DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd F-3, filed Sep 19, 2025
DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. (DDI)
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As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on September 19, 2025
Registration No. 333-
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM F-3
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
DOUBLEDOWN INTERACTIVE CO., LTD.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Not Applicable
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
| Republic of Korea | Not Applicable | |
| (State or other jurisdiction incorporation or organization) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
13F, Gangnam Finance Center
152, Teheran-ro Gangnam-gu
Seoul 06236, Republic of Korea
+82-2-501-7216
(Address and telephone number of Registrant’s principal executive offices)
Joseph A. Sigrist, Chief Financial Officer
c/o Double Down Interactive LLC
6671 S. Las Vegas Blvd.
Building D, Suite 210
Las Vegas, Nevada 89119
+1-702-761-6899
(Name, address and telephone number of agent for service)
With copies to:
Barbara A. Jones, Esq.
Greenberg Traurig, LLP
1840 Century Park East, Suite 1900
Los Angeles, California 90067
Tel: +1-310-586-7700
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.
If only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. ☐
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.C. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.C. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.
Emerging growth company ☒
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
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EXPLANATORY NOTE
This registration statement is a replacement registration statement being filed pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), with respect to securities that remain unsold under the Registration Statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-267422), originally filed on September 14, 2022, and declared effective on September 27, 2022, which is due to expire on September 26, 2025 (the “Prior Registration Statement”). Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(5)(ii) under the Securities Act, by filing this registration statement on Form F-3 (this “Registration Statement”), the Selling Shareholder named therein may sell any unsold securities covered by the Prior Registration Statement until the earlier of (i) the effective date of this Registration Statement, and (ii) March 25, 2026, which is 180 days after the third-year anniversary of the effective date of the Prior Registration Statement. Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, the offering of securities under the Prior Registration Statement will be deemed terminated as of the effective date of this Registration Statement.
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The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED SEPTEMBER 19, 2025
PROSPECTUS
Up to 4,212,655 American Depositary Shares
Representing up to 210,632.75 Common Shares
Offered by the Selling Shareholder
This prospectus relates to the resale, from time to time, of 4,212,655 American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), representing up to 210,632.75 common shares of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd., par value KRW10,000 per share (“Common Shares”), by STIC Special Situation Diamond Limited (including its transferees, pledgees or donees, or its respective successors, the “Selling Shareholder”). Each ADS represents 0.05 share of a Common Share. We are registering these Common Shares represented by ADSs on behalf of the Selling Shareholder.
ADSs representing the Common Shares are listed for trading on The Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “DDI.” On September 18, 2025, the last reported sale price of such ADSs on Nasdaq was $9.46 per ADS.
The Selling Shareholder may sell ADSs, from time to time, in one or more offerings, at prevailing market prices at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices. The Selling Shareholder may sell ADSs in a manner including, but not limited to, regular brokerage transactions, in transactions directly with market makers or investors, on a continuous or delayed basis, in privately negotiated transactions or through agents or underwriters or through a combination of those methods they may select from time to time. See “Plan of Distribution” for more information on the methods of sale that may be used by the Selling Shareholder.
This prospectus describes the general terms of these securities and the general manner in which they will be offered. Each time the Selling Shareholder sells securities pursuant to this prospectus, we will provide a supplement to this prospectus that contains specific information about the offering and the specific terms of the securities offered. The prospectus supplement will also describe the specific manner in which these securities will be offered and may also supplement, update or amend information contained in this prospectus. You should read this prospectus, including the information and documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and any applicable prospectus supplement before you invest.
We are not offering any securities for sale under this prospectus, and we will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the ADSs by the Selling Shareholder.
INVESTING IN THESE SECURITIES INVOLVES RISKS. SEE “RISK FACTORS” BEGINNING ON PAGE 5 OF THIS PROSPECTUS AND THE “RISK FACTORS” SECTION OF OUR ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 20-F THAT IS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE INTO THIS PROSPECTUS. YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY CONSIDER THESE RISK FACTORS BEFORE INVESTING IN ANY OF THESE SECURITIES OFFERED HEREIN.
Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus is , 2025
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This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form F-3 that we filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), using a “shelf” registration process. The prospectus relates to the resale of up to 4,212,655 ADSs, representing up to 210,632.75 Common Shares, which the Selling Shareholder may sell from time to time. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the ADSs representing the Common Shares by the Selling Shareholder. The Selling Shareholder will pay all expenses incurred in registering these shares, including legal and accounting fees.
This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities the Selling Shareholder may offer. Each time the Selling Shareholder sells securities described herein, we will provide a prospectus supplement to this prospectus that contains specific information about the securities being offered and sold and the specific terms of that offering. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus with respect to that offering. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, you should rely on the prospectus supplement. Before purchasing any securities, you should carefully read both this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, together with the additional information described under the sections entitled “Incorporation of Information by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information.”
Neither we nor the Selling Shareholder have authorized anyone to provide you with information other than that contained in this prospectus or in any accompanying prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We and the Selling Shareholder take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the securities to which it relates, or an offer or solicitation in any jurisdiction where offers or sales are not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement is accurate only as of the date on its respective cover, even though this prospectus may be delivered or securities may be sold under this prospectus on a later date. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.
For investors outside of the United States: Neither we nor the Selling Shareholder have done anything that would permit possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about, and to observe any restrictions relating to, the distribution of this prospectus outside of the United States.
In this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, including documents incorporated by reference herein or therein, unless otherwise indicated, all dollar amounts and references to “dollar,” “USD,” “US$” or “$” refer to the legal currency of the United States. Currency amounts in prospectus are stated in U.S. dollars, unless otherwise indicated. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, and our functional currencies are the Korean Won (“KRW” or “Won”), and the Euro (“EUR” or “€”). This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference contain translations of certain Korean Won and Euro amounts into U.S. dollars solely for your convenience.
In this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, including documents incorporated by reference herein or therein, unless the context otherwise requires, including documents incorporated by reference herein, (a) references to “we”, “us”, “our” or similar terms, as well as references to “DoubleDown”, “DDI” or the “Company”, refer to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd., a corporation with limited liability organized under the laws of the Republic of Korea (“Korea”), either alone or together with our subsidiaries, and (b) references to “DoubleU Games” or “DUG” refer to DoubleU Games Co., Ltd., a Korean company and our controlling shareholder.
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Use of Market and Industry Data
This prospectus and any prospectus supplement include or incorporate by reference market and industry data that we have obtained from third-party sources, including industry publications, as well as industry data prepared by our management on the basis of its knowledge of and experience in the industries in which we operate (including our management’s estimates and assumptions relating to such industries based on that knowledge). Our management has developed its knowledge of such industries through its experience and participation in these industries. While our management believes the third-party sources referred to or incorporated by reference in this prospectus are reliable, neither we nor our management have independently verified any of the data from such sources referred to or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied upon by such sources. Internally prepared and third-party market forecasts, in particular, are estimates only and may be inaccurate, especially over long periods of time. Furthermore, references in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus to any publications, reports, surveys or articles prepared by third parties should not be construed as depicting the complete findings of the entire publication, report, survey or article. The information in any such publication, report, survey or article is not incorporated by reference in this prospectus.
Trademarks
The names and marks, DoubleDown Casino, DoubleDown Classic, DoubleDown Fort Knox, and other trademarks, trade names and service marks of our Company appearing in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference are the property of our Company. This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference may also contain additional trademarks, trade names and service marks belonging to other companies. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference may appear without the ®, ™ or SM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, trade names and service marks. We do not intend our use or display of other parties’ trademarks, trade names or service marks to imply, and such use or display should not be construed to imply, a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, these other parties.
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INCORPORATION OF INFORMATION BY REFERENCE
The SEC’s rules allow us to “incorporate by reference” information into this prospectus, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement, and later information that we file with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information. In all cases, you should rely on the later information over different information included in this prospectus. This prospectus incorporates by reference the following documents:
| • | our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on April 21, 2025; |
| • | our Reports on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on February 11, 2025, March 4, 2025, March 27, 2025 (excluding Exhibit 99.1 thereto), May 13, 2025, as amended by Amendment No. 1 on Form 6-K/A filed with the SEC on May 23, 2025, June 12, 2025 (excluding Exhibit 99.1 thereto), and August 12, 2025; and |
| • | the description of our Common Shares contained in our registration statement on Form 8-A filed with the SEC on June 25, 2020, including any amendments or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description. |
All subsequent annual reports filed by us pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) on Form 20-F prior to the termination of an offering shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference to this prospectus and to be a part hereof from the date of filing of such documents. We may also incorporate part or all of any Form 6-K subsequently submitted by us to the SEC prior to the termination of an offering by identifying in such Forms 6-K that they, or certain parts of their contents, are being incorporated by reference herein, and any Forms 6-K so identified shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus and to be a part hereof from the date of submission of such documents. Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document which also is incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes such statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.
Copies of all documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, other than exhibits to those documents unless such exhibits are specially incorporated by reference in this prospectus, will be provided at no cost to each person, including any beneficial owner, who receives a copy of this prospectus on the written or oral request of that person made to:
Double Down Interactive LLC
6671 S. Las Vegas Blvd.
Building D, Suite 210
Las Vegas, Nevada 89119
+1-702-761-6899
Attention: Investor Relations
You should rely only on the information that we incorporate by reference or provide in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. Neither we nor the Selling Shareholder nor any underwriter is making any offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained or incorporated in this prospectus by reference is accurate as of any date other than the date of the document containing the information.
