Rubber Leaf Inc 10-K for FY2025
Rubber Leaf Inc (RLEA)
About this 10-K
Rubber Leaf Inc filed this 10-K on February 6, 2026, covering the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (FY2025).
Headline figures
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, as reported in this filing, compared with the same period a year earlier where the filing states it.
- Revenue
- $4.9M
- Net income
- $2.87M
- compared with a net loss of $2.2M a year earlier
- Diluted EPS
- $0.07
- compared with -$0.05 a year earlier
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM
For
the fiscal year ended:
OR
For the transition period from _____________ to ____________
Commission
file number
(Exact name of small business issuer as specified in its charter)
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) |
(IRS Employer Identification No.) |
Room 2109, 21/F C C WU BLDG 302-308 HENNESSY ROAD,
WANCHAI, HONG KONG
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act: None.
Securities
registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act:
Indicate
by check mark if registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐
Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2)
has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data
File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period
that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | |
| ☒ | Smaller reporting company | |||
| Emerging growth company |
If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness
of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered
public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
If
securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant
include in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No
The
aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting shares of the Company’s common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30,
2025 based on the last sale of the Company’s common stock, was approximately $
As of February 6, 2026, the Registrant had shares of common stock, $ par value, issued and outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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In this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”), unless otherwise stated or as the context otherwise requires, references to “Rubber Leaf Inc” “Rubber Leaf” “RLI,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references refer to Rubber Leaf Inc, a Nevada corporation. Our logo and other trademarks or service marks of the Company appearing in this Annual Report are the property of Rubber Leaf Inc. This Annual Report also contains registered marks, trademarks and trade names of other companies. All other trademarks, registered marks and trade names appearing in this Annual Report are the property of their respective holders.
CAUTIONARY NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The information contained in this Annual Report includes some statements that are not purely historical and that are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and as such, may involve risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements relate to, among other things, expectations of the business environment in which we operate, perceived opportunities in the market and statements regarding our mission and vision. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. You can generally identify forward-looking statements as statements containing the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “continue,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plans,” “possible,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “seeks,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions, or the negatives of such terms, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.
Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained herein are based on various assumptions, many of which are based, in turn, upon further assumptions. Our expectations, beliefs and forward-looking statements are expressed in good faith on the basis of management’s views and assumptions as of the time the statements are made, but there can be no assurance that management’s expectations, beliefs or projections will result or be achieved or accomplished.
In addition to other factors and matters discussed elsewhere herein, the following are important factors that, in our view, could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements: technological advances, impact of competition, dependence on key personnel and the need to attract new management, effectiveness of cost and marketing efforts, acceptances of products, ability to expand markets and the availability of capital or other funding on terms satisfactory to us. We disclaim any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof.
For a discussion of the risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that could affect our future events, developments or results, you should carefully review the “Risk Factors” set forth under “Item 1. Business” below. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the future events, developments or results described by our forward-looking statements herein could turn to be materially different from those we discuss or imply.
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PART I
Item 1. Business.
Overview
Rubber Leaf Inc (the “Company”) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on May 18, 2021. On May 27, 2021, the Company entered into the Share Exchange Agreement with Xingxiu Hua, the Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Company, pursuant to which the Company issued 40,000,000 shares of common stock to Ms. Hua in consideration of Ms. Hua’s efforts to procure Rubber Leaf LLC to transfer any and all equity interests in RLSP to the Company. We acquired Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. on July 1, 2021, through an equity transfer between Rubber Leaf LLC and Rubber Leaf Inc. On November 20, 2025, the Company completed the disposition of RLSP through a Share Purchase Agreement (“Agreement”) with Shanghai Yongliansen Import and Export Trading Co., Ltd. (“Yongliansen”), of which our Chief Executive Officer, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, holds 30% of the outstanding equity. Pursuant to the Agreement, we sold all of our then equity interests in RLSP to Yongliansen for cash consideration of US$3,000,000, payable in three installments. RLSP has filed the sale and change of sole shareholder with the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC (the “SAMR”) with the official registration date being October 28, 2025. Prior to the disposition of RLSP, we established a wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, Rubber Leaf Limited (“RLHK”), on September 22, 2025, and substantially transferred all principal orders, customer contracts and supply arrangements formerly associated with RLSP to RLHK. RLHK is now the Company’s primary operating entity and continues to conduct business specializing in sales of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips. We are a well-known auto parts enterprise, and we are also the first-tier supplier of well-known auto brands such as eGT and Volkswagen.
Our principal business address is Room 2109, 21/F C C WU BLDG 302-308 HENNESSY, ROAD, WANCHAI, HONG KONG.
Business Strategy
Our former wholly owned subsidiary RLSP, an automotive rubber and plastic sealing strip manufacturer, has been acknowledged as first-tier supplier to manufacture sealing strips for some auto Original Equipment Manufacturers, such as eGT and Volkswagen. Since December 2019, RLSP has been supplying automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips to eGT, a joint venture between Dongfeng and French Renault. Additionally, RLSP has also been acknowledged as second-tier manufacturer of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strip from some Branded Automobile Manufacturers (the “Auto Manufacturers”). Despite only entering the Chinese automotive sealing strip market in 2019, RLSP’s well known customers and our own unique advantages have allowed us to rapidly expand our market presence and increase our market share.
Prior to the RLSP’s disposition, we transferred all principal orders, customer contracts and supply arrangements formerly associated with RLSP to RLHK.
Recent Developments
The following highlights recent material developments in our business:
| ● | FAW-Volkswagen Agreements |
In October 2023, we entered into a joint research and development agreement, confidentiality agreement and integrity cooperation agreement with FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company, Ltd. (“FAW-Volkswagen”). Following detailed quotations, technical analyses and cost control proposals in November 2023, and subsequent facility inspections by the customer, FAW-Volkswagen accepted our quotation and technical plan in December 2023.
