of the date hereof as if made on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof except for those representations and warranties that speak solely as of a specific date
and which were true and correct as of such date;
|
| (ii) |
the Company has complied with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied pursuant to the Sales Agreement at or prior to the date hereof;
|
| (iii) |
as of the date hereof, (i) the Registration Statement does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the
statements therein not misleading, (ii) the Prospectus does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of
the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading and (iii) no event has occurred as a result of which it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or the Prospectus in order to make the statements therein
not untrue or misleading for clauses (i) and (ii) above, respectively, to be true and correct;
|
| (iv) |
there has been no Material Adverse Change since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, as amended or supplemented;
|
| (v) |
the Company does not currently possess and will not be in possession of any material non-public information at the time of delivery of any Placement Notice and/or as long as such Placement Notice is
effective; and
|
| (vi) |
the aggregate offering price of the Placement Shares that may be issued and sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement and the maximum number or amount of Placement Shares that may be sold pursuant to the Sales
Agreement have been duly authorized by the Company’s board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof.
|
Terms used herein and not defined herein have the meanings ascribed to them in the Sales Agreement.
|
Dated:
|
By:
|
||||
|
Name:
|
|||||
|
Title:
|
|||||
32
Exhibit 4.17
MOMENTUS INC.
Issuer
AND
[TRUSTEE],
Trustee
INDENTURE
Dated as of [ ]
Senior Debt Securities
TABLE OF CONTENTS1
|
Page
|
||
|
Article 1
|
DEFINITIONS
|
1
|
|
Section 1.01
|
Definitions of Terms
|
1
|
|
Article 2
|
ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES
|
4
|
|
Section 2.01
|
Designation and Terms of Securities.
|
4
|
|
Section 2.02
|
Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate
|
6
|
|
Section 2.03
|
Denominations: Provisions for Payment
|
6
|
|
Section 2.04
|
Execution and Authentications
|
7
|
|
Section 2.05
|
Registration of Transfer and Exchange.
|
7
|
|
Section 2.06
|
Temporary Securities
|
8
|
|
Section 2.07
|
Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities
|
8
|
|
Section 2.08
|
Cancellation
|
9
|
|
Section 2.09
|
Benefits of Indenture
|
9
|
|
Section 2.10
|
Authenticating Agent
|
9
|
|
Section 2.11
|
Global Securities.
|
9 |
|
Article 3
|
REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS
|
10
|
|
Section 3.01
|
Redemption
|
10
|
|
Section 3.02
|
Notice of Redemption.
|
10
|
|
Section 3.03
|
Payment Upon Redemption.
|
11
|
|
Section 3.04
|
Sinking Fund
|
11
|
|
Section 3.05
|
Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities
|
11 |
|
Section 3.06
|
Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund
|
12
|
|
Article 4
|
COVENANTS
|
12
|
|
Section 4.01
|
Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest
|
12
|
|
Section 4.02
|
Maintenance of Office or Agency
|
12
|
|
Section 4.03
|
Paying Agents.
|
12
|
|
Section 4.04
|
Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee
|
13
|
|
Section 4.05
|
Compliance with Consolidation Provisions
|
13
|
|
Article 5
|
SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE
|
13
|
1 This Table of Contents does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.
i
|
Page
|
||
|
Section 5.01
|
Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders
|
13
|
|
Section 5.02
|
Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders.
|
13 |
|
Section 5.03
|
Reports by the Company.
|
14
|
|
Section 5.04
|
Reports by the Trustee.
|
14
|
|
Article 6
|
REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT
|
14 |
|
Section 6.01
|
Events of Default.
|
14 |
|
Section 6.02
|
Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee.
|
16
|
|
Section 6.03
|
Application of Moneys Collected
|
16 |
|
Section 6.04
|
Limitation on Suits
|
17
|
|
Section 6.05
|
Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver.
|
17
|
|
Section 6.06
|
Control by Securityholders
|
18
|
|
Section 6.07
|
Undertaking to Pay Costs
|
18
|
|
Article 7
|
CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE
|
18
|
|
Section 7.01
|
Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee.
|
18
|
|
Section 7.02
|
Certain Rights of Trustee
|
19
|
|
Section 7.03
|
Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities.
|
20
|
|
Section 7.04
|
May Hold Securities
|
20 |
|
Section 7.05
|
Moneys Held in Trust
|
20 |
|
Section 7.06
|
Compensation and Reimbursement.
|
20 |
|
Section 7.07
|
Reliance on Officer’s Certificate
|
21
|
|
Section 7.08
|
Disqualification; Conflicting Interests
|
21
|
|
Section 7.09
|
Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility
|
21
|
|
Section 7.10
|
Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor.
|
21 |
|
Section 7.11
|
Acceptance of Appointment By Successor.
|
22
|
|
Section 7.12
|
Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business
|
23 |
|
Section 7.13
|
Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company
|
23 |
|
Section 7.14
|
Notice of Default
|
23
|
|
Article 8
|
CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS
|
24
|
|
Section 8.01
|
Evidence of Action by Securityholders
|
24
|
|
Section 8.02
|
Proof of Execution by Securityholders
|
24
|
|
Section 8.03
|
Who May be Deemed Owners
|
24 |
ii
|
Page
|
||
|
Section 8.04
|
Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded
|
24 |
|
Section 8.05
|
Actions Binding on Future Securityholders
|
25
|
|
Article 9
|
SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES
|
25
|
|
Section 9.01
|
Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders
|
25
|
|
Section 9.02
|
Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders
|
26
|
|
Section 9.03
|
Effect of Supplemental Indentures
|
26
|
|
Section 9.04
|
Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures
|
26
|
|
Section 9.05
|
Execution of Supplemental Indentures
|
26
|
|
Article 10
|
SUCCESSOR ENTITY
|
27
|
|
Section 10.01
|
Company May Consolidate, Etc
|
27
|
|
Section 10.02
|
Successor Entity Substituted.
|
27
|
|
Article 11
|
SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE
|
27 |
|
Section 11.01
|
Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture
|
27 |
|
Section 11.02
|
Discharge of Obligations
|
28
|
|
Section 11.03
|
Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust
|
28
|
|
Section 11.04
|
Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents
|
28
|
|
Section 11.05
|
Repayment to Company
|
28 |
|
Article 12
|
IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
|
28 |
|
Section 12.01
|
No Recourse
|
28 |
|
Article 13
|
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
|
29
|
|
Section 13.01
|
Effect on Successors and Assigns
|
29
|
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Section 13.02
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Actions by Successor
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29
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Section 13.03
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Surrender of Company Powers
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29
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Section 13.04
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Notices
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29
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Section 13.05
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Governing Law
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29
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Section 13.06
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Treatment of Securities as Debt
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29
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Section 13.07
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Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent.
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29 |
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Section 13.08
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Payments on Business Days
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30
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Section 13.09
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Conflict with Trust Indenture Act
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30
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Section 13.10
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Counterparts
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30
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Section 13.11
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Separability
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30
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Section 13.12
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Compliance Certificates
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30
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iii
INDENTURE
INDENTURE, dated as of [ ], among MOMENTUS INC., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and [TRUSTEE], as trustee (the “Trustee”):
WHEREAS, for its lawful corporate purposes, the Company has duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture to provide for the issuance of debt
securities (hereinafter referred to as the “Securities”), in an unlimited aggregate principal amount to be issued from time to time in one or more series as in this Indenture provided, as registered Securities without coupons, to be authenticated
by the certificate of the Trustee;
WHEREAS, to provide the terms and conditions upon which the Securities are to be authenticated, issued and delivered, the Company has duly authorized the
execution of this Indenture; and
WHEREAS, all things necessary to make this Indenture a valid agreement of the Company, in accordance with its terms, have been done.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the purchase of the Securities by the holders thereof, it is mutually covenanted and agreed as follows for
the equal and ratable benefit of the holders of Securities:
ARTICLE 1
DEFINITIONS
Section 1.01 Definitions of Terms. The terms defined in this Section (except as in this Indenture or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context
otherwise requires) for all purposes of this Indenture and of any indenture supplemental hereto shall have the respective meanings specified in this Section and shall include the plural as well as the singular. All other terms used in this
Indenture that are defined in the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, or that are by reference in such Act defined in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (except as herein or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided
or unless the context otherwise requires), shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in said Trust Indenture Act and in said Securities Act as in force at the date of the execution of this instrument.
“Authenticating Agent ” means an authenticating agent with respect to all or any of the series of Securities appointed by the Trustee
pursuant to Section 2.10.
“Bankruptcy Law” means Title 11, U.S. Code, or any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors.
“Board of Directors” means the Board of Directors (or the functional equivalent thereof) of the Company or any duly authorized committee of
such Board.
“Board Resolution ” means a copy of a resolution certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company to have been duly
adopted by the Board of Directors and to be in full force and effect on the date of such certification.
“Business Day” means, with respect to any series of Securities, any day other than a day on which federal or state
banking institutions in the Borough of Manhattan, the City of New York, or in the city of the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, are authorized or obligated by law, executive order or regulation to close.
“Certificate” means a certificate signed by any Officer. The Certificate need not comply with the provisions of Section 13.07.
“Commission ” means the Securities and Exchange Commission, as from time to time constituted, created under the Exchange Act, or, if at any
time after the execution of this instrument such Commission is not existing and performing the duties now assigned to it under the Trust Indenture Act, then the body performing such duties at such time.
“Company” means MOMENTUS INC., a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, and, subject to the
provisions of Article Ten, shall also include its successors and assigns.
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“Corporate Trust Office ” means the office of the Trustee at which, at any particular time, its corporate trust business shall be
principally administered, which office at the date hereof is located at [ ].
“Custodian ” means any receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law. “Defaulted Interest ” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.03.
“Depositary ” means, with respect to Securities of any series for which the Company shall determine that such Securities will be issued as a
Global Security, The Depository Trust Company, another clearing agency, or any successor registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation, which, in each case, shall be designated by the Company
pursuant to either Section 2.01 or 2.11.
“Event of Default” means, with respect to Securities of a particular series, any event specified in Section 6.01, continued for the period
of time, if any, therein designated.
“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated by the
Commission thereunder.
“Global Security ” means a Security issued to evidence all or a part of any series of Securities which is executed by the Company and
authenticated and delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary’s instruction, all in accordance with the Indenture, which shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee.
“Governmental Obligations ” means securities that are (a) direct obligations of the United States of America for the payment of which its
full faith and credit is pledged or (b) obligations of a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States of America, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit
obligation by the United States of America that, in either case, are not callable or redeemable at the option of the issuer thereof at any time prior to the stated maturity of the Securities, and shall also include a depositary receipt issued by
a bank or trust company as custodian with respect to any such Governmental Obligation or a specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Governmental Obligation held by such custodian for the account of the holder of such depositary
receipt; provided, however, that (except as required by law) such custodian is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect of the
Governmental Obligation or the specific payment of principal of or interest on the Governmental Obligation evidenced by such depositary receipt.
“herein”, “hereof” and “hereunder”,
and other words of similar import, refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision.
“Indenture ” means this instrument as originally executed or as it may from time to time be supplemented or amended by one or more
indentures supplemental hereto entered into in accordance with the terms hereof and shall include the terms of particular series of Securities established as contemplated by Section 2.01.
“Interest Payment Date ”, when used with respect to any installment of interest on a Security of a particular series, means the date
specified in such Security or in a Board Resolution or in an indenture supplemental hereto with respect to such series as the fixed date on which an installment of interest with respect to Securities of that series is due and payable.
“Officer” means, with respect to the Company, the chairman of the Board of Directors, a chief executive officer, a
president, a chief financial officer, a chief operating officer, any executive vice president, any senior vice president, any vice president, the treasurer or any assistant treasurer, the controller or any assistant controller or the secretary or
any assistant secretary.
“Officer’s Certificate” means a certificate signed by any Officer. Each such certificate shall include the statements
provided for in Section 13.07, if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof.
“Opinion of Counsel” means an opinion in writing subject to customary exceptions of legal counsel, who may be an employee of or counsel for
the Company, that is delivered to the Trustee in accordance with the terms hereof. Each such opinion shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof.
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“Outstanding”, when used with reference to Securities of any series, means, subject to the provisions of Section 8.04, as of any particular
time, all Securities of that series theretofore authenticated and delivered by the Trustee under this Indenture, except (a) Securities theretofore canceled by the Trustee or any paying agent, or delivered to the Trustee or any paying agent for
cancellation or that have previously been canceled; (b) Securities or portions thereof for the payment or redemption of which moneys or Governmental Obligations in the necessary amount shall have been deposited in trust with the Trustee or with
any paying agent (other than the Company) or shall have been set aside and segregated in trust by the Company (if the Company shall act as its own paying agent); provided, however, that if such Securities or portions of such Securities are to be
redeemed prior to the maturity thereof, notice of such redemption shall have been given as provided in Article Three, or provision satisfactory to the Trustee shall have been made for giving such notice; and (c) Securities in lieu of or in
substitution for which other Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to the terms of Section 2.07.
“Person ” means any individual, corporation, partnership, joint venture, joint-stock company, limited liability company, association, trust,
unincorporated organization, any other entity or organization, including a government or political subdivision or an agency or instrumentality thereof.
“Predecessor Security” of any particular Security means every previous Security evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that
evidenced by such particular Security; and, for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section 2.07 in lieu of a lost, destroyed or stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the lost,
destroyed or stolen Security.
“Responsible Officer ” when used with respect to the Trustee means any officer of the Trustee assigned by the Trustee to administer its
corporate trust matters with respect to this Indenture (which, for the avoidance of doubt, includes without limitation any supplemental indenture hereto).
“Securities ” has the meaning stated in the first recital of this Indenture and more particularly means any Securities authenticated and
delivered under this Indenture.
“ Securityholder”, “ holder of Securities”, “ registered holder”, or other similar term, means the Person or Persons in whose name or names a particular Security is registered on the Security Register kept for that purpose in accordance with the terms of this
Indenture.
“Security Register” and “ Security Registrar” shall have the meanings as set
forth in Section 2.05. “ Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person:
(1) any corporation or company a majority of whose capital stock with voting power, under ordinary circumstances, to elect directors is, at the date of determination, directly or indirectly, owned by
such Person (a “subsidiary”), by one or more subsidiaries of such Person or by such Person and one or more subsidiaries of such Person;
(2) a partnership in which such Person or a subsidiary of such Person is, at the date of determination, a general partner of such partnership; or
(3)any partnership, limited liability company or other Person in which such Person, a subsidiary of such Person or such Person and one or more subsidiaries of such Person, directly or indirectly, at
the date of determination, have
(x) at least a majority ownership interest or (y) the power to elect or appoint or direct the election or appointment of the managing partner or member of such Person or, if applicable, a majority of
the directors or other governing body of such Person.
“Trustee” means [TRUSTEE ], and, subject to the provisions of Article Seven, shall also include its
successors and assigns, and, if at any time there is more than one Person acting in such capacity hereunder, “Trustee” shall mean each such Person.
The term “Trustee” as used with respect to a particular series of the Securities shall mean the trustee with respect to that series.
“Trust Indenture Act” means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended.
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ARTICLE 2
ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES
Section 2.01 Designation and Terms of Securities.
(1) The aggregate principal amount of Securities that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is unlimited. The Securities may be issued in one or more series up to the aggregate
principal amount of Securities of that series from time to time authorized by or pursuant to a Board Resolution or pursuant to one or more indentures supplemental hereto. Prior to the initial issuance of Securities of any series, there shall be
established in or pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental hereto:
(a) the title of the Securities of the series (which shall distinguish the Securities of that series from all other Securities);
(b) any limit upon the aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series which may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture (except for Securities
authenticated and delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities of that series);
(c) the date or dates on which the principal of the Securities of the series is payable;
(d) if the price (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount thereof) at which such Securities will be issued is a price other than the principal amount thereof,
the portion of the principal amount thereof payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof, or if applicable, the portion of the principal amount of such Securities that is convertible into another security or the method by
which any such portion shall be determined;
(e) the rate or rates at which the Securities of the series shall bear interest or the manner of calculation of such rate or rates, if any;
(f) the date or dates from which such interest shall accrue, the Interest Payment Dates on which such interest will be payable or the manner of determination of such Interest
Payment Dates, the place(s) of payment, and the record date for the determination of holders to whom interest is payable on any such Interest Payment Dates or the manner of determination of such record dates;
(g) the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods and the duration of such extension;
(h) the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which and the terms and conditions upon which Securities of the series may be redeemed, converted or exchanged, in
whole or in part;
(i) the obligation, if any, of the Company to redeem or purchase Securities of the series pursuant to any sinking fund, mandatory redemption, or analogous provisions (including
payments made in cash in satisfaction of future sinking fund obligations) or at the option of a holder thereof and the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which, and the terms and conditions upon which, Securities of the series
shall be redeemed or purchased, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation;
(j) the form of the Securities of the series including the form of the Certificate of Authentication for such series;
(k) if other than denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, the denominations in which the Securities of the series shall be issuable;
(l) any and all other terms (including terms, to the extent applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the Securities of that series and any security for the
obligations of the Company with respect to such Securities) with respect to such series (which terms shall not be inconsistent with the terms of this Indenture, as amended by any supplemental indenture) including any terms which may be required
by or advisable under United States laws or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of Securities of that series;
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(m) whether the Securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of a Global Security or Securities; the terms and conditions, if any, upon which such
Global Security or Securities may be exchanged in whole or in part for other individual Securities; and the Depositary for such Global Security or Securities;
(n) whether the Securities will be convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock, preferred stock or other securities of the Company or any other Person and, if so,
the terms and conditions upon which such Securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at the Company’s
option or the holders’ option) conversion or exchange features, and the applicable conversion or exchange period;
(o) if other than the full principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the
maturity thereof pursuant to Section 6.01;
(p) any additional or alternative events of default;
(q) additional or alternative covenants (which may include, among other restrictions, restrictions on the Company’s ability or the ability of the Company’s Subsidiaries to: incur
additional indebtedness; issue additional securities; create liens; pay dividends or make distributions in respect of the capital stock of the Company or the Company’s Subsidiaries; redeem capital stock; place restrictions on the Company’s
Subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends, make distributions or transfer assets; make investments or other restricted payments; sell or otherwise dispose of assets; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; engage in transactions with stockholders or
affiliates; issue or sell stock of the Company’s Subsidiaries; or effect a consolidation or merger) or financial covenants (which may include, among other financial covenants, financial covenants that require the Company and its Subsidiaries to
maintain specified interest coverage, fixed charge, cash flow-based, asset-based or other financial ratios) provided for with respect to the Securities of the series;
(r) the currency or currencies, including composite currencies, in which payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest, if any, on such Securities shall be
payable (if other than the currency of the United States of America), which unless otherwise specified shall be the currency of the United States of America as at the time of payment is legal tender for payment of public or private debts;
(s) if the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest, if any, on such Securities is to be payable, at the election of the Company or any Holder thereof, in a coin or currency
other than that in which such Securities are stated to be payable, then the period or periods within which, and the terms and conditions upon which, such election may be made;
(t) whether interest will be payable in cash or additional Securities at the Company’s or the Securityholders’ option and the terms and conditions upon which the election may be
made;
(u) the terms and conditions, if any, upon which the Company shall pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the Securities of the
series to any Securityholder that is not a “United States person” for federal tax purposes;
(v) additional or alternative provisions, if any, related to defeasance and discharge of the offered Securities;
(w) the applicability of any guarantees;
(x) any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the Securities of the series; and
(y) any other terms of the series.
All Securities of any one series shall be substantially identical except as may otherwise be provided in or pursuant to any such Board Resolution or in any indentures supplemental hereto.
5
If any of the terms of the series are established by action taken pursuant to a Board Resolution of the Company, a copy of an appropriate record of such action shall be certified by the secretary or
an assistant secretary of the Company and delivered to the Trustee at or prior to the delivery of the Officer’s Certificate of the Company setting forth the terms of the series.
Securities of any particular series may be issued at various times, with different dates on which the principal or any installment of principal is payable, with different rates of interest, if any, or different methods
by which rates of interest may be determined, with different dates on which such interest may be payable and with different redemption dates.
Section 2.02 Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate. The Securities of any series and the Trustee’s certificate of authentication to be borne by such Securities shall be substantially
of the tenor and purport as set forth in one or more indentures supplemental hereto or as provided in a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, and they may have such letters, numbers or other marks of identification or
designation and such legends or endorsements printed, lithographed or engraved thereon as the Company may deem appropriate and as are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Indenture, or as may be required to comply with any law or with any
rule or regulation made pursuant thereto or with any rule or regulation of any securities exchange on which Securities of that series may be listed, or to conform to usage.
Section 2.03 Denominations: Provisions for Payment. The Securities shall be issuable as registered Securities and in the denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral
multiple thereof, subject to Section 2.01(1)(j). The Securities of a particular series shall bear interest payable on the dates and at the rate specified with respect to that series.
Subject to Section 2.01(1)(p), the principal of and the interest on the Securities of any series, as well as any premium thereon in case of redemption thereof prior to maturity, shall be payable in
the coin or currency of the United States of America that at the time is legal tender for public and private debt, at the office or agency of the Company maintained for that purpose.
Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication. Interest on the Securities shall be computed on the basis of a 360- day year composed of twelve 30-day months.
The interest installment on any Security that is payable, and is punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of that series shall be paid to the Person in whose
name said Security (or one or more Predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business on the regular record date for such interest installment. In the event that any Security of a particular series or portion thereof is called for
redemption and the redemption date is subsequent to a regular record date with respect to any Interest Payment Date and prior to such Interest Payment Date, interest on such Security will be paid upon presentation and surrender of such Security
as provided in Section 3.03.
Any interest on any Security that is payable, but is not punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of the same series (herein called “Defaulted Interest”) shall
forthwith cease to be payable to the registered holder on the relevant regular record date by virtue of having been such holder; and such Defaulted Interest shall be paid by the Company, at its election, as provided in clause (1) or clause (2)
below:
(1) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on Securities to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered at the close of
business on a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest, which shall be fixed in the following manner: the Company shall notify the Trustee in writing of the amount of Defaulted Interest proposed to be paid on each such
Security and the date of the proposed payment, and at the same time the Company shall deposit with the Trustee an amount of money equal to the aggregate amount proposed to be paid in respect of such Defaulted Interest or shall make arrangements
satisfactory to the Trustee for such deposit prior to the date of the proposed payment, such money when deposited to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such Defaulted Interest as in this clause provided. Thereupon the
Trustee shall fix a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest which shall not be more than 15 nor less than 10 days prior to the date of the proposed payment and not less than 10 days after the receipt by the Trustee of the
notice of the proposed payment. The Trustee shall promptly notify the Company of such special record date and, in the name and at the expense of the Company, shall cause notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special
record date therefor to be mailed, first class postage prepaid, to each Securityholder at his or her address as it appears in the Security Register (as hereinafter defined), not less than 10 days prior to such special record date. Notice of the
proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor having been mailed as aforesaid, such Defaulted Interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are
registered on such special record date.
6
(2) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on any Securities in any other lawful manner not inconsistent with the requirements of any securities exchange on which such Securities
may be listed, and upon such notice as may be required by such exchange, if, after notice given by the Company to the Trustee of the proposed payment pursuant to this clause, such manner of payment shall be deemed practicable by the Trustee.
Unless otherwise set forth in a Board Resolution or one or more indentures supplemental hereto establishing the terms of any series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the term
“regular record date” as used in this Section with respect to a series of Securities and any Interest Payment Date for such series shall mean either the fifteenth day of the month immediately preceding the month in which an Interest Payment Date
established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the first day of a month, or the first day of the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section
2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the fifteenth day of a month, whether or not such date is a Business Day.
Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Section, each Security of a series delivered under this Indenture upon transfer of or in exchange for or in lieu of any other Security of such series shall
carry the rights to interest accrued and unpaid, and to accrue, that were carried by such other Security.
Section 2.04 Execution and Authentications. The Securities shall be signed on behalf of the Company by one of its Officers. Signatures may be in the form of a manual or facsimile
signature.
The Company may use the facsimile signature of any Person who shall have been an Officer, notwithstanding the fact that at the time the Securities shall be authenticated and delivered or disposed
of such Person shall have ceased to be such an officer of the Company. The Securities may contain such notations, legends or endorsements required by law, stock exchange rule or usage. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication
by the Trustee.
A Security shall not be valid until authenticated manually by an authorized signatory of the Trustee, or by an Authenticating Agent. Such signature shall be conclusive evidence that the Security
so authenticated has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and that the holder is entitled to the benefits of this Indenture. At any time and from time to time after the execution and delivery of this Indenture, the Company may deliver
Securities of any series executed by the Company to the Trustee for authentication, together with a written order of the Company for the authentication and delivery of such Securities, signed by an Officer, and the Trustee in accordance with such
written order shall authenticate and deliver such Securities.
In authenticating such Securities and accepting the additional responsibilities under this Indenture in relation to such Securities, the Trustee shall be entitled to receive, if requested, and
(subject to Section 7.01) shall be fully protected in relying upon, an Opinion of Counsel stating that the form and terms thereof have been established in conformity with the provisions of this Indenture.
The Trustee shall not be required to authenticate such Securities if the issue of such Securities pursuant to this Indenture will affect the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under the
Securities and this Indenture or otherwise in a manner that is not reasonably acceptable to the Trustee.
Section 2.05 Registration of Transfer and Exchange.
