Good morning and welcome to the Markel Corporation First Quarter 2021 Conference Call. All participants will be in listen-only mode. After today's presentation, there will be an opportunity to ask questions. During the call today, we may make forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. They are based on current assumptions and opinions concerning a variety of known and unknown risks. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in or suggested by such forward-looking statements. Additional information about factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statement is included under the captions Risk Factors and Safe Harbor and Cautionary Statement in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We may also discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures in the call today. You may find the most directly comparable GAAP measures and a reconciliation to GAAP for these measures in our most recent Form 10-Q, which can be found on our website at www.markel.com in the Investor Relations section. Please note, this event is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to Tom Gayner, Co-Chief Executive Officer. Please go ahead.

Thank you so much! Good morning and welcome to the Markel Corporation first quarter conference call. This is Tom Gayner and I'm joined today by my Co-CEO, Richie Whitt, and our CFO, Jeremy Noble. The purpose of today's call is to give you a brief update on our business and answer any questions you might have about Markel. What a difference a year makes; in my opinion, the first quarter of last year ranked as the toughest 90 days in the history of the Markel Corporation. It felt more like 90 years than 90 days. This year's first quarter report is better, a lot better. A year ago, despite the very real, tangible, and intangible costs from the shock of COVID-19, we pressed on, we persisted. The people of Markel demonstrated their resilience, skills, and adaptability, and they produced significant rebounds in every aspect of our business as the year went on. Today, we're pleased to report to you another milestone of progress. Each of our three engines of insurance, investments, and Markel Ventures produced positive results in the first quarter, and we're optimistic about their prospects. We know we've got more work to do. There’s always more work to do. We're excited to be able to report to you results from our insurance operations that are in line with our stated goals of growth and profitability that we outlined in our 10-5-1 initiative. We're pleased with the improved profitability and risk reductions in our reinsurance business. We're earning appropriate and disciplined returns from our investments, and Markel Ventures continues to earn excellent returns, which increases the durability and value of the Markel Corporation. We're optimistic they will achieve meaningfully better results in our insurance-linked securities operations. Jeremy will review the headline numbers from the quarter, and then Richie will cover the insurance, ILS, and state/national operations. I'll come back to chat about investments in Markel Ventures. And then, we will open the floor for questions. With that, Jeremy.