| ● | Hozon New Energy Auto Orders | |
| In February 2024, we cooperated with Hozon New Energy Auto Co., Ltd for whole car rubber window sealing orders. The engagement commenced with technical consultations in November 2023, leading to the acceptance of our quotation and cost plan in December 2023. Post the inspection of our site, factory building and equipment, we are scheduled to supply sample products in March 2024, initiate the first batch production in August 2024 and ramp up production beginning in October 2024. The initial production is forecasted to be between 3,000 to 4,000 rubber window seal sets, increasing by 2,000 sets monthly, with a peak monthly production of 12,000 sets. |
Main Products
| ● | Since our establishment, we have been engaged in the research and development, design, production and sales of auto parts such as automobile sealing strips. We have strong capabilities in tooling, mold creation, specialized equipment development, and comprehensive product design skills. We mainly supply sealing strip products for domestic and foreign automobile manufacturers, as well as supporting research and development and follow-up services. |
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Technology Development Advantage
| ● | With extensive experience in the rubber industry, we have formed a strong technical advantage in the field of rubber formulations. Our high-hardness rubber and low-density sponge production technology have reached the domestic leading level. We are also expertise in the areas of rubber vulcanization, modular development, three-dimensional molding, seamless interface, surface pre-coating, and surface flocking technologies. We are a leading candidate in the development and application of technology, rubber mixing process technology, CAE, CAD analysis simultaneous development technology and length control technology, and has applied these technologies to mass production. Moreover, we have gained experience and technical proficiency necessary for synchronous development with automotive OEMs |
Customer Resource Advantage
| ● | For auto parts manufacturers that supply to auto OEMs, establishing and maintaining cooperative relationships with mainstream auto OEMs is the key to their survival and development. We have established a strong cooperative relationship with internationally renowned automobile manufacturers, become a supplier for eGT and Volkswagen. Automobile manufacturers enforce stringent criteria for qualifying suppliers, assessing factors such as enterprise scale, quality system, technology development capabilities, quality capabilities, on-site 5S, procurement management, process management, quality improvement capabilities, human resource training and other aspects. This evaluation process typically spans 1-3 years. |
Investment Highlights
| ● | Our Company’s revenue-generating activities are anchored in a diverse portfolio of innovative products and services, as detailed in the “Main Products” subsection of our “Business” section. Central to our success is our range of rubber and plastic car window and door sealing strips, which have established a strong market presence due to their quality and unique design for different automobiles. These offerings cater to our OEM customers, addressing key market demands and trends. Our revenue streams are further bolstered by our whole car rubber and plastic design ability, which complement our main offerings and provide integrated solutions to our clients. This holistic approach not only diversifies our income sources but also enhances customer retention and satisfaction. Our commitment to innovation, coupled with a strategic focus on emerging market needs, positions us uniquely in the industry. This approach has enabled us to maintain a competitive edge and continue to expand our market reach, thereby offering promising investment potential. |
Growth Strategies
| ● | A key pillar of our growth plan is to enhance product innovation and development, and expand new customers, allowing us to stay ahead in a rapidly evolving market and meet the emerging needs of our customers. We are committed to investing in research and development, which will drive the introduction of new products and improvements to existing ones. | |
| ● | Another critical component of our strategy is geographic expansion. We aim to enter new international markets and increase our share in existing markets by leveraging our strong distribution networks and marketing strategies. This will not only diversify our customer base but also reduce our dependency on any single market. | |
| ● | Additionally, we plan to pursue strategic partnerships and acquisitions in different countries (our first target is the U.S.), which will allow us to access new technologies, expand our product lines and enter new markets more rapidly than organic growth alone would permit. | |
| ● | Finally, a focus on operational efficiency and cost management will ensure that we remain competitive and profitable, even as we invest in growth. By optimizing our operations and carefully managing expenses, we can reinvest savings into key growth areas. |
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With the increasingly fierce competition in the automobile manufacturing industry, auto OEMs demand greater comprehensive strength and industry experience from their suppliers. The ability to provide support services to mainstream auto OEMs is becoming a more critical criterion for customers in choosing suppliers. Therefore, the automobile manufacturing industry has gradually become a relatively closed ecosystem, where only auto parts suppliers with high-quality customer bases can achieve a sustainable cycle of development.
Sales and Marketing
Our primary offerings consist of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips tailored for specific models. These products boast distinctive personalized customization features, making the direct sales model the predominant approach. We directly engage with the auto OEMs or their first-tier suppliers to obtain supplier qualifications, define product specifications and models, negotiate product prices and finalize orders.
All of our executives are seasoned industry professionals with extensive experience in the automotive sector for more than 20 years. Their expertise and extensive network facilitate our market expansion for businesses. While securing approval from auto OEMs may be a time-intensive process, once established as their supplier, our orders demonstrate stability spanning several years.
Our sales process is generally divided into two stages: product development and mass supply. In the initial product development stage, we initiate contact with potential customers, gaining entry into the list of qualified suppliers through a series of reviews by them. After securing projects through bidding or other methods, we will collaborate with automakers and their component suppliers to either enhance existing seal products for mass-produced models or develop new models that align with the specified functions, performance criteria and cost requirements.
Prior to finalizing batch supply agreements, which refer to supply agreements where “batch” means a specific quantity of products or materials, uniformly processed to maintain quality and identified by a unique number for efficient traceability and distribution, customers conduct thorough evaluations of our factory area, production lines and management system to verify our capacity for mass supply and ensure consistency in product quality. This stage is time-consuming, with the improved development of seals for mass-produced models typically taking around six months. Simultaneous development of new models with auto OEMs and their accessory suppliers often extends over a year or more. Based on considerations such as cost efficiency and product consistency, auto OEMs generally choose one or two major suppliers for a given automotive seal product. Therefore, in the batch supply stage, we can generally obtain consistent and stable orders based on the production and sales volume of the models incorporating our products. At this stage, our primary responsibilities include providing high-quality products in a timely manner based on customer orders, offering after-sales service, engaging in regular or irregular price negotiations and formalizing pricing contracts.
Our sales are substantially dependent on one major customer and related party, Shanghai Xinsen Import & Export Co., Ltd for the year ended December 31, 2022. Effective on October 1, 2022, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President, and Chairperson, reduced her direct ownership in Shanghai Xinsen from 90% to 15%. Concurrently, Ms. Hua stepped down as the Legal Representative and General Manager of Shanghai Xinsen pursuant to a board resolution of Shanghai Xinsen on the same date. This change in ownership was made and certified by the local government on October 11, 2022.
Ms. Hua’s decision to adjust her ownership interest in Shanghai Xinsen forms an integral component of the Group’s comprehensive strategic restructuring initiative. This restructuring was undertaken to enhance operational efficiency, strengthen corporate governance, optimize the Group’s business portfolio, and position the organization for sustainable long-term growth.
As part of this strategic optimization, the Group completed the disposal of RLSP in November 2025. This decision was driven by compelling business considerations: RLSP had accumulated significant outstanding liabilities and was subject to multiple ongoing legal proceedings, which posed material risks to the Group’s financial health and operational stability. The disposal of RLSP represents a prudent measure to eliminate these legacy burdens and mitigate potential future risks to the Group.