(1) Securities of any series may be exchanged upon presentation thereof at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, for other Securities of such series of authorized
denominations, and for a like aggregate principal amount, upon payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge in relation thereto, all as provided in this Section. In respect of any Securities so surrendered for
exchange, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange therefor the Security or Securities of the same series that the Securityholder making the exchange shall be entitled to
receive, bearing numbers not contemporaneously outstanding.
(2)The Company shall keep, or cause to be kept, at its office or agency designated for such purpose a register or registers (herein referred to as the “Security Register”) in which, subject to
such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, the Company shall register the Securities and the transfers of Securities as in this Article provided and which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection by the Trustee. The registrar
for the purpose of registering Securities and transfer of Securities as herein provided shall be appointed as authorized by Board Resolution (the “Security Registrar”).
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Upon surrender for transfer of any Security at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency
shall deliver in the name of the transferee or transferees a new Security or Securities of the same series as the Security presented for a like aggregate principal amount.
All Securities presented or surrendered for exchange or registration of transfer, as provided in this Section, shall be accompanied (if so required by the Company or the Security Registrar) by a
written instrument or instruments of transfer, in form satisfactory to the Company or the Security Registrar, duly executed by the registered holder or by such holder’s duly authorized attorney in writing.
(3) Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this Indenture,
no service charge shall be made for any exchange or registration of transfer of Securities, or issue of new Securities in case of partial redemption of any series, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other
governmental charge in relation thereto, other than exchanges pursuant to Section 2.06, Section 3.03(2) and Section 9.04 not involving any transfer.
(4) The Company shall not be required (i) to issue, exchange or register the transfer of any Securities during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of the mailing
of a notice of redemption of less than all the Outstanding Securities of the same series and ending at the close of business on the day of such mailing, nor (ii) to register the transfer of or exchange any Securities of any series or portions
thereof called for redemption, other than the unredeemed portion of any such Securities being redeemed in part. The provisions of this Section 2.05 are, with respect to any Global Security, subject to Section 2.11 hereof.
The Trustee shall have no obligation or duty to monitor, determine or inquire as to compliance with any restrictions on transfer imposed under this Indenture or under applicable law with respect
to any transfer of any interest in any Security (including any transfers between or among depositary participants or beneficial owners of interests in any Global Security) other than to require delivery of such certificates and other
documentation or evidence as are expressly required by, and to do so if and when expressly required by the terms of, this Indenture, and to examine the same to determine substantial compliance as to form with the express requirements hereof.
Section 2.06 Temporary Securities. Pending the preparation of definitive Securities of any series, the Company may execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, temporary
Securities (printed, lithographed or typewritten) of any authorized denomination. Such temporary Securities shall be substantially in the form of the definitive Securities in lieu of which they are issued, but with such omissions, insertions and
variations as may be appropriate for temporary Securities, all as may be determined by the Company. Every temporary Security of any series shall be executed by the Company and be authenticated by the Trustee upon the same conditions and in
substantially the same manner, and with like effect, as the definitive Securities of such series. Without unnecessary delay the Company will execute and will furnish definitive Securities of such series and thereupon any or all temporary
Securities of such series may be surrendered in exchange therefor (without charge to the holders), at the office or agency of the Company designated for the purpose, and the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in
exchange for such temporary Securities an equal aggregate principal amount of definitive Securities of such series, unless the Company advises the Trustee to the effect that definitive Securities need not be executed and furnished until further
notice from the Company. Until so exchanged, the temporary Securities of such series shall be entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture as definitive Securities of such series authenticated and delivered hereunder.
Section 2.07 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities. In case any temporary or definitive Security shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company
(subject to the next succeeding sentence) shall execute, and upon the Company’s request the Trustee (subject as aforesaid) shall authenticate and deliver, a new Security of the same series, bearing a number not contemporaneously outstanding, in
exchange and substitution for the mutilated Security, or in lieu of and in substitution for the Security so destroyed, lost or stolen. In every case the applicant for a substituted Security shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such
security or indemnity as may be required by them to save each of them harmless, and, in every case of destruction, loss or theft, the applicant shall also furnish to the Company and the Trustee evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction,
loss or theft of the applicant’s Security and of the ownership thereof. The Trustee may authenticate any such substituted Security and deliver the same upon the written request or authorization of any officer of the Company. Upon the issuance of
any substituted Security, the Company may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation thereto and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee)
connected therewith.
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In case any Security that has matured or is about to mature shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company may, instead of issuing a substitute Security, pay or authorize the
payment of the same (without surrender thereof except in the case of a mutilated Security) if the applicant for such payment shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as they may require to save them harmless, and,
in case of destruction, loss or theft, evidence to the satisfaction of the Company and the Trustee of the destruction, loss or theft of such Security and of the ownership thereof.
Every replacement Security issued pursuant to the provisions of this Section shall constitute an additional contractual obligation of the Company whether or not the mutilated, destroyed, lost or
stolen Security shall be found at any time, or be enforceable by anyone, and shall be entitled to all the benefits of this Indenture equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of the same series duly issued hereunder. All
Securities shall be held and owned upon the express condition that the foregoing provisions are exclusive with respect to the replacement or payment of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities, and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) any
and all other rights or remedies, notwithstanding any law or statute existing or hereafter enacted to the contrary with respect to the replacement or payment of negotiable instruments or other securities without their surrender.
Section 2.08 Cancellation. All Securities surrendered for the purpose of payment, redemption, exchange or registration of transfer shall, if surrendered to the Company or any paying
agent, be delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, or, if surrendered to the Trustee, shall be cancelled by it, and no Securities shall be issued in lieu thereof except as expressly required or permitted by any of the provisions of this
Indenture. On request of the Company at the time of such surrender, the Trustee shall deliver to the Company canceled Securities held by the Trustee. In the absence of such request the Trustee may dispose of canceled Securities in accordance with
its standard procedures and deliver a certificate of disposition to the Company. If the Company shall otherwise acquire any of the Securities, however, such acquisition shall not operate as a redemption or satisfaction of the indebtedness
represented by such Securities unless and until the same are delivered to the Trustee for cancellation.
Section 2.09 Benefits of Indenture. Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, express or implied, shall give or be construed to give to any Person, other than the parties
hereto and the holders of the Securities any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Indenture, or under any covenant, condition or provision herein contained; all such covenants, conditions and provisions being for
the sole benefit of the parties hereto and of the holders of the Securities.
Section 2.10 Authenticating Agent. So long as any of the Securities of any series remain Outstanding there may be an Authenticating Agent for any or all such series of Securities
which the Trustee shall have the right to appoint. Said Authenticating Agent shall be authorized to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate Securities of such series issued upon exchange, transfer or partial redemption thereof, and
Securities so authenticated shall be entitled to the benefits of this Indenture and shall be valid and obligatory for all purposes as if authenticated by the Trustee hereunder. All references in this Indenture to the authentication of Securities
by the Trustee shall be deemed to include authentication by an Authenticating Agent for such series. Each Authenticating Agent shall be acceptable to the Company and shall be a corporation that has a combined capital and surplus, as most recently
reported or determined by it, sufficient under the laws of any jurisdiction under which it is organized or in which it is doing business to conduct a trust business, and that is otherwise authorized under such laws to conduct such business and is
subject to supervision or examination by federal or state authorities. If at any time any Authenticating Agent shall cease to be eligible in accordance with these provisions, it shall resign immediately.
Any Authenticating Agent may at any time resign by giving written notice of resignation to the Trustee and to the Company. The Trustee may at any time (and upon request by the Company shall)
terminate the agency of any Authenticating Agent by giving written notice of termination to such Authenticating Agent and to the Company. Upon resignation, termination or cessation of eligibility of any Authenticating Agent, the Trustee may
appoint an eligible successor Authenticating Agent acceptable to the Company. Any successor Authenticating Agent, upon acceptance of its appointment hereunder, shall become vested with all the rights, powers and duties of its predecessor
hereunder as if originally named as an Authenticating Agent pursuant hereto.
Section 2.11 Global Securities.
(1) If the Company shall establish pursuant to Section 2.01 that the Securities of a particular series are to be issued as a Global Security, then the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall,
in accordance with Section 2.04, authenticate and deliver, a Global Security that (i) shall represent, and shall be denominated in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of, all of the Outstanding Securities of such series, (ii) shall
be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee, (iii) shall be delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary’s instruction and (iv) shall bear a legend substantially to the following effect: “Except as
otherwise provided in Section 2.11 of the Indenture, this Security may be transferred, in whole but not in part, only to another nominee of the Depositary or to a successor Depositary or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.”
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(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.05, the Global Security of a series may be transferred, in whole but not in part and in the manner provided in Section 2.05, only to another
nominee of the Depositary for such series, or to a successor Depositary for such series selected or approved by the Company or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.
(3) If at any time the Depositary for a series of the Securities notifies the Company that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary for such series or if at any time the Depositary for
such series shall no longer be registered or in good standing under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation, and a successor Depositary for such series is not appointed by the Company within 90 days after the Company receives
such notice or becomes aware of such condition, as the case may be, or if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and the Company has received a request from the Depositary or from the Trustee, this Section 2.11 shall no longer be
applicable to the Securities of such series and the Company will execute, and subject to Section 2.04, the Trustee will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized
denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. In addition, the Company may at any time determine that the Securities of any series
shall no longer be represented by a Global Security and that the provisions of this Section 2.11 shall no longer apply to the Securities of such series. In such event the Company will execute and, subject to Section 2.04, the Trustee, upon
receipt of an Officer’s Certificate evidencing such determination by the Company, will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate
principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. Upon the exchange of the Global Security for such Securities in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized
denominations, the Global Security shall be canceled by the Trustee. Such Securities in definitive registered form issued in exchange for the Global Security pursuant to this Section 2.11(3) shall be registered in such names and in such
authorized denominations as the Depositary, pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee. The Trustee shall deliver such Securities to the Depositary for delivery to the Persons in
whose names such Securities are so registered.
ARTICLE 3
REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS
Section 3.01 Redemption. The Company may redeem the Securities of any series issued hereunder on and after the dates and in accordance with the terms established for such series
pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.
Section 3.02 Notice of Redemption.
(1) In case the Company shall desire to exercise such right to redeem all or, as the case may be, a portion of the Securities of any series in accordance with any right the Company reserved for
itself to do so pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the Company shall, or shall cause the Trustee to, give notice of such redemption to holders of the Securities of such series to be redeemed by mailing, first class postage prepaid, a notice of such
redemption not less than 30 days and not more than 90 days before the date fixed for redemption of that series to such holders at their last addresses as they shall appear upon the Security Register, unless a shorter period is specified in the
Securities to be redeemed. Any notice that is mailed in the manner herein provided shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the registered holder receives the notice. In any case, failure duly to give such notice to
the holder of any Security of any series designated for redemption in whole or in part, or any defect in the notice, shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other Securities of such series or any other series.
In the case of any redemption of Securities prior to the expiration of any restriction on such redemption provided in the terms of such Securities or elsewhere in this Indenture, the Company shall furnish the Trustee with an Officer’s Certificate
evidencing compliance with any such restriction.
Each such notice of redemption shall specify the date fixed for redemption and the redemption price at which Securities of that series are to be redeemed, and shall state that payment of the
redemption price of such Securities to be redeemed will be made at the office or agency of the Company, upon presentation and surrender of such Securities, that interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption will be paid as specified in said
notice, that from and after said date interest will cease to accrue and that the redemption is from a sinking fund, if such is the case. If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the notice to the holders of Securities of
that series to be redeemed in part shall specify the particular Securities to be so redeemed.
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In case any Security is to be redeemed in part only, the notice that relates to such Security shall state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed, and shall state that on and
after the redemption date, upon surrender of such Security, a new Security or Securities of such series in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion thereof will be issued.
(2) If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the Company shall give the Trustee at least 45 days’ notice (unless a shorter notice shall be satisfactory to the Trustee) in
advance of the date fixed for redemption as to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of the series to be redeemed, and thereupon the Trustee shall select, by lot or in such other manner as it shall deem appropriate and fair in its
discretion and that may provide for the selection of a portion or portions (equal to one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof) of the principal amount of such Securities of a denomination larger than $1,000, the
Securities to be redeemed and shall thereafter promptly notify the Company in writing of the numbers of the Securities to be redeemed, in whole or in part. The Company may, if and whenever it shall so elect, by delivery of instructions signed on
its behalf by an Officer, instruct the Trustee or any paying agent to call all or any part of the Securities of a particular series for redemption and to give notice of redemption in the manner set forth in this Section, such notice to be in the
name of the Company or its own name as the Trustee or such paying agent may deem advisable. In any case in which notice of redemption is to be given by the Trustee or any such paying agent, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to,
or permit to remain with, the Trustee or such paying agent, as the case may be, such Security Register, transfer books or other records, or suitable copies or extracts therefrom, sufficient to enable the Trustee or such paying agent to give any
notice by mail that may be required under the provisions of this Section.
Section 3.03 Payment Upon Redemption.
(1) If the giving of notice of redemption shall have been completed as above provided, the Securities or portions of Securities of the series to be redeemed specified in such notice shall become
due and payable on the date and at the place stated in such notice at the applicable redemption price, together with interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption and interest on such Securities or portions of Securities shall cease to accrue
on and after the date fixed for redemption, unless the Company shall default in the payment of such redemption price and accrued interest with respect to any such Security or portion thereof. On presentation and surrender of such Securities on or
after the date fixed for redemption at the place of payment specified in the notice, said Securities shall be paid and redeemed at the applicable redemption price for such series, together with interest accrued thereon to the date fixed for
redemption (but if the date fixed for redemption is an interest payment date, the interest installment payable on such date shall be payable to the registered holder at the close of business on the applicable record date pursuant to Section
2.03).
(2) Upon presentation of any Security of such series that is to be redeemed in part only, the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and the office or agency where the Security
is presented shall deliver to the holder thereof, at the expense of the Company, a new Security of the same series of authorized denominations in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion of the Security so presented.
Section 3.04 Sinking Fund. The provisions of Sections 3.04, 3.05 and 3.06 shall be applicable to any sinking fund for the retirement of Securities of a series, except as otherwise
specified as contemplated by Section 2.01 for Securities of such series.
The minimum amount of any sinking fund payment provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as a “mandatory sinking fund payment,” and any payment in excess of such
minimum amount provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as an “optional sinking fund payment”. If provided for by the terms of Securities of any series, the cash amount of any sinking fund payment may be subject
to reduction as provided in Section 3.05. Each sinking fund payment shall be applied to the redemption of Securities of any series as provided for by the terms of Securities of such series.
Section 3.05 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities. The Company (i) may deliver Outstanding Securities of a series and (ii) may apply as a credit Securities of a
series that have been redeemed either at the election of the Company pursuant to the terms of such Securities or through the application of permitted optional sinking fund payments pursuant to the terms of such Securities, in each case in
satisfaction of all or any part of any sinking fund payment with respect to the Securities of such series required to be made pursuant to the terms of such Securities as provided for by the terms of such series, provided that such Securities have
not been previously so credited. Such Securities shall be received and credited for such purpose by the Trustee at the redemption price specified in such Securities for redemption through operation of the sinking fund and the amount of such
sinking fund payment shall be reduced accordingly.
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Section 3.06 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund. Not less than 45 days prior to each sinking fund payment date for any series of Securities (unless a shorter period shall be
satisfactory to the Trustee), the Company will deliver to the Trustee an Officer’s Certificate specifying the amount of the next ensuing sinking fund payment for that series pursuant to the terms of the series, the portion thereof, if any, that
is to be satisfied by delivering and crediting Securities of that series pursuant to Section 3.05 and the basis for such credit and will, together with such Officer’s Certificate, deliver to the Trustee any Securities to be so delivered. Not less
than 30 days before each such sinking fund payment date the Trustee shall select the Securities to be redeemed upon such sinking fund payment date in the manner specified in Section 3.02 and cause notice of the redemption thereof to be given in
the name of and at the expense of the Company in the manner provided in Section 3.02. Such notice having been duly given, the redemption of such Securities shall be made upon the terms and in the manner stated in Section 3.03.
ARTICLE 4
COVENANTS
Section 4.01 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest. The Company will duly and punctually pay or cause to be paid the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on the
Securities of that series at the time and place and in the manner provided herein and established with respect to such Securities. Payments of principal on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and established with respect to
such Securities by U.S. dollar check drawn on and mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account if such Securityholder
shall have furnished wire instructions to the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date. Payments of interest on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and established with respect to such Securities by U.S.
dollar check mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions
in writing to the Security Registrar and the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date.
Section 4.02 Maintenance of Office or Agency. So long as any series of the Securities remain Outstanding, the Company agrees to maintain an office or agency with respect to each such
series and at such other location or locations as may be designated as provided in this Section 4.02, where (i) Securities of that series may be presented for payment, (ii) Securities of that series may be presented as herein above authorized for
registration of transfer and exchange, and (iii) notices and demands to or upon the Company in respect of the Securities of that series and this Indenture may be given or served, such designation to continue with respect to such office or agency
until the Company shall, by written notice signed by any officer authorized to sign an Officer’s Certificate and delivered to the Trustee, designate some other office or agency for such purposes or any of them. If at any time the Company shall
fail to maintain any such required office or agency or shall fail to furnish the Trustee with the address thereof, such presentations, notices and demands may be made or served at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, and the Company hereby
appoints the Trustee as its agent to receive all such presentations, notices and demands. The Company initially appoints the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee as its paying agent with respect to the Securities.
Section 4.03 Paying Agents.
(1) If the Company shall appoint one or more paying agents for all or any series of the Securities, other than the Trustee, the Company will cause each such paying agent to execute and deliver to
the Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions of this Section:
(a)that it will hold all sums held by it as such agent for the payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series (whether such sums have been paid to
it by the Company or by any other obligor of such Securities) in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto;
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(b) that it will give the Trustee notice of any failure by the Company (or by any other obligor of such Securities) to make any payment of the principal of (and premium, if
any) or interest on the Securities of that series when the same shall be due and payable;
(c) that it will, at any time during the continuance of any failure referred to in the preceding paragraph (a)(2) above, upon the written request of the Trustee, forthwith pay to the Trustee all
sums so held in trust by such paying agent; and
(2) If the Company shall act as its own paying agent with respect to any series of the Securities, it will on or before each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on
Securities of that series, set aside, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto a sum sufficient to pay such principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due on Securities of that series until such
sums shall be paid to such Persons or otherwise disposed of as herein provided and will promptly notify the Trustee of such action, or any failure (by it or any other obligor on such Securities) to take such action. Whenever the Company shall
have one or more paying agents for any series of Securities, it will, prior to each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on any Securities of that series, deposit with the paying agent a sum sufficient to pay the
principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due, such sum to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such principal, premium or interest, and (unless such paying agent is the Trustee) the Company will promptly
notify the Trustee of this action or failure so to act.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in this Section to the contrary, (i) the agreement to hold sums in trust as provided in this Section is subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, and (ii) the
Company may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture or for any other purpose, pay, or direct any paying agent to pay, to the Trustee all sums held in trust by the Company or such paying agent,
such sums to be held by the Trustee upon the same terms and conditions as those upon which such sums were held by the Company or such paying agent; and, upon such payment by the Company or any paying agent to the Trustee, the Company or such
paying agent shall be released from all further liability with respect to such money.
Section 4.04 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee. The Company, whenever necessary to avoid or fill a vacancy in the office of Trustee, will appoint,
in the manner provided in Section 7.10, a Trustee, so that there shall at all times be a Trustee hereunder.
Section 4.05 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions. The Company will not, while any of the Securities remain Outstanding, consolidate with or merge into any other Person, in either
case where the Company is not the survivor of such transaction, or sell or convey all or substantially all of its property to any other Person unless the provisions of Article Ten hereof are complied with.
ARTICLE 5
SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE
Section 5.01 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders. The Company will furnish or cause to be furnished to the Trustee (a) within 15 days after each regular
record date (as defined in Section 2.03) a list, in such form as the Trustee may reasonably require, of the names and addresses of the holders of each series of Securities as of such regular record date, provided that the Company shall not be
obligated to furnish or cause to furnish such list at any time that the list shall not differ in any respect from the most recent list furnished to the Trustee by the Company and (b) at such other times as the Trustee may request in writing
within 30 days after the receipt by the Company of any such request, a list of similar form and content as of a date not more than 15 days prior to the time such list is furnished; provided, however, that, in either case, no such list need be
furnished for any series for which the Trustee shall be the Security Registrar.
Section 5.02 Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders.
(1) The Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is reasonably practicable, all information as to the names and addresses of the holders of Securities contained in the
most recent list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 and as to the names and addresses of holders of Securities received by the Trustee in its capacity as Security Registrar (if acting in such capacity).
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(2) The Trustee may destroy any list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished.
(3) Securityholders may communicate as provided in Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act with other Securityholders with respect to their rights under this Indenture or under the Securities,
and, in connection with any such communications, the Trustee shall satisfy its obligations under Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the provisions of Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.
Section 5.03 Reports by the Company.
(1) The Company covenants and agrees to provide (which delivery may be via electronic mail) to the Trustee within 30 days, after the Company files the same with the Commission, copies of the
annual reports and of the information, documents and other reports (or copies of such portions of any of the foregoing as the Commission may from time to time by rules and regulations prescribe) that the Company is required to file with the
Commission pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; provided, however, the Company shall not be required to deliver to the Trustee any materials for which the Company has sought and received confidential treatment by the
Commission; and provided further, that so long as such filings by the Company are available on the Commission’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System (EDGAR), or Interactive Data Electronic Applications (IDEA), or any successor
system, such filings shall be deemed to have been filed with the Trustee for purposes hereof without any further action required by the Company; provided that an electronic link to such filing, together with an electronic notice of such filing
have been sent to the Trustee. For the avoidance of doubt, a failure by the Company to file annual reports, information and other reports with the SEC within the time period prescribed thereof by the Commission shall not be deemed a breach of
this Section 5.03.
(2) Delivery of reports, information and documents to the Trustee under Section 5.03 is for informational purposes only and the information and the Trustee’s receipt of the foregoing shall not
constitute constructive notice of any information contained therein, or determinable from information contained therein including the Company’s compliance with any of their covenants thereunder (as to which the Trustee is entitled to rely
exclusively on an Officer’s Certificate).
Section 5.04 Reports by the Trustee.
(1) If required by Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee, within sixty (60) days after each May 1, shall transmit by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders, as
their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register, a brief report dated as of such May 1, which complies with Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act.
(2) The Trustee shall comply with Section 313(b) and 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act.
(3) A copy of each such report shall, at the time of such transmission to Securityholders, be filed by the Trustee with the Company, with each securities exchange upon which any Securities are
listed (if so listed) and also with the Commission. The Company agrees to notify the Trustee when any Securities become listed on any securities exchange.
ARTICLE 6
REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT
Section 6.01 Events of Default.
(1) Whenever used herein with respect to Securities of a particular series, “Event of Default” means any one or more of the following events that has occurred and is continuing:
(a) the Company defaults in the payment of any installment of interest upon any of the Securities of that series, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues for
a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by the Company in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this
purpose;
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(b) the Company defaults in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity,
upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to that series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such Securities in accordance with the
terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;
(c) the Company fails to observe or perform any other of its covenants or agreements with respect to that series contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to that series
of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof (other than a covenant or agreement that has been expressly included in this Indenture solely for the benefit of one or more series of Securities other than such series) for a period of 90 days after
the date on which written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such notice is a “Notice of Default” hereunder, shall have been given to the Company by the Trustee, by registered or certified mail, or to the
Company and the Trustee by the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Securities of that series at the time Outstanding;
(d) the Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law (i) commences a voluntary case, (ii) consents to the entry of an order for relief against it in an involuntary case, (iii)
consents to the appointment of a Custodian of it or for all or substantially all of its property or (iv) makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors; or
(e) a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order under any Bankruptcy Law that (i) is for relief against the Company in an involuntary case, (ii) appoints a Custodian of the Company for all
or substantially all of its property or (iii) orders the liquidation of the Company, and the order or decree remains unstayed and in effect for 90 days.
(2) In each and every such case (other than an Event of Default specified in clause (d) or clause (e) above), unless the principal of all the Securities of that series shall have already become
due and payable, either the Trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by notice in writing to the Company (and to the Trustee if given by such
Securityholders), may declare the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series to be due and payable immediately, and upon any such declaration the same shall become and shall be
immediately due and payable. If an Event of Default specified in clause (d) or clause (e) above occurs, the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series shall automatically be immediately due and payable
without any declaration or other act on the part of the Trustee or the holders of the Securities.
(3) At any time after the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on the Securities of that series shall have been so declared due and payable, and before any
judgment or decree for the payment of the moneys due shall have been obtained or entered as hereinafter provided, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by written
notice to the Company and the Trustee, may rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if: (i) the Company has paid or deposited with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest upon all the Securities of
that series and the principal of (and premium, if any, on) any and all Securities of that series that shall have become due otherwise than by acceleration (with interest upon such principal and premium, if any, and, to the extent that such
payment is enforceable under applicable law, upon overdue installments of interest, at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series to the date of such payment or deposit) and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06,
and (ii) any and all Events of Default under the Indenture with respect to such series, other than the nonpayment of principal on (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on Securities of that series that shall not have become
due by their terms, shall have been remedied or waived as provided in Section 6.06.
no such rescission and annulment shall extend to or shall affect any subsequent default or impair any right consequent thereon.