Thank you, Tom, and good morning everyone. As Tom said, what a difference a year makes. Our first-quarter 2021 results showcased the benefits that come from operating our diverse three-engine model with our insurance, investments, and ventures operations, each performing well and adding value in the quarter. Looking at our operating results, gross written premiums were $2.2 billion for the first quarter of 2021, compared to $1.9 billion in 2020, an increase of 13%. This increase was largely attributable to our insurance segment, which reported gross written premiums of $1.6 billion, an increase of 16% compared to the same period of 2020. Our increased premium volume reflects both strong growth in new business as well as ongoing favorable pricing trends, both of which are most prominent within our professional liability and general liability product lines, but also experienced within our personal lines and marine and energy product lines. Within our reinsurance segment, gross written premiums increased 4% to $533 million, also reflecting growth in our general liability and professional liability product lines, partially offset by lower premium volume on our property product lines, given our decision to transfer this portfolio to Nephila late last year. Retention in gross written premiums was 87% in 2021, which is up two points from the same period last year, primarily driven by changes in the mix of business within our reinsurance segment. Earned premiums increased 13% to $1.5 billion in the first quarter of 2021 versus the same period last year, primarily due to higher written premium volume in our insurance segment. Our consolidated combined ratio for the first quarter of 2021 was 94, which included $64 million, or four points of losses attributable to winter storm Uri and $19 million, or one point of adverse development arising from a change in our estimates of the COVID-19 ultimate losses. This compares to a 118 combined ratio for the same period last year, which included 24 points of losses attributed to COVID-19. Excluding the loss impacts of winter storm Uri and COVID-19 in both years, our consolidated combined ratio for the first quarter of 2021 was an 88 compared to a 94 in the same period of 2020. This improvement reflects a four-point improvement in our attritional loss ratio and a two-point improvement in our expense ratio. With regards to prior-year loss reserve development, prior-year loss reserves developed favorably by $91 million in the first quarter of 2021 compared to $104 million in the first quarter of 2020. Favorable development on prior-year actuary loss reserves in the first quarter of 2021 was net of the $19 million of adverse development related to COVID-19 that I just mentioned, all of which was within our reinsurance segment on our property product line. Turning to our investment results, net investment gains included in net income were $527 million in the first quarter of 2021 and were primarily attributable to an increase in the fair value of our equity portfolio driven by favorable market value movements. This compares to net investment losses of $1.7 billion in the first quarter of 2020 attributable to a decrease in the fair value of our equity portfolio driven by unfavorable market value movements resulting from the onset of the pandemic. As I've mentioned in prior calls, given our long-term focus, variability, and timing of investment gains and losses is to be expected; we may continue to see volatility in the equity markets. With regards to net investment income, we reported $97 million in the first quarter of 2021, compared to $88 million in the same period last year. The increase this quarter reflects the impact of losses recognized on equity method investments in the first quarter of last year, partially offset by lower short-term investment income due to lower short-term interest rates during the first quarter of 2021 compared to the first quarter of 2020. Net unrealized investment gains decreased $214 million net of taxes during the first quarter of 2021, reflecting a decline in the fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio, resulting from increases in interest rates during the first quarter of 2021. Now I'll cover the results of our Markel Ventures segment. Revenues for Markel Ventures increased $707 million in the first quarter of 2021 compared to $511 million in the comparable quarter last year. This increase reflects the contributions of revenues from our April 2020 acquisition of Lansing Building Products. Excluding the contributions of Lansing in the first quarter of 2021, operating revenues in our Markel Ventures operations decreased compared to 2020 as a result of lower sales volumes, primarily in our transportation-related and consulting services businesses. EBITDA for Markel Ventures was $81 million in the first quarter of 2021 compared to $67 million during the same period last year. The year-over-year increases were attributed to a gain recognized in connection with the sale of a portion of one of our healthcare businesses. EBITDA from our other Markel Ventures operations decreased due to the impact of lower operating revenues at our transportation-related and consulting services businesses this quarter compared to the first quarter of 2020. Looking at our consolidated results for the quarter, our effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2021 was 20% compared to 21% in the first quarter a year ago. We reported net income to common shareholders of $574 million for the first quarter of this year, compared to a net loss to common shareholders of $1.4 billion in the same period a year ago. Comprehensive income to shareholders in the first quarter of this year was $359 million, compared to a comprehensive loss to shareholders of $1.4 billion in the first quarter a year ago. Finally, I'll make a few comments on cash flows capital on our balance sheet. Net cash provided by operating activities was $318 million for the first quarter of 2021 compared to $66 million for the first quarter last year. Operating cash flows in the first quarter of 2021 reflected the impact of higher premium volume as we continue to see strong growth in our insurance segment. Invested assets of the holding company were $4 billion at the end of March compared to $4.1 billion at the end of the year. Total shareholders equity stood at $13.2 billion at the end of March, up from $12.8 billion at the end of the year. During the quarter, we repurchased just under 20,000 shares of our stock under our outstanding share repurchase program. Overall, a very pleasing quarter from both a top and bottom line within each of our three engines. The financial condition of the company remains strong and we are well positioned to take advantage of opportunities in the marketplace. With that, I'll turn it over to Richie to talk more about our insurance businesses.