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements in this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, including documents incorporated by reference herein or therein, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are usually identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “plan,” “position,” “possible,” “potential,” “probable,” “project,” “projection,” “should,” “strategy,” “will,” or similar expressions. These statements are based upon assessments and assumptions of management in light of historical results and trends, current conditions and potential future developments that often involve judgment, estimates, assumptions and projections. Forward-looking statements reflect current views about our plans, strategies and prospects, which are based on information currently available as of the date of this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside our control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from these statements. Therefore, you should not place undue reliance on those statements. Forward-looking statements in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein include, but are not limited to, statements relating to:
| • | our ability to attract and retain players; |
| • | our expectations regarding the growth rates of our active users, payer conversion rate and revenue per daily active user; |
| • | our reliance on third-party platforms; |
| • | our ability to continue to launch and enhance games that attract and retain a significant number of paying players; |
| • | our reliance on a small percentage of our players for nearly all of our revenue; |
| • | our ability to adapt to, and offer games that keep pace with, changing technology and evolving industry standards; |
| • | competition; |
| • | our ability to use the intellectual property rights of our controlling shareholder, DoubleU Games, and other third parties, including the third-party intellectual property rights licensed to us by International Game Technology PLC (“IGT”); |
| • | protection of our proprietary information and intellectual property, inability to license third-party intellectual property and the intellectual property rights of others; |
| • | security and integrity of our games and systems; |
| • | security breaches, cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents, challenges or disruptions; |
| • | reliance on or failures in information technology and other systems; |
| • | impact of legal and regulatory restrictions on our business, including significant opposition in some jurisdictions to interactive social gaming, including social casino gaming, and how such opposition could lead these jurisdictions to adopt legislation or impose a regulatory framework to govern interactive social gaming or social casino gaming specifically, and how this could result in a prohibition on interactive social gaming or social casino gaming altogether, restrict our ability to advertise our games, or substantially increase our costs to comply with these regulations; |
| • | laws and government regulations, both foreign and domestic, and to data privacy and security, including with respect to the collection, storage, use, transmission, sharing and protection of personal information and other consumer data, and those laws and regulations that affect companies conducting business on the internet, including ours; |
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| • | continuing evolution of the scope of data privacy and security regulations, and our belief that the adoption of increasingly restrictive regulations in this area is likely within the U.S. and other jurisdictions; |
| • | our ability to complete acquisitions and integrate businesses successfully; |
| • | our ability to pursue and execute new business initiatives; |
| • | U.S. and international economic and industry conditions; and |
| • | potential regulatory changes in the U.S. imposed by the new administration. |
Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties or a risk that is not currently known to us materialize, or should assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those expressed or implied herein. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this prospectus or, in the case of documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, as of the date of such documents, and we do not intend, and do not assume any obligation, to update these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Investors are cautioned that forward- looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and investors are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements due to their inherent uncertainty.
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This summary highlights information contained in other parts of and incorporated by reference into this prospectus. Because it is only a summary, it does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in our Common Shares and it is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information appearing elsewhere in and incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should read the entire prospectus carefully, and all documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus, including “Risk Factors” and our financial statements and the related notes, before deciding to buy our Common Shares.
Company Overview
We are a leading developer, publisher and operator of digital games on mobile and web-based platforms. We operate two lines of businesses: (i) social casino games; and (ii) online casino services which offer games typically available in land-based casinos such as blackjack, roulette, and slot machines (“iGaming”), each of which is described below.
Social Casino Games
We are the creators of multi-format interactive entertainment experiences for casual players. We have been an early pioneer in the social casino gaming segment of casual gaming and were among the initial publishers to launch a social casino game on the Facebook platform in 2010 with the release of DoubleDown Casino. As the market has shifted materially to mobile platforms in recent years, we have also embraced new distribution channels for our games, which have significantly expanded our overall reach and market opportunity. Our games attract players of social casino and casual games, and have been installed over 119 million times to date. During 2024, an average of 1.4 million players played our games each month.
Our market opportunity includes casual gaming globally, which includes slots, puzzle, card, match three and other similar games. IDC Worldwide estimated in 2023 that the mobile gaming market would surpass $108 billion worldwide in 2023, and H2 Gambling Capital estimated in 2022 that the total serviceable market for iGaming in 2021 was over $25 billion. Within the social casino segment of casual gaming, which includes free-to-play online slots, poker, table games, and bingo, DoubleDown Casino was ranked the fifth among the top game titles by gross revenue during 2024, according to Eilers & Krejcik, which estimated that the global social casino market was approximately $7.2 billion in 2024. As one of the leading players in social casino today, we believe we are well-positioned to combine our social casino expertise with additional game elements to deliver entertaining playing experiences for our players.
We believe that success in casual gaming requires a combination of creativity and data science to acquire, engage and retain players. We have a deep understanding of our players which allows us to hone our game development, content strategy, and live game operations. Our all-in-one approach that combines numerous pieces of content within a single game streamlines the player experience while our best-in-class gaming elements, including graphics, user interface, and meta-features, such as daily challenges and loyalty programs, keep our players engaged. Collectively, our players exhibit higher monetization compared to that of our social casino peers, which we believe reflects our successful approach. Our average revenue per daily active user was $1.30 during 2024.
We believe our access to content is among the broadest in the gaming industry. In addition to our internally-developed content, we also have access to content from IGT, one of the largest casino equipment suppliers in the world, and creator of well-known slot games such as Cleopatra, Wolf Run, and Megabucks, as well as from DoubleU Games, our controlling shareholder and a leading developer and publisher of social casino games based in Korea. Since 2008, we have had access to over 2,000 slot titles through our partnerships with IGT and DUG
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and we have internally developed a catalogue of over 100 original slot titles. We continue to provide our players with a superior gaming experience by leveraging our three content pillars: DDI, IGT, and DUG.
iGaming
In October 2023, we acquired SuprNation, a European iGaming operator. As a result of the acquisition, we now operate three licensed iGaming platforms in select European regions where SuprNation is licensed. SuprNation offers a diverse portfolio of proprietary games developed through its in-house studio and licensed games.
SuprNation contributed a total revenue of $33.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing almost 10% of our total revenue for 2024. Going forward, we seek to grow revenue from SuprNation, primarily by expanding player engagement in those countries where SuprNation currently operates. This includes leveraging localized marketing strategies, optimizing user experience, and expanding our portfolio of games to attract and retain a broader player base.
Recent Developments
WHOW Games
In July 2025, we acquired WHOW Games GmbH, a social casino developer headquartered in Hamburg, Germany, from Azerion for €55 million (approximately $64.3 million based on an exchange rate of €1.00=$1.169 as of July 11, 2025). An additional earn-out payment of up to €10 million, payable to Azerion at €5 million annually, is contingent upon WHOW Games meeting certain performance targets during each of the first and second 12-month periods following the closing date.
Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 13F, Gangnam Finance Center, 152, Teheran-ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06236, Korea. Our main telephone number is +82-2-501-7216. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Double Down Interactive LLC, 6671 S. Las Vegas Blvd., Building D, Suite 210, Las Vegas, Nevada 89119. Our internet website is https://doubledowninteractive.com. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely for informational purposes.
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The actual price per ADS of the ADSs representing the Common Shares that the Selling Shareholder will offer pursuant hereto will depend on a number of factors that may be relevant as of the time of offer. See “Plan of Distribution.”
| Issuer |
DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. |
| Selling Shareholder |
STIC Special Situation Diamond Limited, a limited liability entity organized under the laws of Korea, including its transferees, pledgees or donees, or its respective successors. The Selling Shareholder may sell from time to time pursuant to this prospectus up to 4,212,655 ADSs, representing up to 210,632.75 Common Shares. See “Selling Shareholder.” |
| ADSs Offered |
Up to 4,212,655 ADSs, representing up to 210,632.75 Common Shares. |
| ADSs |
Each ADS represents 0.05 share of a Common Share. The ADSs may be evidenced by American depositary receipts (ADRs) issued by Citibank, N.A., as depositary. The depositary’s agent, the custodian, is the holder of the Common Shares underlying the ADSs, and you will have the rights of an ADS holder as provided in the deposit agreement among us, the depositary, and holders and beneficial owners of ADSs from time to time. |
| You may surrender your ADSs to the depositary to withdraw the Common Shares underlying your ADSs. The depositary will charge you a fee for such an exchange. |
| We may amend or terminate the deposit agreement for any reason without your consent. If an amendment becomes effective, you will be bound by the deposit agreement, as amended, if you continue to hold your ADSs. |
| Depositary |
Citibank, N.A. |
| Use of Proceeds |
We will not receive any proceeds from the sale or other disposition of the ADSs representing the Common Shares offered by the Selling Shareholder pursuant to this prospectus. |
| Listing |
ADSs representing the Common Shares are listed for trading on Nasdaq under the symbol “DDI.” |
| Risk Factors |
You should carefully consider all of the information that is contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and, in particular, you should evaluate the risks described under “Risk Factors” beginning on page 5 of this prospectus. |
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Investing in the securities involves risks. Before investing in any securities offered pursuant to this prospectus, you should carefully consider the risk factors and uncertainties set forth under the heading “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024, which is incorporated in this prospectus by reference, as updated by our subsequent filings under the Exchange Act and, if applicable, in any accompanying prospectus supplement subsequently filed relating to a specific offering or sale. If any of these risks were to occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. The trading price of our securities could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. When the Selling Shareholder offers and sells any securities pursuant to a prospectus supplement, we may include additional risk factors relevant to that offering in the prospectus supplement.
You should also refer to the other information set forth or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, including our most recent annual report on Form 20-F, or any applicable prospectus supplement, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. See “Incorporation of Information by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information.”
Risks Related to this Offering
The sale of a substantial amount of our Common Share or ADSs representing our Common Shares, including resale of the ADSs held by the Selling Shareholder in the public market could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our Common Shares.
Sales of substantial amounts of our Common Share or ADSs representing our Common Shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales might occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. We cannot predict if and when the Selling Shareholder may sell such ADSs in the public markets. Furthermore, in the future, we may issue additional Common Shares or other equity or debt securities convertible into Common Shares. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing shareholders and could cause the price of ADSs representing our Common Shares to decline.
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The Selling Shareholder may sell from time to time, pursuant to this prospectus, an aggregate of up to 4,212,655 ADSs, representing up to 210,632.75 Common Shares. During the past three years, the Selling Shareholder sold Common Shares represented by ADSs pursuant to Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act. In June 2025, the Selling Shareholder sold an aggregate of 250,000 Common Shares represented by 5,000,000 ADSs in an underwritten public offering made pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-267422), originally filed on September 14, 2022, and declared effective on September 27, 2022 (the “Prior Registration Statement”).
The following table, to our best knowledge, and based in part information provided by or on behalf of the Selling Shareholder, sets forth information with respect to the Selling Shareholder’s beneficial ownership of the Common Shares as of the date of this prospectus. The number of Common Shares owned prior to any offerings made pursuant to this prospectus consists of all of the Common Shares represented by ADSs that the Selling Shareholder may offer hereunder. The percentage of Common Shares beneficially owned prior to any offering made pursuant to this prospectus is based on 2,477,672 Common Shares outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.