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Following the disposal of RLSP, the Group has reorganized its commercial operations through RLHK, a newly incorporated entity established on September 22, 2025. RLHK now serves as the primary platform for sales operations and customer-facing activities. This reorganization was designed to achieve several strategic objectives:
Risk Mitigation: Establishment of a clean operational platform free from legacy liabilities and legal encumbrances
Enhanced Governance: Implementation of improved internal controls and compliance frameworks aligned with regulatory requirements
Operational Efficiency: Streamlined business processes and strengthened management capabilities
Strategic Positioning: Creation of a robust foundation to support the Group’s future business development and market expansion
Importantly, these structural adjustments are internal reorganization measures that do not affect the Group’s underlying commercial relationships or market position. The Group maintains well-established and mature business relationships with Shanghai Xinsen, built over many years of successful cooperation. The Group expects its sales volume to Shanghai Xinsen to remain stable and continue at historical levels.
Furthermore, the continuity of end-user demand remains robust. Two of Shanghai Xinsen’s key downstream customers—Shanghai Hongyang and Wuhu Huichi—have consistently utilized the Group’s products over an extended period through their commercial arrangements with Shanghai Xinsen. This established pattern of stable, long-term demand from end-users demonstrates the fundamental strength and resilience of the Group’s market position, independent of internal corporate restructuring activities.
In summary, the Group’s reorganization represents a proactive and strategically sound response to optimize its corporate structure, eliminate legacy risks, and establish a stronger platform for future growth and value creation.
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We currently operate with two sales models, the direct supply model and indirect supply model:
Model A (Direct Supply Model)
Following successful on-site inspections by auto OEMs, our operating subsidiary secures listing in its directories as a first-tier supplier that directly provides products to the OEM. For example, eGT is an auto OEM, and we serve as their first-tier supplier. eGT directly signs purchase or supply agreements with our subsidiary. This positions our operating subsidiary to independently procure raw materials, manufacture final products and directly deliver finished goods to the warehouses of the auto OEMs. Our operating subsidiary fulfills its performance obligation upon the delivery of finished products to their warehouses, following a subsequent quality inspection approved by them. Simultaneously, they may request product replacements for disqualified items. Ownership and control of our finished products transfer to customers upon successful inspection and acceptance into an OEM’s warehouse. Revenue recognition occurs upon the transfer of control of our products to a customer, with payments made directly by the OEM.
Model B (Indirect Supply Model)
Our operating subsidiary receives the purchase orders from our related parties-Shanghai Xinsen and Xinsen Sealing Products (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd (“Hangzhou Xinsen”) (collectively named as “Xinsen Group” for two companies together). The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, previously held a 90% ownership interest in Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Xinsen holds a 70% ownership interest in Hangzhou Xinsen. Effective October 1, 2022, Ms. Hua reduced her ownership of Shanghai Xinsen from 90% to 15%, and accordingly reduced her indirect ownership of Hangzhou Xinsen from 63% to 10.5%. The Xinsen Group is a rubber product trading expert with 20 years of experience in the auto parts market, who charges 1% of the total sales amount before VAT tax as sales commission before September 30, 2022, and subsequently 0.25% effective from October 1, 2022 after the renegotiation between RLSP and Xinsen Group. The sales commission incurred in each period is recorded as part of selling expense of the Company. The Xinsen Group serves as a certified second-tier supplier for branded Automobile Manufacturers (“Auto Manufacturers”). A second-tier supplier refers to a supplier that provides products to the first-tier suppliers of the OEM. First-tier suppliers could be suppliers of car doors, rubber and plastic components and other automobile parts. Auto Manufacturers issue consolidated purchase orders for complete sets of rubber and plastic auto parts for a particular model to their first-tier suppliers. These first-tier suppliers subcontract the production of rubber and plastic seals to second-tier suppliers. As a second-tier supplier and a facilitator of production rather than a direct manufacturer, Xinsen Group coordinates with us to fulfill orders. Upon receipt of purchase orders, our operating subsidiary procures rubber materials from our vendors. The production process involves outsourcing to third-party manufacturers for either work-in-process products (“WIP”) or finished products, based on management’s decisions in response to operational circumstances.
We employ two distinct forms of outsourced processing under Model B.
| 1) | our operating subsidiary purchases raw materials and subcontracts production from third-party manufacturers for WIP. Once WIP is finished and delivered to the warehouse, our operating subsidiary oversights certain manual processes, such as welding and constructing in order to meet the specification of the purchase orders. The completion of the final products is contingent upon a rigorous quality inspection conducted by our operating subsidiary, ensuring they meet the highest standards. | |
| 2) | our operating subsidiary purchases raw materials and subcontracts third party manufacturers to produce finished products. Our operating subsidiary will trace and observe each step of production undertaken by third-party manufacturers, with a primary focus on the final quality control step. |
The finished products are delivered to the warehouses of Xinsen Group’s upstream first-tier suppliers, either from our locations or those of the third-party manufacturers. Quality inspection is carried out by assigned inspectors from Xinsen Group upon delivery. RLSP fulfills its obligation when the finished products reach Xinsen Group’s customers and pass the qualified quality inspection.
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In the event of products that do not pass inspection, the Xinsen Group initiates a product replacement process. Upon confirmation of quality and quantity, and acceptance of finished products into Xinsen Group’s customers’ warehouses, invoices are provided to us as proof of delivery. The date of the invoices signifies the transfer of ownership and control of the finished products under model B from us to Xinsen Group and indirectly to its upstream first-tier suppliers. We recognize at such time as Xinsen Group’s customers accept delivery of products.
The following diagram shows how sales are generated, how invoices and payments are processed and how our products are manufactured and distributed to customers, through our direct and indirect supply models.
Our Industry and Market Opportunity
We are confident that the demand for our products is closely linked to the expansion of our customers’ end markets, which are poised for growth. Insights from IHS Global Insight, a prominent economic and financial analysis firm, predict that starting from 2023, total vehicle sales in emerging markets (covering regions like Asia, excluding Japan, South America and Eastern Europe) are projected to match or surpass those in mature markets (encompassing North America, Western Europe and Japan). This forecast is underpinned by escalating income levels that are fueling secular growth. This upward trajectory in emerging markets signifies a substantial growth prospect for the global automotive industry, particularly for manufacturers and suppliers of components consisting of rubber materials utilized in automobile production. We anticipate that the surge in our markets will be bolstered by the enhancement of living standards in emerging markets, the internationalization of automotive platforms, advancements in fuel efficiency and the escalating demand for lightweight materials and refined automotive interior materials. Furthermore, there’s an extensive growth in the requirement for quality rubber materials within the automotive sector. We are in a prime position to leverage these evolving trends and foresee continued benefits from the improving market dynamics within our industry. Over recent years, there has been a rationalization of higher-cost capacities across many of our key product lines, accompanied by numerous consolidation activities within the rubber materials sector. We envisage that our markets will persist in a long-term trend towards consolidation, presenting opportunities for our enterprise due to our scale and extensive geographical presence. Moreover, market developments pertaining to certain raw materials we use significantly influence our business operations.