Thank you, Jeremy, and good morning everyone. A strong momentum from the last half of 2020 continued in the first quarter of '21 as we achieved a combined ratio of 94%, which includes four points of cat losses from winter storm Uri and one point of losses attributable to adverse development related to COVID-19. Obviously, compared to the unprecedented impacts of COVID-19 on our operations and results in the first quarter of 2020, we're pleased to be able to report a solid start to the year. There's an old golf saying that you can't win the tournament on the first day, but you certainly can lose it. Despite starting the year with a slightly higher combined ratio due to the unprecedented winter storms, we believe we are still well positioned to win the tournament and achieve our previously stated underwriting profitability goals for the full year. I absolutely would have loved to start the year on the right side of 90% combined, but I feel like we're in striking distance. Many of the tailwinds we've discussed in our last call remain in play with our ability to achieve meaningful rate increases across almost all insurance and reinsurance product lines, resulting in reductions in our first quarter 2021 attritional loss ratios. We continue to find areas to add new business and program opportunities and take full advantage of the current market environment while also engaging in continuous portfolio management aimed at improving profitability and reducing overall volatility. Now I will discuss our insurance operations, which include our underwriting operations, state national program services operations, and insurance-linked securities operations. So let's get started with the insurance segment. Gross written premiums for the quarter in our insurance segment were up $224 million or 16%, and earned premiums were up $137 million or 12% compared to 2020. Premium growth was driven by continued strong new business growth, along with the impact from rate increases across several product lines, most notably our professional liability, general liability, marine and energy, and personal lines products. Virtually all of our growth continues to be in our preferred product offerings. We continue to see favorable rating environments within several of our product lines, with the exception of workers' compensation, and we look to continue to take advantage of these market opportunities. The combined ratio for the insurance segment for the first quarter was 91% versus 119% in the same period last year. The 28-point combined ratio decrease was primarily driven by the impact of COVID-19 losses in 2020 compared to much smaller cat losses in 2021. We recognized $39 million or three points of losses in the first quarter of '21 related to winter storm Uri versus $293 million or 27 points related to losses from COVID-19 last year. Besides the impact from COVID and cat losses events within our ongoing operations, we also reported a three-point reduction in our 2021 current accident year attritional loss ratio. This decrease was driven primarily by the impact of premium rate increases across several of the product lines I previously mentioned. In addition, we benefited from a two-point reduction in our expense ratio due to the impact of higher earned premiums, efficiency efforts, and expense control. Turning to the reinsurance segment, gross written premiums for the quarter were up $19 million or 4%, and earned premiums were up $28 million or 12% compared to last year. Premium growth was driven by new business due to significant new treaties in our general liability and professional liability lines, where we see attractive opportunities. As we've said in the past, individual contracts can have significant impacts on our premium writings. The growth that we saw in general liability and professional liability really related to three new contracts that we thought were good opportunities in the first quarter. This was partially offset by lower premiums in our property product line. As a reminder, during the first quarter of this year, we executed on our planned transition of our reinsurance property lines from reinsurance underwriting operations to be managed by our Nephila ILS operations as part of our ongoing strategy to match risk to the most appropriate capital. We will continue to see impacts from the reinsurance treaty transition throughout the remainder of the year within the results of our reinsurance segment. The combined ratio for the reinsurance segment for the first quarter was up in 2021 was 109% compared to 115% last year. The 2021 combined ratio was primarily driven by the impact of cat and COVID-19 losses, where we recognized $25 million or 10 points of losses related to winter storm Uri and $19 million or seven points of adverse prior accident year development related to COVID-19. The 2020 combined ratio included $32 million or 14 points related to losses from COVID-19. In addition, the 2021 combined ratio was favorably impacted by a decrease in our current accident year attritional loss ratio, primarily within our property product lines, and from a lower expense ratio due to the impact of higher earned premiums. While our reinsurance segment results are still not where they need to be, we achieved significant growth in our more profitable general liability and professional liability product lines this quarter and saw favorable trends in both our current accident year attritional loss ratio and expense ratio compared to the same period a year ago. We are working hard to price all 2021 business to a 90% combined ratio or lower. The difference between the 2021 reported current accident year combined ratio and that pricing target is the result of earnings on business written in previous years and our consistent application of Markel's reserving philosophy, which is to set reserves at levels that are more likely redundant than deficient. Next, I'll touch on our program services and ILS operations, both of which are reported as part of our other operations. Gross written premium volume for our state national program services operation increased by 56% to $612 million versus $393 million a year ago. Premium growth was due to the expansion of existing programs and the addition of new programs. Premium in the first quarter of 2020 was impacted by a one-time unfavorable adjustment of $55 million related to the enforced cancellation of a particular program. The overall increase in premiums under management also favorably impacted our operating revenues and margin in the quarter. As a reminder, almost all of the gross written premium within our program services operations is seeded. We continue to see a strong pipeline of program services opportunities in the current market. Next, I'll discuss our ILS operations. Our ILS operations consist of the results of Nephila plus startup expenses related to large five. For the quarter, operating revenues within our ILS operations decreased due to lower investment management fees related to having lower assets under management versus the same period a year ago. Assets under management at Nephila were $9.5 billion as of March 31, 2021. Earnings also continued to be impacted by costs associated with building and supporting the growth of Nephila's two MGA platforms, as well as preparing for the launch of additional fund investment vehicles. Nephila continues to build and identify new areas of opportunity to deploy capital and launch new investment opportunities. Finally, I'd like to point out that we made a change in our disclosures this quarter to recognize the runoff nature of the CATco operations by moving those results out of the ILS operating revenues and expenses and into other for all periods presented. CATco continues to make solid progress to the quarterly wind down of its operations and currently has approximately $900 million in AUM. I'll finish up with some market commentary. Trends in the first quarter were very similar to trends we discussed on our last call. We see continued pricing momentum in almost all lines. The glaring exception, I guess, is workers' comp; our insurance and reinsurance rate increases averaged over, average double digits in the first quarter. Reinsurance pricing, which, as we've previously discussed, has lagged primary insurance pricing, closed the gap some more during the first quarter and during the January 1 renewals. But it's still not as strong as rates being achieved in the primary market. This continuing dynamic obviously explains our continued double-digit growth in insurance versus roughly flat in reinsurance. As we've discussed, while new entrants and incremental capital raises certainly have impacted the market around the edges, we believe that this pricing momentum will continue due to a multitude of factors such as low interest rates, the continued elevated cat activity, social inflation, further COVID-19 impacts, and economic uncertainties that are likely to persist throughout 2021. We do note that there seems to be much discussion recently of a moderation of rate increases. While it certainly does appear to us that rates are not going up at the same pace that they have over the last several quarters, we really do not view this as a cause for alarm. We're in the third year of meaningful rate increases, which creates a compounding impact. It would be unrealistic to think that rates could continue to accelerate indefinitely. Also, it's worth pointing out the dynamics of all lines are not the same. While D&O price increases are beginning to stabilize, cyber prices are on the way up given recent loss events and as insurance and reinsurance capacity has decreased. In our view, the overall market picture remains extremely healthy. We're also starting to see the benefit to our business as the economy recovers from the impacts of COVID-19. People obviously saw first quarter GDP increasing at 6.4%. Small businesses, which are a meaningful part of our portfolio are starting to show signs of recovery, and it is showing up in our premium writings. To sum up the first quarter, we're off to a solid start and are excited to continue to move our business steadily forward over the rest of the year.