The following table also assumes that the Selling Shareholder will sell all of the ADSs representing the Common Shares offered for sale pursuant to this prospectus. The Selling Shareholder may sell all, some or none of the ADSs representing the Common Shares included in this prospectus. See “Plan of Distribution.”
The number of Common Shares beneficially owned by the Selling Shareholder is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Under such rules, beneficial ownership includes any Common Shares over which the Selling Shareholder has sole or shared voting power or investment power as well as any shares that are exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this prospectus.
| Common Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to Offering |
Common Shares Registered |
Common Shares Beneficially Owned After Offering |
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| Name of Selling Shareholder | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| STIC Special Situation Diamond Limited (1) |
210,632.75 | 8.5 | % | 210,632.75 | 8.5 | % | 0 | 0 | % | |||||||||||||||
| (1) | Based on information provided in a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on June 24, 2025 by the Selling Shareholder, STIC Special Situation Private Equity Fund, a foreign limited partnership company established under the laws of the Republic of Korea, and STIC Investments, Inc., a foreign corporation incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Korea. STIC Investments Inc. is the general partner of STIC Special Situation Private Equity Fund, which holds 71.43% of the equity interest in the Selling Shareholder. As the controlling shareholder, STIC Special Situation Private Equity Fund has the voting and dispositive power over the Common Shares directly held by the Selling Shareholder. As the general partner of STIC Special Situation Private Equity Fund, STIC Investments Inc. has the voting and dispositive power over the Common Shares which are deemed to be beneficially owned by STIC Special Situation Private Equity Fund. The address for each of the Selling Shareholder, STIC Special Situation Private Equity Fund, and STIC Investments, Inc. is 11F MSA Bldg., 12 Teheran-ro 78-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06194, Republic of Korea. |
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General
We are authorized to issue 200,000,000 Common Shares, par value 10,000 Korean Won per Common Share. As of the date of this prospectus, no preferred shares are permitted to be issued under our articles of incorporation.
As of the date of this prospectus, there are 2,477,672 Common Shares issued and outstanding. All of the issued and outstanding Common Shares are fully-paid and non-assessable and are in registered form. We have not issued any equity securities other than the Common Shares including, without limitation, non-voting preferred shares.
Board of directors
Under our articles of incorporation and the Commercial Act of Korea (the “Commercial Act”), any director who has a special interest in a proposal or a resolution is prohibited from voting on such proposal or resolution at a meeting of the board of directors. Unless otherwise provided in the relevant laws or our articles of incorporation, a resolution of the board of directors is required to be adopted in the presence of a majority of the directors in office by the affirmative votes of a majority of the directors present at the meeting.
The compensation for the directors, including severance benefits, is paid within the limitation approved by the annual general meeting of shareholders.
Dividends
If and when our board of directors declares dividends, we will distribute the dividends to our shareholders in proportion to the number of shares owned by each shareholder. The Common Shares represented by the ADSs have the same dividend rights as other outstanding Common Shares. There is no guarantee that our board will declare a dividend at any time and it has no obligation to do so.
We may declare dividends annually at the annual general meeting of shareholders which is held within three months after the end of the fiscal year. If declared, we pay the dividend shortly after the annual general meeting to the shareholders of record as of the end of the preceding fiscal year. In addition to annual dividends,
we may declare semi-annual dividends pursuant to the resolution of the board of directors each fiscal year to the eligible shareholders recorded as of the relevant record date of the relevant fiscal year. We may distribute dividend in cash or shares. However, a dividend in shares must be distributed at par value and may not exceed one-half of the annual dividends declared each fiscal year in the aggregate. We have no obligation to pay any dividend unclaimed for five years from the payment date.
Under the Commercial Act, we may pay dividends only to the extent the net assets amount in our balance sheets exceeds the sum of the following: (i) our stated capital, (ii) the total amount of our capital surplus reserve and earned surplus reserve accumulated up to the end of the relevant fiscal year, (iii) the legal reserve to be set aside for the annual dividends, and (iv) unrealized profits determined pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Presidential Decree to the Commercial Act. We may not pay dividends unless we have set aside as earned surplus reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of the cash portion of dividends for the relevant fiscal year or unless we have accumulated earned surplus reserve of not less than one-half of our stated capital. We may not use the legal reserve to pay cash dividends, but we may transfer amounts from the legal reserve to capital stock or use the legal reserve to reduce an accumulated deficit.
Distribution of free shares
In addition to paying dividends in shares out of our retained or current earnings, we may also distribute to our shareholders an amount transferred from our capital surplus or legal reserve to our stated capital in the form of
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free shares. We must distribute such free shares to all our shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings.
Preemptive rights and issuance of additional shares
We may issue authorized but unissued shares at the times and, unless otherwise provided in the Commercial Act, on such terms as our board of directors may determine. We must offer new shares on uniform terms to all shareholders with preemptive rights who are listed on our shareholders’ register as of the relevant record date.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, we may issue new shares to those other than the shareholders by the resolution of the board of directors under the following circumstances:
| • | when issuing new shares to increase our capital through a public offering to the extent not exceeding 50% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares pursuant to Article 165-6 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea (“FSCMA”); |
| • | when preferentially allocating new shares to members of the Employees Share Ownership Association to the extent not exceeding 20% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares; |
| • | when issuing new shares as a result of the exercise of stock options pursuant to Article 340 of the Commercial Act; |
| • | when issuing new shares for the purpose of the foreign investment made under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act of Korea (as deemed necessary for the management purposes) to the extend not exceeding 20% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares; |
| • | when issuing new shares to the extent not exceeding 20% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares to a new technology venture capitalist and new technology venture investment association pursuant to the Specialized Credit Finance Business Act of Korea and to an investment company for the establishment of small and medium enterprise and a small and medium enterprise establishment investment association pursuant to the Support for Small and Medium Enterprise Establishment Act of Korea; |
| • | when allocating new shares to another company to the extent not exceeding 20% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares for a strategic partnership, such as through the introduction of high technology, business diversification, overseas expansion, and fundraising; |
| • | when necessary to achieve our business objectives, such as an introduction of new technology, improvement of financial structure, new market development, and strategic partnership pursuant to a proviso of Article 418(2) of the Commercial Act to the extent not exceeding 50% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares; |
| • | when issuing new shares to financial institutions or institutional investors, domestic and/or international, to the extent not exceeding 20% of our total number of issued and outstanding shares for managerial purposes including, without limitation, raising emergency funds; or |
| • | when offering new shares to the public or having an underwriter subscribe for shares in such public offering in order to have our shares listed on a stock exchange. |
Under our articles of incorporation, we may issue convertible bonds up to an aggregate principal amount not exceeding 300 billion Korean Won to persons other than the existing shareholders pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our issuance of convertible bonds to persons other than existing shareholders is limited to the following events:
| • | the issuance of convertible bonds through a general public offering; |
| • | the issuance of convertible bonds to financial institutions or institutional investors, domestic or international, for the purpose of raising emergency funds; or |
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| • | the issuance of convertible bonds to another party for the introduction of technology, research and development, production and sales, and capital alliances which are important in our business operations. |
Under our articles of incorporation, we may issue bonds with warrants up to an aggregate principal amount not exceeding 200 billion Korean Won to persons other than the existing shareholders pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our issuance of the bonds with warrants to persons other than existing shareholders is limited to the following events:
| • | the issuance of bonds with warrants through a general public offering; |
| • | the issuance of bonds with warrants to financial institutions or institutional investors, domestic or international, for the purpose of raising emergency funds; or |
| • | the issuance of bonds with warrants to another party for the introduction of technology, research and development, production and sales, and capital alliances which are important in our business operations. |
General meeting of shareholders
We generally hold the annual general meeting of shareholders within three months after the end of each fiscal year. Subject to the resolution of the board of directors or court approval, we may hold an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders:
| • | as necessary; |
| • | at the request of holders of an aggregate of three percent or more of our outstanding Common Shares; or |
| • | at the request of our audit committee. |
We must give our shareholders a written notice setting out the date, place, and agenda of the meeting at least two weeks prior to the general meeting of shareholders. The agenda of the general meeting of shareholders is determined at the meeting of the board of directors. In addition, a shareholder holding an aggregate of three percent or more of the outstanding shares may propose an agenda for the general meeting of shareholders. Such proposal should be made in writing at least six weeks prior to the meeting. The board of directors may decline such proposal if it is in violation of the relevant law and regulations or our articles of incorporation. Shareholders not on the shareholders’ register as of the record date are not entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of shareholders or attend or vote at the meeting.
Our general meetings of shareholders are held in the place where our head office is located and may also be held in any other place adjacent to it, whenever circumstances require.
Voting rights
Our shareholders are entitled to one vote for each share. However, shares held by us (i.e., treasury shares) or by any corporate entity in which we directly or indirectly hold equity interests greater than 10% of the total equity interests do not have voting rights. Unless our articles of incorporation explicitly state otherwise, the Commercial Act permits cumulative voting pursuant to which each Common Share entitles the shareholder thereof to multiple voting rights equal to the number of directors to be elected at such time. A shareholder may exercise all voting rights with respect to his or her shares cumulatively to elect one director. However, our articles of incorporation prohibit cumulative voting.
Our shareholders may adopt resolutions at a general meeting of shareholders, where a quorum is present, by an affirmative majority vote of the voting shares present or represented at the meeting. However, under the
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Commercial Act and our articles of incorporation, the following matters, among others, require a special resolution and approval by the shareholders of at least two-thirds of the voting shares present or represented at a meeting, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-third of our total voting shares then issued and outstanding:
| • | amending our articles of incorporation; |
| • | removing a director; |
| • | effecting any dissolution, merger, or consolidation of us; |
| • | transferring the whole or any significant part of our business; |
| • | acquisition of all or a part of the business of any other company that may have a material impact on our business; or |
| • | issuing any new shares at a price lower than their par value. |
Our shareholders may exercise their voting rights by proxy. Under our articles of incorporation, the person exercising the proxy does not have to be a shareholder. A person with a proxy must present a document evidencing its power of attorney in order to exercise voting rights.
Holders of ADSs will exercise their voting rights through the depositary. Subject to the provisions of the deposit agreement, the holders of ADSs will be entitled to instruct the depositary how to vote the Common Shares underlying their ADSs.