(4) In case the Trustee shall have proceeded to enforce any right with respect to Securities of that series under this Indenture and such proceedings shall have been discontinued or abandoned
because of such rescission or annulment or for any other reason or shall have been determined adversely to the Trustee, then and in every such case, subject to any determination in such proceedings, the Company and the Trustee shall be restored
respectively to their former positions and rights hereunder, and all rights, remedies and powers of the Company and the Trustee shall continue as though no such proceedings had been taken.
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Section 6.02 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee.
(1) The Company covenants that (i) in case it shall default in the payment of any installment of interest on any of the Securities of a series, or in any payment required by any sinking or
analogous fund established with respect to that series as and when the same shall have become due and payable, and such default shall have continued for a period of 90 days, or (ii) in case it shall default in the payment of the principal of (or
premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of a series when the same shall have become due and payable, whether upon maturity of the Securities of a series or upon redemption or upon declaration or otherwise then, upon demand of the Trustee, the
Company will pay to the Trustee, for the benefit of the holders of the Securities of that series, the whole amount that then shall have been become due and payable on all such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) or interest, or both,
as the case may be, with interest upon the overdue principal (and premium, if any) and (to the extent that payment of such interest is enforceable under applicable law) upon overdue installments of interest at the rate per annum expressed in the
Securities of that series; and, in addition thereto, such further amount as shall be sufficient to cover the costs and expenses of collection, and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06.
(2) If the Company shall fail to pay such amounts forthwith upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust, shall be entitled and empowered to institute any
action or proceedings at law or in equity for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid, and may prosecute any such action or proceeding to judgment or final decree, and may enforce any such judgment or final decree against the Company or
other obligor upon the Securities of that series and collect the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable in the manner provided by law or equity out of the property of the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series, wherever
situated.
(3) In case of any receivership, insolvency, liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, readjustment, arrangement, composition or judicial proceedings affecting the Company, or its creditors or
property, the Trustee shall have power to intervene in such proceedings and take any action therein that may be permitted by the court and shall (except as may be otherwise provided by law) be entitled to file such proofs of claim and other
papers and documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee and of the holders of Securities of such series allowed for the entire amount due and payable by the Company under the Indenture at the date of
institution of such proceedings and for any additional amount that may become due and payable by the Company after such date, and to collect and receive any moneys or other property payable or deliverable on any such claim, and to distribute the
same after the deduction of the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06; and any receiver, assignee or trustee in bankruptcy or reorganization is hereby authorized by each of the holders of Securities of such series to make such payments
to the Trustee, and, in the event that the Trustee shall consent to the making of such payments directly to such Securityholders, to pay to the Trustee any amount due it under Section 7.06.
(4) All rights of action and of asserting claims under this Indenture, or under any of the terms established with respect to Securities of that series, may be enforced by the Trustee without the
possession of any of such Securities, or the production thereof at any trial or other proceeding relative thereto, and any such suit or proceeding instituted by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of an express trust, and any
recovery of judgment shall, after provision for payment to the Trustee of any amounts due under Section 7.06, be for the ratable benefit of the holders of the Securities of such series.
In case of an Event of Default hereunder, the Trustee may in its discretion proceed to protect and enforce the rights vested in it by this Indenture by such appropriate judicial proceedings as
the Trustee shall deem most effectual to protect and enforce any of such rights, either at law or in equity or in bankruptcy or otherwise, whether for the specific enforcement of any covenant or agreement contained in the Indenture or in aid of
the exercise of any power granted in this Indenture, or to enforce any other legal or equitable right vested in the Trustee by this Indenture or by law.
Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to authorize the Trustee to authorize or consent to or accept or adopt on behalf of any Securityholder any plan of reorganization, arrangement, adjustment
or composition affecting the Securities of that series or the rights of any holder thereof or to authorize the Trustee to vote in respect of the claim of any Securityholder in any such proceeding.
Section 6.03 Application of Moneys Collected. Any moneys collected by the Trustee pursuant to this Article with respect to a particular series of Securities shall
be applied in the following order, at the date or dates fixed by the Trustee and, in case of the distribution of such moneys on account of principal (or premium, if any) or interest, upon presentation of the Securities of that series, and
notation thereon of the payment, if only partially paid, and upon surrender thereof if fully paid:
FIRST: To the payment of reasonable costs and expenses of collection and of all amounts payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06;
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SECOND: To the payment of the amounts then due and unpaid upon Securities of such series for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, in respect of which or for the benefit of which such
money has been collected, ratably, without preference or priority of any kind, according to the amounts due and payable on such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, respectively; and
THIRD: To the payment of the remainder, if any, to the Company or any other Person lawfully entitled thereto.
Section 6.04 Limitation on Suits. No holder of any Security of any series shall have any right by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture or any Security to
institute any suit, action or proceeding in equity or at law upon or under or with respect to this Indenture, any Security or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any other remedy hereunder, unless (i) such holder previously shall
have given to the Trustee written notice of an Event of Default and of the continuance thereof with respect to the Securities of such series specifying such Event of Default, as hereinbefore provided; (ii) the holders of not less than 25% in
aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding shall have made written request upon the Trustee to institute such action, suit or proceeding in its own name as Trustee hereunder; (iii) such holder or holders shall
have offered to the Trustee such reasonable indemnity as it may require against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred therein or thereby; (iv) the Trustee for 60 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity,
shall have failed to institute any such action, suit or proceeding and (v) during such 60 day period, the holders of a majority in principal amount of the Securities of that series do not give the Trustee a direction inconsistent with the
request.
Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary or any other provisions of this Indenture, the right of any holder of any Security to receive payment of the principal of (and premium,
if any) and interest on such Security, as therein provided, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security (or in the case of redemption, on the redemption date), or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or
after such respective dates or redemption date, shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of such holder and by accepting a Security hereunder it is expressly understood, intended and covenanted by the taker and holder of every
Security of such series with every other such taker and holder and the Trustee, that no one or more holders of Securities of such series shall have any right in any manner whatsoever by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to
affect, disturb or prejudice the rights of the holders of any other of such Securities, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other such holder, or to enforce any right under this Indenture, except in the manner herein
provided and for the equal, ratable and common benefit of all holders of Securities of such series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section, each and every Securityholder and the Trustee shall be entitled to such
relief as can be given either at law or in equity.
Section 6.05 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver.
(1) Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.07, all powers and remedies given by this Article to the Trustee or to the Securityholders shall, to the extent permitted by law, be deemed
cumulative and not exclusive of any other powers and remedies available to the Trustee or the holders of the Securities, by judicial proceedings or otherwise, to enforce the performance or observance of the covenants and agreements contained in
this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to such Securities.
(2) No delay or omission of the Trustee or of any holder of any of the Securities to exercise any right or power accruing upon any Event of Default occurring and continuing as aforesaid shall
impair any such right or power, or shall be construed to be a waiver of any such default or an acquiescence therein; and, subject to the provisions of Section 6.04, every power and remedy given by this Article or by law to the Trustee or the
Securityholders may be exercised from time to time, and as often as shall be deemed expedient, by the Trustee or by the Securityholders.
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Section 6.06 Control by Securityholders. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding, determined in accordance with
Section 8.04, shall have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the Trustee with respect to such series; provided,
however, that such direction shall not be in conflict with any rule of law or with this Indenture or subject the Trustee in its sole discretion to personal liability. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, the Trustee shall have the right to
decline to follow any such direction if the Trustee in good faith shall, by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, determine that the proceeding so directed, subject to the Trustee’s duties under the Trust Indenture Act,
would involve the Trustee in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the Securityholders not involved in the proceeding. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding
affected thereby, determined in accordance with Section 8.04, may on behalf of the holders of all of the Securities of such series waive any past default in the performance of any of the covenants contained herein or established pursuant to
Section 2.01 with respect to such series and its consequences, except a default in the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due by the terms of
such Securities otherwise than by acceleration (unless such default has been cured and a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest and principal and any premium has been deposited with the Trustee (in accordance with Section
6.01(3)). Upon any such waiver, the default covered thereby shall be deemed to be cured for all purposes of this Indenture and the Company, the Trustee and the holders of the Securities of such series shall be restored to their former positions
and rights hereunder, respectively; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or impair any right consequent thereon.
Section 6.07 Undertaking to Pay Costs. All parties to this Indenture agree, and each holder of any Securities by such holder’s acceptance thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that
any court may in its discretion require, in any suit for the enforcement of any right or remedy under this Indenture, or in any suit against the Trustee for any action taken or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing by any party litigant in such
suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit, and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, against any party litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith
of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but the provisions of this Section shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder, or group of Securityholders, holding more than 10% in
aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series, or to any suit instituted by any Securityholder for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security of such series, on or
after the respective due dates expressed in such Security or established pursuant to this Indenture.
ARTICLE 7
CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE
Section 7.01 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee.
(1) The Trustee, prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing of all Events of Default with respect to the Securities of that
series that may have occurred, shall undertake to perform with respect to the Securities of such series such duties and only such duties as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants shall be read into this Indenture
against the Trustee. In case an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series has occurred (that has not been cured or waived), the Trustee shall exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers
vested in it by this Indenture, and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs.
(2) No provision of this Indenture shall be construed to relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure to act, or its own willful misconduct, except
that:
(a) prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing or waiving of all such Events of Default with respect to that series that may
have occurred:
(A) the duties and obligations of the Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of such series be determined solely by the express provisions of this Indenture, and the Trustee shall not be
liable with respect to the Securities of such series except for the performance of such duties and obligations as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants or obligations shall be read into this Indenture against the
Trustee; and
(B) in the absence of bad faith on the part of the Trustee, the Trustee may with respect to the Securities of such series conclusively rely, as to the truth of the statements and the correctness
of the opinions expressed therein, upon any certificates or opinions furnished to the Trustee and conforming to the requirements of this Indenture; but in the case of any such certificates or opinions that by any provision hereof are specifically
required to be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they conform to the requirements of this Indenture;
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(b) the Trustee shall not be liable for any error of judgment made in good faith by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, unless it shall be proved that the Trustee was
negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts;
(c) the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the holders of not less than a majority in
principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding relating to the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee
under this Indenture with respect to the Securities of that series; and
(d) none of the provisions contained in this Indenture shall require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur personal financial liability in the performance of any of its
duties or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers if there is reasonable ground for believing that the repayment of such funds or liability is not reasonably assured to it under the terms of this Indenture or adequate indemnity against
such risk is not reasonably assured to it.
Section 7.02 Certain Rights of Trustee. Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01:
(1) The Trustee may rely and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting upon any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order,
approval, bond, security or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties;
(2) Any request, direction, order or demand of the Company mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by a Board Resolution or an instrument signed in the name of the Company by any
authorized officer of the Company (unless other evidence in respect thereof is specifically prescribed herein);
(3) The Trustee may consult with counsel and the written advice of such counsel or, if requested, any Opinion of Counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any
action taken or suffered or omitted hereunder in good faith and in reliance thereon;
(4) The Trustee shall be under no obligation to exercise any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request, order or direction of any of the Securityholders pursuant to
the provisions of this Indenture, unless such Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee reasonable security or indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that may be incurred therein or thereby; nothing contained herein shall,
however, relieve the Trustee of the obligation, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to a series of the Securities (that has not been cured or waived), to exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights
and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and to use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs;
(5) The Trustee shall not be liable for any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith and believed by it to be authorized or within the discretion or rights or powers conferred upon
it by this Indenture;
(6) The Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent,
order, approval, bond, security, or other papers or documents, unless requested in writing so to do by the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of the particular series affected thereby (determined
as provided in Section 8.04); provided, however, that if the payment within a reasonable time to the Trustee of the costs, expenses or liabilities likely to be incurred by it in the making of such investigation is, in the opinion of the Trustee,
not reasonably assured to the Trustee by the security afforded to it by the terms of this Indenture, the Trustee may require reasonable indemnity against such costs, expenses or liabilities as a condition to so proceeding. The reasonable expense
of every such examination shall be paid by the Company or, if paid by the Trustee, shall be repaid by the Company upon demand;
(7) The Trustee may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys and the Trustee shall not be responsible for
any misconduct or negligence on the part of any agent or attorney appointed with due care by it hereunder;
(8) In no event shall the Trustee be responsible or liable for any failure or delay in the performance of its obligations hereunder arising out of or caused by, directly or indirectly, forces
beyond its control, including, without limitation, strikes, work stoppages, accidents, acts of war or terrorism, civil or military disturbances, nuclear or natural catastrophes or acts of God, and interruptions, loss or malfunctions of utilities,
communications or computer (software and hardware) services; it being understood that the Trustee shall use reasonable efforts which are consistent with accepted practices in the banking industry to resume performance as soon as practicable under
the circumstances;
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(9) In no event shall the Trustee be responsible or liable for special, indirect, or consequential loss or damage of any kind whatsoever (including, but not limited to, loss
of profit) irrespective of whether the Trustee has been advised of the likelihood of such loss or damage and regardless of the form of action; and
(10) The Trustee agrees to accept and act upon instructions or directions pursuant to this Indenture sent by unsecured e-mail, facsimile transmission or other similar unsecured electronic
methods; provided, however, that (a) the party providing such written instructions, subsequent to such transmission of written instructions, shall provide the originally executed instructions or directions to the Trustee in a timely manner, and
(b) such originally executed instructions or directions shall be signed by an authorized representative of the party providing such instructions or directions. If the party elects to give the Trustee e-mail or facsimile instructions (or
instructions by a similar electronic method) and the Trustee in its discretion elects to act upon such instructions, the Trustee’s understanding of such instructions shall be deemed controlling. The Trustee shall not be liable for any losses,
costs or expenses arising directly or indirectly from the Trustee’s reliance upon and compliance with such instructions notwithstanding such instructions conflict or are inconsistent with a subsequent written instruction. The party providing
electronic instructions agrees to assume all risks arising out of the use of such electronic methods to submit instructions and directions to the Trustee, including without limitation the risk of the Trustee acting on unauthorized instructions,
and the risk or interception and misuse by third parties.
In addition, the Trustee shall not be deemed to have knowledge of any Default or Event of Default until the Trustee shall have received written notification in the manner set forth in this
Indenture or a Responsible Officer of the Trustee shall have obtained actual knowledge.
Section 7.03 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities.
(1) The recitals contained herein and in the Securities shall be taken as the statements of the Company, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility for the correctness of the same.
(2) The Trustee makes no representations as to the validity or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities.
(3) The Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application by the Company of any of the Securities or of the proceeds of such Securities, or for the use or application of any moneys paid
over by the Trustee in accordance with any provision of this Indenture or established pursuant to Section 2.01, or for the use or application of any moneys received by any paying agent other than the Trustee.
Section 7.04 May Hold Securities. The Trustee or any paying agent or Security Registrar, in its individual or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee
of Securities with the same rights it would have if it were not Trustee, paying agent or Security Registrar.
Section 7.05 Moneys Held in Trust. Subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, all moneys received by the Trustee shall, until used or applied as herein provided, be held in trust for
the purposes for which they were received, but need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law. The Trustee shall be under no liability for interest on any moneys received by it hereunder except such as it may agree
with the Company to pay thereon.
Section 7.06 Compensation and Reimbursement.
(1) The Company covenants and agrees to pay to the Trustee, and the Trustee shall be entitled to, such reasonable compensation (which shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard to the
compensation of a trustee of an express trust) as the Company and the Trustee may from time to time agree in writing, for all services rendered by it in the execution of the trusts hereby created and in the exercise and performance of any of the
powers and duties hereunder of the Trustee, and, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, the Company will pay or reimburse the Trustee upon its request for all reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by the Trustee
in accordance with any of the provisions of this Indenture (including the reasonable compensation and the expenses and disbursements of its counsel and of all Persons not regularly in its employ), except any such expense, disbursement or advance
as may arise from its negligence or bad faith and except as the Company and Trustee may from time to time agree in writing. The Company also covenants to indemnify the Trustee (and its officers, agents, directors and employees) for, and to hold
it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense incurred without negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee and arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of this trust, including the reasonable costs and
expenses of defending itself against any claim of liability in the premises.
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(2) The obligations of the Company under this Section to compensate and indemnify the Trustee and to pay or reimburse the Trustee for reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances shall
constitute additional indebtedness hereunder. Such additional indebtedness shall be secured by a lien prior to that of the Securities upon all property and funds held or collected by the Trustee as such, except funds held in trust for the benefit
of the holders of particular Securities.
(3) To ensure the Company’s payment obligations in this Section, the Trustee shall have a lien prior to the Securities on all funds or property held or collected by the Trustee, except that held
in trust to pay principal of or interest on particular Securities. When the Trustee incurs expenses or renders services in connection with an Event of Default specified in Section 6.01(1)(d) or (1)(e), the expenses (including the reasonable fees
and expenses of its counsel) and the compensation for services in connection therewith are to constitute expenses of administration under any Bankruptcy Law. The provisions of this Section 7.06 shall survive the termination of this Indenture and
the resignation or removal of the Trustee.
Section 7.07 Reliance on Officer’s Certificate. Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01, whenever in the administration of the provisions of this Indenture the Trustee shall deem
it reasonably necessary or desirable that a matter be proved or established prior to taking or suffering or omitting to take any action hereunder, such matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in
the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officer’s Certificate delivered to the Trustee and such certificate, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the
part of the Trustee, shall be full warrant to the Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted to be taken by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof.
Section 7.08 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests. If the Trustee has or shall acquire any “conflicting interest” within the meaning of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act,
the Trustee and the Company shall in all respects comply with the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.
Section 7.09 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility. There shall at all times be a Trustee with respect to the Securities issued hereunder which shall at all times be a corporation
organized and doing business under the laws of the United States of America or any state or territory thereof or of the District of Columbia, or a corporation or other Person permitted to act as trustee by the Commission, authorized under such
laws to exercise corporate trust powers, having a combined capital and surplus of at least fifty million U.S. dollars ($50,000,000), and subject to supervision or examination by federal, state, territorial, or District of Columbia authority.
If such corporation or other Person publishes reports of condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of the aforesaid supervising or examining authority, then for the
purposes of this Section, the combined capital and surplus of such corporation or other Person shall be deemed to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. The Company may not, nor may
any Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Company, serve as Trustee. In case at any time the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section, the Trustee
shall resign immediately in the manner and with the effect specified in Section 7.10.
Section 7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor.
(1) The Trustee or any successor hereafter appointed may at any time resign with respect to the Securities of one or more series by giving written notice thereof to the Company and by
transmitting notice of resignation by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders of such series, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Company shall promptly
appoint a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the resigning Trustee and one copy to the
successor trustee. If no successor trustee shall have been so appointed and have accepted appointment within 30 days after the mailing of such notice of resignation, the resigning Trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the
appointment of a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series, or any Securityholder of that series who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may on behalf of himself and all others
similarly situated, petition any such court for the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint a successor trustee.
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(2) In case at any time any one of the following shall occur:
(b) the Trustee shall fail to comply with the provisions of Section 7.08 after written request therefor by the Company or by any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or
Securities for at least six months; or
(c) the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of Section 7.09 and shall fail to resign after written request therefor by the Company or by any such Securityholder;
or
(d) the Trustee shall become incapable of acting, or shall be adjudged a bankrupt or insolvent, or commence a voluntary bankruptcy proceeding, or a receiver of the Trustee or of its property
shall be appointed or consented to, or any public officer shall take charge or control of the Trustee or of its property or affairs for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation;
then, in any such case, the Company may remove the Trustee with respect to all Securities and appoint a successor trustee by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of
Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the Trustee so removed and one copy to the successor trustee, or any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may, on behalf
of that holder and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper
and prescribe, remove the Trustee and appoint a successor trustee.
(3) The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding may at any time remove the Trustee with respect to such series by so notifying
the Trustee and the Company and may appoint a successor Trustee for such series with the consent of the Company.
(4) Any resignation or removal of the Trustee and appointment of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of a series pursuant to any of the provisions of this Section shall become
effective upon acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee as provided in Section 7.11.
(5) Any successor trustee appointed pursuant to this Section may be appointed with respect to the Securities of one or more series or all of such series, and at any time there shall be only one
Trustee with respect to the Securities of any particular series.
Section 7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor.
(1) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to all Securities, every such successor trustee so appointed shall execute, acknowledge and deliver to the Company and
to the retiring Trustee an instrument accepting such appointment, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective and such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested
with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on the request of the Company or the successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of its charges, execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such
successor trustee all the rights, powers, and trusts of the retiring Trustee and shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee all property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder.
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(2) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more (but not all) series, the Company, the retiring Trustee and each successor trustee
with respect to the Securities of one or more series shall execute and deliver an indenture supplemental hereto wherein each successor trustee shall accept such appointment and which (i) shall contain such provisions as shall be necessary or
desirable to transfer and confirm to, and to vest in, each successor trustee all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor
trustee relates, (ii) shall contain such provisions as shall be deemed necessary or desirable to confirm that all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series as to which the
retiring Trustee is not retiring shall continue to be vested in the retiring Trustee, and (iii) shall add to or change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts
hereunder by more than one Trustee, it being understood that nothing herein or in such supplemental indenture shall constitute such Trustees co-trustees of the same trust, that each such Trustee shall be trustee of a trust or trusts hereunder
separate and apart from any trust or trusts hereunder administered by any other such Trustee and that no Trustee shall be responsible for any act or failure to act on the part of any other Trustee hereunder; and upon the execution and delivery of
such supplemental indenture the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective to the extent provided therein, such retiring Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of
such successor trustee relates have no further responsibility for the exercise of rights and powers or for the performance of the duties and obligations vested in the Trustee under this Indenture, and each such successor trustee, without any
further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates; but, on
request of the Company or any successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee, to the extent contemplated by such supplemental indenture, the property and money held by such retiring
Trustee hereunder with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates.
(3) Upon request of any such successor trustee, the Company shall execute any and all instruments for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor trustee all such rights,
powers and trusts referred to in paragraph (1) or (2) of this Section, as the case may be.
(4) No successor trustee shall accept its appointment unless at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee shall be qualified and eligible under this Article.
(5) Upon acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee as provided in this Section, the Company shall transmit notice of the succession of such trustee hereunder by mail, first class postage
prepaid, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. If the Company fails to transmit such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee, the successor trustee shall
cause such notice to be transmitted at the expense of the Company.
Section 7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business. Any corporation into which the Trustee may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated, or
any corporation resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which the Trustee shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding to the corporate trust business of the Trustee, including the administration of the trust created by this
Indenture, shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder, provided that such corporation shall be qualified under the provisions of Section 7.08 and eligible under the provisions of Section 7.09, without the execution or filing of any paper or
any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding. In case any Securities shall have been authenticated, but not delivered, by the Trustee then in office, any successor by merger, conversion
or consolidation to such authenticating Trustee may adopt such authentication and deliver the Securities so authenticated with the same effect as if such successor Trustee had itself authenticated such Securities.
Section 7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company. The Trustee shall comply with Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act, excluding any creditor relationship
described in Section 311(b) of the Trust Indenture Act. A Trustee who has resigned or been removed shall be subject to Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act to the extent included therein.
Section 7.14 Notice of Default. If any Event of Default occurs and is continuing and if such Event of Default is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee, the Trustee shall mail
to each Securityholder in the manner and to the extent provided in Section 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act notice of the Event of Default within the earlier of 90 days after it occurs and 30 days after it is known to a Responsible Officer of
the Trustee or written notice of it is received by the Trustee, unless such Event of Default has been cured; provided, however, that, except in the case of a default in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any
Security, the Trustee shall be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the board of directors, the executive committee or a trust committee of directors and/or Responsible Officers of the Trustee in good faith determine that the
withholding of such notice is in the interest of the Securityholders.
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ARTICLE 8
CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS
Section 8.01 Evidence of Action by Securityholders. Whenever in this Indenture it is provided that the holders of a majority or specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of
the Securities of a particular series may take any action (including the making of any demand or request, the giving of any notice, consent or waiver or the taking of any other action), the fact that at the time of taking any such action the
holders of such majority or specified percentage of that series have joined therein may be evidenced by any instrument or any number of instruments of similar tenor executed by such holders of Securities of that series in person or by agent or
proxy appointed in writing.
If the Company shall solicit from the Securityholders of any series any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, the Company may, at its option, as
evidenced by an Officer’s Certificate, fix in advance a record date for such series for the determination of Securityholders entitled to give such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, but the Company
shall have no obligation to do so. If such a record date is fixed, such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action may be given before or after the record date, but only the Securityholders of record at the
close of business on the record date shall be deemed to be Securityholders for the purposes of determining whether Securityholders of the requisite proportion of Outstanding Securities of that series have authorized or agreed or consented to such
request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, and for that purpose the Outstanding Securities of that series shall be computed as of the record date; provided, however, that no such authorization, agreement
or consent by such Securityholders on the record date shall be deemed effective unless it shall become effective pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture not later than six months after the record date.
Section 8.02 Proof of Execution by Securityholders. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, proof of the execution of any instrument by a Securityholder (such
proof will not require notarization) or his agent or proxy and proof of the holding by any Person of any of the Securities shall be sufficient if made in the following manner:
(1) The fact and date of the execution by any such Person of any instrument may be proved in any reasonable manner acceptable to the Trustee.
(2) The ownership of Securities shall be proved by the Security Register of such Securities or by a certificate of the Security Registrar thereof.