Thank you, Richie. In our ventures operations, the headline numbers show revenues of $707 million compared to $511 million a year ago, an EBITDA of $81 million compared to $67 million. As is usually the case, though, there's more going on than what is spotlighted in the headlines. As to revenues, the biggest reason for the increase is the inclusion of Lansing. Typically, the first quarter is seasonally the lightest for Lansing, as well as several other of our businesses. I would expect normal seasonal increases in profitability as the year progresses. As to the increase in EBITDA, we recognize the gain from the sale of a facility within one of our healthcare operations. I would point out that transaction should give you some insight into the conservatism of the accounting in place at Markel Ventures. We've struggled a bit with our healthcare operations, and the fact that we could sell a facility in an underperforming business and that would yield a gain should give you some comfort that we're not bragging when it comes to how we're reporting our results to you. For years, we've publicly stated and committed to conservatism in the presentation of our insurance results. We've operated with a goal of being more likely redundant than deficient when setting insurance reserves, and I hope you take some comfort from that spirit and culture of conservatism existing at Markel Ventures as well. For the entirety of Markel Ventures, this year's first quarter was a COVID quarter, to use a phrase, while our first quarter of last year was pre-COVID. We've had BC and AD as conventions to describe dates for a few millennia. For at least a little while longer, I think we'll distinguish the current era as PC, DC, and AC. Tom Hanks was the first person I heard break up time into those categories, and he is a hand veteran of the path. Personally, I'm looking forward to the AC period, but it's not here yet. I continue to be grateful and amazed by the performance throughout the Markel Ventures organization. The results are excellent. They also require more work per unit of output compared to pre-COVID circumstances. Economic activity and order books are very good. There is plenty of business to be had. Our ventures CEOs use new words like supply chain roulette when describing the daily realities of their business. Labor shortages and inflation are facts of life. Your team is doing an outstanding job of coping and adjusting with the realities on the ground. But what I see in real-time from real businesses seems different from many news reports and comments from officials about inflation. If current economic and financial market conditions continue to prevail, we should enjoy record results and revenues and EBITDA this year from Markel Ventures. In the current price environment of very low interest rates and very high transaction price multiples, I do not expect us to make sizable acquisitions in 2021. We've got an excellent capital position, a lot of dry powder, and a great network of CEOs and relationships that keep us connected to opportunities. But I think we're better off focusing on our existing operations and organic growth opportunities at this time. We'll adjust as circumstances change, and that ability to change is a fundamentally attractive feature of our overall structure at Markel. On the investment front, we are at 8% on our equity portfolio during the first quarter. In our fixed income operations, we posted a negative 1.3% return, which occurred entirely due to rises in interest rates. There were zero credit losses in the portfolio. The total portfolio after all expenses and foreign currency adjustments rose 1.4%. In any quarter and frankly, in any one year, expect a lot of volatility from investments. We make no efforts to dampen volatility artificially through expensive derivatives or the difference between publicly traded mark-to-market valuation practices versus private self-reported valuation marks. We just stick to the fundamental and basic task of trying to earn the best returns we can over long periods. Currently, our capital position is quite strong. We've accumulated higher than normal cash positions. Fortunately, that cash supports our current growth in insurance underwriting opportunities, which carry the expectations of meaningful returns. As time goes by and capital continues to build, we expect to be able to apply capital to all four components of our capital allocation triage ladder. We're currently funding the organic growth of our insurance businesses. We've got ample capital to fund growth initiatives within our ventures operations. We're modestly adding to our publicly traded securities portfolio. We're open-minded about potential acquisitions when opportunities arise, as they always do eventually, and we are repurchasing our shares. We will continue to incur the small opportunity cost of carrying large cash balances until conditions change. We are not interested in locking in low long-term rates of return. We will continue to be opportunistic as we look at any investment decisions. To close, we're pleased with the progress we're reporting to you this morning. We've got demonstrated wonderful results in our insurance business, improving results in our reinsurance business, demonstrated wonderful results in our Markel Ventures operations, appropriate returns in our investment portfolio, and gritted teeth determination to improve results in our insurance-linked securities operations. I love our culture and I like our hand. With that, we welcome the opportunity to answer your questions.