Rights of dissenting shareholders
In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of all or any significant part of our business and our merger or consolidation with another company, dissenting shareholders have the right to require us to purchase their shares. In order for a dissenting shareholder to be entitled to such right, the Common Shares must have been acquired before the relevant resolution of the board of directors was disclosed to the public or the legal action resulting in the acquisition of the shares must have been taken no later than the date immediately following the date on which the resolution was disclosed. To exercise this right, the dissenting shareholders must submit to us a written notice of their intention to dissent before the applicable general meeting of shareholders. Within 20 days after the relevant resolution is passed, the dissenting shareholders must request us in writing to purchase their shares. We are obligated to purchase the shares of the dissenting shareholders within two months of the expiration of the applicable exercise period. The purchase price for the shares is required to be determined through negotiations between the dissenting shareholders and us. If an agreement is not attained within 30 days of the expiration of the applicable exercise period, we or the dissenting shareholder requesting the purchase of shares may request the court to determine the purchase price.
Holders of ADSs will not be able to exercise dissenter’s rights unless they withdraw the underlying Common Shares and become our direct shareholders.
Register of shareholders and record dates
Our transfer agent, Korea Securities Depository, maintains the registry of our shareholders at its office in Seoul, Korea. It records and registers transfers of our shares on the registry of shareholders.
The record date for annual dividends is December 31 of the applicable fiscal year. For the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to annual dividends, the registry of shareholders is closed for the period from January 1 to January 31 of the following fiscal year. Further, for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to any other rights pertaining to the shares, we may, on at least two weeks’ public notice, set a record date and/or close the registry of shareholders for not more than three months. The trading of shares may continue while the registry of shareholders is closed.
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Annual report
At least one week before the annual general meeting of shareholders, we must make our annual report and audited financial statements available for inspection at our principal office and at all of our branch offices. In addition, copies of annual reports, the audited financial statements and any resolution adopted at the general meeting of shareholders will be available to our shareholders.
Transfer of shares
Under the Commercial Act, the transfer of shares is effected by the delivery of share certificates. Our shares are registered electronically pursuant to such Act and we have not issued definitive share certificates. Under the Act on Electronic Registration of Stocks, Bonds, Etc. of Korea, the transfer of shares is effected by electronic registration of such transfer. However, to assert shareholders’ rights against us, the transferee must have his name and address registered on our register of shareholders. For this purpose, a shareholder is required to file his name, address and seal with our transfer agent. A non-Korean shareholder may file a specimen signature in place of a seal, unless he is a citizen of a country with a sealing system similar to that of Korea. In addition, a non-resident shareholder must appoint an agent authorized to receive notices on his behalf in Korea and file a mailing address in Korea.
The above requirements do not apply to the holders of ADSs.
Under current Korean regulations, the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks), financial investment companies with a brokerage, dealing, or collective investment license, and internationally recognized custodians may act as agents and provide related services for foreign shareholders. Certain foreign exchange controls and securities regulations apply to the transfer of shares by non-residents or non-Koreans.
Acquisition of shares
Under the Commercial Act, we may acquire our own shares through (i) purchases on a stock exchange or (ii) purchase of the shares in proportion to the number of shares held by each shareholder on equal terms and conditions, by a resolution of the shareholders at a general meeting of shareholders. The aggregate amount of the acquisition price shall not exceed the excess of our net assets, on a non-consolidated basis, over the sum of (w) our stated capital, (x) the total amount of our capital surplus reserve and earned surplus reserve which have accumulated up to the end of the previous fiscal year, (y) our earned surplus required to be accumulated for the then current fiscal year, and (z) our net assets stated in the balance sheet as being increased as a result of the evaluation of the assets and liabilities in accordance with our accounting principles without being set off against any unrealized losses.
In addition, under the Commercial Act, we may not acquire our own shares if our net assets may fall short of the aggregate amount of the items (w) to (z) above, on a non-consolidated basis, as of the conclusion of the relevant business year of us. In general, our subsidiaries (of whose shares more than 50% are owned by us) may not acquire our shares.
Liquidation rights
In the event of our liquidation, after payment of all debts, liquidation expenses, and taxes, our remaining assets will be distributed among shareholders in proportion to their shareholdings.
Other provisions
Under our articles of incorporation, there exists no provision (i) which may delay or prevent a change in control of us (that is triggered only in the event of a merger, acquisition, or corporate restructuring), (ii) which requires disclosure of ownership above a certain threshold, or (iii) that governs the change in capital that is more stringent than required by the applicable laws in Korea.
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Further, under our articles of incorporation, we are required to register the rights to be recorded on share certificates and preemptive right certificates with the electronic registration ledger of the electronic registration authority, in lieu of issuing share certificates and preemptive right certificates.
Transfer agent and registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for the Common Shares is Korea Securities Depository having its registered office at BIFC, 40, Munhyeongeumyung-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48400, Korea.
Stock exchange listing
ADSs representing the Common Shares are listed for trading on Nasdaq under the symbol “DDI.”
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DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES
American Depositary Shares
Citibank, N.A. has agreed to act as the depositary bank for the American Depositary Shares. Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. American Depositary Shares are frequently referred to as “ADSs” and represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary bank. ADSs may be represented by certificates that are commonly known as “American Depositary Receipts” or “ADRs.” The depositary bank typically appoints a custodian to safekeep the securities on deposit. In this case, the custodian is Korea Securities Depository, located at 23, Yeouinaru-Ro 4-Gil, Yeongdeungpo-Gu, Seoul 07330, Korea.
We have appointed Citibank as depositary bank pursuant to a deposit agreement. A copy of the deposit agreement is on file with the SEC under cover of a Registration Statement on Form F-6. You may obtain a copy of the deposit agreement from the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Please refer to Registration Number 333-239022 when retrieving such copy.
We are providing you with a summary description of the material terms of the ADSs and of your material rights as an owner of ADSs. Please remember that summaries by their nature lack the precision of the information summarized and that the rights and obligations of an owner of ADSs are determined by reference to the terms of the deposit agreement and not by this summary. We urge you to review the deposit agreement in its entirety. The portions of this summary description that are italicized describe matters that may be relevant to the ownership of ADSs but that may not be contained in the deposit agreement. For more complete information, you should read the entire deposit agreement and the form of ADR. See “Where You Can Find More Information” for directions on how to obtain copies of those documents.
Twenty ADSs represent the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in, one Common Share that is on deposit with the depositary bank and/or custodian. ADSs also represent the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, any other property received by the depositary bank or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADSs, but that have not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legal restrictions or practical considerations. We and the depositary bank may agree to change the ADS-to-share ratio by amending the deposit agreement. This amendment may give rise to, or change, the depositary fees payable by ADS owners. The custodian, the depositary bank, and their respective nominees will hold all deposited property for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs. The deposited property does not constitute the proprietary assets of the depositary bank, the custodian, or their nominees. Beneficial ownership in the deposited property will, under the terms of the deposit agreement, be vested in the beneficial owners of the ADSs. The depositary bank, the custodian, and their respective nominees are the record holders of the deposited property represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the corresponding ADSs. A beneficial owner of ADSs may or may not be the holder of ADSs. Beneficial owners of ADSs are able to receive, and to exercise beneficial ownership interests in, the deposited property only through the registered holders of the ADSs, the registered holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the applicable ADS owners) only through the depositary bank, and the depositary bank (on behalf of the owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly, through the custodian or their respective nominees, in each case upon the terms of the deposit agreement.
If you become an owner of ADSs, you will become a party to the deposit agreement and therefore will be bound to its terms and to the terms of any ADR that represents your ADSs. The deposit agreement and the ADR specify our rights and obligations as well as your rights and obligations as owner of ADSs and those of the depositary bank. As an ADS holder, you appoint the depositary bank to act on your behalf in certain circumstances. The deposit agreement, the ADSs, and the ADRs are governed by New York law. However, our obligations to the holders of Common Shares will continue to be governed by the laws of Korea, which may be different from the laws in the United States.
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In addition, applicable laws and regulations may require you to satisfy reporting requirements and obtain regulatory approvals in certain circumstances. You are solely responsible for complying with such reporting requirements and obtaining such approvals. None of the depositary bank, the custodian, us, nor any of their or our respective agents or affiliates shall be required to take any actions whatsoever on your behalf to satisfy such reporting requirements or obtain such regulatory approvals under applicable laws and regulations.
As an owner of ADSs, we will not treat you as one of our shareholders and you will not have direct shareholder rights. The depositary bank will hold on your behalf the shareholder rights attached to the Common Shares underlying your ADSs. As an owner of ADSs you will be able to exercise the shareholder rights for the Common Shares represented by your ADSs through the depositary bank only to the extent contemplated in the deposit agreement. To exercise any shareholder rights not contemplated in the deposit agreement you will, as an ADS owner, need to arrange for the cancellation of your ADSs and become a direct shareholder.
The manner in which you own the ADSs (e.g., in a brokerage account vs. as registered holder, or as holder of certificated vs. uncertificated ADSs) may affect your rights and obligations, and the manner in which, and extent to which, the depositary bank’s services are made available to you. As an owner of ADSs, you may hold your ADSs either by means of an ADR registered in your name, through a brokerage or safekeeping account, or through an account established by the depositary bank in your name reflecting the registration of uncertificated ADSs directly on the books of the depositary bank (commonly referred to as the “direct registration system” or “DRS”). The direct registration system reflects the uncertificated (book-entry) registration of ownership of ADSs by the depositary bank. Under the direct registration system, ownership of ADSs is evidenced by periodic statements issued by the depositary bank to the holders of the ADSs. The direct registration system includes automated transfers between the depositary bank and The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), the central book-entry clearing and settlement system for equity securities in the United States. If you decide to hold your ADSs through your brokerage or safekeeping account, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or bank to assert your rights as an ADS owner. Banks and brokers typically hold securities such as the ADSs through clearing and settlement systems such as DTC. The procedures of such clearing and settlement systems may limit your ability to exercise your rights as an owner of ADSs. Please consult with your broker or bank if you have any questions concerning these limitations and procedures. All ADSs held through DTC are registered in the name of a nominee of DTC. This summary description assumes you have opted to own the ADSs directly by means of an ADS registered in your name and, as such, we will refer to you as the “holder.” When we refer to “you,” we assume the reader owns ADSs and will own ADSs at the relevant time.
The registration of the Common Shares in the name of the depositary bank or the custodian shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, vest in the depositary bank or the custodian the record ownership in the applicable Common Shares with the beneficial ownership rights and interests in such Common Shares being at all times vested with the beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the Common Shares. The depositary bank or the custodian shall at all times be entitled to exercise the beneficial ownership rights in all deposited property, in each case only on behalf of the holders and beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the deposited property.