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Vendors
To reduce the purchase cost and enhance the purchase power, our subsidiary, our operating subsidiary purchases approximately 93% of the raw materials from Shanghai Haozong Rubber & Plastic Technology Co., Ltd. Mr. Jun Tong, one of the Company’s directors, holds a 30% ownership of Shanghai Haozong. Our current business strategy leads to a significant reliance on Shanghai Haozong for our supply needs.
Following the disposition of RLSP, our Hong Kong operating subsidiary, RLHK, currently sources approximately 70% of its raw materials from Yongliansen and approximately 30% from Shanghai Haozong. These sourcing proportions are subject to change over time. In particular, purchases from Yongliansen have been steadily increasing and may potentially reach up to 100%, while purchases from Shanghai Haozong may decline to approximately 0%.
As a result, our business has become, and may continue to become, substantially dependent on Yongliansen as a primary supplier, consistent with our current business strategy.
COVID-19
Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, COVID-19 continues to cause operational disruptions to businesses due to factors such as sporadic outbreaks, new variants and subvariants and varying responses by governments and public health authorities. Any future outbreak may impact the overall availability and cost of materials and logistics, which may adversely affect our operations and financial results. If there is another outbreak of COVID-19 or a similar public health threat, it could impact demand for our products, which in turn could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.
Geopolitical Conditions
Our operations could be disrupted by acts of war, terrorist activity or other similar events, including the Israel-Palestine war in October 2023 and the current or anticipated impact of military conflict and related sanctions imposed on Russia, Belarus and certain individuals and entities connected to Russian or Belarusian political, business, and financial organizations by the United States and other countries due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. It is not possible to predict the broader consequences of the conflicts, including related geopolitical tensions, and the measures and retaliatory actions taken by the U.S. and other countries in respect thereof and with regard to the Russia-Ukraine war, any counter measures or retaliatory actions by Russia or Belarus in response, including, for example, potential cyberattacks or the disruption of energy exports.
In addition, geopolitical conditions can disrupt global supply chains, affecting both the procurement of essential raw materials and the delivery of our products. Interruptions or delays in receiving necessary inputs could hinder our manufacturing. This may result in market volatility, affecting the prices of raw materials and energy. Fluctuations in the cost of rubber and other necessary commodities used in our manufacturing may impact our profit margins and overall financial stability. In addition, political instability may result in trade restrictions or economic sanctions, potentially limiting our access to certain markets or sources of materials, impacting our sales and supply chain.
Competition
According to the statistics of the Automobile Industry Branch of the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, the 33 major automobile rubber sealing strip manufacturers that participated in the statistics in 2020, the scope of supporting cooperation covers almost all automobile manufacturers in China and all automobile manufacturers including passenger cars and commercial vehicles. In 2020, the rubber sealing strip industry achieved revenues of about 15.53 billion Chinese RMB, of which main business candidates of the industry accounted for about 95% of the market share.
There is significant competition for the rubber sealing strip industry in the PRC. Despite the competitive nature of the market with approximately 200 key players globally holding a significant market share, our Company stands out due to our unique strengths and capabilities. We hold a competitive edge in two significant areas:
Product Versatility: We have the unique capability to manufacture both rubber and plastic sealing components. In China, this versatility is matched only by Cooper Standard. This dual-material production capability allows us to meet a wide range of client requirements and sets us apart in a market where most competitors specialize in only one type of material.
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Comprehensive Production Line Advantage: Our production lines are designed for the comprehensive assembly of all rubber and plastic sealing components required for vehicles. While the majority of companies in the sector can only cater to a portion of the sealing components, we specialize in fulfilling complete vehicle sealing component orders. This holistic approach not only ensures efficiency and consistency in quality but also positions us as a one-stop solution for our clients’ sealing needs.
As a small, early-stage company, navigating a market with established and emerging competitors poses its challenges. However, our specialized products and strategic marketing, coupled with our unique strengths in product versatility and comprehensive production capabilities, position us favorably. Despite the dynamic nature of this mature and evolving marketplace, we believe these distinctive advantages fortify our competitive stance, though we continue to recognize the need for agility and innovation to maintain and enhance our market position.
Many of our competitors are larger than we are and can devote more resources than we can do to the manufacture, distribution and sale of the rubber sealing strip. In order to successfully compete in our industry, we will need to:
| ● | Expand our customers basis and strive for additional orders; | |
| ● | Raise funds to support our operations and expand our capacities; | |
| ● | Recruit talent to explore high technology (e.g., advanced technology in our industry, including, among other things, environmental friendly raw materials, etc.); and | |
| ● | That we provide outstanding product quality, customer service and rigid integrity in our business dealings. |
However, there can be no assurance that even if we do these things we will be able to compete effectively with the other companies in our industry. We believe that we have the required management expertise in the rubber sealing strip industry with good development potential and affordable price.
Government Regulations
Our current wholly owned subsidiary, RLHK, is incorporated and operating in Hong Kong. RLHK has obtained the requisite permissions from Hong Kong authorities to operate its current business in Hong Kong
Corporate History and Structure
Rubber Leaf Inc was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on May 18, 2021. On May 27, 2021, the Company entered into the Share Exchange Agreement with Xingxiu Hua, the Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Company, pursuant to which the Company issued 40,000,000 shares of common stock to Ms. Hua in consideration of Ms. Hua’s efforts to procure Rubber Leaf LLC to transfer any and all equity interests in RLSP to the Company. We acquired Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. on July 1, 2021, through an equity transfer between Rubber Leaf LLC and Rubber Leaf Inc. After the acquisition, RLSP became our 100% directly controlled subsidiary and wholly foreign-owned enterprise in China. All of our business was conducted through RLSP until its disposition on November 20, 2025. RLSP was established in Fenghua, Ningo, China and commenced operations in July 2019. RLSP was the wholly owned subsidiary of Rubber Leaf LLC, a Delaware company organized on June 1, 2018, and Xingxiu Hua, our Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Board, was the sole member of Rubber Leaf LLC. RLSP specialized in the production and sales of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips.