We will now begin the question and answer session. Our first question today comes from Jeff Schmitt with William Blair.

Question on the rate levels, in the insurance sector -- I think in both insurance and reinsurance, you referenced they are still at the double-digit levels, but you're kind of seeing a stabilization there. How much of that, I guess could you maybe speak to the environment, are you seeing higher competitive levels at this point or is there maybe just sort of a pause in social inflation with the courts being closed? What do you see kind of driving that stabilization?

Hey, Jeff. It's Richie. I think it's a number of factors. I pointed out, we're in the third year of rate increases. It gets harder to sell continued double-digit rate increases after you do that a couple of times. So, I mean, there is a point at which things have to level off. I think that is part of it. We've been through a couple of renewal cycles, and continued double-digit rate increases get harder and harder to sell. There's certainly competition; as you know rates, as people start to see rates go up and they have their opinion as to where those are versus rate adequacy, obviously the higher they go, the more people feel like, 'Hey, that's a good risk, and I should maybe jump in on it.' So, I think it's just the signs of a healthy market. I mean, that is what's going to happen. As I said, I mean, we really did not see, I mean, we were pretty flat, quite honestly, in the first quarter, looking at rate increases versus fourth quarter. I know some people talked about being down a bit. We were sort of flattish in that growth; maybe we'll see that growth dip below flat in the second quarter, but still double digits in both insurance and reinsurance.