Dividends and distributions
As a holder of ADSs, you generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian. Your receipt of these distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations. Holders of ADSs will receive such distributions under the terms of the deposit agreement in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the specified record date, after deduction of the applicable fees, taxes, and expenses.
Distributions of cash
Whenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary bank will
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arrange for the funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars to be converted into U.S. dollars and for the distribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to the laws and regulations of Korea.
The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States. The depositary bank will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian in respect of securities on deposit.
The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes, and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. The depositary bank will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest-bearing account for the benefit of the applicable holders and beneficial owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the depositary bank holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.
Distributions of shares
Whenever we make a free distribution of Common Shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable number of Common Shares with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary bank will either distribute to holders new ADSs representing the Common Shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-Common Share ratio, in which case each ADS you hold will represent rights and interests in the additional Common Shares so deposited. Only whole new ADSs will be distributed. Fractional entitlements will be aggregated and sold and the proceeds of such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution.
The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-Common Share ratio upon a distribution of Common Shares will be made net of the applicable fees, expenses, taxes, and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes or governmental charges, the depositary bank may sell all or a portion of the new Common Shares so distributed.
No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (e.g., the U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable. If the depositary bank does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the Common Shares received upon the terms described in the deposit agreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.
Distributions of rights
Whenever we intend to distribute rights to subscribe for additional Common Shares, we will give prior notice to the depositary bank and we will assist the depositary bank in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders.
The depositary bank will establish procedures to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercise such rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction). You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes, and other governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of your rights. The depositary bank is not obligated to establish procedures to facilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to subscribe for new Common Shares other than in the form of ADSs.
The depositary bank will not distribute the rights to you if:
| • | We do not timely request that the rights be distributed to you or we request that the rights not be distributed to you; |
| • | We fail to deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary bank; |
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| • | It is not reasonably practicable to distribute the rights; or |
| • | Any rights made available are not exercised and appear to be about to lapse. |
The depositary bank will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such sale is lawful and reasonably practicable. The proceeds of such sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution. If the depositary bank is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.
Elective distributions
Whenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give prior notice thereof to the depositary bank and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to you. In such case, we will assist the depositary bank in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.
The depositary bank will make the election available to you only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement. In such case, the depositary bank will establish procedures to enable you to elect to receive the proposed distribution either in cash or additional ADSs, in each case as described in the deposit agreement.
If the election is not made available to you, you will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a shareholder in Korea would receive upon failing to make an election, as more fully described in the deposit agreement.
Other distributions
Whenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, Common Shares, or rights to subscribe for additional Common Shares, we will notify the depositary bank in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to you. If so, we will assist the depositary bank in determining whether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.
If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to you and if we provide to the depositary bank all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.
The distribution will be made net of the applicable fees, expenses, taxes, and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary bank may sell all or a portion of the property received.
The depositary bank will not distribute the property to you and will sell the property if:
| • | We do not request that the property be distributed to you or if we request that the property not be distributed to you; or |
| • | We do not deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary bank; or |
| • | The depositary bank determines that all or a portion of the distribution to you is not reasonably practicable. |
The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.
Redemption
Whenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary bank in advance. If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.
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The custodian will be instructed to surrender the shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price. The depositary bank will convert into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the deposit agreement the redemption funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars and will establish procedures to enable holders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary bank. You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes, and other governmental charges upon the redemption of your ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as may be determined by the depositary bank.
Changes affecting Common Shares
The Common Shares held on deposit for your ADSs may change from time to time. For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value, split-up, cancellation, consolidation, or any other reclassification of such Common Shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation, or sale of assets affecting the Company.
If any such change were to occur, your ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law and the deposit agreement, represent the right to receive the property received or exchanged in respect of the Common Shares held on deposit. The depositary bank may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to you, amend the deposit agreement, the ADRs, and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of your existing ADSs for new ADSs, and take any other actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the Shares. If the depositary bank may not lawfully distribute such property to you, the depositary bank may sell such property at public or private sale and distribute the net proceeds to you as in the case of a cash distribution net of fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by the depositary.
Issuance of ADSs upon deposit of Common Shares
The Common Shares that are being offered for sale pursuant to the prospectus will be deposited by us and by the selling shareholder with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary bank will issue ADSs to the underwriters named in the prospectus.
After the closing of the sale, the depositary bank may create ADSs on your behalf if you or your broker deposit Common Shares with the custodian. The depositary bank will deliver these ADSs to the person you indicate only after you pay any applicable issuance fees and any charges and taxes payable for the transfer of the Common Shares to the custodian. Your ability to deposit Common Shares and receive ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Korean legal considerations applicable at the time of deposit.
The issuance of ADSs may be delayed until the depositary bank or the custodian receives confirmation that all required approvals have been given and that the Common Shares have been duly transferred to the custodian. The depositary bank will only issue ADSs in whole numbers.
When you make a deposit of Common Shares, you will be responsible for transferring good and valid title to the depositary bank. As such, you will be deemed to represent and warrant that:
| • | The Common Shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable, and legally obtained. |
| • | All preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such Common Shares have been validly waived or exercised. |
| • | You are duly authorized to deposit the Common Shares. |
| • | The Common Shares presented for deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, and are not, and the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, “restricted securities” (as defined in the deposit agreement). |
| • | The Common Shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements. |
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If any of the representations or warranties are incorrect in any way, we and the depositary bank may, at your cost and expense, take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences of the misrepresentations.
Transfer, combination and split-up of ADRs
As an ADR holder, you will be entitled to transfer, combine, or split up your ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby. For transfers of ADRs, you will have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary bank and also must:
| • | ensure that the surrendered ADR is properly endorsed or otherwise in proper form for transfer; |
| • | provide such proof of identity and genuineness of signatures as the depositary bank deems appropriate; |
| • | provide any transfer stamps required by the State of New York or the United States; and |
| • | pay all applicable fees, charges, expenses, taxes, and other government charges payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon the transfer of ADRs. |
To have your ADRs either combined or split up, you must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary bank with your request to have them combined or split up, and you must pay all applicable fees, charges, and expenses payable by ADR holders, pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon a combination or split up of ADRs.
Withdrawal of Common Shares upon cancellation of ADSs
As a holder, you will be entitled to present your ADSs to the depositary bank for cancellation and then receive the corresponding number of underlying Common Shares at the custodian’s offices. Your ability to withdraw the Common Shares held in respect of the ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Korean legal considerations applicable at the time of withdrawal. In order to withdraw the Common Shares represented by your ADSs, you will be required to pay to the depositary bank the fees for cancellation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the Common Shares. You assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal. Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the deposit agreement.
If you hold ADSs registered in your name, the depositary bank may ask you to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and such other documents as the depositary bank may deem appropriate before it will cancel your ADSs. The withdrawal of the Common Shares represented by your ADSs may be delayed until the depositary bank receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Please keep in mind that the depositary bank will only accept ADSs for cancellation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.
You will have the right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs at any time except for:
| • | Temporary delays that may arise because (i) the transfer books for the Common Shares or ADSs are closed, or (ii) Common Shares are immobilized on account of a shareholders’ meeting or a payment of dividends. |
| • | Obligations to pay fees, taxes, and similar charges. |
| • | Restrictions imposed because of laws or regulations applicable to ADSs or the withdrawal of securities on deposit. |
The deposit agreement may not be modified to impair your right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs except to comply with mandatory provisions of law.
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Voting rights
As a holder, you generally have the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary bank to exercise the voting rights for the Common Shares represented by your ADSs. The voting rights of holders of Common Shares are described in “Description of securities—Voting rights.”
At our request, the depositary bank will distribute to you any notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary bank to exercise the voting rights of the securities represented by ADSs. In lieu of distributing such materials, the depositary bank may distribute to holders of ADSs instructions on how to retrieve such materials upon request.
If the depositary bank timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it will endeavor to vote the securities (in person or by proxy) represented by the holder’s ADSs in accordance with such voting instructions.
Securities for which no voting instructions have been received shall be deemed to have instructed the depositary bank to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the Common Shares represented by such holders’ ADSs; provided, however, that no such discretionary proxy shall be given with respect to any matter to be voted upon as to which we inform the depositary bank that (i) we do not wish such proxy to be given, (ii) substantial opposition exists, or (iii) the rights of holders of Common Shares may be adversely affected, and except as otherwise contemplated in the deposit agreement. Please note that the ability of the depositary bank to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms of the securities on deposit. We cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to enable you to return voting instructions to the depositary bank in a timely manner.
Fees and charges
As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:
| Service |
Fees | |
| • Issuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance of ADSs upon a deposit of Common Shares, upon a change in the ADS-to-Common Share ratio, or for any other reason), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of Common Shares) |
Up to $0.05 per ADS issued | |
| • Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for delivery of deposited shares, upon a change in the ADS-to-Common Share ratio, or for any other reason) |
Up to $0.05 per ADS cancelled | |
| • Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements) |
Up to $0.05 per ADS held | |
| • Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) an exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs |
Up to $0.05 per ADS held | |
| • Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., a spin-off shares) |
Up to $0.05 per ADS held | |
| • ADS Services |
Up to $0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary bank | |
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| Service |
Fees | |
| • Registration of ADS transfers (e.g., upon a registration of the transfer of registered ownership of ADSs, upon a transfer of ADSs into DTC and vice versa, or for any other reason) |
Up to $0.05 per ADS (or fraction thereof) transferred | |
| • Conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series (e.g., upon conversion of Partial Entitlement ADSs for Full Entitlement ADSs, or upon conversion of Restricted ADSs (each as defined in the Deposit Agreement) into freely transferable ADSs, and vice versa). |
Up to $0.05 per ADS (or fraction thereof) converted | |
As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:
| • | taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges; |
| • | the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of Common Shares on the share register and applicable to transfers of Common Shares to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary bank, or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively; |
| • | certain cable, telex, and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses; |
| • | in connection with the conversion of foreign currency, the fees, expenses, spreads, taxes and other charges of the depositary bank and/or conversion service providers; |
| • | reasonable and customary out-of-pocket expenses incurred in such conversion and/or on behalf of the holders and beneficial owners in complying with currency exchange control or other governmental requirements; and |
| • | fees, charges, costs and expenses incurred by the depositary, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the ADR program. |
You will be bound by the modifications to the deposit agreement if you continue to hold your ADSs after the modifications to the deposit agreement become effective. The deposit agreement cannot be amended to prevent you from withdrawing the Common Shares represented by your ADSs (except as permitted by law).