The Trustee may require such additional proof of any matter referred to in this Section as it shall deem necessary.
Section 8.03 Who May be Deemed Owners. Prior to the due presentment for registration of transfer of any Security, the Company, the Trustee, any paying agent and any Security Registrar
may deem and treat the Person in whose name such Security shall be registered upon the books of the Company as the absolute owner of such Security (whether or not such Security shall be overdue and notwithstanding any notice of ownership or
writing thereon made by anyone other than the Security Registrar) for the purpose of receiving payment of or on account of the principal of, premium, if any, and (subject to Section 2.03) interest on such Security and for all other purposes; and
neither the Company nor the Trustee nor any paying agent nor any Security Registrar shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.
Section 8.04 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded. In determining whether the holders of the requisite aggregate principal amount of Securities of a particular series have
concurred in any direction, consent or waiver under this Indenture, the Securities of that series that are owned by the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series or by any Person directly or indirectly controlling or
controlled by or under common control with the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination, except that for the purpose of
determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver, only Securities of such series that the Trustee actually knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. The Securities so owned that have been
pledged in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding for the purposes of this Section, if the pledgee shall establish to the satisfaction of the Trustee the pledgee’s right so to act with respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not a
Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Company or any such other obligor. In case of a dispute as to such right, any decision by the Trustee taken upon the advice of counsel
shall be full protection to the Trustee.
24
Section 8.05 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders. At any time prior to (but not after) the evidencing to the Trustee, as provided in Section 8.01, of the taking of any action
by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action, any holder of a Security of that series that is shown by the evidence
to be included in the Securities the holders of which have consented to such action may, by filing written notice with the Trustee, and upon proof of holding as provided in Section 8.02, revoke such action so far as concerns such Security. Except
as aforesaid any such action taken by the holder of any Security shall be conclusive and binding upon such holder and upon all future holders and owners of such Security, and of any Security issued in exchange therefor, on registration of
transfer thereof or in place thereof, irrespective of whether or not any notation in regard thereto is made upon such Security. Any action taken by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a
particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action shall be conclusively binding upon the Company, the Trustee and the holders of all the Securities of that series.
ARTICLE 9
SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES
Section 9.01 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders. In addition to any supplemental indenture otherwise authorized by this Indenture, the Company and the
Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect), without the consent of the Securityholders, for one or
more of the following purposes:
(1) to cure any ambiguity, defect, or inconsistency herein or in the Securities of any series;
(2) to comply with Article Ten;
(3) to provide for uncertificated Securities in addition to or in place of certificated Securities;
(4) to add to the covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions relating to the Company for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of Securities (and if such covenants, restrictions,
conditions or provisions are to be for the benefit of less than all series of Securities, stating that such covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions are expressly being included solely for the benefit of such series), to make the
occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an Event of Default, or to surrender any right or power herein conferred upon the Company;
(5) to add to, delete from, or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication, and delivery of Securities, as herein
set forth;
(6) to make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any Securityholder in any material respect;
(7) to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the Securities of any series as provided in Section 2.01, to establish the form of any certifications
required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of this Indenture or any series of Securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of Securities;
(8) to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee; or
(9) to comply with any requirements of the Commission or any successor in connection with the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.
The Trustee is hereby authorized to join with the Company in the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations that may be therein
contained, but the Trustee shall not be obligated to enter into any such supplemental indenture that affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise.
Any supplemental indenture authorized by the provisions of this Section may be executed by the Company and the Trustee without the consent of the holders of any of the
Securities at the time Outstanding, notwithstanding any of the provisions of Section 9.02.
25
Section 9.02 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders. With the consent (evidenced as provided in Section 8.01) of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate
principal amount of the Securities of each series affected by such supplemental indenture or indentures at the time Outstanding, the Company, when authorized by a Board Resolution, and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into
an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect) for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this
Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner not covered by Section 9.01 the rights of the holders of the Securities of such series under this Indenture; provided, however, that no such supplemental indenture shall,
without the consent of the holders of each Security then Outstanding and affected thereby, (a) extend the fixed maturity of any Securities of any series, or reduce the principal amount thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of
interest thereon, or reduce any premium payable upon the redemption thereof or (b) reduce the aforesaid percentage of Securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any such supplemental indenture.
It shall not be necessary for the consent of the Securityholders of any series affected thereby under this Section to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it
shall be sufficient if such consent shall approve the substance thereof.
Section 9.03 Effect of Supplemental Indentures. Upon the execution of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, this Indenture shall,
with respect to such series, be and be deemed to be modified and amended in accordance therewith and the respective rights, limitations of rights, obligations, duties and immunities under this Indenture of the Trustee, the Company and the holders
of Securities of the series affected thereby shall thereafter be determined, exercised and enforced hereunder subject in all respects to such modifications and amendments, and all the terms and conditions of any such supplemental indenture shall
be and be deemed to be part of the terms and conditions of this Indenture for any and all purposes.
Section 9.04 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures. Securities of any series affected by a supplemental indenture, authenticated and delivered after the
execution of such supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, may bear a notation in form approved by the Company, provided such form meets the requirements of any securities exchange upon which such
series may be listed, as to any matter provided for in such supplemental indenture. If the Company shall so determine, new Securities of that series so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Board of Directors, to any modification of this
Indenture contained in any such supplemental indenture may be prepared by the Company, authenticated by the Trustee and delivered in exchange for the Securities of that series then Outstanding.
Section 9.05 Execution of Supplemental Indentures. Upon the request of the Company, accompanied by its Board Resolutions authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture,
and upon the filing with the Trustee of evidence of the consent of Securityholders required to consent thereto as aforesaid, the Trustee shall join with the Company in the execution of such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental
indenture affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion but shall not be obligated to enter into such supplemental indenture. The Trustee, subject to the
provisions of Section 7.01, shall receive an Officer’s Certificate or an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article is authorized or permitted by the terms of this Article and that
all conditions precedent to the execution of the supplemental indenture have been complied with; provided, however, that such Officer’s Certificate or Opinion of Counsel need not be provided in connection with the execution of a supplemental
indenture that establishes the terms of a series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.
Promptly after the execution by the Company and the Trustee of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Section, the Company shall (or shall direct the Trustee to) transmit
by mail, first class postage prepaid, a notice, setting forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture, to the Securityholders of all series affected thereby as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Any
failure of the Company to mail, or cause the mailing of, such notice, or any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental indenture.
26
ARTICLE 10
SUCCESSOR ENTITY
Section 10.01 Company May Consolidate, Etc. Nothing contained in this Indenture shall prevent any consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other Person (whether or not
affiliated with the Company) or successive consolidations or mergers in which the Company or its successor or successors shall be a party or parties, or shall prevent any sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition of the property of the
Company or its successor or successors as an entirety, or substantially as an entirety, to any other corporation (whether or not affiliated with the Company or its successor or successors) authorized to acquire and operate the same; provided,
however, (a) the Company hereby covenants and agrees that, upon any such consolidation or merger (in each case, if the Company is not the survivor of such transaction), sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, the due and punctual payment
of the principal of (premium, if any) and interest on all of the Securities of all series in accordance with the terms of each series, according to their tenor, and the due and punctual performance and observance of all the covenants and
conditions of this Indenture with respect to each series or established with respect to such series pursuant to Section 2.01 to be kept or performed by the Company shall be expressly assumed, by supplemental indenture (which shall conform to the
provisions of the Trust Indenture Act, as then in effect) reasonably satisfactory in form to the Trustee executed and delivered to the Trustee by the entity formed by such consolidation, or into which the Company shall have been merged, or by the
entity which shall have acquired such property and (b) in the event that the Securities of any series then Outstanding are convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock or other securities of the Company, such entity shall, by such
supplemental indenture, make provision so that the Securityholders of Securities of that series shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange of such Securities the number of securities or property to which a holder of the
number of shares of common stock or other securities of the Company deliverable upon conversion or exchange of those Securities would have been entitled had such conversion or exchange occurred immediately prior to such consolidation, merger,
sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition.
Section 10.02 Successor Entity Substituted.
(1) In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition and upon the assumption by the successor entity by supplemental indenture, executed and delivered to
the Trustee and satisfactory in form to the Trustee, of the obligations set forth under Section 10.01 on all of the Securities of all series Outstanding, such successor entity shall succeed to and be substituted for the Company with the same
effect as if it had been named as the Company herein, and thereupon the predecessor corporation shall be relieved of all obligations and covenants under this Indenture and the Securities.
(2) In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, such changes in phraseology and form (but not in substance) may be made in the Securities
thereafter to be issued as may be appropriate.
(3) Nothing contained in this Article shall require any action by the Company in the case of a consolidation or merger of any Person into the Company where the Company is the survivor of such
transaction, or the acquisition by the Company, by purchase or otherwise, of all or any part of the property of any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company).
ARTICLE 11
SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE
Section 11.01 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture. If at any time: (a) the Company shall have delivered to the Trustee for cancellation all Securities of a series theretofore
authenticated and not delivered to the Trustee for cancellation (other than any Securities that shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and that shall have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 2.07 and Securities for whose payment money
or Governmental Obligations have theretofore been deposited in trust or segregated and held in trust by the Company and thereupon repaid to the Company or discharged from such trust, as provided in Section 11.05); or (b) all such Securities of a
particular series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation shall have become due and payable, or are by their terms to become due and payable within one year or are to be called for redemption within one year under arrangements
satisfactory to the Trustee for the giving of notice of redemption, and the Company shall deposit or cause to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds the entire amount in moneys or Governmental Obligations or a combination thereof,
sufficient in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants expressed in a written certification thereof delivered to the Trustee, to pay at maturity or upon redemption all Securities of that series not theretofore
delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be
paid all other sums payable hereunder with respect to such series by the Company then this Indenture shall thereupon cease to be of further effect with respect to such series except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4.01, 4.02,
4.03 and 7.10, that shall survive until the date of maturity or redemption date, as the case may be, and Sections 7.06 and 11.05, that shall survive to such date and thereafter, and the Trustee, on demand of the Company and at the cost and
expense of the Company shall execute proper instruments acknowledging satisfaction of and discharging this Indenture with respect to such series.
27
Section 11.02 Discharge of Obligations. If at any time all such Securities of a particular series not heretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation or that have not become due
and payable as described in Section 11.01 shall have been paid by the Company by depositing irrevocably with the Trustee as trust funds moneys or an amount of Governmental Obligations sufficient to pay at maturity or upon redemption all such
Securities of that series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the
Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable hereunder by the Company with respect to such series, then after the date such moneys or Governmental Obligations, as the case may be, are deposited with the Trustee the
obligations of the Company under this Indenture with respect to such series shall cease to be of further effect except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4,01, 4.02, 4,03, 7.06, 7.10 and 11.05 hereof that shall survive until such
Securities shall mature and be paid.
Thereafter, Sections 7.06 and 11.05 shall survive.
Section 11.03 Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust. All moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with the Trustee pursuant to Sections 11.01 or 11.02 shall be
held in trust and shall be available for payment as due, either directly or through any paying agent (including the Company acting as its own paying agent), to the holders of the particular series of Securities for the payment or redemption of
which such moneys or Governmental Obligations have been deposited with the Trustee.
Section 11.04 Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents. In connection with the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture all moneys or Governmental Obligations
then held by any paying agent under the provisions of this Indenture shall, upon demand of the Company, be paid to the Trustee and thereupon such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys or
Governmental Obligations.
Section 11.05 Repayment to Company. Any moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with any paying agent or the Trustee, or then held by the Company, in trust for payment of
principal of or premium, if any, or interest on the Securities of a particular series that are not applied but remain unclaimed by the holders of such Securities for at least two years after the date upon which the principal of (and premium, if
any) or interest on such Securities shall have respectively become due and payable, or such other shorter period set forth in applicable escheat or abandoned or unclaimed property law, shall be repaid to the Company on May 31 of each year or upon
the Company’s request or (if then held by the Company) shall be discharged from such trust; and thereupon the paying agent and the Trustee shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations, and
the holder of any of the Securities entitled to receive such payment shall thereafter, as a general creditor, look only to the Company for the payment thereof.
ARTICLE 12
IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
Section 12.01 No Recourse. No recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement of this Indenture, or of any Security, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise in respect
thereof, shall be had against any incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, past, present or future as such, of the Company or of any predecessor or successor corporation, either directly or through the Company or any such predecessor or
successor corporation, whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it being expressly understood that this Indenture and the obligations issued hereunder are
solely corporate obligations, and that no such personal liability whatever shall attach to, or is or shall be incurred by, the incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors as such, of the Company or of any predecessor or successor
corporation, or any of them, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom; and that
any and all such personal liability of every name and nature, either at common law or in equity or by constitution or statute, of, and any and all such rights and claims against, every such incorporator, stockholder, officer or director as such,
because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom, are hereby expressly waived and
released as a condition of, and as a consideration for, the execution of this Indenture and the issuance of such Securities.
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ARTICLE 13
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 13.01 Effect on Successors and Assigns. All the covenants, stipulations, promises and agreements in this Indenture made by or on behalf of the Company shall bind its successors
and assigns, whether so expressed or not.
Section 13.02 Actions by Successor. Any act or proceeding by any provision of this Indenture authorized or required to be done or performed by any board, committee or officer of the
Company shall and may be done and performed with like force and effect by the corresponding board, committee or officer of any corporation that shall at the time be the lawful successor of the Company.
Section 13.03 Surrender of Company Powers. The Company by instrument in writing executed by authority of its Board of Directors and delivered to the Trustee may
surrender any of the powers reserved to the Company, and thereupon such power so surrendered shall terminate both as to the Company and as to any successor corporation.
Section 13.04 Notices. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, any notice, request or demand that by any provision of this Indenture is required or permitted to be given, made or
served by the Trustee or by the holders of Securities or by any other Person pursuant to this Indenture to or on the Company may be given or served by being deposited in first class mail, postage prepaid, addressed (until another address is filed
in writing by the Company with the Trustee), as follows: [ ]. Any notice, election, request or demand by the Company or any Securityholder or by any other Person pursuant to this Indenture to or upon the Trustee shall be deemed to have been
sufficiently given or made, for all purposes, if given or made in writing at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee.
Section 13.05 Governing Law. This Indenture and each Security shall be deemed to be a contract made under the internal laws of the State of New York, and for all purposes shall be
construed in accordance with the laws of said State, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.
Section 13.06 Treatment of Securities as Debt. It is intended that the Securities will be treated as indebtedness and not as equity for federal income tax purposes. The provisions of
this Indenture shall be interpreted to further this intention.
Section 13.07 Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent.
(1) Upon any application or demand by the Company to the Trustee to take any action under any of the provisions of this Indenture, the Company shall furnish to the Trustee an Officer’s
Certificate stating that all conditions precedent provided for in this Indenture (other than the certificate to be delivered pursuant to Section 13.12) relating to the proposed action have been complied with and, if requested, an Opinion of
Counsel stating that in the opinion of such counsel all such conditions precedent have been complied with, except that in the case of any such application or demand as to which the furnishing of such documents is specifically required by any
provision of this Indenture relating to such particular application or demand, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished.
(2) Each certificate or opinion provided for in this Indenture and delivered to the Trustee with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant in this Indenture shall include (i) a statement
that the Person making such certificate or opinion has read such covenant or condition; (ii) a brief statement as to the nature and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or opinions contained in such certificate or
opinion are based; (iii) a statement that, in the opinion of such Person, he has made such examination or investigation as is reasonably necessary to enable him to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such covenant or condition has
been complied with; and (iv) a statement as to whether or not, in the opinion of such Person, such condition or covenant has been complied with.
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Section 13.08 Payments on Business Days. Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, or established in one or
more indentures supplemental to this Indenture, in any case where the date of maturity of interest or principal of any Security or the date of redemption of any Security shall not be a Business Day, then payment of interest or principal (and
premium, if any) may be made on the next succeeding Business Day with the same force and effect as if made on the nominal date of maturity or redemption, and no interest shall accrue for the period after such nominal date.
Section 13.09 Conflict with Trust Indenture Act. If and to the extent that any provision of this Indenture limits, qualifies or conflicts with the duties imposed by Sections 310 to
317, inclusive, of the Trust Indenture Act, such imposed duties shall control.
Section 13.10 Counterparts. This Indenture may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original, but such counterparts shall together constitute but one and
the same instrument.
Section 13.11 Separability. In case any one or more of the provisions contained in this Indenture or in the Securities of any series shall for any reason be held to be invalid, illegal
or unenforceable in any respect, such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other provisions of this Indenture or of such Securities, but this Indenture and such Securities shall be construed as if such invalid or
illegal or unenforceable provision had never been contained herein or therein.
Section 13.12 Compliance Certificates. The Company shall deliver to the Trustee, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year during which any Securities of any series were
outstanding, an officer’s certificate stating whether or not the signers know of any Event of Default that occurred during such fiscal year. Such certificate shall contain a certification from the principal executive officer, principal financial
officer or principal accounting officer of the Company that a review has been conducted of the activities of the Company and the Company’s performance under this Indenture and that the Company has complied with all conditions and covenants under
this Indenture. For purposes of this Section 13.12, such compliance shall be determined without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided under this Indenture. If the officer of the Company signing such certificate has
knowledge of such an Event of Default, the certificate shall describe any such Event of Default and its status.
30
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Indenture to be duly executed all as of the day and year first above written.
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MOMENTUS INC.
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By:
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Name:
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Title:
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[TRUSTEE], as Trustee
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By:
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Name:
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Title:
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CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE2
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Section of Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as Amended
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Section of
Indenture
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310(a)
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7.09
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310(b)
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7.08
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7.10
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||
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310(c)
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Inapplicable
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311(a)
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7.13
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311(b)
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7.13
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311(c)
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Inapplicable
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312(a)
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5.01
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5.02
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||
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312(b)
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5.02
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312(c)
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5.02
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313(a)
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5.04
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313(b)
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5.04
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313(c)
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5.04
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5.04
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||
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313(d)
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5.04
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314(a)
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5.03
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13.12
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||
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314(b)
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Inapplicable
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314(c)
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13.07
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314(d)
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Inapplicable
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314(e)
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13.07
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314(f)
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Inapplicable
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315(a)
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7.01
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7.01
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||
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315(b)
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7.14
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315(c)
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7.01
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315(d)
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7.01
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315(e)
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6.07
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316(a)
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6.06
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8.04
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||
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316(b)
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6.04
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316(c)
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8.01
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317(a)
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6.02
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317(b)
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4.03
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318(a)
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13.09
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2 This Cross-Reference Table does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.
Exhibit 4.18
MOMENTUS INC.
Issuer
AND
[TRUSTEE],
Trustee
INDENTURE
Dated as of [ ]
Subordinated Debt Securities
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Page
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Article 1
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DEFINITIONS
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1
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Section 1.01
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Definitions of Terms
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1
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Article 2
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ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES
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4
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Section 2.01
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Designation and Terms of Securities.
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4
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Section 2.02
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Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate
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6
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Section 2.03
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Denominations: Provisions for Payment
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6
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Section 2.04
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Execution and Authentications
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7
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Section 2.05
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Registration of Transfer and Exchange.
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7
|
|
Section 2.06
|
Temporary Securities
|
8
|
|
Section 2.07
|
Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities
|
8
|
|
Section 2.08
|
Cancellation
|
9
|
|
Section 2.09
|
Benefits of Indenture
|
9
|
|
Section 2.10
|
Authenticating Agent
|
9
|
|
Section 2.11
|
Global Securities.
|
10
|
|
Article 3
|
REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS
|
10
|
|
Section 3.01
|
Redemption
|
10
|
|
Section 3.02
|
Notice of Redemption.
|
10
|
|
Section 3.03
|
Payment Upon Redemption.
|
11
|
|
Section 3.04
|
Sinking Fund
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11
|
|
Section 3.05
|
Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities
|
12
|
|
Section 3.06
|
Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund
|
12
|
|
Article 4
|
COVENANTS
|
12
|
|
Section 4.01
|
Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest
|
12
|
|
Section 4.02
|
Maintenance of Office or Agency
|
12
|
|
Section 4.03
|
Paying Agents.
|
12
|
|
Section 4.04
|
Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee
|
13
|
|
Section 4.05
|
Compliance with Consolidation Provisions
|
13
|
|
Article 5
|
SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE
|
13
|
|
Section 5.01
|
Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders
|
13
|
|
Section 5.02
|
Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders.
|
14
|
|
1
|
This Table of Contents does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.
|
| Page |
||
|
Section 5.03
|
Reports by the Company.
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14
|
|
Section 5.04
|
Reports by the Trustee.
|
14
|
|
Article 6
|
REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT
|
14
|
|
Section 6.01
|
Events of Default.
|
14
|
|
Section 6.02
|
Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee.
|
16
|
|
Section 6.03
|
Application of Moneys Collected
|
16
|
|
Section 6.04
|
Limitation on Suits
|
17
|
|
Section 6.05
|
Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver.
|
17
|
|
Section 6.06
|
Control by Securityholders
|
18
|
|
Section 6.07
|
Undertaking to Pay Costs
|
18
|
|
Article 7
|
CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE
|
18
|
|
Section 7.01
|
Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee.
|
18
|
|
Section 7.02
|
Certain Rights of Trustee
|
19
|
|
Section 7.03
|
Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities.
|
20
|
|
Section 7.04
|
May Hold Securities
|
20
|
|
Section 7.05
|
Moneys Held in Trust
|
20
|
|
Section 7.06
|
Compensation and Reimbursement.
|
20
|
|
Section 7.07
|
Reliance on Officer’s Certificate
|
21
|
|
Section 7.08
|
Disqualification; Conflicting Interests
|
21
|
|
Section 7.09
|
Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility
|
21
|
|
Section 7.10
|
Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor.
|
21
|
|
Section 7.11
|
Acceptance of Appointment By Successor.
|
22
|
|
Section 7.12
|
Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business
|
23
|
|
Section 7.13
|
Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company
|
23
|
|
Section 7.14
|
Notice of Default
|
23
|
|
Article 8
|
CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS
|
24
|
|
Section 8.01
|
Evidence of Action by Securityholders
|
24
|
|
Section 8.02
|
Proof of Execution by Securityholders
|
24
|
|
Section 8.03
|
Who May be Deemed Owners
|
24
|
|
Section 8.04
|
Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded
|
24
|
|
Section 8.05
|
Actions Binding on Future Securityholders
|
26
|
ii
| Page |
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|
Article 9
|
SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES
|
25
|
|
Section 9.01
|
Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders
|
25
|
|
Section 9.02
|
Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders
|
26
|
|
Section 9.03
|
Effect of Supplemental Indentures
|
26
|
|
Section 9.04
|
Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures
|
26
|
|
Section 9.05
|
Execution of Supplemental Indentures
|
26
|
|
Article 10
|
SUCCESSOR ENTITY
|
27
|
|
Section 10.01
|
Company May Consolidate, Etc
|
27
|
|
Section 10.02
|
Successor Entity Substituted.
|
27
|
|
Article 11
|
SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE
|
27
|
|
Section 11.01
|
Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture
|
27
|
|
Section 11.02
|
Discharge of Obligations
|
28
|
|
Section 11.03
|
Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust
|
28
|
|
Section 11.04
|
Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents
|
28
|
|
Section 11.05
|
Repayment to Company
|
28
|
|
Article 12
|
IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
|
28
|
|
Section 12.01
|
No Recourse
|
28
|
|
Article 13
|
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
|
29
|
|
Section 13.01
|
Effect on Successors and Assigns
|
29
|
|
Section 13.02
|
Actions by Successor
|
29
|
|
Section 13.03
|
Surrender of Company Powers
|
29
|
|
Section 13.04
|
Notices
|
29
|
|
Section 13.05
|
Governing Law
|
29
|
|
Section 13.06
|
Treatment of Securities as Debt
|
29
|
|
Section 13.07
|
Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent.
|
29
|
|
Section 13.08
|
Payments on Business Days
|
30
|
|
Section 13.09
|
Conflict with Trust Indenture Act
|
30
|
|
Section 13.10
|
Counterparts
|
30
|
|
Section 13.11
|
Separability
|
30
|
|
Section 13.12
|
Compliance Certificates
|
30
|
|
Article 14
|
Subordination of Securities
|
30
|
|
Section 14.01
|
Subordination Terms
|
30
|
iii
INDENTURE
INDENTURE, dated as of [ ], among MOMENTUS INC., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and [TRUSTEE], as trustee (the “Trustee”):
WHEREAS, for its lawful corporate purposes, the Company has duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture to provide for the issuance of
subordinated debt securities (hereinafter referred to as the “Securities”), in an unlimited aggregate principal amount to be issued from time to time in one or more series as in this Indenture provided, as registered Securities without coupons,
to be authenticated by the certificate of the Trustee;
WHEREAS, to provide the terms and conditions upon which the Securities are to be authenticated, issued and delivered, the Company has duly authorized the
execution of this Indenture; and
WHEREAS, all things necessary to make this Indenture a valid agreement of the Company, in accordance with its terms, have been done.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the purchase of the Securities by the holders thereof, it is mutually covenanted and agreed as follows for
the equal and ratable benefit of the holders of Securities:
ARTICLE 1
DEFINITIONS
Section 1.01 Definitions of Terms. The terms defined in this Section (except as in this Indenture or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context
otherwise requires) for all purposes of this Indenture and of any indenture supplemental hereto shall have the respective meanings specified in this Section and shall include the plural as well as the singular. All other terms used in this
Indenture that are defined in the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, or that are by reference in such Act defined in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (except as herein or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided
or unless the context otherwise requires), shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in said Trust Indenture Act and in said Securities Act as in force at the date of the execution of this instrument.