Okay. And then, in the reinsurance segment, just looking at that underlying loss ratio down a fair amount, high 50, I think it is 58, historically mid 60s. And I think you'd referenced a lot of that is just a mix shift as you exit the property cat business. Is that the case? I mean, should we think of kind of high 50s being more of the run rate there versus mid 60s? I guess the same with the expense ratio, it was down at 30. I think that looks to be mix shift related, is that -- we're trying to think of the run rates in these items with that property cat business out?

Sure. Sure. Yeah, I think both of those are a little abnormal just as a result of what we're doing in terms of property and some of the other issues that happened in the quarter. I think the low 60s is probably about the right place in terms of an attritional loss ratio and maybe a tick higher on the expense ratio. We are pricing, I did say this in my comments, the team is trying to price everything at a 90 or lower that they're putting on the books, but we're not going to see that show up in our results for a while. And two reasons: we're still earning premium that was put on books in prior years and maybe didn't have as strong rate increases. And secondly, just our conservatism; we want to be more likely redundant than deficient. We were coming off a few years of tough performance in reinsurance. We're going to be from Missouri in terms of the results for a while. So, while we're pricing it at less than 90, my goal would be something in the mid 90s in terms of what we could do this year.

Right. Okay. And then, just one kind of broad comment, and just looking at that compound annual growth rate of book value, I think over the last five years, the 9% stock prices increased about 5%. Do you have any general kind of thoughts or comments on that? And I mean, is there an opportunity there to maybe increase share buybacks at all to help the stock price?

Yes, there is. And we are doing that.

On the reinsurance business, you got the positive growth despite the trimming of your property exposure? I think you've mentioned three programs, in particular. When we think about the balance of the year, are those programs going to continue to make a contribution or are we looking at the positive top-line for reinsurance?

The rest of the year is going to -- we will have to see how it plays out. The issue with reinsurance, given our relatively small portfolio, roughly $1 billion is individual deals can really move the numbers around. And so, as I said, we did three deals and they ebbed up to around $90 million. I mean, so in reinsurance, individual deals can be elephant hunting. So, we found three deals that we really liked in the first quarter. I can't be certain we'll find three deals in the second quarter or any deals in the third or fourth quarter, so we're going to be very opportunistic the rest of the year, and if we think there's good deals out there that we want to write, we'll put them on the books. But if not, we could be down quarter-to-quarter. So this year is all about profitability and being opportunistic. So, it's going to be a little hard to give you guidance on how the next three quarters play out in terms of premium volume.

Understood. On the retention within reinsurance, it was up this quarter. I think you talked about mix. Depending on what comes in the door, is the retention likely to stay more elevated?

Yes, it is. Our retentions on our property business were lower because of the cat protection that we bought -- reinsurance protection that we bought. We tend to keep much more of our casualty, professional, and specialty business net, so those retentions should go up.

Then in the Nephila, you talked about investments that you're making. Assets were flat to down a little bit in the quarter. When do we start to see more forward progress with Nephila at the bottom line?

That's a great question. I can tell you, we've been frustrated. We feel like we make two steps forward and then there's a step backward, Uri in the first quarter and we have losses, and that obviously reduces AUM, reduces fees. It's been a tough four years in the ILS business with the cats. But we can't make excuses; we have to figure out a way to get our business moving forward. So certainly, we project the business moving forward the rest of the year and certainly want to move forward in '22 and onward. But we got work to do. And there's just no other way to say it; we've got work to do, to get where we want to be in ILS. Part of that is, hopefully fewer cats, but the bigger part of it is getting the right price for the exposure. So, I and have a lot of other people believe prices need to continue to go up for cat risk.

If I may ask one more question. Tom, you mentioned inflation. I just wonder how you feel like the ventures businesses are positioned for inflation. And what you might be doing in the equity portfolio? Are you shifting on the assumption that inflation will be worse than the broader market assumes?