We have the right to direct the depositary bank to terminate the deposit agreement. Similarly, the depositary bank may in certain circumstances on its own initiative terminate the deposit agreement. In either case, the depositary bank must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination. Until termination, your rights under the deposit agreement will be unaffected.
Termination
After termination, the depositary bank will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until you request the cancellation of your ADSs) and may sell the securities held on deposit. After the sale, the depositary bank will hold the proceeds from such sale and any other funds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest-bearing account. At that point, the depositary bank will have no further obligations to holders other than to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes, and expenses).
In connection with any termination of the deposit agreement, the depositary bank may make available to owners of ADSs a means to withdraw the Common Shares represented by ADSs and to direct the depositary bank of such Common Shares into an unsponsored American depositary share program established by the depositary bank. The ability to receive unsponsored American depositary shares upon termination of the deposit agreement would be subject to satisfaction of certain U.S. regulatory requirements applicable to the creation of unsponsored American depositary shares and the payment of applicable depositary fees.
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Books of depositary
The depositary bank will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office. You may inspect such records at such office during regular business hours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the deposit agreement.
The depositary bank will maintain in the City of New York facilities to record and process the issuance, cancellation, combination, split-up, and transfer of ADSs. These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.
Limitations on obligations and liabilities
The deposit agreement limits our obligations and the depositary bank’s obligations to you. Please note the following:
| • | We and the depositary bank are obligated only to take the actions specifically stated in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith. |
| • | The depositary bank disclaims any liability for any failure to carry out voting instructions, for any manner in which a vote is cast or for the effect of any vote, provided it acts in good faith and in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. |
| • | The depositary bank disclaims any liability for any failure to determine the lawfulness or practicality of any action, for the content of any document forwarded to you on our behalf or for the accuracy of any translation of such a document, for the investment risks associated with investing in Common Shares, for the validity or worth of the Common Shares, for any tax consequences that result from the ownership of ADSs, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse under the terms of the deposit agreement, for the timeliness of any of our notices, or for our failure to give notice. |
| • | We and the depositary bank will not be obligated to perform any act that is inconsistent with the terms of the deposit agreement. |
| • | We and the depositary bank disclaim any liability if we or the depositary bank are prevented or forbidden from or subject to any civil or criminal penalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the deposit agreement, by reason of any provision, present or future, of any law or regulation, or by reason of any provision, present or future, of our articles of incorporation, or any provision of or governing the securities on deposit, or by reason of any act of God or war, or other circumstances beyond our control. |
| • | We and the depositary bank disclaim any liability by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the deposit agreement or in our articles of incorporation or in any provisions of or governing the securities on deposit. |
| • | We and the depositary bank further disclaim any liability for any action or inaction in reliance on the advice or information received from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting Shares for deposit, any holder of ADSs or authorized representatives thereof, or any other person believed by either of us in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information. |
| • | We and the depositary bank also disclaim liability for the inability by a holder to benefit from any distribution, offering, right, or other benefit that is made available to holders of Common Shares but is not, under the terms of the deposit agreement, made available to you. |
| • | We and the depositary bank may rely without any liability upon any written notice, request or other document believed to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper parties. |
| • | We and the depositary bank also disclaim liability for any consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement. |
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| • | No disclaimer of any Securities Act liability is intended by any provision of the deposit agreement. |
| • | Nothing in the deposit agreement gives rise to a partnership or joint venture, or establishes a fiduciary relationship, among us, the depositary bank, and you as an ADS holder. |
| • | Nothing in the deposit agreement precludes Citibank, N.A. (or its affiliates) from engaging in transactions in which parties adverse to us or the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs have interests, and nothing in the deposit agreement obligates Citibank, N.A. to disclose those transactions, or any information obtained in the course of those transactions, to us or to the holders of beneficial owners of ADSs, or to account for any payment received as part of those transactions. |
As the above limitations relate to our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you under the deposit agreement, we believe that, as a matter of construction of the clause, such limitations would likely to continue to apply to ADS holders who withdraw the Common Shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred under the deposit agreement before the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the Common Shares, and such limitations would most likely not apply to ADS holders who withdraw the Common Shares from the ADS facility with respect to obligations or liabilities incurred after the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the Common Shares and not under the deposit agreement.
In any event, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In fact, you cannot waive our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
Taxes
You are responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary bank, and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders. You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale proceeds do not cover the taxes that are due.
The depositary bank may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split, and combine ADRs, or to release securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary bank and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any distributions on your behalf. However, you may be required to provide to the depositary bank and to the custodian proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary bank and the custodian may require to fulfill legal obligations. You are required to indemnify us, the depositary bank, and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.
Foreign currency conversion
The depositary bank will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it will distribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. You may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreign currency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.
If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the depositary bank may take the following actions in its discretion:
| • | Convert the foreign currency to the extent practical and lawful and distribute the U.S. dollars to the holders for whom the conversion and distribution is lawful and practical. |
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| • | Distribute the foreign currency to holders for whom the distribution is lawful and practical. |
| • | Hold the foreign currency (without liability for interest) for the applicable holders. |
Governing law; waiver of jury trial
The deposit agreement, the ADRs, and the ADSs are governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holders of Common Shares (including Common Shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of Korea.
AS A PARTY TO THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, YOU IRREVOCABLY WAIVE, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT OR THE ADRs AGAINST US AND/OR THE DEPOSITARY BANK.
The deposit agreement provides that, to the extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary bank arising out of or relating to the Common Shares, the ADSs, or the deposit agreement, including any claim under U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary bank opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law. However, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary bank’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
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We are registering the Common Shares to permit the sale of ADSs representing such Common Shares by the Selling Shareholder, from time to time, after the date of this prospectus in the United States. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the ADSs representing the Common Shares by the Selling Shareholder.
The Selling Shareholder may, from time to time, sell ADSs representing all or a portion of the Common Shares beneficially owned by it and offered hereby directly or through one or more underwriters, broker-dealers or agents. If the ADSs are sold through underwriters or broker-dealers, the Selling Shareholder will be responsible for underwriting discounts or commissions or agent’s commissions. The ADSs may be sold on any national securities exchange or quotation service on which the securities may be listed or quoted at the time of sale, in the over-the-counter market or in transactions otherwise than on these exchanges or systems or in the over-the-counter market and in one or more transactions at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices at the time of the sale, at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices. These sales may be effected in transactions, which may involve crosses or block transactions. The Selling Shareholder may use any one or more of the following methods when selling the ADSs:
| • | ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker-dealer solicits purchasers; |
| • | block trades in which the broker-dealer will attempt to sell the securities as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction; |
| • | purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and subsequent resale by the broker-dealer for its account; |
| • | an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the applicable exchange; |
| • | privately negotiated transactions; |
| • | short sales, either directly or with a broker-dealer or affiliate thereof; |
| • | settlement of short sales entered into after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part; |
| • | broker-dealers may agree with the Selling Shareholder to sell a specified number of such securities at a stipulated price per share; |
| • | through the writing or settlement of options or other hedging transactions, whether such options are listed on an options exchange or otherwise; |
| • | a combination of any such methods of sale; and |
| • | any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law. |
The Selling Shareholder also may resell all or a portion of the ADSs in open market transactions in reliance upon Rule 144 under the Securities Act, as permitted by that rule, or Section 4(1) under the Securities Act, if available, rather than under this prospectus, provided that they meet the criteria and conform to the requirements of those provisions.
Broker-dealers engaged by the Selling Shareholder may arrange for other broker-dealers to participate in sales. If the Selling Shareholder effects such transactions by selling ADSs to or through underwriters, broker-dealers or agents, such underwriters, broker-dealers or agents may receive commissions in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the Selling Shareholder or commissions from purchasers of the ADSs for whom they may act as agent or to whom they may sell as principal. Such commissions will be in amounts to be negotiated, but, except as set forth in a supplement to this prospectus, in the case of an agency transaction will not be in excess of a customary brokerage commission in compliance with Rule 2121 of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or FINRA; and in the case of a principal transaction a markup or markdown in compliance with FINRA Rule 2121.
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In connection with sales of the ADSs or otherwise, the Selling Shareholder may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions, which may in turn engage in short sales of the ADSs in the course of hedging in positions they assume. The Selling Shareholder may also sell ADSs short and if such short sale shall take place after the date that this registration statement is declared effective by the SEC, the Selling Shareholder may deliver ADSs covered by this prospectus to close out short positions and to return borrowed securities in connection with such short sales. The Selling Shareholder may also loan or pledge ADSs to broker-dealers that in turn may sell such securities, to the extent permitted by applicable law. The Selling Shareholder may also enter into option or other transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions or the creation of one or more derivative securities which require the delivery to such broker-dealer or other financial institution of the ADSs offered by this prospectus, which such broker-dealer or other financial institution may resell pursuant to this prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Selling Shareholder has been advised that it may not use securities registered on this registration statement to cover short sales of ADSs made prior to the date the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, has been declared effective by the SEC.
The Selling Shareholder may, from time to time, pledge or grant a security interest in some or all of the ADSs and, if they default in the performance of their secured obligations, the pledgees or secured parties may offer and sell the ADSs from time to time pursuant to this prospectus or any amendment to this prospectus under Rule 424(b)(3) or other applicable provision of the Securities Act of 1933, amending, if necessary, the list of selling shareholder to include the pledgee, transferee or other successors in interest as a selling shareholder under this prospectus. The Selling Shareholder also may transfer and donate the ADSs in other circumstances in which case the transferees, donees, pledgees or other successors in interest will be the selling beneficial owners for purposes of this prospectus.
The Selling Shareholder and any broker-dealer or agents participating in the distribution of the ADSs may be deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act in connection with such sales. In such event, any commissions paid, or any discounts or concessions allowed to, any such broker-dealer or agent and any profit on the resale of the securities purchased by them may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. Any Selling Shareholder who is an “underwriter” within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act will be subject to the applicable prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act and may be subject to certain statutory liabilities of, including but not limited to, Sections 11, 12 and 17 of the Securities Act and Rule 10b-5 under the Exchange Act.