“Authenticating Agent ” means an authenticating agent with respect to all or any of the series of Securities appointed by the Trustee
pursuant to Section 2.10.
“Bankruptcy Law” means Title 11, U.S. Code, or any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors.
“Board of Directors” means the Board of Directors (or the functional equivalent thereof) of the Company or any duly authorized committee of
such Board.
“Board Resolution ” means a copy of a resolution certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company to have been duly
adopted by the Board of Directors and to be in full force and effect on the date of such certification.
“Business Day” means, with respect to any series of Securities, any day other than a day on which federal or state banking institutions in
the Borough of Manhattan, the City of New York, or in the city of the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, are authorized or obligated by law, executive order or regulation to close.
“Certificate” means a certificate signed by any Officer. The Certificate need not comply with the provisions of Section 13.07.
“Commission ” means the Securities and Exchange Commission, as from time to time constituted, created under the Exchange Act, or, if at any
time after the execution of this instrument such Commission is not existing and performing the duties now assigned to it under the Trust Indenture Act, then the body performing such duties at such time.
“Company” means MOMENTUS INC., a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, and, subject to the
provisions of Article Ten, shall also include its successors and assigns.
1
“Corporate Trust Office ” means the office of the Trustee at which, at any particular time, its corporate trust business shall be
principally administered, which office at the date hereof is located at [ ].
“Custodian ” means any receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law. “Defaulted Interest ” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.03.
“Depositary ” means, with respect to Securities of any series for which the Company shall determine that such Securities will be issued as a
Global Security, The Depository Trust Company, another clearing agency, or any successor registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation, which, in each case, shall be designated by the Company
pursuant to either Section 2.01 or 2.11.
“Event of Default” means, with respect to Securities of a particular series, any event specified in Section 6.01, continued for the period
of time, if any, therein designated.
“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated by the
Commission thereunder.
“Global Security ” means a Security issued to evidence all or a part of any series of Securities which is executed by the Company and
authenticated and delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary’s instruction, all in accordance with the Indenture, which shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee.
“Governmental Obligations ” means securities that are (a) direct obligations of the United States of America for the payment of which its
full faith and credit is pledged or (b) obligations of a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States of America, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit
obligation by the United States of America that, in either case, are not callable or redeemable at the option of the issuer thereof at any time prior to the stated maturity of the Securities, and shall also include a depositary receipt issued by
a bank or trust company as custodian with respect to any such Governmental Obligation or a specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Governmental Obligation held by such custodian for the account of the holder of such depositary
receipt; provided, however, that (except as required by law) such custodian is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect of the
Governmental Obligation or the specific payment of principal of or interest on the Governmental Obligation evidenced by such depositary receipt.
“herein”, “hereof” and “hereunder”,
and other words of similar import, refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision.
“Indenture ” means this instrument as originally executed or as it may from time to time be supplemented or amended by one or more
indentures supplemental hereto entered into in accordance with the terms hereof and shall include the terms of particular series of Securities established as contemplated by Section 2.01.
“Interest Payment Date ”, when used with respect to any installment of interest on a Security of a particular series, means the date
specified in such Security or in a Board Resolution or in an indenture supplemental hereto with respect to such series as the fixed date on which an installment of interest with respect to Securities of that series is due and payable.
“Officer” means, with respect to the Company, the chairman of the Board of Directors, a chief executive officer, a president, a chief
financial officer, a chief operating officer, any executive vice president, any senior vice president, any vice president, the treasurer or any assistant treasurer, the controller or any assistant controller or the secretary or any assistant
secretary.
“Officer’s Certificate” means a certificate signed by any Officer. Each such certificate shall include the statements provided for in
Section 13.07, if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof.
“Opinion of Counsel” means an opinion in writing subject to customary exceptions of legal counsel, who may be an employee of or counsel for
the Company, that is delivered to the Trustee in accordance with the terms hereof. Each such opinion shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof.
2
“Outstanding”, when used with reference to Securities of any series, means, subject to the provisions of Section 8.04, as of any particular
time, all Securities of that series theretofore authenticated and delivered by the Trustee under this Indenture, except (a) Securities theretofore canceled by the Trustee or any paying agent, or delivered to the Trustee or any paying agent for
cancellation or that have previously been canceled; (b) Securities or portions thereof for the payment or redemption of which moneys or Governmental Obligations in the necessary amount shall have been deposited in trust with the Trustee or with
any paying agent (other than the Company) or shall have been set aside and segregated in trust by the Company (if the Company shall act as its own paying agent); provided, however, that if such Securities or portions of such Securities are to be
redeemed prior to the maturity thereof, notice of such redemption shall have been given as provided in Article Three, or provision satisfactory to the Trustee shall have been made for giving such notice; and (c) Securities in lieu of or in
substitution for which other Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to the terms of Section 2.07.
“Person ” means any individual, corporation, partnership, joint venture, joint-stock company, limited liability company, association, trust,
unincorporated organization, any other entity or organization, including a government or political subdivision or an agency or instrumentality thereof.
“Predecessor Security” of any particular Security means every previous Security evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that
evidenced by such particular Security; and, for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section 2.07 in lieu of a lost, destroyed or stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the lost,
destroyed or stolen Security.
“Responsible Officer ” when used with respect to the Trustee means any officer of the Trustee assigned by the Trustee to administer its
corporate trust matters with respect to this Indenture (which, for the avoidance of doubt, includes without limitation any supplemental indenture hereto).
“Securities ” has the meaning stated in the first recital of this Indenture and more particularly means any Securities authenticated and
delivered under this Indenture.
“ Securityholder”, “ holder of Securities”, “ registered holder”, or other similar term, means the Person or Persons in whose name or names a particular Security is registered on the Security Register kept for that purpose in accordance with the terms of this
Indenture.
“Security Register” and “ Security Registrar” shall have the meanings as set
forth in Section 2.05. “ Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person:
(1) any corporation or company a majority of whose capital stock with voting power, under ordinary circumstances, to elect directors is, at the date of determination, directly or indirectly, owned by
such Person (a “subsidiary”), by one or more subsidiaries of such Person or by such Person and one or more subsidiaries of such Person;
(2) a partnership in which such Person or a subsidiary of such Person is, at the date of determination, a general partner of such partnership; or
(3)any partnership, limited liability company or other Person in which such Person, a subsidiary of such Person or such Person and one or more subsidiaries of such Person, directly or indirectly, at
the date of determination, have
(x) at least a majority ownership interest or (y) the power to elect or appoint or direct the election or appointment of the managing partner or member of such Person or, if applicable, a majority of
the directors or other governing body of such Person.
“Trustee” means [TRUSTEE ], and, subject to the provisions of Article Seven, shall also include its
successors and assigns, and, if at any time there is more than one Person acting in such capacity hereunder, “Trustee” shall mean each such Person.
The term “Trustee” as used with respect to a particular series of the Securities shall mean the trustee with respect to that series.
“Trust Indenture Act” means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended.
3
ARTICLE 2
ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES
Section 2.01 Designation and Terms of Securities.
(1) The aggregate principal amount of Securities that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is unlimited. The Securities may be issued in one or more series up to the aggregate
principal amount of Securities of that series from time to time authorized by or pursuant to a Board Resolution or pursuant to one or more indentures supplemental hereto. Prior to the initial issuance of Securities of any series, there shall be
established in or pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental hereto:
(a) the title of the Securities of the series (which shall distinguish the Securities of that series from all other Securities);
(b) any limit upon the aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series which may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture (except for Securities
authenticated and delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities of that series);
(c) the date or dates on which the principal of the Securities of the series is payable;
(d) if the price (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount thereof) at which such Securities will be issued is a price other than the principal amount thereof,
the portion of the principal amount thereof payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof, or if applicable, the portion of the principal amount of such Securities that is convertible into another security or the method by
which any such portion shall be determined;
(e) the rate or rates at which the Securities of the series shall bear interest or the manner of calculation of such rate or rates, if any;
(f) the date or dates from which such interest shall accrue, the Interest Payment Dates on which such interest will be payable or the manner of determination of such Interest
Payment Dates, the place(s) of payment, and the record date for the determination of holders to whom interest is payable on any such Interest Payment Dates or the manner of determination of such record dates;
(g) the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods and the duration of such extension;
(h) the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which and the terms and conditions upon which Securities of the series may be redeemed, converted or exchanged, in
whole or in part;
(i) the obligation, if any, of the Company to redeem or purchase Securities of the series pursuant to any sinking fund, mandatory redemption, or analogous provisions (including
payments made in cash in satisfaction of future sinking fund obligations) or at the option of a holder thereof and the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which, and the terms and conditions upon which, Securities of the series
shall be redeemed or purchased, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation;
(j) the form of the Securities of the series including the form of the Certificate of Authentication for such series;
(k) if other than denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, the denominations in which the Securities of the series shall be issuable;
(l) any and all other terms (including terms, to the extent applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the Securities of that series and any security for the
obligations of the Company with respect to such Securities) with respect to such series (which terms shall not be inconsistent with the terms of this Indenture, as amended by any supplemental indenture) including any terms which may be required
by or advisable under United States laws or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of Securities of that series;
4
(m) whether the Securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of a Global Security or Securities; the terms and conditions, if any, upon which such
Global Security or Securities may be exchanged in whole or in part for other individual Securities; and the Depositary for such Global Security or Securities;
(n) whether the Securities will be convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock, preferred stock or other securities of the Company or any other Person and, if so,
the terms and conditions upon which such Securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at the Company’s
option or the holders’ option) conversion or exchange features, and the applicable conversion or exchange period;
(o) if other than the full principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the
maturity thereof pursuant to Section 6.01;
(p) any additional or alternative events of default;
(q) additional or alternative covenants (which may include, among other restrictions, restrictions on the Company’s ability or the ability of the Company’s Subsidiaries to: incur
additional indebtedness; issue additional securities; create liens; pay dividends or make distributions in respect of the capital stock of the Company or the Company’s Subsidiaries; redeem capital stock; place restrictions on the Company’s
Subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends, make distributions or transfer assets; make investments or other restricted payments; sell or otherwise dispose of assets; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; engage in transactions with stockholders or
affiliates; issue or sell stock of the Company’s Subsidiaries; or effect a consolidation or merger) or financial covenants (which may include, among other financial covenants, financial covenants that require the Company and its Subsidiaries to
maintain specified interest coverage, fixed charge, cash flow-based, asset-based or other financial ratios) provided for with respect to the Securities of the series;
(r) the currency or currencies, including composite currencies, in which payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest, if any, on such Securities shall be
payable (if other than the currency of the United States of America), which unless otherwise specified shall be the currency of the United States of America as at the time of payment is legal tender for payment of public or private debts;
(s) if the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest, if any, on such Securities is to be payable, at the election of the Company or any Holder thereof, in a coin or currency
other than that in which such Securities are stated to be payable, then the period or periods within which, and the terms and conditions upon which, such election may be made;
(t) whether interest will be payable in cash or additional Securities at the Company’s or the Securityholders’ option and the terms and conditions upon which the election may be
made;
(u) the terms and conditions, if any, upon which the Company shall pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the Securities of the
series to any Securityholder that is not a “United States person” for federal tax purposes;
(v) additional or alternative provisions, if any, related to defeasance and discharge of the offered Securities;
(w) the applicability of any guarantees;
(x) any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the Securities of the series;
(y) any other terms of the series; and
(z) the subordination terms of the Securities of the series.
All Securities of any one series shall be substantially identical except as may otherwise be provided in or pursuant to any such Board Resolution or in any indentures supplemental hereto.
5
If any of the terms of the series are established by action taken pursuant to a Board Resolution of the Company, a copy of an appropriate record of such action shall be certified by the secretary or
an assistant secretary of the Company and delivered to the Trustee at or prior to the delivery of the Officer’s Certificate of the Company setting forth the terms of the series.
Securities of any particular series may be issued at various times, with different dates on which the principal or any installment of principal is payable, with different rates of interest, if any, or different methods
by which rates of interest may be determined, with different dates on which such interest may be payable and with different redemption dates.
Section 2.02 Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate. The Securities of any series and the Trustee’s certificate of authentication to be borne by such Securities shall be
substantially of the tenor and purport as set forth in one or more indentures supplemental hereto or as provided in a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, and they may have such letters, numbers or other marks of
identification or designation and such legends or endorsements printed, lithographed or engraved thereon as the Company may deem appropriate and as are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Indenture, or as may be required to comply with
any law or with any rule or regulation made pursuant thereto or with any rule or regulation of any securities exchange on which Securities of that series may be listed, or to conform to usage.
Section 2.03 Denominations: Provisions for Payment. The Securities shall be issuable as registered Securities and in the denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral
multiple thereof, subject to Section 2.01(1)(j). The Securities of a particular series shall bear interest payable on the dates and at the rate specified with respect to that series.
Subject to Section 2.01(1)(p), the principal of and the interest on the Securities of any series, as well as any premium thereon in case of redemption thereof prior to maturity, shall be payable in
the coin or currency of the United States of America that at the time is legal tender for public and private debt, at the office or agency of the Company maintained for that purpose.
Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication. Interest on the Securities shall be computed on the basis of a 360- day year composed of twelve 30-day months.
The interest installment on any Security that is payable, and is punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of that series shall be paid to the Person in whose
name said Security (or one or more Predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business on the regular record date for such interest installment. In the event that any Security of a particular series or portion thereof is called for
redemption and the redemption date is subsequent to a regular record date with respect to any Interest Payment Date and prior to such Interest Payment Date, interest on such Security will be paid upon presentation and surrender of such Security
as provided in Section 3.03.
Any interest on any Security that is payable, but is not punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of the same series (herein called “Defaulted Interest”) shall
forthwith cease to be payable to the registered holder on the relevant regular record date by virtue of having been such holder; and such Defaulted Interest shall be paid by the Company, at its election, as provided in clause (1) or clause (2)
below:
(1) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on Securities to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered at the close of
business on a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest, which shall be fixed in the following manner: the Company shall notify the Trustee in writing of the amount of Defaulted Interest proposed to be paid on each such
Security and the date of the proposed payment, and at the same time the Company shall deposit with the Trustee an amount of money equal to the aggregate amount proposed to be paid in respect of such Defaulted Interest or shall make arrangements
satisfactory to the Trustee for such deposit prior to the date of the proposed payment, such money when deposited to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such Defaulted Interest as in this clause provided. Thereupon the
Trustee shall fix a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest which shall not be more than 15 nor less than 10 days prior to the date of the proposed payment and not less than 10 days after the receipt by the Trustee of the
notice of the proposed payment. The Trustee shall promptly notify the Company of such special record date and, in the name and at the expense of the Company, shall cause notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special
record date therefor to be mailed, first class postage prepaid, to each Securityholder at his or her address as it appears in the Security Register (as hereinafter defined), not less than 10 days prior to such special record date. Notice of the
proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor having been mailed as aforesaid, such Defaulted Interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are
registered on such special record date.
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(2) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on any Securities in any other lawful manner not inconsistent with the requirements of any securities exchange on which such Securities may
be listed, and upon such notice as may be required by such exchange, if, after notice given by the Company to the Trustee of the proposed payment pursuant to this clause, such manner of payment shall be deemed practicable by the Trustee.
Unless otherwise set forth in a Board Resolution or one or more indentures supplemental hereto establishing the terms of any series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the term “regular
record date” as used in this Section with respect to a series of Securities and any Interest Payment Date for such series shall mean either the fifteenth day of the month immediately preceding the month in which an Interest Payment Date
established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the first day of a month, or the first day of the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section
2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the fifteenth day of a month, whether or not such date is a Business Day.
Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Section, each Security of a series delivered under this Indenture upon transfer of or in exchange for or in lieu of any other Security of such series shall
carry the rights to interest accrued and unpaid, and to accrue, that were carried by such other Security.
Section 2.04 Execution and Authentications. The Securities shall be signed on behalf of the Company by one of its Officers. Signatures may be in the form of a manual or facsimile
signature.
The Company may use the facsimile signature of any Person who shall have been an Officer, notwithstanding the fact that at the time the Securities shall be authenticated and delivered or disposed of
such Person shall have ceased to be such an officer of the Company. The Securities may contain such notations, legends or endorsements required by law, stock exchange rule or usage. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication by
the Trustee.
A Security shall not be valid until authenticated manually by an authorized signatory of the Trustee, or by an Authenticating Agent. Such signature shall be conclusive evidence that the Security so
authenticated has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and that the holder is entitled to the benefits of this Indenture. At any time and from time to time after the execution and delivery of this Indenture, the Company may deliver
Securities of any series executed by the Company to the Trustee for authentication, together with a written order of the Company for the authentication and delivery of such Securities, signed by an Officer, and the Trustee in accordance with such
written order shall authenticate and deliver such Securities.
In authenticating such Securities and accepting the additional responsibilities under this Indenture in relation to such Securities, the Trustee shall be entitled to receive, if requested, and
(subject to Section 7.01) shall be fully protected in relying upon, an Opinion of Counsel stating that the form and terms thereof have been established in conformity with the provisions of this Indenture.
The Trustee shall not be required to authenticate such Securities if the issue of such Securities pursuant to this Indenture will affect the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under the
Securities and this Indenture or otherwise in a manner that is not reasonably acceptable to the Trustee.
Section 2.05 Registration of Transfer and Exchange.
(1) Securities of any series may be exchanged upon presentation thereof at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, for other Securities of such series of authorized
denominations, and for a like aggregate principal amount, upon payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge in relation thereto, all as provided in this Section. In respect of any Securities so surrendered for
exchange, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange therefor the Security or Securities of the same series that the Securityholder making the exchange shall be entitled to
receive, bearing numbers not contemporaneously outstanding.
(2)The Company shall keep, or cause to be kept, at its office or agency designated for such purpose a register or registers (herein referred to as the “Security Register”) in which, subject to such
reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, the Company shall register the Securities and the transfers of Securities as in this Article provided and which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection by the Trustee. The registrar for the
purpose of registering Securities and transfer of Securities as herein provided shall be appointed as authorized by Board Resolution (the “Security Registrar”).
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Upon surrender for transfer of any Security at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency
shall deliver in the name of the transferee or transferees a new Security or Securities of the same series as the Security presented for a like aggregate principal amount.
All Securities presented or surrendered for exchange or registration of transfer, as provided in this Section, shall be accompanied (if so required by the Company or the Security Registrar) by a
written instrument or instruments of transfer, in form satisfactory to the Company or the Security Registrar, duly executed by the registered holder or by such holder’s duly authorized attorney in writing.
(3) Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this Indenture, no
service charge shall be made for any exchange or registration of transfer of Securities, or issue of new Securities in case of partial redemption of any series, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other
governmental charge in relation thereto, other than exchanges pursuant to Section 2.06, Section 3.03(2) and Section 9.04 not involving any transfer.
(4) The Company shall not be required (i) to issue, exchange or register the transfer of any Securities during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of the mailing of a
notice of redemption of less than all the Outstanding Securities of the same series and ending at the close of business on the day of such mailing, nor (ii) to register the transfer of or exchange any Securities of any series or portions thereof
called for redemption, other than the unredeemed portion of any such Securities being redeemed in part. The provisions of this Section 2.05 are, with respect to any Global Security, subject to Section 2.11 hereof.
The Trustee shall have no obligation or duty to monitor, determine or inquire as to compliance with any restrictions on transfer imposed under this Indenture or under applicable law with respect to
any transfer of any interest in any Security (including any transfers between or among depositary participants or beneficial owners of interests in any Global Security) other than to require delivery of such certificates and other documentation
or evidence as are expressly required by, and to do so if and when expressly required by the terms of, this Indenture, and to examine the same to determine substantial compliance as to form with the express requirements hereof.
Section 2.06 Temporary Securities. Pending the preparation of definitive Securities of any series, the Company may execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, temporary
Securities (printed, lithographed or typewritten) of any authorized denomination. Such temporary Securities shall be substantially in the form of the definitive Securities in lieu of which they are issued, but with such omissions, insertions and
variations as may be appropriate for temporary Securities, all as may be determined by the Company. Every temporary Security of any series shall be executed by the Company and be authenticated by the Trustee upon the same conditions and in
substantially the same manner, and with like effect, as the definitive Securities of such series. Without unnecessary delay the Company will execute and will furnish definitive Securities of such series and thereupon any or all temporary
Securities of such series may be surrendered in exchange therefor (without charge to the holders), at the office or agency of the Company designated for the purpose, and the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in
exchange for such temporary Securities an equal aggregate principal amount of definitive Securities of such series, unless the Company advises the Trustee to the effect that definitive Securities need not be executed and furnished until further
notice from the Company. Until so exchanged, the temporary Securities of such series shall be entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture as definitive Securities of such series authenticated and delivered hereunder.
Section 2.07 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities. In case any temporary or definitive Security shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company (subject to
the next succeeding sentence) shall execute, and upon the Company’s request the Trustee (subject as aforesaid) shall authenticate and deliver, a new Security of the same series, bearing a number not contemporaneously outstanding, in exchange and
substitution for the mutilated Security, or in lieu of and in substitution for the Security so destroyed, lost or stolen. In every case the applicant for a substituted Security shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or
indemnity as may be required by them to save each of them harmless, and, in every case of destruction, loss or theft, the applicant shall also furnish to the Company and the Trustee evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction, loss or theft
of the applicant’s Security and of the ownership thereof. The Trustee may authenticate any such substituted Security and deliver the same upon the written request or authorization of any officer of the Company. Upon the issuance of any
substituted Security, the Company may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation thereto and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected
therewith.
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In case any Security that has matured or is about to mature shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company may, instead of issuing a substitute Security, pay or authorize the
payment of the same (without surrender thereof except in the case of a mutilated Security) if the applicant for such payment shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as they may require to save them harmless, and,
in case of destruction, loss or theft, evidence to the satisfaction of the Company and the Trustee of the destruction, loss or theft of such Security and of the ownership thereof.
Every replacement Security issued pursuant to the provisions of this Section shall constitute an additional contractual obligation of the Company whether or not the mutilated, destroyed, lost or
stolen Security shall be found at any time, or be enforceable by anyone, and shall be entitled to all the benefits of this Indenture equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of the same series duly issued hereunder. All
Securities shall be held and owned upon the express condition that the foregoing provisions are exclusive with respect to the replacement or payment of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities, and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) any
and all other rights or remedies, notwithstanding any law or statute existing or hereafter enacted to the contrary with respect to the replacement or payment of negotiable instruments or other securities without their surrender.
Section 2.08 Cancellation. All Securities surrendered for the purpose of payment, redemption, exchange or registration of transfer shall, if surrendered to the Company or any paying agent,
be delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, or, if surrendered to the Trustee, shall be cancelled by it, and no Securities shall be issued in lieu thereof except as expressly required or permitted by any of the provisions of this Indenture. On
request of the Company at the time of such surrender, the Trustee shall deliver to the Company canceled Securities held by the Trustee. In the absence of such request the Trustee may dispose of canceled Securities in accordance with its standard
procedures and deliver a certificate of disposition to the Company. If the Company shall otherwise acquire any of the Securities, however, such acquisition shall not operate as a redemption or satisfaction of the indebtedness represented by such
Securities unless and until the same are delivered to the Trustee for cancellation.
Section 2.09 Benefits of Indenture. Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, express or implied, shall give or be construed to give to any Person, other than the parties hereto and
the holders of the Securities (and, with respect to the provisions of Article Fourteen, the holders of any indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities of any series are subordinated) any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or
in respect of this Indenture, or under any covenant, condition or provision herein contained; all such covenants, conditions and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties hereto and of the holders of the Securities (and, with respect
to the provisions of Article Fourteen, the holders of any indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities of any series are subordinated).
Section 2.10 Authenticating Agent. So long as any of the Securities of any series remain Outstanding there may be an Authenticating Agent for any or all such series of Securities which
the Trustee shall have the right to appoint. Said Authenticating Agent shall be authorized to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate Securities of such series issued upon exchange, transfer or partial redemption thereof, and Securities so
authenticated shall be entitled to the benefits of this Indenture and shall be valid and obligatory for all purposes as if authenticated by the Trustee hereunder. All references in this Indenture to the authentication of Securities by the Trustee
shall be deemed to include authentication by an Authenticating Agent for such series. Each Authenticating Agent shall be acceptable to the Company and shall be a corporation that has a combined capital and surplus, as most recently reported or
determined by it, sufficient under the laws of any jurisdiction under which it is organized or in which it is doing business to conduct a trust business, and that is otherwise authorized under such laws to conduct such business and is subject to
supervision or examination by federal or state authorities. If at any time any Authenticating Agent shall cease to be eligible in accordance with these provisions, it shall resign immediately.
Any Authenticating Agent may at any time resign by giving written notice of resignation to the Trustee and to the Company. The Trustee may at any time (and upon request by the Company shall) terminate
the agency of any Authenticating Agent by giving written notice of termination to such Authenticating Agent and to the Company. Upon resignation, termination or cessation of eligibility of any Authenticating Agent, the Trustee may appoint an
eligible successor Authenticating Agent acceptable to the Company. Any successor Authenticating Agent, upon acceptance of its appointment hereunder, shall become vested with all the rights, powers and duties of its predecessor hereunder as if
originally named as an Authenticating Agent pursuant hereto.