It would be my expectation that the actual inflation that's really taking place on the ground is more than what the headlines would report. So all of the managers who live and eat and sleep and breathe these businesses every day, they're doing the best they can to control their costs, to get their supply chains on and working, and making sure that they're charging appropriately prices to earn a good margin of whatever product or service they're providing. That's true every day. That's true in the public securities portfolio of the companies we look at. And we're really looking for the same kind of behavior from the managers of our businesses at Markel Ventures, as we expect from the managers of the publicly traded companies that we're investing in. That really doesn't change whether inflation is low or high. But I don't want to be caught asleep at the wheel and not aware of the heightened sensitivity and focus that I think should be applied to that line of thought these days. To sum it up, I think I mentioned it in the comments. We think the dumbest thing you could do right now is to lock in low long-term rates of return. So we don't claim to be geniuses, or the smartest people in the room, but we try not to be the dumbest. So as long as we don't do stupid things, good things compound.

Our next question comes from John Fox with Fenimore Asset Management.

I have a number of questions. First for Richie on the COVID losses in reinsurance. I'm just curious. I mean, that's to be expected. It's obviously, as Tom said, still an ongoing situation. But I'm just curious on the logistics of that. Is that some loss that pops up? You get notified from one of your carriers that you're reinsuring? And is it new information for them? And just could you talk about the logistics of how that comes about?

Well, certainly, as a reinsurer, there's a bit of a delay in reporting. And obviously, COVID is a situation that's developing and it's the first time people have really seen the situation. So it is taking a while for people to get their heads around how the losses might flow through the system. So what we're seeing is notifications that mostly what we're seeing is notifications that people may be sending losses to us. I think there are very few instances of actual hard -- this is a loss that we're going to be putting to the treaty. So the great majority of what we have up today at the reinsurance operations is IBNR. My sense is it's going to take quite a while for it all to play out; all the language has to be reviewed, and there's probably going to be some negotiation between the cedents and the reinsurers. I wouldn't expect this to be resolved quickly. And it's just prudent to hold the IBNR at this point.

Okay, great. Thank you. And then, by my calculations, which may not be correct, but I've been looking at your accident year, every quarter, which at least by my quotes has been running 105 plus for a lot of quarters historically. Now, it's closer to 100, or maybe even 98, 99. And I'm just like you to comment, is that observation accurate? And if so, what's the reason for that? I'm assuming three years of good price increases probably helps. But I think you just comment on that. Thank you.

Yes. I can't comment on your numbers, John. And maybe we can sync up later and get on the same page. We would actually say the current accident year combined ratio was lower than that. But the direction, the trend you're talking about is absolutely true. On the loss side, it is, as you said, three years of price increases and term improvements. And then, don't forget the expense ratio component. Over the last few years, it's probably approaching three points off the expense ratio. So your trend is absolutely correct. I can't confirm your numbers and we can maybe catch up later and try to get that sorted.

No, that's fine. The trend is correct, which is fine. And then, I have to admit, I'm struggling with Ventures with page 35, the disclosure on the gain. So it's the Ventures EBITDA, $81 million minus $22 million. And that also has to come out of the revenue or I didn't understand. It's included in services and other expenses.

Yes. The gain would be at the EBITDA line; it would not be in the revenue line. It was just within the business that was underperforming. We sold something that had a $22 million gain on it.

Thank you.

So you might be confused, but I hope you're at least happy.

Our next question comes from Mark Dwelle with RBC Capital Markets.

Several of my questions have already been covered, but I'm on the reserve edition. Was that related to, most of the reinsurance book was contingency-related? Was it primarily related to the reserve edition?

No, it is related to business interruption, where I tell you the language, there's a lot of different language out there. And there's going to be a lot of negotiation on what is actually covered and what is not. But it would be instances where cedents believe they have an element of coverage for business interruption through their property reinsurance. And as I said, at this point, it's mostly notifications that we may have a loss that we're going to see; very few hard and actual loss notifications. And so the great majority of the reserve is IBNR. And I do believe it's going to take quite a while for that all to be sorted out.

Was it a U.S. cedent or is it non-U.S.?

I don't know, Mark, whether it's U.S. or international; probably some of both. I'm sure it was more than one just reviewing notifications that have come in.