The Selling Shareholder has informed us that it is not a registered broker-dealer and does not have any written or oral agreement or understanding, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the ADSs. Upon our being notified in writing by the Selling Shareholder that any material arrangement has been entered into with a broker-dealer for the sale of ADSs through a block trade, special offering, exchange distribution or secondary distribution or a purchase by a broker or dealer, a supplement to this prospectus will be filed, if required, pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, disclosing (i) the name of the participating broker-dealer(s), (ii) the number of securities involved, (iii) the price at which such ADSs were sold, (iv) the commissions paid or discounts or concessions allowed to such broker-dealer(s), where applicable, (v) that such broker-dealer(s) did not conduct any investigation to verify the information set out or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and (vi) other facts material to the transaction. In compliance with the guidelines of FINRA, the maximum discount or commission to be received by any FINRA member or independent broker-dealer may not exceed 8% of the aggregate amount of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement.
Under the securities laws of some states, the ADSs may be sold in such states only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in some states the ADSs may not be sold unless such securities have been registered or qualified for sale in such state or an exemption from registration or qualification is available and is complied with.
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There can be no assurance that the Selling Shareholder will sell any or all of the Common Shares registered pursuant to the shelf registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part.
The Selling Shareholder and any other person participating in such distribution will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder, including, without limitation, to the extent applicable, Regulation M of the Exchange Act, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales of any of the ADSs by the Selling Shareholder and any other participating person. The anti-manipulation rules under the Exchange Act may apply to sales of the ADSs in the market and to the activities of the Selling Shareholder and its affiliates. To the extent applicable, Regulation M may also restrict the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of the ADSs to engage in market-making activities with respect to the ADSs. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the ADSs and the ability of any person or entity to engage in market-making activities with respect to the ADSs.
To the extent permitted by applicable law, this plan of distribution may be modified in a prospectus supplement or otherwise.
The Selling Shareholder will pay all fees and expenses in connection with the offer and sale of the ADSs representing the Common Shares pursuant to this prospectus, including all legal and accounting fees.
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The following description is not intended to constitute a complete summary of all tax consequences relating to the ownership or disposition of our common shares, including the ADSs, and does not constitute legal advice. You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any state, local, foreign, including Korea, or other taxing jurisdiction.
You should also carefully read the discussion of the material Korean and U.S. federal income tax considerations associated with our operations and the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our Common Shares or ADSs set forth in the section entitled “Item 10. Additional Information E. Taxation” of our Annual Report, incorporated by reference herein, as updated by annual and other reports and documents we file with the SEC after the date of this prospectus and that are incorporated by reference herein.
We will provide you with information on any additional material Korean and U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to any other securities in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Material Korean Income Tax Considerations
The following is a summary of the principal Korean tax consequences to owners of the common shares or ADSs, as the case may be, who are non-resident individuals or non-Korean corporations without a permanent establishment in Korea to which the relevant income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected, or Non-resident Holders. The statements regarding Korean tax laws set forth below are based on the laws in force and as interpreted by the Korean taxation authorities as of the date hereof. This summary is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations that may apply to a particular investor and potential investors are advised to satisfy themselves as to the overall tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of the common shares or ADSs, including specifically the tax consequences under Korean law, the laws of the jurisdiction of which they are resident, and any tax treaty between Korea and their country of residence, by consulting their own tax advisors.
Tax on Dividends
Dividends on the common shares or ADSs paid (whether in cash or in shares) to a holder who is not a resident of Korea (a “Non-resident Holder”) will be subject to Korean withholding taxes at the rate of 22.0% (including local income tax) or such lower rate as is applicable under a treaty between Korea and such Non-resident Holder’s country of tax residence. Free distributions of shares representing a capitalization of certain capital surplus reserves may be subject to Korean withholding taxes.
The tax is withheld by the payer of the dividend. Excess taxes withheld may be recoverable if you subsequently produce satisfactory evidence that you were entitled to have taxes withheld at a lower rate.
Tax on capital gains
As a general rule, capital gains earned by Non-resident Holders upon transfer of the common shares or ADSs are subject to Korean withholding tax at the lower of (i) 11.0% (including local income tax) of the gross proceeds realized or (ii) 22.0% (including local income tax) of the net realized gains (subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of the acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs), unless exempt from Korean income taxation under the effective Korean tax treaty with the Non-resident Holder’s country of tax residence.
It should be noted that capital gains earned by you (regardless of whether you have a permanent establishment in Korea) from a transfer of ADSs outside Korea will generally be exempt from Korean income taxation so long as
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the ADSs are deemed to have been issued overseas, provided that this exemption shall not be applicable in the case where the holder of shares prior to the issuance of ADSs holds the newly-issued ADSs (with such shares underlying such ADSs).
Inheritance tax and gift tax
Korean inheritance tax is imposed upon (i) all assets (wherever located) of the deceased if at the time of his death he was domiciled in Korea or had resided in Korea continuously for at least 183 days immediately prior to the death, and (ii) all property located in Korea which passes on death (irrespective of the domicile or residence of the deceased). Gift tax is imposed in similar circumstances to the above. The taxes are imposed if the value of the relevant property is above a certain limit and vary according to the identity of the parties involved.
Under Korean inheritance and gift tax laws, securities issued by a Korean corporation are deemed to be located in Korea irrespective of where they are physically located or by whom they are owned.
If a person dies while holding ADSs or if a person donates ADSs, it is unclear whether, for Korean inheritance and gift tax purposes, such person will be treated as the owner of the common shares underlying the ADSs. If the tax authority deems that ownership of ADSs is to be treated as ownership of the underlying share certificates, the holder of such ADSs may be treated as the owner of the common shares and such person’s heir or donee (or in certain circumstances, such person as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance or gift tax; provided that the value of the ADSs or the underlying common shares is greater than a specified amount.
At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaty relating to inheritance or gift taxes.
Securities transaction tax
Depositary receipts, which the ADSs constitute, are included in the scope of securities the transfers of which are subject to a securities transaction tax. However, transfer of depositary receipts listed on a foreign securities exchange similar to that of Korea (e.g., NASDAQ) will not be subject to the securities transaction tax. If you transfer common shares, subject to certain exceptions, you will be subject to a securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.35% and will not be subject to an agriculture and fishery special surtax.
The securities transaction tax, if applicable, must be paid by the transferor of the shares or rights, in principle. When the transfer is effected through a securities settlement company, such settlement company is generally required to withhold and pay (to the tax authority) the tax, and when such transfer is made through a financial investment company with a brokerage license only, such company is required to withhold and pay the tax. Where the transfer is effected by a Non-resident Holder without a permanent establishment in Korea, other than through a securities settlement company or a financial investment company with a brokerage license, the transferee is required to withhold the securities transaction tax. Failure to do so will result in the imposition of penalties equal to the sum of (i) between 10.0% to 60.0% of the tax amount due, depending on the nature of the improper reporting, and (ii) 8.03% per annum on the tax amount due for the default period.
Tax treaties
Korea has entered into a number of income tax treaties with other countries, including the United States, which reduce or exempt Korean withholding tax on dividend income and capital gains on transfer of common shares or ADSs. For example, under the Korea-U.S. income tax treaty, reduced rates of Korean withholding tax on dividends of 16.5% or 11%, respectively (including local income surtax), depending on your shareholding ratio, and an exemption from Korean withholding tax on capital gains are available to residents of the United States that are beneficial owners of the relevant dividend income or capital gains. However, under Article 17 (Investment or Holding Companies) of the Korea-U.S. income tax treaty, such reduced rates and exemption do not apply if (i) you are a U.S. corporation, (ii) by reason of any special measures, the tax imposed on you by the United States with respect to such dividends or capital gains is substantially less than the tax generally imposed
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by the United States on corporate profits, and (iii) 25% or more of your capital is held of record or is otherwise determined, after consultation between competent authorities of the United States and Korea, to be owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons who are not individual residents of the United States. Also, under Article 16 (Capital Gains) of the Korea-U.S. income tax treaty, the exemption on capital gains does not apply if you are an individual, and (A) you maintain a fixed base in Korea for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year and your ADSs or common shares giving rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such fixed base, or (B) you are present in Korea for a period or periods of 183 days or more during the taxable year. You should inquire for yourself whether you are entitled to the benefit of an income tax treaty with Korea. It is the responsibility of the party claiming the benefits of an income tax treaty in respect of dividend payments or capital gains to submit to us, the purchaser or the financial investment company, as applicable, a certificate as to his tax residence. In the absence of sufficient proof, we, the purchaser, or the financial investment company, as applicable, must withhold tax at the normal rates.
Furthermore, in order for you to claim the benefit of a tax rate reduction or tax exemption on certain Korean source income (e.g., dividends and capital gains) under an applicable tax treaty, subject to certain exceptions, Korean tax law requires you (or your agent) as the beneficial owner of such Korean source income to submit the relevant application (Application for Entitlement to Reduced Tax Rate or Application for Tax Exemption, as the case may be) along with a certificate of your tax residency issued by a competent authority of your country of tax residence (“BO Application”). However, if you are an entity seeking such tax exemption for an amount that is W1 billion or more (including where the aggregate amount exempted within one year from the last day of the month in which the payment was made, is W1 billion or more), in addition to the certificate of tax residence issued by a competent authority of your country of residence, you will be required to submit (i) the names and addresses of all of the members of your board of directors, (ii) the identities and shareholding percentages of all of your shareholders (provided that if there are more than 100 shareholders, you may instead provide a statement showing the total number of shareholders and the aggregate investment amount from each country), and (iii) audit reports for the most recent three years submitted to the country of residence (or, if you are an entity that has been in existence for less than three years, audit reports since incorporation). Such application should be submitted to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of such Korean source income. Subject to certain exceptions, where the Korean source income is paid to an overseas investment vehicle that is not the beneficial owner of such income (“OIV”), a beneficial owner claiming the benefit of an applicable tax treaty with respect to the Korean source income must submit its BO Application to such OIV, which must submit an OIV report and a schedule of beneficial owners (and the BO Applications collected from each beneficial owner, if such beneficial owner is applying for tax exemption) to the withholding agent prior to the payment date of such Korean source income. Effective from January 1, 2022, an OIV is deemed to be a beneficial owner of the Korean source income if (i) under the applicable tax treaty, the OIV bears tax liabilities in the country in which it is established and (ii) the Korean source income is eligible for the treaty benefits under the tax treaty. The benefits under a tax treaty between Korea and the country of such OIV’s residence will apply with respect to the relevant income paid to such OIV, subject to certain application requirements as prescribed by the Corporate Income Tax or Individual Income Tax Law. In the case of an application for tax exemption, the withholding agent is required to submit the application (together with the applicable OIV report in the case of income paid to an OIV) to the relevant district tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the payment of such income.