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Section 2.11 Global Securities.
(1) If the Company shall establish pursuant to Section 2.01 that the Securities of a particular series are to be issued as a Global Security, then the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall, in
accordance with Section 2.04, authenticate and deliver, a Global Security that (i) shall represent, and shall be denominated in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of, all of the Outstanding Securities of such series, (ii) shall be
registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee, (iii) shall be delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary’s instruction and (iv) shall bear a legend substantially to the following effect: “Except as
otherwise provided in Section 2.11 of the Indenture, this Security may be transferred, in whole but not in part, only to another nominee of the Depositary or to a successor Depositary or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.”
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.05, the Global Security of a series may be transferred, in whole but not in part and in the manner provided in Section 2.05, only to another nominee of
the Depositary for such series, or to a successor Depositary for such series selected or approved by the Company or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.
(3) If at any time the Depositary for a series of the Securities notifies the Company that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary for such series or if at any time the Depositary for such
series shall no longer be registered or in good standing under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation, and a successor Depositary for such series is not appointed by the Company within 90 days after the Company receives such
notice or becomes aware of such condition, as the case may be, or if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and the Company has received a request from the Depositary or from the Trustee, this Section 2.11 shall no longer be
applicable to the Securities of such series and the Company will execute, and subject to Section 2.04, the Trustee will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized
denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. In addition, the Company may at any time determine that the Securities of any series
shall no longer be represented by a Global Security and that the provisions of this Section 2.11 shall no longer apply to the Securities of such series. In such event the Company will execute and, subject to Section 2.04, the Trustee, upon
receipt of an Officer’s Certificate evidencing such determination by the Company, will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate
principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. Upon the exchange of the Global Security for such Securities in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized
denominations, the Global Security shall be canceled by the Trustee. Such Securities in definitive registered form issued in exchange for the Global Security pursuant to this Section 2.11(3) shall be registered in such names and in such
authorized denominations as the Depositary, pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee. The Trustee shall deliver such Securities to the Depositary for delivery to the Persons in
whose names such Securities are so registered.
ARTICLE 3
REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS
Section 3.01 Redemption. The Company may redeem the Securities of any series issued hereunder on and after the dates and in accordance with the terms established for such series pursuant
to Section 2.01 hereof.
Section 3.02 Notice of Redemption.
(1) In case the Company shall desire to exercise such right to redeem all or, as the case may be, a portion of the Securities of any series in accordance with any right the Company reserved for itself
to do so pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the Company shall, or shall cause the Trustee to, give notice of such redemption to holders of the Securities of such series to be redeemed by mailing, first class postage prepaid, a notice of such
redemption not less than 30 days and not more than 90 days before the date fixed for redemption of that series to such holders at their last addresses as they shall appear upon the Security Register, unless a shorter period is specified in the
Securities to be redeemed. Any notice that is mailed in the manner herein provided shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the registered holder receives the notice. In any case, failure duly to give such notice to
the holder of any Security of any series designated for redemption in whole or in part, or any defect in the notice, shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other Securities of such series or any other series.
In the case of any redemption of Securities prior to the expiration of any restriction on such redemption provided in the terms of such Securities or elsewhere in this Indenture, the Company shall furnish the Trustee with an Officer’s Certificate
evidencing compliance with any such restriction.
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Each such notice of redemption shall specify the date fixed for redemption and the redemption price at which Securities of that series are to be redeemed, and shall state that payment of the
redemption price of such Securities to be redeemed will be made at the office or agency of the Company, upon presentation and surrender of such Securities, that interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption will be paid as specified in said
notice, that from and after said date interest will cease to accrue and that the redemption is from a sinking fund, if such is the case. If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the notice to the holders of Securities of
that series to be redeemed in part shall specify the particular Securities to be so redeemed.
In case any Security is to be redeemed in part only, the notice that relates to such Security shall state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed, and shall state that on and after
the redemption date, upon surrender of such Security, a new Security or Securities of such series in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion thereof will be issued.
(2) If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the Company shall give the Trustee at least 45 days’ notice (unless a shorter notice shall be satisfactory to the Trustee) in
advance of the date fixed for redemption as to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of the series to be redeemed, and thereupon the Trustee shall select, by lot or in such other manner as it shall deem appropriate and fair in its
discretion and that may provide for the selection of a portion or portions (equal to one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof) of the principal amount of such Securities of a denomination larger than $1,000, the
Securities to be redeemed and shall thereafter promptly notify the Company in writing of the numbers of the Securities to be redeemed, in whole or in part. The Company may, if and whenever it shall so elect, by delivery of instructions signed on
its behalf by an Officer, instruct the Trustee or any paying agent to call all or any part of the Securities of a particular series for redemption and to give notice of redemption in the manner set forth in this Section, such notice to be in the
name of the Company or its own name as the Trustee or such paying agent may deem advisable. In any case in which notice of redemption is to be given by the Trustee or any such paying agent, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to,
or permit to remain with, the Trustee or such paying agent, as the case may be, such Security Register, transfer books or other records, or suitable copies or extracts therefrom, sufficient to enable the Trustee or such paying agent to give any
notice by mail that may be required under the provisions of this Section.
Section 3.03 Payment Upon Redemption.
(1) If the giving of notice of redemption shall have been completed as above provided, the Securities or portions of Securities of the series to be redeemed specified in such notice shall become due
and payable on the date and at the place stated in such notice at the applicable redemption price, together with interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption and interest on such Securities or portions of Securities shall cease to accrue on
and after the date fixed for redemption, unless the Company shall default in the payment of such redemption price and accrued interest with respect to any such Security or portion thereof. On presentation and surrender of such Securities on or
after the date fixed for redemption at the place of payment specified in the notice, said Securities shall be paid and redeemed at the applicable redemption price for such series, together with interest accrued thereon to the date fixed for
redemption (but if the date fixed for redemption is an interest payment date, the interest installment payable on such date shall be payable to the registered holder at the close of business on the applicable record date pursuant to Section
2.03).
(2) Upon presentation of any Security of such series that is to be redeemed in part only, the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and the office or agency where the Security is
presented shall deliver to the holder thereof, at the expense of the Company, a new Security of the same series of authorized denominations in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion of the Security so presented.
Section 3.04 Sinking Fund. The provisions of Sections 3.04, 3.05 and 3.06 shall be applicable to any sinking fund for the retirement of Securities of a series, except as otherwise
specified as contemplated by Section 2.01 for Securities of such series.
The minimum amount of any sinking fund payment provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as a “mandatory sinking fund payment,” and any payment in excess of such
minimum amount provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as an “optional sinking fund payment”. If provided for by the terms of Securities of any series, the cash amount of any sinking fund payment may be subject
to reduction as provided in Section 3.05. Each sinking fund payment shall be applied to the redemption of Securities of any series as provided for by the terms of Securities of such series.
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Section 3.05 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities. The Company (i) may deliver Outstanding Securities of a series and (ii) may apply as a credit Securities of a series
that have been redeemed either at the election of the Company pursuant to the terms of such Securities or through the application of permitted optional sinking fund payments pursuant to the terms of such Securities, in each case in satisfaction
of all or any part of any sinking fund payment with respect to the Securities of such series required to be made pursuant to the terms of such Securities as provided for by the terms of such series, provided that such Securities have not been
previously so credited. Such Securities shall be received and credited for such purpose by the Trustee at the redemption price specified in such Securities for redemption through operation of the sinking fund and the amount of such sinking fund
payment shall be reduced accordingly.
Section 3.06 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund. Not less than 45 days prior to each sinking fund payment date for any series of Securities (unless a shorter period shall be
satisfactory to the Trustee), the Company will deliver to the Trustee an Officer’s Certificate specifying the amount of the next ensuing sinking fund payment for that series pursuant to the terms of the series, the portion thereof, if any, that
is to be satisfied by delivering and crediting Securities of that series pursuant to Section 3.05 and the basis for such credit and will, together with such Officer’s Certificate, deliver to the Trustee any Securities to be so delivered. Not less
than 30 days before each such sinking fund payment date the Trustee shall select the Securities to be redeemed upon such sinking fund payment date in the manner specified in Section 3.02 and cause notice of the redemption thereof to be given in
the name of and at the expense of the Company in the manner provided in Section 3.02. Such notice having been duly given, the redemption of such Securities shall be made upon the terms and in the manner stated in Section 3.03.
ARTICLE 4
COVENANTS
Section 4.01 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest. The Company will duly and punctually pay or cause to be paid the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on the Securities
of that series at the time and place and in the manner provided herein and established with respect to such Securities. Payments of principal on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and established with respect to such
Securities by U.S. dollar check drawn on and mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account if such Securityholder shall
have furnished wire instructions to the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date. Payments of interest on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and established with respect to such Securities by U.S.
dollar check mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions
in writing to the Security Registrar and the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date.
Section 4.02 Maintenance of Office or Agency. So long as any series of the Securities remain Outstanding, the Company agrees to maintain an office or agency with respect to each such
series and at such other location or locations as may be designated as provided in this Section 4.02, where (i) Securities of that series may be presented for payment, (ii) Securities of that series may be presented as herein above authorized for
registration of transfer and exchange, and (iii) notices and demands to or upon the Company in respect of the Securities of that series and this Indenture may be given or served, such designation to continue with respect to such office or agency
until the Company shall, by written notice signed by any officer authorized to sign an Officer’s Certificate and delivered to the Trustee, designate some other office or agency for such purposes or any of them. If at any time the Company shall
fail to maintain any such required office or agency or shall fail to furnish the Trustee with the address thereof, such presentations, notices and demands may be made or served at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, and the Company hereby
appoints the Trustee as its agent to receive all such presentations, notices and demands. The Company initially appoints the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee as its paying agent with respect to the Securities.
Section 4.03 Paying Agents.
(1) If the Company shall appoint one or more paying agents for all or any series of the Securities, other than the Trustee, the Company will cause each such paying agent to execute and deliver to the
Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions of this Section:
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(a)that it will hold all sums held by it as such agent for the payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series (whether such sums have been paid to it by
the Company or by any other obligor of such Securities) in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto;
(b) that it will give the Trustee notice of any failure by the Company (or by any other obligor of such Securities) to make any payment of the principal of (and premium, if any)
or interest on the Securities of that series when the same shall be due and payable;
(c) that it will, at any time during the continuance of any failure referred to in the preceding paragraph (a)(2) above, upon the written request of the Trustee, forthwith pay to the Trustee all sums
so held in trust by such paying agent; and
(2) If the Company shall act as its own paying agent with respect to any series of the Securities, it will on or before each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on
Securities of that series, set aside, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto a sum sufficient to pay such principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due on Securities of that series until such
sums shall be paid to such Persons or otherwise disposed of as herein provided and will promptly notify the Trustee of such action, or any failure (by it or any other obligor on such Securities) to take such action. Whenever the Company shall
have one or more paying agents for any series of Securities, it will, prior to each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on any Securities of that series, deposit with the paying agent a sum sufficient to pay the
principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due, such sum to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such principal, premium or interest, and (unless such paying agent is the Trustee) the Company will promptly
notify the Trustee of this action or failure so to act.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in this Section to the contrary, (i) the agreement to hold sums in trust as provided in this Section is subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, and (ii) the Company
may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture or for any other purpose, pay, or direct any paying agent to pay, to the Trustee all sums held in trust by the Company or such paying agent, such sums
to be held by the Trustee upon the same terms and conditions as those upon which such sums were held by the Company or such paying agent; and, upon such payment by the Company or any paying agent to the Trustee, the Company or such paying agent
shall be released from all further liability with respect to such money.
Section 4.04 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee. The Company, whenever necessary to avoid or fill a vacancy in the office of Trustee, will appoint, in
the manner provided in Section 7.10, a Trustee, so that there shall at all times be a Trustee hereunder.
Section 4.05 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions. The Company will not, while any of the Securities remain Outstanding, consolidate with or merge into any other Person, in either case
where the Company is not the survivor of such transaction, or sell or convey all or substantially all of its property to any other Person unless the provisions of Article Ten hereof are complied with.
ARTICLE 5
SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE
Section 5.01 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders. The Company will furnish or cause to be furnished to the Trustee (a) within 15 days after each regular record
date (as defined in Section 2.03) a list, in such form as the Trustee may reasonably require, of the names and addresses of the holders of each series of Securities as of such regular record date, provided that the Company shall not be obligated
to furnish or cause to furnish such list at any time that the list shall not differ in any respect from the most recent list furnished to the Trustee by the Company and (b) at such other times as the Trustee may request in writing within 30 days
after the receipt by the Company of any such request, a list of similar form and content as of a date not more than 15 days prior to the time such list is furnished; provided, however, that, in either case, no such list need be furnished for any
series for which the Trustee shall be the Security Registrar.
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Section 5.02 Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders.
(1) The Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is reasonably practicable, all information as to the names and addresses of the holders of Securities contained in the most
recent list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 and as to the names and addresses of holders of Securities received by the Trustee in its capacity as Security Registrar (if acting in such capacity).
(2) The Trustee may destroy any list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished.
(3) Securityholders may communicate as provided in Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act with other Securityholders with respect to their rights under this Indenture or under the Securities, and,
in connection with any such communications, the Trustee shall satisfy its obligations under Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the provisions of Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.
Section 5.03 Reports by the Company.
(1) The Company covenants and agrees to provide (which delivery may be via electronic mail) to the Trustee within 30 days, after the Company files the same with the Commission, copies of the annual
reports and of the information, documents and other reports (or copies of such portions of any of the foregoing as the Commission may from time to time by rules and regulations prescribe) that the Company is required to file with the Commission
pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; provided, however, the Company shall not be required to deliver to the Trustee any materials for which the Company has sought and received confidential treatment by the Commission; and
provided further, that so long as such filings by the Company are available on the Commission’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System (EDGAR), or Interactive Data Electronic Applications (IDEA), or any successor system, such
filings shall be deemed to have been filed with the Trustee for purposes hereof without any further action required by the Company; provided that an electronic link to such filing, together with an electronic notice of such filing have been sent
to the Trustee. For the avoidance of doubt, a failure by the Company to file annual reports, information and other reports with the SEC within the time period prescribed thereof by the Commission shall not be deemed a breach of this Section 5.03.
(2) Delivery of reports, information and documents to the Trustee under Section 5.03 is for informational purposes only and the information and the Trustee’s receipt of the foregoing shall not
constitute constructive notice of any information contained therein, or determinable from information contained therein including the Company’s compliance with any of their covenants thereunder (as to which the Trustee is entitled to rely
exclusively on an Officer’s Certificate).
Section 5.04 Reports by the Trustee.
(1) If required by Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee, within sixty (60) days after each May 1, shall transmit by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders, as
their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register, a brief report dated as of such May 1, which complies with Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act.
(2) The Trustee shall comply with Section 313(b) and 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act.
(3) A copy of each such report shall, at the time of such transmission to Securityholders, be filed by the Trustee with the Company, with each securities exchange upon which any Securities are listed
(if so listed) and also with the Commission. The Company agrees to notify the Trustee when any Securities become listed on any securities exchange.
ARTICLE 6
REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT
Section 6.01 Events of Default.
(1) Whenever used herein with respect to Securities of a particular series, “Event of Default” means any one or more of the following events that has occurred and is continuing:
(a) the Company defaults in the payment of any installment of interest upon any of the Securities of that series, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues for a
period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by the Company in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this
purpose;
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(b) the Company defaults in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon
redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to that series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such Securities in accordance with the
terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;
(c) the Company fails to observe or perform any other of its covenants or agreements with respect to that series contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to that series of
Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof (other than a covenant or agreement that has been expressly included in this Indenture solely for the benefit of one or more series of Securities other than such series) for a period of 90 days after the
date on which written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such notice is a “Notice of Default” hereunder, shall have been given to the Company by the Trustee, by registered or certified mail, or to the
Company and the Trustee by the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Securities of that series at the time Outstanding;
(d) the Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law (i) commences a voluntary case, (ii) consents to the entry of an order for relief against it in an involuntary case, (iii)
consents to the appointment of a Custodian of it or for all or substantially all of its property or (iv) makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors; or
(e) a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order under any Bankruptcy Law that (i) is for relief against the Company in an involuntary case, (ii) appoints a Custodian of the Company for all or
substantially all of its property or (iii) orders the liquidation of the Company, and the order or decree remains unstayed and in effect for 90 days.
(2) In each and every such case (other than an Event of Default specified in clause (d) or clause (e) above), unless the principal of all the Securities of that series shall have already become due
and payable, either the Trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by notice in writing to the Company (and to the Trustee if given by such
Securityholders), may declare the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series to be due and payable immediately, and upon any such declaration the same shall become and shall be
immediately due and payable. If an Event of Default specified in clause (d) or clause (e) above occurs, the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series shall automatically be immediately due and payable
without any declaration or other act on the part of the Trustee or the holders of the Securities.
(3) At any time after the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on the Securities of that series shall have been so declared due and payable, and before any judgment
or decree for the payment of the moneys due shall have been obtained or entered as hereinafter provided, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by written notice to the
Company and the Trustee, may rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if: (i) the Company has paid or deposited with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest upon all the Securities of that series
and the principal of (and premium, if any, on) any and all Securities of that series that shall have become due otherwise than by acceleration (with interest upon such principal and premium, if any, and, to the extent that such payment is
enforceable under applicable law, upon overdue installments of interest, at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series to the date of such payment or deposit) and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06, and (ii)
any and all Events of Default under the Indenture with respect to such series, other than the nonpayment of principal on (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on Securities of that series that shall not have become due by
their terms, shall have been remedied or waived as provided in Section 6.06.
no such rescission and annulment shall extend to or shall affect any subsequent default or impair any right consequent thereon.
(4) In case the Trustee shall have proceeded to enforce any right with respect to Securities of that series under this Indenture and such proceedings shall have been discontinued or abandoned because
of such rescission or annulment or for any other reason or shall have been determined adversely to the Trustee, then and in every such case, subject to any determination in such proceedings, the Company and the Trustee shall be restored
respectively to their former positions and rights hereunder, and all rights, remedies and powers of the Company and the Trustee shall continue as though no such proceedings had been taken.
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Section 6.02 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee.
(1) The Company covenants that (i) in case it shall default in the payment of any installment of interest on any of the Securities of a series, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous
fund established with respect to that series as and when the same shall have become due and payable, and such default shall have continued for a period of 90 days, or (ii) in case it shall default in the payment of the principal of (or premium,
if any, on) any of the Securities of a series when the same shall have become due and payable, whether upon maturity of the Securities of a series or upon redemption or upon declaration or otherwise then, upon demand of the Trustee, the Company
will pay to the Trustee, for the benefit of the holders of the Securities of that series, the whole amount that then shall have been become due and payable on all such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) or interest, or both, as the
case may be, with interest upon the overdue principal (and premium, if any) and (to the extent that payment of such interest is enforceable under applicable law) upon overdue installments of interest at the rate per annum expressed in the
Securities of that series; and, in addition thereto, such further amount as shall be sufficient to cover the costs and expenses of collection, and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06.
(2) If the Company shall fail to pay such amounts forthwith upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust, shall be entitled and empowered to institute any action
or proceedings at law or in equity for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid, and may prosecute any such action or proceeding to judgment or final decree, and may enforce any such judgment or final decree against the Company or other
obligor upon the Securities of that series and collect the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable in the manner provided by law or equity out of the property of the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series, wherever situated.
(3) In case of any receivership, insolvency, liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, readjustment, arrangement, composition or judicial proceedings affecting the Company, or its creditors or
property, the Trustee shall have power to intervene in such proceedings and take any action therein that may be permitted by the court and shall (except as may be otherwise provided by law) be entitled to file such proofs of claim and other
papers and documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee and of the holders of Securities of such series allowed for the entire amount due and payable by the Company under the Indenture at the date of
institution of such proceedings and for any additional amount that may become due and payable by the Company after such date, and to collect and receive any moneys or other property payable or deliverable on any such claim, and to distribute the
same after the deduction of the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06; and any receiver, assignee or trustee in bankruptcy or reorganization is hereby authorized by each of the holders of Securities of such series to make such payments
to the Trustee, and, in the event that the Trustee shall consent to the making of such payments directly to such Securityholders, to pay to the Trustee any amount due it under Section 7.06.
(4) All rights of action and of asserting claims under this Indenture, or under any of the terms established with respect to Securities of that series, may be enforced by the Trustee without the
possession of any of such Securities, or the production thereof at any trial or other proceeding relative thereto, and any such suit or proceeding instituted by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of an express trust, and any
recovery of judgment shall, after provision for payment to the Trustee of any amounts due under Section 7.06, be for the ratable benefit of the holders of the Securities of such series.
In case of an Event of Default hereunder, the Trustee may in its discretion proceed to protect and enforce the rights vested in it by this Indenture by such appropriate judicial proceedings as the
Trustee shall deem most effectual to protect and enforce any of such rights, either at law or in equity or in bankruptcy or otherwise, whether for the specific enforcement of any covenant or agreement contained in the Indenture or in aid of the
exercise of any power granted in this Indenture, or to enforce any other legal or equitable right vested in the Trustee by this Indenture or by law.
Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to authorize the Trustee to authorize or consent to or accept or adopt on behalf of any Securityholder any plan of reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or
composition affecting the Securities of that series or the rights of any holder thereof or to authorize the Trustee to vote in respect of the claim of any Securityholder in any such proceeding.
Section 6.03 Application of Moneys Collected. Any moneys collected by the Trustee pursuant to this Article with respect to a particular series of Securities shall be
applied in the following order, at the date or dates fixed by the Trustee and, in case of the distribution of such moneys on account of principal (or premium, if any) or interest, upon presentation of the Securities of that series, and notation
thereon of the payment, if only partially paid, and upon surrender thereof if fully paid:
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FIRST: To the payment of all indebtedness of the Company to which such series of Securities is subordinated to the extent required by Section 7.06 and any subordination terms of the series specified
as contemplated by Article Fourteen;
SECOND: To the payment of the amounts then due and unpaid upon Securities of such series for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, in respect of which or for the benefit of which such money
has been collected, ratably, without preference or priority of any kind, according to the amounts due and payable on such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, respectively; and
THIRD: To the payment of the remainder, if any, to the Company or any other Person lawfully entitled thereto.
Section 6.04 Limitation on Suits. No holder of any Security of any series shall have any right by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture or any Security to institute any
suit, action or proceeding in equity or at law upon or under or with respect to this Indenture, any Security or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any other remedy hereunder, unless (i) such holder previously shall have given to
the Trustee written notice of an Event of Default and of the continuance thereof with respect to the Securities of such series specifying such Event of Default, as hereinbefore provided; (ii) the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate
principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding shall have made written request upon the Trustee to institute such action, suit or proceeding in its own name as Trustee hereunder; (iii) such holder or holders shall have offered
to the Trustee such reasonable indemnity as it may require against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred therein or thereby; (iv) the Trustee for 60 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity, shall have
failed to institute any such action, suit or proceeding and (v) during such 60 day period, the holders of a majority in principal amount of the Securities of that series do not give the Trustee a direction inconsistent with the request.
Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary or any other provisions of this Indenture, the right of any holder of any Security to receive payment of the principal of (and premium, if
any) and interest on such Security, as therein provided, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security (or in the case of redemption, on the redemption date), or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or
after such respective dates or redemption date, shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of such holder and by accepting a Security hereunder it is expressly understood, intended and covenanted by the taker and holder of every
Security of such series with every other such taker and holder and the Trustee, that no one or more holders of Securities of such series shall have any right in any manner whatsoever by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to
affect, disturb or prejudice the rights of the holders of any other of such Securities, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other such holder, or to enforce any right under this Indenture, except in the manner herein
provided and for the equal, ratable and common benefit of all holders of Securities of such series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section, each and every Securityholder and the Trustee shall be entitled to such
relief as can be given either at law or in equity.
Section 6.05 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver.
(1) Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.07, all powers and remedies given by this Article to the Trustee or to the Securityholders shall, to the extent permitted by law, be deemed cumulative and
not exclusive of any other powers and remedies available to the Trustee or the holders of the Securities, by judicial proceedings or otherwise, to enforce the performance or observance of the covenants and agreements contained in this Indenture
or otherwise established with respect to such Securities.
(2) No delay or omission of the Trustee or of any holder of any of the Securities to exercise any right or power accruing upon any Event of Default occurring and continuing as aforesaid shall impair
any such right or power, or shall be construed to be a waiver of any such default or an acquiescence therein; and, subject to the provisions of Section 6.04, every power and remedy given by this Article or by law to the Trustee or the
Securityholders may be exercised from time to time, and as often as shall be deemed expedient, by the Trustee or by the Securityholders.
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Section 6.06 Control by Securityholders. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding, determined in accordance with
Section 8.04, shall have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the Trustee with respect to such series; provided,
however, that such direction shall not be in conflict with any rule of law or with this Indenture or subject the Trustee in its sole discretion to personal liability. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, the Trustee shall have the right to
decline to follow any such direction if the Trustee in good faith shall, by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, determine that the proceeding so directed, subject to the Trustee’s duties under the Trust Indenture Act,
would involve the Trustee in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the Securityholders not involved in the proceeding. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding
affected thereby, determined in accordance with Section 8.04, may on behalf of the holders of all of the Securities of such series waive any past default in the performance of any of the covenants contained herein or established pursuant to
Section 2.01 with respect to such series and its consequences, except a default in the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due by the terms of
such Securities otherwise than by acceleration (unless such default has been cured and a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest and principal and any premium has been deposited with the Trustee (in accordance with Section
6.01(3)). Upon any such waiver, the default covered thereby shall be deemed to be cured for all purposes of this Indenture and the Company, the Trustee and the holders of the Securities of such series shall be restored to their former positions
and rights hereunder, respectively; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or impair any right consequent thereon.