Okay. Fair enough. Same question, you mentioned and it was also mentioned for the first time in a little while in the 10-Q, about kind of the ramp-up of Lodgepine. I admit, I kind of lost track of that thing. I think it was first established back in 2019. And maybe just an update of what's happening there and what you're hoping to accomplish in '21 with it?

Sure. Well, in terms of the underwriting side of Lodgepine, that got off the ground immediately and had a great year in 2020. So they were in the market and wrote business. And from a retro stand point, retro writers, I think had a really good year in 2020; most of the losses were retained by the insurance companies or made it into reinsurance, but not retro. The difficulty has been, and I think we've talked about this just in terms of the ILS market in general, raising capital. It has been with COVID, with recent results in ILS, it has been a very long ramp-up to raise the capital. We feel like we're within a whisker of raising that capital and sort of launching the fund side of things. But it has taken considerably longer than we ever would have guessed.

Okay. That's helpful. And then the last question, mainly -- actually two questions. One related to the insurance business. When you characterize the growth, I mean, you talked about the rate increases. So I think you covered that. Within the balance of the growth, is that more associated with exposure unit growth within your insureds? Or is it more associated with kind of new business wins or gaining policy count?

Yes. And I don't have details right in front of me right now, Mark, but, if anything, we have been trying to shorten limits in a number of areas in the hardening market. It just makes sense to try to get paid more for less exposure, if possible. So I would say I believe most of the growth that is out there, besides rate increases, is going to be new policy count because, as I said, in a number of areas, we are possible. We're asking underwriters to be very judicious with the amount of limit they're willing to put out.

Okay. Helpful on that. And then the last question, maybe for Tom, I mean, you sounded particularly for your own conservative self relatively bullish about Markel Ventures for the upcoming year. And I guess the one question I wanted to maybe push back on just a little bit was -- is it seem like as a group of businesses, they were relatively less pandemic affected in the first place during last year. So is the growth simply just a recovery in those lines -- in those underlying businesses that were impacted? Or is it a more broad general inflation of the economy that you feel like you're capitalizing on?

Yes. No, I think, first off, I want to say last year and the epidemic effect of this business was swamped by the pandemic. And set aside whatever journal entries or accounting you want, the human dimension of what was involved in those businesses and the effects on the people ever running them, there's just never been anything like it. And I'll remind you that it's over 15,000 people, mainly who work in factories, doing field service distributed all around the country. Those are the frontline workers; they never missed a day of work. They were in the factory in the field every single day, and the scrambling that took place to just keep everything on the rails, where you had to keep doing business in the way that you were doing it in many regards. For instance, one of the CEOs of Havco that makes the flooring in the back of a drive on a tractor-trailer truck, said we can't make wood floors from home. So the impact of that business was immense and unprecedented. Clearly at the instant, where March 13 and the shutdown orders took place, a lot of order books collapsed and you had shocks to the system. Again, I keep using the same two words amazed and grateful at how quickly both the management teams responded and figured out how to conduct and operate businesses and how fast the order books came back and, in fact, started to top up and go further. So last year's results were very good. I think they represent sort of a phase shift and a change in the maturity and size and scale of what Markel Ventures is, relative to the total coming. But it's not something that's sort of a new baseline as we look into 2021 and 2022, we would expect the profitability that we saw last year to continue and to grow. And what gives me excitement is just to see the quality of the people that are running those businesses, how well they've done at a time of great testing, and what kind of results they're putting on the board and how they're taking care of their customers and their people. It's just exciting to be part of it. So you picked up the right tone in terms of optimism and bullishness, and this is no longer a lab experiment. It's a big business that matters.

Okay. I appreciate the additional color. Thanks. Well, that's all my questions.

We will now conclude our question-and-answer session here. I'd like to turn the call back over to Tom Gayner for any closing remarks.

All right, perfect. Thank you so much for joining us. We're happy to report the kind of news we were able to do. We look forward to continuing to do so. As time goes by and before do seeing you at our annual meeting on May 10 in Richmond, Virginia. We will be live and in person and anybody who can join us, we'd love to see you. Thanks so much.

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