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RLSP completed disposition through a Share Purchase Agreement dated November 20, 2025(“Agreement”) with Shanghai Yongliansen Import and Export Trading Co., Ltd. (“Yongliansen”), of which our Chief Executive Officer, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, holds 30% of the outstanding equity. Pursuant to the Agreement, we sold all of our then equity interests in the Former PRC Subsidiary, RLSP to Yongliansen for cash consideration of US$3,000,000, payable in three installments. RLSP has filed the sale and change of sole shareholder with the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC (the “SAMR”) with the official registration date being October 28, 2025.
Prior to the disposition of RLSP, we established a wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, Rubber Leaf Limited on September 22, 2025, and substantially transferred all principal orders, customer contracts and supply arrangements formerly associated with RLSP to RLHK. RLHK is now the Company’s primary operating entity and continues to conduct business specializing in sales of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips. We are a well-known auto parts enterprise, and we are also the first-tier supplier of well-known auto brands such as eGT and Volkswagen.
Our principal business address is Room 2109, 21/F C C WU BLDG 302-308 HENNESSY, ROAD, WANCHAI, HONG KONG.
The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of February 6, 2026
Transfer of Cash Through our Group
Our equity structure is a direct holding structure, that is, Rubber Leaf Inc, directly controls . Rubber Leaf Limited, a company established in Hong Kong.
After foreign investors’ funds are remitted to RLI at the close of this offering, the funds can be directly transferred to RLHK.
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Until date of the disposition, no cash and other asset transfers have occurred from RLSP to RLI, no dividends or distributions have been made from RLSP to RLI, and RLI has not paid any dividends to investors. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, no cash and other asset transfers have occurred from RLHK to RLI, no dividends or distributions have been made from RLHK to RLI, and RLI has not paid any dividends to investors. For the foreseeable future, the Company intends to use any earnings for research and development and to expand its production capacity. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends.
If RLI intends to distribute dividends, RLI will transfer the dividends from RLHK to RLI in accordance with the laws and regulations of Hong Kong, and then the dividends will be distributed from RLI to all shareholders respectively in proportion to the shares they hold, regardless of whether the shareholders are U.S. investors or investors in other countries or regions.
As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Board, Ms. Xingxiu Hua and CFO Wanghua, provided loans to the Company and RLHK in the total amount of $ 3,171,929.00 and $ 3,023,625.00 for its daily operation, respectively.
Until date of the disposition, no cash and other asset transfers have occurred from RLSP to RLI, no dividends or distributions have been made from RLSP to RLI, and RLI has not paid any dividends to investors. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, no cash and other asset transfers have occurred from RLHK to RLI, no dividends or distributions have been made from RLHK to RLI, and RLI has not paid any dividends to investors. For the foreseeable future, the Company intends to use any earnings for research and development and to expand its production capacity. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends.
Our Hong Kong subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends in the future will be based upon its distributable earnings. Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, dividends paid by RLHK are generally not subject to Hong Kong profits tax. The Mainland China laws and regulations do not currently have any material impact on transfers of cash from RLHK to RLI or from RLI to RLHK. Cash transfers among RLI, RLHK and investors will be conducted in accordance with applicable Hong Kong laws and regulations
In addition, if RLHK incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than the transfer of cash in the amount of $ 130,000 from RLI to RLSP as capital contribution for its daily operation in May 2024, and $125,000 and $2,055,415 from RLI to RLSP as capital contribution for its daily operation during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, there were no material cash flows between RLI and RLSP and for the past two fiscal years, RLSP has not declared any dividends or made other distributions to the Company nor has the Company paid dividends or made other distributions to its shareholders. We intend to retain most of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering and cash proceeds from financing activities, including this offering, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay cash dividends in the near future.
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Human Capital Resources
As of February 6, 2026, we have a total of 10 full time employee.
Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants. The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our Company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.
Patents and Trademarks
The Company currently does not own any patents or trademarks.
Reports to Security Holders
The Company’s documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) may be inspected at the SEC’s principal office in Washington, D.C. Copies of all or any part of the registration statement may be obtained from the Public Reference Section of the SEC, 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the public reference rooms. The SEC also maintains a web site at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. All of the Company’s filings may be located under the CIK number 0001893657.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
An investment in our common stock is highly speculative and should only be made by persons who can afford to lose their entire investment in us. You should carefully consider the following risk factors and other information in this Annual Report before deciding to become a holder of our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business and financial results could be negatively affected to a significant extent.
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Risks Relating to Our Company and Our Industry
Many very large and well-funded companies have or are entering into various aspects of the automobile sealing products industry market that we are serving or that they are offering products and services that indirectly or directly compete with our proposed products and services. These factors could result in declining revenue, or inability to grow our business.
Sealing products for the automobile industry which play a role in reducing vibration and sealing sound insulations in vehicles are sophisticated, and in many ways unique. Numerous world class companies have entered into various aspects of our market. There currently are approximately 200 companies worldwide that have already occupied a big portion of the market in which we operate. As a small, early-stage company, it is uncertain if and how we will be able to compete with current and new competitors and products that are being announced and deployed. While we believe that we currently have a competitive advantage because of our specialized products and strategic marketing, coupled with our unique strengths in product versatility and comprehensive production line, we cannot give any assurance that we will in fact be able to successfully compete with the existing or new competitors in this mature and evolving marketplace.
A decline in general economic condition or other adverse economic conditions could lead to reduced consumer demand of automobiles, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our operating and financial performance may be adversely affected by a variety of factors that influence the general economy. Consumer spending habits are affected by, among other things, prevailing economic conditions, levels of unemployment, salaries and wage rates, prevailing interest rates, income tax rates and policies, consumer confidence and consumer perception of economic conditions. A decline in consumer spending may result in a decrease in sales of automobiles. Automobile manufacturers, responding to lower demand, may reduce production rates and seek price concessions from their suppliers of automobile components, including us. These actions may result in decreased orders for our products and increased pricing pressures, adversely affecting our revenue and profitability.
We rely substantially on our founder, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Board, Xingxiu Hua. We may be adversely affected if we lose her services or the services of other key personnel or are unable to attract and retain additional personnel.
Our success is substantially dependent on the efforts of our senior management, particularly Xingxiu Hua, our founder, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Board and on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract them. The loss of the services of Ms. Hua or other members of our senior management may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives and we may not be able to find adequate replacements. If we lose the services of, or do not successfully recruit key sales and marketing, technical and corporate personnel, the growth of our business could be substantially impaired. We cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any members of our senior management or other key employees. At present, we do not maintain key man insurance for any of our senior management.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert our management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and are required to comply with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations have increased our legal and financial compliance costs, made some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increased demand on our systems and resources. Among other things, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. In order to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business and results of operations. We may need to hire more employees to comply with these requirements in the future, which will increase our costs and expenses.