Section 6.07 Undertaking to Pay Costs. All parties to this Indenture agree, and each holder of any Securities by such holder’s acceptance thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any
court may in its discretion require, in any suit for the enforcement of any right or remedy under this Indenture, or in any suit against the Trustee for any action taken or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing by any party litigant in such suit
of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit, and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, against any party litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith of
the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but the provisions of this Section shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder, or group of Securityholders, holding more than 10% in
aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series, or to any suit instituted by any Securityholder for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security of such series, on or
after the respective due dates expressed in such Security or established pursuant to this Indenture.
ARTICLE 7
CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE
Section 7.01 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee.
(1) The Trustee, prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing of all Events of Default with respect to the Securities of that series
that may have occurred, shall undertake to perform with respect to the Securities of such series such duties and only such duties as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants shall be read into this Indenture against
the Trustee. In case an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series has occurred (that has not been cured or waived), the Trustee shall exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it
by this Indenture, and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs.
(2) No provision of this Indenture shall be construed to relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure to act, or its own willful misconduct, except that:
(a) prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing or waiving of all such Events of Default with respect to that series that may have
occurred:
(A) the duties and obligations of the Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of such series be determined solely by the express provisions of this Indenture, and the Trustee shall not be liable
with respect to the Securities of such series except for the performance of such duties and obligations as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants or obligations shall be read into this Indenture against the
Trustee; and
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(B) in the absence of bad faith on the part of the Trustee, the Trustee may with respect to the Securities of such series conclusively rely, as to the truth of the statements and the correctness of
the opinions expressed therein, upon any certificates or opinions furnished to the Trustee and conforming to the requirements of this Indenture; but in the case of any such certificates or opinions that by any provision hereof are specifically
required to be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they conform to the requirements of this Indenture;
(b) the Trustee shall not be liable for any error of judgment made in good faith by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, unless it shall be proved that the Trustee was
negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts;
(c) the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the holders of not less than a majority in principal
amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding relating to the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee under this
Indenture with respect to the Securities of that series; and
(d) none of the provisions contained in this Indenture shall require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur personal financial liability in the performance of any of its duties
or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers if there is reasonable ground for believing that the repayment of such funds or liability is not reasonably assured to it under the terms of this Indenture or adequate indemnity against such risk
is not reasonably assured to it.
Section 7.02 Certain Rights of Trustee. Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01:
(1) The Trustee may rely and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting upon any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, approval,
bond, security or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties;
(2) Any request, direction, order or demand of the Company mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by a Board Resolution or an instrument signed in the name of the Company by any authorized
officer of the Company (unless other evidence in respect thereof is specifically prescribed herein);
(3) The Trustee may consult with counsel and the written advice of such counsel or, if requested, any Opinion of Counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any
action taken or suffered or omitted hereunder in good faith and in reliance thereon;
(4) The Trustee shall be under no obligation to exercise any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request, order or direction of any of the Securityholders pursuant to the
provisions of this Indenture, unless such Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee reasonable security or indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that may be incurred therein or thereby; nothing contained herein shall,
however, relieve the Trustee of the obligation, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to a series of the Securities (that has not been cured or waived), to exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights
and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and to use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs;
(5) The Trustee shall not be liable for any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith and believed by it to be authorized or within the discretion or rights or powers conferred upon it
by this Indenture;
(6) The Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order,
approval, bond, security, or other papers or documents, unless requested in writing so to do by the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of the particular series affected thereby (determined as
provided in Section 8.04); provided, however, that if the payment within a reasonable time to the Trustee of the costs, expenses or liabilities likely to be incurred by it in the making of such investigation is, in the opinion of the Trustee, not
reasonably assured to the Trustee by the security afforded to it by the terms of this Indenture, the Trustee may require reasonable indemnity against such costs, expenses or liabilities as a condition to so proceeding. The reasonable expense of
every such examination shall be paid by the Company or, if paid by the Trustee, shall be repaid by the Company upon demand;
(7) The Trustee may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys and the Trustee shall not be responsible for any
misconduct or negligence on the part of any agent or attorney appointed with due care by it hereunder;
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(8) In no event shall the Trustee be responsible or liable for any failure or delay in the performance of its obligations hereunder arising out of or caused by, directly or indirectly, forces beyond
its control, including, without limitation, strikes, work stoppages, accidents, acts of war or terrorism, civil or military disturbances, nuclear or natural catastrophes or acts of God, and interruptions, loss or malfunctions of utilities,
communications or computer (software and hardware) services; it being understood that the Trustee shall use reasonable efforts which are consistent with accepted practices in the banking industry to resume performance as soon as practicable under
the circumstances;
(9) In no event shall the Trustee be responsible or liable for special, indirect, or consequential loss or damage of any kind whatsoever (including, but not limited to, loss of
profit) irrespective of whether the Trustee has been advised of the likelihood of such loss or damage and regardless of the form of action; and
(10) The Trustee agrees to accept and act upon instructions or directions pursuant to this Indenture sent by unsecured e-mail, facsimile transmission or other similar unsecured electronic methods;
provided, however, that (a) the party providing such written instructions, subsequent to such transmission of written instructions, shall provide the originally executed instructions or directions to the Trustee in a timely manner, and (b) such
originally executed instructions or directions shall be signed by an authorized representative of the party providing such instructions or directions. If the party elects to give the Trustee e-mail or facsimile instructions (or instructions by a
similar electronic method) and the Trustee in its discretion elects to act upon such instructions, the Trustee’s understanding of such instructions shall be deemed controlling. The Trustee shall not be liable for any losses, costs or expenses
arising directly or indirectly from the Trustee’s reliance upon and compliance with such instructions notwithstanding such instructions conflict or are inconsistent with a subsequent written instruction. The party providing electronic
instructions agrees to assume all risks arising out of the use of such electronic methods to submit instructions and directions to the Trustee, including without limitation the risk of the Trustee acting on unauthorized instructions, and the risk
or interception and misuse by third parties.
In addition, the Trustee shall not be deemed to have knowledge of any Default or Event of Default until the Trustee shall have received written notification in the manner set forth in this Indenture
or a Responsible Officer of the Trustee shall have obtained actual knowledge.
Section 7.03 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities.
(1) The recitals contained herein and in the Securities shall be taken as the statements of the Company, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility for the correctness of the same.
(2) The Trustee makes no representations as to the validity or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities.
(3) The Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application by the Company of any of the Securities or of the proceeds of such Securities, or for the use or application of any moneys paid over
by the Trustee in accordance with any provision of this Indenture or established pursuant to Section 2.01, or for the use or application of any moneys received by any paying agent other than the Trustee.
Section 7.04 May Hold Securities. The Trustee or any paying agent or Security Registrar, in its individual or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of
Securities with the same rights it would have if it were not Trustee, paying agent or Security Registrar.
Section 7.05 Moneys Held in Trust. Subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, all moneys received by the Trustee shall, until used or applied as herein provided, be held in trust for the
purposes for which they were received, but need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law. The Trustee shall be under no liability for interest on any moneys received by it hereunder except such as it may agree with
the Company to pay thereon.
Section 7.06 Compensation and Reimbursement.
(1) The Company covenants and agrees to pay to the Trustee, and the Trustee shall be entitled to, such reasonable compensation (which shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard to the
compensation of a trustee of an express trust) as the Company and the Trustee may from time to time agree in writing, for all services rendered by it in the execution of the trusts hereby created and in the exercise and performance of any of the
powers and duties hereunder of the Trustee, and, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, the Company will pay or reimburse the Trustee upon its request for all reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by the Trustee
in accordance with any of the provisions of this Indenture (including the reasonable compensation and the expenses and disbursements of its counsel and of all Persons not regularly in its employ), except any such expense, disbursement or advance
as may arise from its negligence or bad faith and except as the Company and Trustee may from time to time agree in writing. The Company also covenants to indemnify the Trustee (and its officers, agents, directors and employees) for, and to hold
it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense incurred without negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee and arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of this trust, including the reasonable costs and
expenses of defending itself against any claim of liability in the premises.
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(2) The obligations of the Company under this Section to compensate and indemnify the Trustee and to pay or reimburse the Trustee for reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances shall constitute
indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities are subordinated. Such additional indebtedness shall be secured by a lien prior to that of the Securities upon all property and funds held or collected by the Trustee as such, except funds held
in trust for the benefit of the holders of particular Securities.
(3) To ensure the Company’s payment obligations in this Section, the Trustee shall have a lien prior to the Securities on all funds or property held or collected by the Trustee, except that held in
trust to pay principal of or interest on particular Securities. When the Trustee incurs expenses or renders services in connection with an Event of Default specified in Section 6.01(1)(d) or (1)(e), the expenses (including the reasonable fees and
expenses of its counsel) and the compensation for services in connection therewith are to constitute expenses of administration under any Bankruptcy Law. The provisions of this Section 7.06 shall survive the termination of this Indenture and the
resignation or removal of the Trustee.
Section 7.07 Reliance on Officer’s Certificate . Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01, whenever in the administration of the provisions of this Indenture the Trustee shall deem it
reasonably necessary or desirable that a matter be proved or established prior to taking or suffering or omitting to take any action hereunder, such matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the
absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officer’s Certificate delivered to the Trustee and such certificate, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of
the Trustee, shall be full warrant to the Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted to be taken by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof.
Section 7.08 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests. If the Trustee has or shall acquire any “conflicting interest” within the meaning of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act, the
Trustee and the Company shall in all respects comply with the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.
Section 7.09 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility. There shall at all times be a Trustee with respect to the Securities issued hereunder which shall at all times be a corporation
organized and doing business under the laws of the United States of America or any state or territory thereof or of the District of Columbia, or a corporation or other Person permitted to act as trustee by the Commission, authorized under such
laws to exercise corporate trust powers, having a combined capital and surplus of at least fifty million U.S. dollars ($50,000,000), and subject to supervision or examination by federal, state, territorial, or District of Columbia authority.
If such corporation or other Person publishes reports of condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of the aforesaid supervising or examining authority, then for the purposes
of this Section, the combined capital and surplus of such corporation or other Person shall be deemed to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. The Company may not, nor may any Person
directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Company, serve as Trustee. In case at any time the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall resign
immediately in the manner and with the effect specified in Section 7.10.
Section 7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor.
(1) The Trustee or any successor hereafter appointed may at any time resign with respect to the Securities of one or more series by giving written notice thereof to the Company and by transmitting
notice of resignation by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders of such series, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Company shall promptly appoint a
successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the resigning Trustee and one copy to the successor
trustee. If no successor trustee shall have been so appointed and have accepted appointment within 30 days after the mailing of such notice of resignation, the resigning Trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment
of a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series, or any Securityholder of that series who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated,
petition any such court for the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint a successor trustee.
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(2) In case at any time any one of the following shall occur:
(b) the Trustee shall fail to comply with the provisions of Section 7.08 after written request therefor by the Company or by any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or
Securities for at least six months; or
(c) the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of Section 7.09 and shall fail to resign after written request therefor by the Company or by any such Securityholder; or
(d) the Trustee shall become incapable of acting, or shall be adjudged a bankrupt or insolvent, or commence a voluntary bankruptcy proceeding, or a receiver of the Trustee or of its property shall be
appointed or consented to, or any public officer shall take charge or control of the Trustee or of its property or affairs for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation;
then, in any such case, the Company may remove the Trustee with respect to all Securities and appoint a successor trustee by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of
Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the Trustee so removed and one copy to the successor trustee, or any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may, on behalf
of that holder and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper
and prescribe, remove the Trustee and appoint a successor trustee.
(3) The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding may at any time remove the Trustee with respect to such series by so notifying the
Trustee and the Company and may appoint a successor Trustee for such series with the consent of the Company.
(4) Any resignation or removal of the Trustee and appointment of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of a series pursuant to any of the provisions of this Section shall become effective
upon acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee as provided in Section 7.11.
(5) Any successor trustee appointed pursuant to this Section may be appointed with respect to the Securities of one or more series or all of such series, and at any time there shall be only one
Trustee with respect to the Securities of any particular series.
Section 7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor.
(1) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to all Securities, every such successor trustee so appointed shall execute, acknowledge and deliver to the Company and to
the retiring Trustee an instrument accepting such appointment, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective and such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested
with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on the request of the Company or the successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of its charges, execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such
successor trustee all the rights, powers, and trusts of the retiring Trustee and shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee all property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder.
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(2) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more (but not all) series, the Company, the retiring Trustee and each successor trustee with
respect to the Securities of one or more series shall execute and deliver an indenture supplemental hereto wherein each successor trustee shall accept such appointment and which (i) shall contain such provisions as shall be necessary or desirable
to transfer and confirm to, and to vest in, each successor trustee all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee
relates, (ii) shall contain such provisions as shall be deemed necessary or desirable to confirm that all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series as to which the
retiring Trustee is not retiring shall continue to be vested in the retiring Trustee, and (iii) shall add to or change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts
hereunder by more than one Trustee, it being understood that nothing herein or in such supplemental indenture shall constitute such Trustees co-trustees of the same trust, that each such Trustee shall be trustee of a trust or trusts hereunder
separate and apart from any trust or trusts hereunder administered by any other such Trustee and that no Trustee shall be responsible for any act or failure to act on the part of any other Trustee hereunder; and upon the execution and delivery of
such supplemental indenture the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective to the extent provided therein, such retiring Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of
such successor trustee relates have no further responsibility for the exercise of rights and powers or for the performance of the duties and obligations vested in the Trustee under this Indenture, and each such successor trustee, without any
further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates; but, on
request of the Company or any successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee, to the extent contemplated by such supplemental indenture, the property and money held by such retiring
Trustee hereunder with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates.
(3) Upon request of any such successor trustee, the Company shall execute any and all instruments for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor trustee all such rights,
powers and trusts referred to in paragraph (1) or (2) of this Section, as the case may be.
(4) No successor trustee shall accept its appointment unless at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee shall be qualified and eligible under this Article.
(5) Upon acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee as provided in this Section, the Company shall transmit notice of the succession of such trustee hereunder by mail, first class postage
prepaid, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. If the Company fails to transmit such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee, the successor trustee shall
cause such notice to be transmitted at the expense of the Company.
Section 7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business. Any corporation into which the Trustee may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated, or any
corporation resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which the Trustee shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding to the corporate trust business of the Trustee, including the administration of the trust created by this
Indenture, shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder, provided that such corporation shall be qualified under the provisions of Section 7.08 and eligible under the provisions of Section 7.09, without the execution or filing of any paper or
any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding. In case any Securities shall have been authenticated, but not delivered, by the Trustee then in office, any successor by merger, conversion
or consolidation to such authenticating Trustee may adopt such authentication and deliver the Securities so authenticated with the same effect as if such successor Trustee had itself authenticated such Securities.
Section 7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company. The Trustee shall comply with Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act, excluding any creditor relationship described
in Section 311(b) of the Trust Indenture Act. A Trustee who has resigned or been removed shall be subject to Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act to the extent included therein.
Section 7.14 Notice of Default. If any Event of Default occurs and is continuing and if such Event of Default is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee, the Trustee shall mail to
each Securityholder in the manner and to the extent provided in Section 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act notice of the Event of Default within the earlier of 90 days after it occurs and 30 days after it is known to a Responsible Officer of the
Trustee or written notice of it is received by the Trustee, unless such Event of Default has been cured; provided, however, that, except in the case of a default in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security,
the Trustee shall be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the board of directors, the executive committee or a trust committee of directors and/or Responsible Officers of the Trustee in good faith determine that the withholding
of such notice is in the interest of the Securityholders.
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ARTICLE 8
CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS
Section 8.01 Evidence of Action by Securityholders. Whenever in this Indenture it is provided that the holders of a majority or specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of the
Securities of a particular series may take any action (including the making of any demand or request, the giving of any notice, consent or waiver or the taking of any other action), the fact that at the time of taking any such action the holders
of such majority or specified percentage of that series have joined therein may be evidenced by any instrument or any number of instruments of similar tenor executed by such holders of Securities of that series in person or by agent or proxy
appointed in writing.
If the Company shall solicit from the Securityholders of any series any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, the Company may, at its option, as evidenced
by an Officer’s Certificate, fix in advance a record date for such series for the determination of Securityholders entitled to give such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, but the Company shall
have no obligation to do so. If such a record date is fixed, such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action may be given before or after the record date, but only the Securityholders of record at the close
of business on the record date shall be deemed to be Securityholders for the purposes of determining whether Securityholders of the requisite proportion of Outstanding Securities of that series have authorized or agreed or consented to such
request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, and for that purpose the Outstanding Securities of that series shall be computed as of the record date; provided, however, that no such authorization, agreement
or consent by such Securityholders on the record date shall be deemed effective unless it shall become effective pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture not later than six months after the record date.
Section 8.02 Proof of Execution by Securityholders. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, proof of the execution of any instrument by a Securityholder (such proof
will not require notarization) or his agent or proxy and proof of the holding by any Person of any of the Securities shall be sufficient if made in the following manner:
(1) The fact and date of the execution by any such Person of any instrument may be proved in any reasonable manner acceptable to the Trustee.
(2) The ownership of Securities shall be proved by the Security Register of such Securities or by a certificate of the Security Registrar thereof.
The Trustee may require such additional proof of any matter referred to in this Section as it shall deem necessary.
Section 8.03 Who May be Deemed Owners. Prior to the due presentment for registration of transfer of any Security, the Company, the Trustee, any paying agent and any Security Registrar may
deem and treat the Person in whose name such Security shall be registered upon the books of the Company as the absolute owner of such Security (whether or not such Security shall be overdue and notwithstanding any notice of ownership or writing
thereon made by anyone other than the Security Registrar) for the purpose of receiving payment of or on account of the principal of, premium, if any, and (subject to Section 2.03) interest on such Security and for all other purposes; and neither
the Company nor the Trustee nor any paying agent nor any Security Registrar shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.
Section 8.04 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded. In determining whether the holders of the requisite aggregate principal amount of Securities of a particular series have
concurred in any direction, consent or waiver under this Indenture, the Securities of that series that are owned by the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series or by any Person directly or indirectly controlling or
controlled by or under common control with the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination, except that for the purpose of
determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver, only Securities of such series that the Trustee actually knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. The Securities so owned that have been
pledged in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding for the purposes of this Section, if the pledgee shall establish to the satisfaction of the Trustee the pledgee’s right so to act with respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not a
Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Company or any such other obligor. In case of a dispute as to such right, any decision by the Trustee taken upon the advice of counsel
shall be full protection to the Trustee.
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Section 8.05 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders. At any time prior to (but not after) the evidencing to the Trustee, as provided in Section 8.01, of the taking of any action by the
holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action, any holder of a Security of that series that is shown by the evidence to be
included in the Securities the holders of which have consented to such action may, by filing written notice with the Trustee, and upon proof of holding as provided in Section 8.02, revoke such action so far as concerns such Security. Except as
aforesaid any such action taken by the holder of any Security shall be conclusive and binding upon such holder and upon all future holders and owners of such Security, and of any Security issued in exchange therefor, on registration of transfer
thereof or in place thereof, irrespective of whether or not any notation in regard thereto is made upon such Security. Any action taken by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular
series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action shall be conclusively binding upon the Company, the Trustee and the holders of all the Securities of that series.
ARTICLE 9
SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES
Section 9.01 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders. In addition to any supplemental indenture otherwise authorized by this Indenture, the Company and the Trustee
may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect), without the consent of the Securityholders, for one or more of
the following purposes:
(1) to cure any ambiguity, defect, or inconsistency herein or in the Securities of any series;
(2) to comply with Article Ten;
(3) to provide for uncertificated Securities in addition to or in place of certificated Securities;
(4) to add to the covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions relating to the Company for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of Securities (and if such covenants, restrictions,
conditions or provisions are to be for the benefit of less than all series of Securities, stating that such covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions are expressly being included solely for the benefit of such series), to make the
occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an Event of Default, or to surrender any right or power herein conferred upon the Company;
(5) to add to, delete from, or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication, and delivery of Securities, as herein set
forth;
(6) to make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any Securityholder in any material respect;
(7) to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the Securities of any series as provided in Section 2.01, to establish the form of any certifications required to
be furnished pursuant to the terms of this Indenture or any series of Securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of Securities;
(8) to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee; or
(9) to comply with any requirements of the Commission or any successor in connection with the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.
The Trustee is hereby authorized to join with the Company in the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations that may be therein
contained, but the Trustee shall not be obligated to enter into any such supplemental indenture that affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise.
Any supplemental indenture authorized by the provisions of this Section may be executed by the Company and the Trustee without the consent of the holders of any of the Securities
at the time Outstanding, notwithstanding any of the provisions of Section 9.02.
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Section 9.02 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders. With the consent (evidenced as provided in Section 8.01) of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate
principal amount of the Securities of each series affected by such supplemental indenture or indentures at the time Outstanding, the Company, when authorized by a Board Resolution, and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into
an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect) for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this
Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner not covered by Section 9.01 the rights of the holders of the Securities of such series under this Indenture; provided, however, that no such supplemental indenture shall,
without the consent of the holders of each Security then Outstanding and affected thereby, (a) extend the fixed maturity of any Securities of any series, or reduce the principal amount thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of
interest thereon, or reduce any premium payable upon the redemption thereof or (b) reduce the aforesaid percentage of Securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any such supplemental indenture.
It shall not be necessary for the consent of the Securityholders of any series affected thereby under this Section to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it shall
be sufficient if such consent shall approve the substance thereof.
Section 9.03 Effect of Supplemental Indentures. Upon the execution of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, this Indenture shall, with
respect to such series, be and be deemed to be modified and amended in accordance therewith and the respective rights, limitations of rights, obligations, duties and immunities under this Indenture of the Trustee, the Company and the holders of
Securities of the series affected thereby shall thereafter be determined, exercised and enforced hereunder subject in all respects to such modifications and amendments, and all the terms and conditions of any such supplemental indenture shall be
and be deemed to be part of the terms and conditions of this Indenture for any and all purposes.
Section 9.04 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures. Securities of any series affected by a supplemental indenture, authenticated and delivered after the
execution of such supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, may bear a notation in form approved by the Company, provided such form meets the requirements of any securities exchange upon which such
series may be listed, as to any matter provided for in such supplemental indenture. If the Company shall so determine, new Securities of that series so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Board of Directors, to any modification of this
Indenture contained in any such supplemental indenture may be prepared by the Company, authenticated by the Trustee and delivered in exchange for the Securities of that series then Outstanding.
Section 9.05 Execution of Supplemental Indentures. Upon the request of the Company, accompanied by its Board Resolutions authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and
upon the filing with the Trustee of evidence of the consent of Securityholders required to consent thereto as aforesaid, the Trustee shall join with the Company in the execution of such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental indenture
affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion but shall not be obligated to enter into such supplemental indenture. The Trustee, subject to the provisions
of Section 7.01, shall receive an Officer’s Certificate or an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article is authorized or permitted by the terms of this Article and that all
conditions precedent to the execution of the supplemental indenture have been complied with; provided, however, that such Officer’s Certificate or Opinion of Counsel need not be provided in connection with the execution of a supplemental
indenture that establishes the terms of a series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.
Promptly after the execution by the Company and the Trustee of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Section, the Company shall (or shall direct the Trustee to) transmit by
mail, first class postage prepaid, a notice, setting forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture, to the Securityholders of all series affected thereby as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Any
failure of the Company to mail, or cause the mailing of, such notice, or any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental indenture.
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ARTICLE 10
SUCCESSOR ENTITY
Section 10.01 Company May Consolidate, Etc. Nothing contained in this Indenture shall prevent any consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other Person (whether or not
affiliated with the Company) or successive consolidations or mergers in which the Company or its successor or successors shall be a party or parties, or shall prevent any sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition of the property of the
Company or its successor or successors as an entirety, or substantially as an entirety, to any other corporation (whether or not affiliated with the Company or its successor or successors) authorized to acquire and operate the same; provided,
however, (a) the Company hereby covenants and agrees that, upon any such consolidation or merger (in each case, if the Company is not the survivor of such transaction), sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, the due and punctual payment
of the principal of (premium, if any) and interest on all of the Securities of all series in accordance with the terms of each series, according to their tenor, and the due and punctual performance and observance of all the covenants and
conditions of this Indenture with respect to each series or established with respect to such series pursuant to Section 2.01 to be kept or performed by the Company shall be expressly assumed, by supplemental indenture (which shall conform to the
provisions of the Trust Indenture Act, as then in effect) reasonably satisfactory in form to the Trustee executed and delivered to the Trustee by the entity formed by such consolidation, or into which the Company shall have been merged, or by the
entity which shall have acquired such property and (b) in the event that the Securities of any series then Outstanding are convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock or other securities of the Company, such entity shall, by such
supplemental indenture, make provision so that the Securityholders of Securities of that series shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange of such Securities the number of securities or property to which a holder of the
number of shares of common stock or other securities of the Company deliverable upon conversion or exchange of those Securities would have been entitled had such conversion or exchange occurred immediately prior to such consolidation, merger,
sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition.