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ENFORCEMENT OF CIVIL LIABILITIES
We are a corporation organized under Korean law. Three out of our seven directors reside in Korea and some of our assets and the assets of such persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or us, to bring and action against these persons or us in the United States, or to enforce against them or us judgments obtained in U.S. courts, whether or not predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or of the securities laws of any state of the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, there is doubt as to the enforceability in Korea, either in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, of civil liabilities predicated solely on the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state of the United States.
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The following is an estimate, subject to future contingencies, of the expenses that may be incurred in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities being registered. All amounts listed in the table below are estimates except the SEC registration fee. The Selling Shareholder will pay all fees and expenses in connection with the offer and sale of the ADSs representing the Common Shares pursuant to this prospectus, including all legal and accounting fees.
| Expense | Estimated Amount |
|||
| SEC registration fee |
$ | 0 .00 | (1) | |
| Printing expenses |
30,000.00 | |||
| Legal fees and expenses |
160,000.00 | |||
| Accounting fees and expenses |
50,000.00 | |||
| Miscellaneous costs |
25,000.00 | |||
|
|
|
|||
| Total |
$ | 265,000.00 | ||
| (1) | In accordance with Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, the filing fee previously paid in connection with the securities registered in the Prior Registration Statement, a portion of which remains unsold, will continue to be applied to the securities registered under this Registration Statement, of which this prospectus forms a part. Please see the registration fee table contained in Exhibit 107 to this Registration Statement of which this prospectus forms a part for more information. |
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We are represented by Greenberg Traurig, LLP, Los Angeles, California, with respect to certain legal matters as to United States federal securities and New York State law. The validity of the Common Shares represented by the ADSs offered pursuant to this prospectus will be passed upon for us by Kim & Chang, Seoul, Korea. Additional legal matters may be passed upon for us, any underwriter and the Selling Shareholder by counsel that we will name in the applicable prospectus supplement.
The financial statements incorporated in this Prospectus and Registration Statement on Form F-3 by reference to our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report of Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
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WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-3 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. with respect to the offer and sale of securities pursuant to this prospectus. This prospectus is part of the registration statement that we filed with the SEC and does not contain all the information in the registration statement. You will find additional information about us in the registration statement. Any statement made in this prospectus concerning a contract or other document of ours is not necessarily complete, and you should read the documents that are filed as exhibits to the registration statement or otherwise filed with the SEC for a more complete understanding of the document or matter. Each such statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the document to which it refers. The registration statement and the exhibits and schedules thereto filed with the SEC are available without charge on the website maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.
We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act that are applicable to foreign private issuers. Accordingly, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 20-F and disclosure furnished under cover of Form 6-K. The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports and other information regarding issuers, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC. You may read and copy any materials filed with the SEC at its Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. We also maintain a website at https://doubledowninteractive.com, from which you can access such reports and other information free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or accessible through, our website is not a part of this prospectus. Our website content is made available for informational purposes only and should not be relied upon for investment purposes.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt under the Exchange Act from rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.
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Up to 4,212,655 American Depositary Shares
Representing up to 210,632.75 Common Shares
Offered by the Selling Shareholder
PROSPECTUS
The date of this prospectus is , 2025.
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PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
| ITEM 8. | Indemnification of Directors and Officers. |
Under Article 400 of the Commercial Act of Korea, (i) a director may be absolved from liability under Article 399 by consent of all shareholders, and (ii) a company may, in accordance with its articles of incorporation, absolve a director of liability under Article 399 in an amount exceeding six times (in the case of non-executive directors, three times) the director’s remuneration (including bonuses and any profit arising from the exercise of stock options) for the 12 months prior to the date of the act or misconduct by the director; provided that no director may be absolved if the loss or damage incurred is the result of, among other things, intentional misconduct or gross negligence. The articles of incorporation of the Registrant have such provision referred to in item (ii) above. With respect to all claims, judgments, liabilities, damages, expenses, and costs for which a director, statutory auditor, or other officer has been held liable or which he/she has incurred in connection with or arising out of the performance of his/her duties in his/her official capacity as a director, statutory auditor, or other officer but which are insurable at commercially reasonable cost.
We entered into indemnification agreements (the “Indemnification Agreement”) with our current executive officers and directors (the “Indemnitees,” and each, an “Indemnitee”). The Indemnification Agreement generally provides that each Indemnitee will be indemnified by us to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, and will be entitled to advancement of certain expenses, including certain defense costs, in connection with any action, suit or proceeding, whether threatened or actual, relating to the fact that such Indemnitee is, was, shall be or shall have been (i) our officer, director and/or employee, or (ii) serving at another enterprise at our request; provided that such Indemnitee acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. Pursuant to the Indemnification Agreement, our maximum aggregate liability for all loss and expenses on account of any and all requests for indemnity under the Indemnification Agreement or any similar indemnity agreement with any other indemnitee will be $5.0 million per every 12-month period. The indemnification and other rights of an Indemnitee are also subject to customary covenants and limitations.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the Registrant has been informed that in the opinion of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
| ITEM 9. | Exhibits. |
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| Exhibit No. |
Exhibit Index | |
| 23.3 | Consent of Kim & Chang (included in Exhibit 5.1) | |
| 24.1 | Powers of Attorney (included on signature page of this Registration Statement) | |
| 107 | Filing Fee Table | |
| ITEM 10. | Undertakings. |
| (a) | The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes: |
| (1) | To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement: |
| (i) | To include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act; |
| (ii) | To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Filing Fee Tables” or “Calculation of Registration Fee” table, as applicable, in the effective registration statement; and |
| (iii) | To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement; |
provided, however, that paragraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of this registration statement.
| (2) | That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
| (3) | To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering. |
| (4) | That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser: |
| (i) | Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and |
| (ii) | Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person |
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| that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date. |
| (5) | To file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement to include any financial statements required by Item 8. A of Form 20-F at the start of any delayed offering or throughout a continuous offering. Financial statements and information otherwise required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, need not be furnished, provided that the registrant includes in the prospectus, by means of a post-effective amendment, financial statements required pursuant to this paragraph and other information necessary to ensure that all other information in the prospectus is at least as current as the date of those financial statements. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to registration statements on Form F-3, a post-effective amendment need not be filed to include financial statements and information required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Item 8.A of Form 20-F if such financial statements and information are contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are incorporated by reference in the Form F-3. |
| (6) | That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser: |
| (i) | Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424; |
| (ii) | Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant; |
| (iii) | The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and |
| (iv) | Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser. |
| (b) | The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Sections 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
| (c) | Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy |
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| as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. |
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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in City of Seoul, Republic of Korea, on September 19, 2025.
| DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. | ||
| By: | /s/ In Keuk Kim | |
| Name: In Keuk Kim | ||
| Title: Chief Executive Officer | ||
POWER OF ATTORNEY
Each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints In Keuk Kim and Joseph A. Sigrist, or each of them individually, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full powers of substitution and resubstitution, for and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to file and sign any and all amendments, including post-effective amendments and any registration statement for the same offering that is to be effective under Rule 462(b) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, to this registration statement, with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or their substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this registration statement has been signed September 19, 2025 by the following persons in the capacities indicated.
| Signature |
Title | |
| /s/ In Keuk Kim In Keuk Kim |
Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) | |
| /s/ Joseph A. Sigrist Joseph A. Sigrist |
Chief Financial Officer and Director (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | |
| /s/ Haenam Kim Haenam Kim |
Director | |
| /s/ Ki Chul Kim Ki Chul Kim |
Director | |
| /s/ Yanghoon Cho Yanghoon Cho |
Director | |
| /s/ Jaesung Chung Jaesung Chung |
Director | |
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| Signature |
Title | |
| /s/ Whanlim Kim Whanlim Kim |
Director | |
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Exhibit 5.1
September 19, 2025
DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.
13F, Gangnam Finance Center
152, Teheran-ro Gangnam-gu
Seoul 06236, Republic of Korea
Re: DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. / American Depositary Shares
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have acted as special legal counsel to DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. (the “Company”), a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Korea, in connection with the resale by STIC Special Situation Diamond Limited (“STIC”) of certain existing shares of 4,212,655, with par value 10,000 Korean Won per share, of the Company (the “Secondary Shares”) in the form of American Depositary Shares (the “ADSs”) (collectively referring to such Shares and ADSs, the “Securities”), which represent up to 210,632.75 common shares of the Company, as described in the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-3 (as amended through the date hereof and together with all exhibits thereto, the “Registration Statement”), as filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).
For the purpose of rendering this opinion, we examined originals or copies of such documents as deemed to be relevant. In conducting our examination, we assumed, without investigation, the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of all natural persons, the correctness of all certificates, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted as certified or photostatic copies, the authenticity of the originals of such copies, and the accuracy and completeness of all records made available to us by the Company. In addition, in rendering this opinion, we assumed that the Secondary Shares will be sold in the manner and on the terms identified or referred to in the Registration Statement, including all amendments thereto.
Our opinion is limited solely to matters set forth herein. The law covered by the opinions expressed herein is limited to the law of the Republic of Korea, and we do not purport to express any opinion with respect to the applicability or effect of, the laws of any other jurisdiction. We express no opinion concerning, and we assume no responsibility as to laws or judicial decisions related to any federal laws, rules or regulations, including, without limitation, any federal securities laws, rules or regulations, or any state securities or “blue sky” laws, rules or regulations.
Based upon and subject to the foregoing, and having regard to legal considerations and other information that we deem relevant, we are of the opinion that the Secondary Shares have been duly and validly authorized, issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
We hereby consent in writing to the reference to our firm under the caption “Legal Matters” in the Prospectus included in the Registration Statement and the use of our opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and any amendment thereto. By giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we come within the category of persons where consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Kim & Chang
Exhibit 23.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form F-3 of DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd. of our report dated April 21, 2025 relating to the financial statements, which appears in DoubleDown Interactive Co., Ltd.’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading “Experts” in such Registration Statement.
/s/ Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers
Seoul, Korea
September 19, 2025