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We may require additional capital to support growth, and such capital might not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. This could hamper our growth and adversely affect our business.
We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds, beyond those generated by this offering, to respond to business challenges, including the need to enhance our products and services, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in public or private equity, equity-linked or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, including the ability to pay dividends. This may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business could be adversely affected.
Our business could be negatively affected by rising inflation and interest rates.
Various macroeconomic factors could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, including changes in inflation, interest rates and overall economic conditions and uncertainties such as those resulting from the current and future conditions in the global financial markets.
For instance, recent inflationary environment has negatively impacted us by slightly increasing (i) our labor costs, through higher wages, (ii) our borrowing costs, through higher interest rates which we expect to continue to increase, and (iii) our other operating costs, such as through higher rates charged by our service suppliers. Supply chain constraints have led to higher inflation, which if sustained, could have a negative impact on our operations. To moderate effects of these increasing costs, we instituted proactive initiatives to optimize efficiencies in our daily operations. We also replaced certain service suppliers with alternatives that offered more competitive rates while not compromising service quality. In addition, we expect to modestly increase the rates we charge our customers in response to the inflationary environment should such inflationary pressures further deteriorate in the near future. However, we cannot assure you that these measures we have taken or will take will be effective, if at all, or that we will be able to effectively mitigate any inflationary pressures in the future. If inflation or interest rates were to significantly increase, our business and the results of operations may be negatively affected.
Interest rates, liquidity of credit markets and volatility of capital markets could also affect our business and results of operations as well as our ability to raise capital on favorable terms, or at all.
Risks Related to Third Parties
We have a high concentration of sales with two major customer, Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin, which is the related party of our founder, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Board, Xingxiu Hua, and contributed approximately 100% and 86% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
In order to stabilize customer relationships and maintain long-term orders, we authorized Shanghai Xinsen, one of our related parties, to act as our distributor to Shanghai Hongyang Sealing Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Hongyang”) and Wuhu Huichi Auto Parts Co., Ltd. (“Wuhu Huichi”), two certified first-tier suppliers to automobile manufacturers and unrelated parties of our operating subsidiary and the Company. Our founder, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Board, Xingxiu Hua, holds a 15% ownership interest in Shanghai Xinsen directly. The loss of this distributor could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations unless and until we can replace such customer. The concentration of sales to major customers could subject us to loss of significant revenues in the event that we were to lose one or more of our larger customers.
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We, previously, have a high concentration of purchases of raw materials from one major vendor, Shanghai Haozong, which is the related party of one of our directors. 100% and 95% of our total purchases for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, was from Shanghai Haozong; and currently, we have 100% purchases of raw materials from Yongliansen.
In order to reduce the purchase cost and enhance its purchase power, our operating subsidiary mainly purchases its raw materials from Yongliansen at present. Our Chief Executive Officer, Xingxiu Hua, holds 30% of the outstanding equity in Yongliansen. Therefore, we are currently substantially reliant on Yongliansen for our raw materials. Any increase in purchase cost from Yongliansen could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations unless and until we can replace such vendor.
We have engaged, and are likely to continue to engage, in certain transactions with related parties. These transactions are not negotiated on an arms’ length basis.
We have engaged in certain transactions with our related parties which are affiliated with our founder, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Board, Xingxiu Hua, and one of our other directors. We are likely to continue to engage in these transactions and may enter into new transactions with our related parties. None of these transactions has been negotiated as a result of arms’ length transactions. It is possible that we could have received more favorable terms had these agreements been entered into with third parties.
We are dependent on a major client for significant direct supply model revenue and any disruptions in its purchasing policies could materially and adversely affect our financial condition.
We are significantly dependent on eGT, a leading OEM, for a substantial portion of our direct supply model revenue. As a first-tier supplier, we provide eGT with automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips. Our financial performance is partly dependent on the operational stability and procurement policies of eGT and our other direct supply model clients.
In June 2023, eGT temporarily suspended its factory production, a decision that had a direct and adverse impact on our direct supply model order volume and revenue. This suspension led to a notable decline in orders from eGT, contributing to a decrease in our sales and resulting in a loss from operations for that period. Although eGT resumed production in late October 2023, and we anticipate an increase in our direct supply model revenue from eGT in the future, this recent suspension exemplifies the inherent risks associated with our reliance on a single client for a significant portion of our direct supply model revenue.
While we are optimistic about the resumption of orders from eGT and the potential for increased sales, there is no assurance that similar disruptions will not occur in the future. Any further suspensions, reductions in orders or significant changes in the purchasing policies of eGT or any of our other direct supply model clients could materially and adversely affect our financial condition.
Risk Related to Permits and Licenses
Our certificates, permits and license are subject to governmental regulation and renewal, and the failure to obtain renewal would cause all or part of our operations to be suspended and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
We are subject to various Hong Kong laws and regulations pertaining to our products and services for the automotive rubber industry. We have obtained certain certificates, permits and licenses required for our business. During the application or renewal process for our licenses and permits, we will be evaluated and re-evaluated by the appropriate governmental authorities and must comply with the prevailing standards and regulations, which may change from time to time. In the event that we are not able to obtain or renew the certificates, permits and licenses, all or part of our operations may be suspended by the government, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Furthermore, if escalating compliance costs associated with governmental standards and regulations restrict or prohibit any part of our operations, it may adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.
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Risk Related to Doing Business in Hong Kong
All our business operation are currently conducted in Hong Kong However, due to the long arm application of the current PRC laws and regulations, the PRC government may exercise significant direct oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in PRC-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Common Stock. may be subject to the PRC laws and regulations, which may impair our ability to operate profitably and result in a material negative impact on our operations and/or the value of our Common Stock. Furthermore, the changes in the policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of the PRC laws and regulations may also occur quickly with little advance notice and our assertions and beliefs of the risk imposed by the PRC legal and regulatory system cannot be certain.
Our operations are now primarily located in Hong Kong through RLHK, which operates its business in Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Basic Law of Hong Kong (the “Basic Law”), national laws of Mainland China do not apply in Hong Kong unless they are listed in Annex III of the Basic Law and applied locally by promulgation or local legislation. National laws that may be listed in Annex III of the Basic Law are currently limited to those which fall within the scope of defense and foreign affairs as well as other matters outside the limits of the autonomy of Hong Kong National laws and regulations relating to data protection, cybersecurity and the anti-monopoly which have not been listed in Annex III and so do not apply directly to Hong Kong.