Section 10.02 Successor Entity Substituted.
(1) In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition and upon the assumption by the successor entity by supplemental indenture, executed and delivered to the
Trustee and satisfactory in form to the Trustee, of the obligations set forth under Section 10.01 on all of the Securities of all series Outstanding, such successor entity shall succeed to and be substituted for the Company with the same effect
as if it had been named as the Company herein, and thereupon the predecessor corporation shall be relieved of all obligations and covenants under this Indenture and the Securities.
(2) In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, such changes in phraseology and form (but not in substance) may be made in the Securities thereafter to
be issued as may be appropriate.
(3) Nothing contained in this Article shall require any action by the Company in the case of a consolidation or merger of any Person into the Company where the Company is the survivor of such
transaction, or the acquisition by the Company, by purchase or otherwise, of all or any part of the property of any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company).
ARTICLE 11
SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE
Section 11.01 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture. If at any time: (a) the Company shall have delivered to the Trustee for cancellation all Securities of a series theretofore
authenticated and not delivered to the Trustee for cancellation (other than any Securities that shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and that shall have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 2.07 and Securities for whose payment money
or Governmental Obligations have theretofore been deposited in trust or segregated and held in trust by the Company and thereupon repaid to the Company or discharged from such trust, as provided in Section 11.05); or (b) all such Securities of a
particular series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation shall have become due and payable, or are by their terms to become due and payable within one year or are to be called for redemption within one year under arrangements
satisfactory to the Trustee for the giving of notice of redemption, and the Company shall deposit or cause to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds the entire amount in moneys or Governmental Obligations or a combination thereof,
sufficient in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants expressed in a written certification thereof delivered to the Trustee, to pay at maturity or upon redemption all Securities of that series not theretofore
delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be
paid all other sums payable hereunder with respect to such series by the Company then this Indenture shall thereupon cease to be of further effect with respect to such series except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4.01, 4.02,
4.03 and 7.10, that shall survive until the date of maturity or redemption date, as the case may be, and Sections 7.06 and 11.05, that shall survive to such date and thereafter, and the Trustee, on demand of the Company and at the cost and
expense of the Company shall execute proper instruments acknowledging satisfaction of and discharging this Indenture with respect to such series.
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Section 11.02 Discharge of Obligations. If at any time all such Securities of a particular series not heretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation or that have not become due and
payable as described in Section 11.01 shall have been paid by the Company by depositing irrevocably with the Trustee as trust funds moneys or an amount of Governmental Obligations sufficient to pay at maturity or upon redemption all such
Securities of that series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the
Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable hereunder by the Company with respect to such series, then after the date such moneys or Governmental Obligations, as the case may be, are deposited with the Trustee the
obligations of the Company under this Indenture with respect to such series shall cease to be of further effect except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4,01, 4.02, 4,03, 7.06, 7.10 and 11.05 hereof that shall survive until such
Securities shall mature and be paid.
Thereafter, Sections 7.06 and 11.05 shall survive.
Section 11.03 Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust. All moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with the Trustee pursuant to Sections 11.01 or 11.02 shall be held
in trust and shall be available for payment as due, either directly or through any paying agent (including the Company acting as its own paying agent), to the holders of the particular series of Securities for the payment or redemption of which
such moneys or Governmental Obligations have been deposited with the Trustee.
Section 11.04 Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents. In connection with the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture all moneys or Governmental Obligations then
held by any paying agent under the provisions of this Indenture shall, upon demand of the Company, be paid to the Trustee and thereupon such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys or Governmental
Obligations.
Section 11.05 Repayment to Company. Any moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with any paying agent or the Trustee, or then held by the Company, in trust for payment of principal of
or premium, if any, or interest on the Securities of a particular series that are not applied but remain unclaimed by the holders of such Securities for at least two years after the date upon which the principal of (and premium, if any) or
interest on such Securities shall have respectively become due and payable, or such other shorter period set forth in applicable escheat or abandoned or unclaimed property law, shall be repaid to the Company on May 31 of each year or upon the
Company’s request or (if then held by the Company) shall be discharged from such trust; and thereupon the paying agent and the Trustee shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations, and the
holder of any of the Securities entitled to receive such payment shall thereafter, as a general creditor, look only to the Company for the payment thereof.
ARTICLE 12
IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
Section 12.01 No Recourse. No recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement of this Indenture, or of any Security, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise in respect
thereof, shall be had against any incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, past, present or future as such, of the Company or of any predecessor or successor corporation, either directly or through the Company or any such predecessor or
successor corporation, whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it being expressly understood that this Indenture and the obligations issued hereunder are
solely corporate obligations, and that no such personal liability whatever shall attach to, or is or shall be incurred by, the incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors as such, of the Company or of any predecessor or successor
corporation, or any of them, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom; and that
any and all such personal liability of every name and nature, either at common law or in equity or by constitution or statute, of, and any and all such rights and claims against, every such incorporator, stockholder, officer or director as such,
because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom, are hereby expressly waived and
released as a condition of, and as a consideration for, the execution of this Indenture and the issuance of such Securities.
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ARTICLE 13
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 13.01 Effect on Successors and Assigns. All the covenants, stipulations, promises and agreements in this Indenture made by or on behalf of the Company shall bind its successors and
assigns, whether so expressed or not.
Section 13.02 Actions by Successor. Any act or proceeding by any provision of this Indenture authorized or required to be done or performed by any board, committee or officer of the Company
shall and may be done and performed with like force and effect by the corresponding board, committee or officer of any corporation that shall at the time be the lawful successor of the Company.
Section 13.03 Surrender of Company Powers. The Company by instrument in writing executed by authority of its Board of Directors and delivered to the Trustee may surrender
any of the powers reserved to the Company, and thereupon such power so surrendered shall terminate both as to the Company and as to any successor corporation.
Section 13.04 Notices. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, any notice, request or demand that by any provision of this Indenture is required or permitted to be given, made or served
by the Trustee or by the holders of Securities or by any other Person pursuant to this Indenture to or on the Company may be given or served by being deposited in first class mail, postage prepaid, addressed (until another address is filed in
writing by the Company with the Trustee), as follows: [ ]. Any notice, election, request or demand by the Company or any Securityholder or by any other Person pursuant to this Indenture to or upon the Trustee shall be deemed to have been
sufficiently given or made, for all purposes, if given or made in writing at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee.
Section 13.05 Governing Law. This Indenture and each Security shall be deemed to be a contract made under the internal laws of the State of New York, and for all purposes shall be construed
in accordance with the laws of said State, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.
Section 13.06 Treatment of Securities as Debt. It is intended that the Securities will be treated as indebtedness and not as equity for federal income tax purposes. The provisions of this
Indenture shall be interpreted to further this intention.
Section 13.07 Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent.
(1) Upon any application or demand by the Company to the Trustee to take any action under any of the provisions of this Indenture, the Company shall furnish to the Trustee an Officer’s Certificate
stating that all conditions precedent provided for in this Indenture (other than the certificate to be delivered pursuant to Section 13.12) relating to the proposed action have been complied with and, if requested, an Opinion of Counsel stating
that in the opinion of such counsel all such conditions precedent have been complied with, except that in the case of any such application or demand as to which the furnishing of such documents is specifically required by any provision of this
Indenture relating to such particular application or demand, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished.
(2) Each certificate or opinion provided for in this Indenture and delivered to the Trustee with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant in this Indenture shall include (i) a statement that
the Person making such certificate or opinion has read such covenant or condition; (ii) a brief statement as to the nature and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or opinions contained in such certificate or
opinion are based; (iii) a statement that, in the opinion of such Person, he has made such examination or investigation as is reasonably necessary to enable him to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such covenant or condition has
been complied with; and (iv) a statement as to whether or not, in the opinion of such Person, such condition or covenant has been complied with.
29
Section 13.08 Payments on Business Days. Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, or established in one or more
indentures supplemental to this Indenture, in any case where the date of maturity of interest or principal of any Security or the date of redemption of any Security shall not be a Business Day, then payment of interest or principal (and premium,
if any) may be made on the next succeeding Business Day with the same force and effect as if made on the nominal date of maturity or redemption, and no interest shall accrue for the period after such nominal date.
Section 13.09 Conflict with Trust Indenture Act. If and to the extent that any provision of this Indenture limits, qualifies or conflicts with the duties imposed by Sections 310 to 317,
inclusive, of the Trust Indenture Act, such imposed duties shall control.
Section 13.10 Counterparts. This Indenture may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original, but such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the
same instrument.
Section 13.11 Separability. In case any one or more of the provisions contained in this Indenture or in the Securities of any series shall for any reason be held to be invalid, illegal or
unenforceable in any respect, such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other provisions of this Indenture or of such Securities, but this Indenture and such Securities shall be construed as if such invalid or illegal
or unenforceable provision had never been contained herein or therein.
Section 13.12 Compliance Certificates. The Company shall deliver to the Trustee, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year during which any Securities of any series were outstanding,
an officer’s certificate stating whether or not the signers know of any Event of Default that occurred during such fiscal year. Such certificate shall contain a certification from the principal executive officer, principal financial officer or
principal accounting officer of the Company that a review has been conducted of the activities of the Company and the Company’s performance under this Indenture and that the Company has complied with all conditions and covenants under this
Indenture. For purposes of this Section 13.12, such compliance shall be determined without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided under this Indenture. If the officer of the Company signing such certificate has knowledge
of such an Event of Default, the certificate shall describe any such Event of Default and its status.
ARTICLE 14
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 14.01 Subordination Terms. The payment by the Company of the principal of, premium, if any, and interest on any series of Securities issued hereunder shall be subordinated to the
extent set forth in an indenture supplemental hereto relating to such series.
30
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Indenture to be duly executed all as of the day and year first above written.
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MOMENTUS INC.
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By:
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Name:
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Title:
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[TRUSTEE], as Trustee
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By:
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Name:
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Title:
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Section of Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as Amended
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Section of
Indenture
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||
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310(a)
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7.09
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||
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310(b)
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7.08
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||
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7.10
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|||
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310(c)
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Inapplicable
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311(a)
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7.13
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||
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311(b)
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7.13
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311(c)
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Inapplicable
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312(a)
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5.01
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||
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5.02
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|||
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312(b)
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5.02
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312(c)
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5.02
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||
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313(a)
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5.04
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||
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313(b)
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5.04
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||
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313(c)
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5.04
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5.04
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|||
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313(d)
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5.04
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314(a)
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5.03
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13.12
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|||
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314(b)
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Inapplicable
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314(c)
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13.07
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||
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314(d)
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Inapplicable
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314(e)
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13.07
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||
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314(f)
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Inapplicable
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315(a)
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7.01
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7.01
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|||
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315(b)
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7.14
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315(c)
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7.01
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315(d)
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7.01
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315(e)
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6.07
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||
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316(a)
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6.06
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||
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8.04
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|||
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316(b)
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6.04
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||
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316(c)
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8.01
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||
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317(a)
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6.02
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||
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317(b)
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4.03
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||
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318(a)
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13.09
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2 This Cross-Reference Table does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.
Exhibit 5.1
September 19, 2025
Momentus Inc.
3901 N. First Street
San Jose, CA 95134
(650) 564-7820
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have acted as counsel to Momentus Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the registration statement on Form S-3 (the “Registration Statement”) being filed on this date by the
Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), relating to the offer and sale from time to time by the Company of up to $50,000,000 aggregate
offering amount of (i) shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Common Stock”), (ii) shares of the Company’s preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share (“Preferred Stock”), (iii) one or more
series of debt securities (the “Debt Securities”) issuable pursuant to an indenture (the “Indenture”) to be entered into between the Company and a financial institution to be identified therein as trustee (the “Trustee”), (iv)
warrants to purchase Common Stock, Preferred Stock and/or Debt Securities (the “Warrants”) and/or (v) units consisting of any combination of such foregoing securities described in clauses (i) through (iv) above (the “Units”). The Common
Stock, the Preferred Stock, the Debt Securities, the Warrants and the Units are collectively referred to herein as the “Securities.” The Preferred Stock will be issued in one or more series and the relative powers, designations, preferences,
rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such Preferred Stock will be set forth in one or more certificates of designation (each, a “Certificate of Designation”), which will be in a form to be filed as an exhibit to a
post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or a Current Report on Form 8‑K incorporated in such Registration Statement by reference. The Securities may be issued and sold or delivered from time to time as set forth in the Registration
Statement, any amendment thereto, the prospectus contained therein (the “Base Prospectus”) and supplements to the Prospectus (each, a “Prospectus Supplement” and, together with the Base Prospectus, the “Prospectus”). This
opinion is being furnished in accordance with the requirements of Item 16 of Form S-3 and Item 601(b)(5)(i) of Regulation S‑K, as promulgated by the SEC.
We have examined the Registration Statement and the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), and the Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended (the
“Bylaws”), of the Company, each of which has been filed with the SEC. We have also examined and relied upon the originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of such records, documents, certificates and other
instruments as in our judgment are necessary or appropriate to enable us to render the opinion expressed below. In such examination, we have assumed, and express no opinion as to, the authenticity of original documents and the genuineness of all
signatures, the conformity to the originals of all documents submitted to us as copies, the truth, accuracy and completeness of the information, representations and warranties contained in the instruments, documents, certificates and records we have
reviewed, the legal capacity of all natural persons or entities (except for the Company), the absence of any undisclosed termination, modification, waiver or amendment to any document reviewed by us, the absence of any other extrinsic agreements or
documents that might change or affect the interpretation or terms of documents we have reviewed, and the due authorization, execution and delivery of all such documents where due authorization, execution and delivery are prerequisites to the
effectiveness thereof. In giving our opinion, we have also relied upon a good standing certificate regarding the Company issued by the Delaware Secretary of State dated September 19, 2025, and as to any facts material to the opinions expressed herein
that were not independently established or verified, we have relied upon oral or written statements and representations of officers and other representatives of the Company.
We also have assumed that any certificates or instruments representing the Securities will be, when issued, properly signed by authorized officers of the Company, and, in the case of Debt Securities, properly
authenticated in accordance with the terms of the applicable Indenture and delivered to the intended recipients with the intent that the Company be bound thereby. Furthermore, with respect to the Company’s uncertificated capital stock, we assume that
issued Common Stock will not be reissued by the Company in uncertificated form until any previously issued stock certificate representing such issued Common Stock has been surrendered to the Company in accordance with Section 158 of the Delaware
General Corporation Law, and that the Company will properly register the transfer of the Common Stock to the purchasers of such Common Stock on the Company’s record of uncertificated securities. We also have assumed that the Indenture at the time of
execution, authentication, issuance and delivery of the Debt Securities will be a valid and legally binding obligation of the Trustee, the Warrant Agreement (as defined below) at the time of issuance and delivery of the Warrants will be a valid and
legally binding obligation of the Company’s warrant agent and the Unit Agreement (as defined below) at the time of issuance and delivery of the Units will be a valid and legally binding obligation of the Company’s unit agent.
We render this opinion with respect to the laws of the State of New York and the Delaware General Corporation Law, and we do not express any opinion with respect to the law of any other jurisdiction or to the
securities or “blue sky” laws of any state or any local or regional laws. To the extent that any Warrant Agreement or Warrant Agreement (each as defined below) is governed by the laws of any jurisdiction other than the State of New York, our opinion
expressed below assumes that the laws of the State of New York will exclusively apply to and govern such Warrant Agreement or Unit Agreement, without regard to any interpretation or construction that might be indicated by the laws stated as governing
any such Warrant Agreement or Unit Agreement.
In connection with our opinions expressed below, we have assumed that, at or prior to the time of the delivery of any Securities: (i) that the Registration Statement, and any amendments thereto (including
post-effective amendments), will have become effective under the Securities Act and that no stop order shall have been issued with respect thereto; (ii) that a Prospectus Supplement will have been filed with the SEC describing the Securities offered
thereby; (iii) that the Securities will be issued and sold in compliance with applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws and in the manner stated in the Registration Statement and the applicable Prospectus Supplement; (iv) that a definitive
purchase, underwriting or similar agreement with respect to any Securities offered will have been duly authorized and validly executed and delivered by the Company and the other parties thereto; (v) that any Securities issuable upon conversion,
exchange, redemption or exercise of any Securities being offered will be duly authorized, created and, if appropriate, reserved for issuance upon such conversion, exchange, redemption or exercise; (vi) that the applicable Indenture will be the legal,
valid and binding obligation of each party thereto, other than the Company, enforceable against each such party in accordance with its terms, and will be duly qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the “Trust Indenture Act”),
and that the applicable Trustee will be duly eligible to serve as trustee; (vii) with respect to shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock offered or purchasable upon exercise or conversion of any Securities, that there will be sufficient shares of
Common Stock or Preferred Stock authorized under the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation that are not otherwise reserved for issuance; and (viii) that no future amendments will be made to the Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws that would be in
conflict with or inconsistent with the Company’s right and ability to issue the Securities.
In our capacity as your counsel in the connection referred to above and as a basis for the opinion hereinafter expressed, we have examined (i) the First Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the
Corporation, as amended to date, (ii) the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Corporation, as amended to date, (iii) the Warrant Agreement, (iv) originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified, of the Corporation, including minute books of the
Corporation as furnished to us by the Corporation, (v) originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified, of certificates of public officials and of representatives of the Corporation and other instruments and documents, and (vi) the
Registration Statement and the prospectus contained therein. We have also examined originals, or copies certified to our satisfaction, of such other documents, records, certificates, memoranda, and other instruments as in our judgment are necessary
or appropriate to enable us to render the opinion expressed below.
For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to the originals of all documents submitted to us as copies and the authenticity of the
originals of all documents submitted to us as copies. We have also assumed the legal capacity of all natural persons, the genuineness of the signatures of persons signing all documents in connection with which this opinion is rendered, the authority
of such persons signing on behalf of the parties thereto other than the Corporation and the due authorization, execution and delivery of all documents by the parties thereto other than the Corporation. We have not independently established or
verified any facts relevant to the opinions expressed herein, but have relied upon statements and representations of the officers and other representatives of the Corporation.
Our opinion is qualified by and is subject to, and we render no opinion with respect to, the following limitations and exceptions to the enforceability of the Debt Securities, the Warrants and the Units:
| i. |
the effect of laws of bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, arrangement, fraudulent conveyance, moratorium or other laws relating to or affecting the rights of creditors generally, including the effect of statutory or other laws
regarding fraudulent transfers or preferential transfers;
|
| ii. |
the effect of general principles of equity, including without limitation concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing, and the possible unavailability of specific performance or injunctive relief and limitation of
rights of acceleration, regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law; or
|
| iii. |
in the case of the Debt Securities, the effect of laws relating to usury or permissible rates of interest for loans, forbearances or the use of money.
|
We express no opinion regarding the effectiveness of any waiver or stay, extension or of unknown future rights. Further, we express no opinion regarding the effect of provisions relating to indemnification, exculpation
or contribution to the extent such provisions may be held unenforceable as contrary to federal or state securities laws or public policy.
The Company has informed us that the Company intends to issue the Securities from time to time on a delayed or continuous basis. We undertake no responsibility to monitor the Company’s future compliance with applicable
laws, rules or regulations of the SEC or other governmental body. In particular, we assume that the Company will obtain the requisite approval of the Board and the requisite approval of its stockholders, if required by the laws of the State of
Delaware and the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws, or if necessary because the Company does not have a sufficient number of authorized but unissued and unreserved shares of its capital stock at the time of issuance to comply with any
Securities. We also assume the Company will timely file any and all supplements to the Registration Statement and Prospectus as are necessary to comply with applicable laws in effect from time to time and duly amend its Certificate of Incorporation
to increase the authorized number of shares of its capital stock as necessary if the number of such shares to be sold pursuant to the Registration Statement would cause the Company to issue more such shares than it has authorized and unissued and
unreserved.
Based on such examination, we are of the opinion that:
| 1. |
With respect to shares of the Common Stock registered pursuant to the Registration Statement, when: (a) the issuance and the terms of the offering of the shares of Common Stock and related matters have been duly authorized by all required
corporate action of the Board of Directors of the Company or a duly constituted and acting committee thereof (such Board of Directors or committee being hereinafter referred to as the “Board”) and, if required, the stockholders of the
Company in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws and applicable laws; and (b) if required, certificates representing the shares of Common Stock have been duly executed, countersigned, registered and delivered either
(i) in accordance with the applicable definitive purchase, underwriting or similar agreement approved by the Board, or upon the exercise of Warrants to purchase Common Stock, upon payment of the consideration therefor (not less than the par
value of the Common Stock) provided for therein or (ii) upon conversion or exercise of any other Security, in accordance with the terms of such Security or the instrument governing such Security providing for such conversion or exercise as
approved by the Board, for the consideration approved by the Board, then the shares of Common Stock will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable;
|
| 2. |
With respect to any particular series of shares of Preferred Stock registered pursuant to the Registration Statement, when: (a) the issuance and terms of the shares of Preferred Stock, the terms of the offering thereof and related matters,
including the adoption of a certificate of designation relating to such Preferred Stock conforming to the Delaware General Corporation Law (a “Certificate”) and the filing of the Certificate with the Secretary of State of the State of
Delaware, have been duly authorized by all required corporate action of the Board and, if required, the stockholders of the Company in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws and applicable laws; and (b) if required,
certificates representing the shares of Preferred Stock have been duly executed, countersigned, registered and delivered either (i) in accordance with the applicable definitive purchase, underwriting or similar agreement approved by the
Board, or upon the exercise of Warrants to purchase Preferred Stock, upon payment of the consideration therefor (not less than the par value of the Preferred Stock) provided for therein or (ii) upon conversion or exercise of such Security or
the instrument governing such Security providing for such conversion or exercise as approved by the Board, for the consideration approved by the Board, then the shares of Preferred Stock will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable;
|
| 3. |
With respect to the Debt Securities registered pursuant to the Registration Statement, when: (a)(i) the terms of the Debt Securities have been duly established and authorized by the Company, (ii) the Indenture has been duly executed and
delivered by the Company, (iii) the issuance and sale of the Debt Securities, the terms of the offering thereof and related matters have been duly authorized by all required corporate action of the Board and, if required, the stockholders of
the Company in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws and applicable laws, and (iv) the Debt Securities have been duly executed by the Company and duly authenticated by the Trustee in accordance with the terms of the
Indenture, and delivered to the purchasers thereof against payment of the consideration therefor duly approved by the Company, the Debt Securities will be valid and binding obligations of the Company, and (b) when the Debt Securities to be
offered and issued by the Company upon exercise of the Warrants have been issued by the Company against payment in full of the consideration and in accordance with the applicable Warrant and the Indenture, the Debt Securities will be valid
and binding obligations of the Company; and
|
| 4. |
With respect to the Warrants registered pursuant to the Registration Statement, when: (a) the issuance and terms of the Warrants, the terms of the offering thereof and related matters have been duly authorized by all required corporate
action of the Board and, if required, the stockholders of the Company in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws and applicable laws; and (b) the Warrants have been duly executed and delivered against payment therefor,
pursuant to the applicable definitive purchase, underwriting, warrant or similar agreement (“Warrant Agreement”) duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and a bank or trust company, as warrant agent (each, a “Warrant
Agent”), and any certificates for the Warrants have been duly executed and delivered by the Company and such Warrant Agent, then the Warrants will be valid and binding obligations of the Company.
|
| 5. |
With respect to the Units registered pursuant to the Registration Statement, when: (a) the issuance and terms of the Units, the terms of the offering thereof and related matters, including the adoption of a unit agreement (“Unit
Agreement”), as applicable, have been duly authorized by all required corporate action of the Board and, if required, the stockholders of the Company in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws and applicable
laws; (b) the Units have been duly executed, authenticated, issued and delivered against payment therefor in accordance with the terms of the applicable unit agreement and in the manner contemplated by the applicable Prospectus Supplement and
by such corporate action; and (c) the conditions outlined in the immediately preceding paragraphs (1) through (4) that apply to the Securities that make up such Units are all met, then the Units will be valid and binding obligations of the
Company.
|
Our opinion expressed above is made as of the date hereof and is subject to, and may be limited by, future changes in the factual matters set forth herein, and we undertake no duty to advise you of the same. The
opinion set forth herein is based upon the law in effect (and published or otherwise generally available) on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to revise or supplement this opinion should such law be changed by legislative action, judicial
decision or otherwise. In rendering our opinion, we have not considered, and hereby disclaim any opinion as to, the application or impact of any laws, cases, decisions, rules or regulations of any other jurisdiction, court or administrative agency.
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the above-referenced Registration Statement and to the use of our name wherever it appears in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Prospectus
Supplement, and in any amendment or supplement thereto. In giving such consent, we do not believe that we are “experts” within the meaning of such term as used in the Act or the rules and regulations of the SEC issued thereunder with respect to any
part of the Registration Statement, including this opinion as an exhibit.
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Very truly yours,
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/s/ Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP
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Exhibit 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form S-3 of our report dated March 31, 2025, relating to the consolidated financial statements of Momentus Inc. and Subsidiaries,
appearing in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Momentus Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2024. We also consent to the reference to our Firm under the caption “Experts” in the Registration Statement.
/s/ Frank, Rimerman + Co. LLP
San Francisco, California
September 19, 2025