However, due to long-arm provisions under the current PRC laws and regulations, there remain regulatory and legal uncertainty with respect to the implementation of the PRC laws and regulations to Hong Kong. As a result, there is no guarantee that the PRC government may not choose to implement the PRC laws and regulations to Hong Kong and exercise significant direct influence and discretion over the operation of RLHK in the future and that it will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations due to changes in laws, political environment or other unforeseeable reasons.
In the event that we or RLHK were to become subject to the PRC laws and regulations, it is possible that all the legal and operational risks associated with our operations in Mainland China may also have an impact on our operations in Hong Kong in the future, and we face the risks and uncertainties associated with the PRC legal system, complex and evolving PRC laws and regulation, and as to whether and how the recent PRC government statements and regulatory developments, such as those relating to data and cyberspace security and anti-monopoly concerns, would be applicable to companies like RLHK and us, given the substantial operations of RLHK in Hong Kong and the Chinese government may exercise significant oversight over the conduct of business in Hong Kong.
The laws and regulations of the PRC are evolving, and their enactment timetable, Interpretation, enforcement, and implementation involve significant uncertainties and may change quickly with little advance notice, along with the risk that the PRC government may intervene or influence RLHK’s operations at any time could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. Moreover, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the laws and regulations related to our business and the enforcement and performance of our arrangements with clients in certain circumstances. The laws and regulations are sometimes vague and may be subject to future changes, and their official interpretation and enforcement may involve substantial uncertainty. The effectiveness and interpretation of newly enacted laws or regulations, including amendments to existing laws and regulations, may be delayed, and our business may be affected if we rely on laws and regulations which are subsequently adopted or interpreted in a manner different from our understanding of these laws and regulations. New laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively. We cannot predict what effect the interpretation of existing or new PRC laws or regulations may have on our business.
The laws, regulations, and other government directives of the PRC may also be costly to comply with, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions may:
| ● | delay or impede our development; |
| ● | result in negative publicity or increase our operating costs; |
| ● | require significant management time and attention; |
| ● | cause devaluation of our securities or delisting; and |
| ● | subject us to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities that may harm our business, including fines assessed for our current or historical operations, or demands or orders that we modify or even cease our business operations. |
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We are aware that recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in certain areas in Mainland China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over Mainland China-based companies listed overseas using a variable interest entity structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. We have no operations in Mainland China. Based on our understanding of the PRC laws and regulations currently in effect as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as RLHK is located and operates its business in Hong Kong, we are not currently required to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on a U.S. securities exchange and consummate this Offering. However, there is no guarantee that this will continue to be the case in the future in relation to the continued listing of our securities on a securities exchange outside of the PRC, or even when such permission is obtained, it will not be subsequently denied or rescinded.
The PRC government may intervene or influence our operations at any time or may exert control over offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in Hong Kong-based issuers, which may result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Common Stock. For example, there is currently no restriction or limitation under the laws of Hong Kong on the conversion of HK dollar into foreign currencies and the transfer of currencies out of Hong Kong and the laws and regulations of the PRC on currency conversion control do not currently have any material impact on the transfer of cash between us and RLHK.
The PRC government may, in the future, impose restrictions or limitations on our ability to move money out of Hong Kong to distribute earnings and pay dividends to and from the other entities within our organization or to reinvest in our business outside of Hong Kong. Such restrictions and limitations, if imposed in the future, may delay or hinder the expansion of our business outside of Hong Kong and may affect our ability to receive funds from RLHK. The promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in each case, that restrict or otherwise unfavorably impact the ability or way we conduct our business, could require us to change certain aspects of our business to ensure compliance, which could decrease demand for our services, reduce revenues, increase costs, require us to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject us to additional liabilities. To the extent any new or more stringent measures are required to be implemented, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected and such measures could materially decrease the value of our Common Stock, potentially rendering it worthless.
While we believe that we and our subsidiaries are currently not required to obtain permissions or approvals from Mainland China authorities for our business operations and/or the listing and offering of our securities, and it is very unlikely that we or our subsidiaries will be required to do so in the future, we cannot assure you that we or our subsidiaries will be able to obtain all such permissions or approvals if they are nevertheless required.
The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange.
We are also aware that recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in certain areas in mainland China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over mainland-China-based companies listed overseas using variable interest entity structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. For example, on July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued a document to crack down on illegal activities in the securities market and promote the high-quality development of the capital market, which, among other things, requires the relevant governmental authorities to strengthen cross-border oversight of law-enforcement and judicial cooperation, to enhance supervision over mainland-China-based companies listed overseas, and to establish and improve the system of extraterritorial application of the PRC securities laws.
In the opinion of our PRC legal counsel, AllBright Law Offices, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, on the basis that (i) we are a Nevada company and our only operating subsidiary, Rubber Leaf Limited, is a Hong Kong company and is headquartered in Hong Kong; neither entity has operations in Mainland China; (ii) we do not, directly or indirectly, own or control any entity or subsidiary in Mainland China, nor are we controlled by any Mainland Chinese company or individual directly or indirectly; (iii) we currently do not have or intend to set up any subsidiary or enter into any contractual arrangements to establish a variable interest entity (“VIE”) with any entity in Mainland China; (iv) a substantial portion of the Company’s operational and managerial personnel are based in North America; and (v) RLHK currently has no employees and has not entered into any employment contracts. As such, we and our subsidiaries are not required to obtain any permissions or approvals from the Mainland China authorities for consummating this offering, including but not limited to the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”), to operate RLHK’s business or to list our securities on the U.S. exchanges and offer securities, including but not limited to issuing our common stock to foreign investors.
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There remain some uncertainties as to whether we will be required to obtain approvals from the PRC authorities to list on the U.S. exchanges and offer securities in the future, and if required, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such approval. We and RLHK may become subject to a variety of PRC laws and other obligations regarding data security in relation to offerings that are conducted overseas, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and may hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Common Stock to investors and cause the value of our Common Stock to significantly decline or be worthless.
On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The law requires data collection to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner, and stipulates that, for the purpose of data protection, data processing activities must be conducted based on data classification and hierarchical protection system for data security.
On August 20, 2021, the 30th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress voted and passed the “Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China”, or “PRC Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL)”, which became effective on November 1, 2021. The PIPL stipulates the rules for cross-border provision of personal information and applies to the processing of personal information of natural persons within the territory of Mainland China that is carried out outside of Mainland China where (1) such processing is for the purpose of providing products or services for natural persons within Mainland China, (2) such processing is to analyze or evaluate the behavior of natural persons within Mainland China, or (3) there are any other circumstances stipulated by related laws and administrative regulations. Pursuant to the PIPL, personal data processors (“data processors”) shall meet one of the conditions in order to transmit personal information overseas for their business operations: (i) passing the security evaluation organized by the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”); (ii) acquiring personal information protection certification from the professional organizations regulated by the CAC; (iii) adopting the standard contract forms stipulated by the CAC when entering into contracts with overseas information receivers, setting forth the rights and obligations of the parties; and (iv) other conditions regulated by laws, regulations and the CAC. Prior to the cross-border provision of personal information of the natural persons, personal information processors shall obtain the approval of the corresponding natural persons and advise them of the overseas receiver’s name, contact information, processing purpose and methods, classification of personal information and information reception procedures, etc.
On December 28, 2021, the CAC jointly with the relevant authorities formally published Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) which took effect on February 15, 2022, and replace the former Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2020) issued on July 10, 2021. Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) stipulates that in addition to “operator of critical information infrastructure (the “Operator”),” any “data processor” carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security should also be subject to cybersecurity review, and further elaborated the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities, including, among others, (i) the risk of core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, and illegally used or transferred outside the country; and (ii) the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being affected, controlled, or maliciously used by foreign governments after listing abroad. CAC has said that under the proposed rules companies holding data on more than one million users must apply for cybersecurity approval when seeking listings in other nations because of the risk that such data and personal information could be “affected, controlled, and maliciously exploited by foreign governments.” The cybersecurity review will also investigate the potential national security risks from overseas IPOs. RLI is a U.S. company incorporated in the State of Nevada with limited liability operating entities based in Hong Kong, and it currently does not have any subsidiary or VIE in Mainland China or intend to acquire any equity interest in any domestic companies within Mainland China, nor is it controlled by any companies or individuals of Mainland China. Further, RLI is headquartered in Hong Kong and profits are generated by its Subsidiary in Hong Kong. Meanwhile, RLHK may collect and store certain data (including certain personal information) from our customers, some of whom may be individuals in Mainland China, in connection with RLHK’ business and operations and for “Know Your Customers” purposes.
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As advised by AllBright Law Offices, our PRC legal counsel, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), PRC Data Security Law, the PIPL, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations and the Trial Administrative Measures currently do not have an impact on our business, operations or this offering, nor do we or our RLHK are covered by permission requirements from the CAC that is required to approve RLHK operations and our Offering, as RLHK will not be deemed to be an “Operator” or a “data processor” that required to file for cybersecurity review before listing in the United States. Because: (i) RLHK was incorporated in Hong Kong and operate its business only in Hong Kong without any subsidiary or VIE structure in Mainland China and each of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), the PIPL, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations and the Trial Administrative Measures do not clearly provide whether it shall be applied to a company based in Hong Kong; (ii) as of date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, RLHK has in aggregate collected and stored personal information of less than one million users (iii) all of the data RLHK has collected is stored in servers located in Hong Kong, and we do not place any reliance on collection and processing of any personal information to maintain our business operation; (iv) as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, neither of RLHK has been informed by any PRC governmental authority of any requirement that it files for a CSRC review, nor received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanction in such respect initiated by the CAC or related governmental regulatory authorities; and (v) data processed in our business should not have a bearing on national security nor affect or may affect national security, and we have not been notified by any authorities of being classified as an Operator. Moreover, as advised by our Hong Kong legal counsel, Iu, Lai & Li Solicitors & Notaries, strictly from the perspective of compliance with Hong Kong law and pursuant to the Basic Law, PRC laws and regulations shall not be applied in Hong Kong except for those listed in Annex III of the Basic Law (which is confined to laws relating to national defense, foreign affairs and other matters that are not within the scope of autonomy).
Therefore, based on the PRC laws and regulations effective as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and subject to interpretations of these laws and regulations that may be adopted by PRC government authorities, as advised by our PRC legal counsel, neither we, nor RLHK is currently required to obtain any permission or approval from the PRC government authorities, including the CSRC and CAC, to operate our business, list on the U.S. exchanges, or offer the securities to foreign investors. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, neither we nor RLHK has ever applied for any such permission or approval.
On December 24, 2021, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”), together with other relevant government authorities in China issued the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) and the Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) (collectively to be referred as the “Draft Overseas Listing Regulations”). The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations requires that a PRC domestic enterprise seeking to issue and list its shares overseas (“Overseas Issuance and Listing”) shall complete the filing procedures of and submit the relevant information to CSRC. The Overseas Issuance and Listing includes direct and indirect issuance and listing. Where a company whose principal business activities are conducted in Mainland China seeks to issue and list its shares in the name of an overseas enterprise (“Overseas Issuer”) on the basis of the equity, assets, income or other similar rights and interests of the relevant PRC domestic enterprise, such activities shall be deemed an indirect overseas issuance and listing (“Indirect Overseas Issuance and Listing”) under the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”), which came into effect on March 31, 2023. Compared to the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, the Trial Measures further clarified and emphasized that the comprehensive determination of the “indirect overseas offering and listing by PRC domestic companies” shall comply with the principle of “substance over form” and particularly, an issuer will be required to go through the filing procedures under the Trial Measures if the following criteria are met at the same time: a) 50% or more of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profits, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent accounting year are accounted for by PRC domestic companies, and b) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in Mainland China, or its main places of business are located in mainland China, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly Chinese citizens or domiciled in mainland China. On the same day, the CSRC held a press conference for the release of the Trial Measures and issued the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which, among others, provided the exemption from immediate filings for issuers that a) have been listed or have been registered but not yet listed in foreign securities markets, including U.S. markets, prior to the effective date of the Trial Measures, b) are not required to re-perform the regulatory procedures with the relevant overseas regulatory authority or the overseas stock exchange, and c) will complete the overseas securities offering and listing before September 30, 2023. Nonetheless, such issuers shall carry out the filing procedures as required if they subsequently conduct refinancing or are involved in other circumstances that require filings with the CSRC. Furthermore, the Trial Measures and its supporting guidelines provide a negative list of types of issuers banned from listing overseas, the issuers’ obligation to comply with national security measures and the personal data protection laws, and certain other matters such as the requirements that an issuer (i) file with the CSRC within three business days after it submits an application for initial public offering to the competent overseas regulator and (ii) file subsequent reports with the CSRC on material events, including change of control and voluntary or forced delisting, after its overseas offering and listing.
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Based on the above mentioned, given that (i) we currently do not have, nor do it currently intend to establish, any subsidiary nor plan to enter into any contractual arrangements to establish a VIE structure with any entity in Mainland China; (ii) RLI is not controlled by any Mainland China entity or individual; (iii) the Company and its Subsidiary does not have any operation in Mainland China, nor does it have any partnership or cooperation with any Mainland China entity or individual; (iv) we currently do not have, nor does it plan to have, any investment, such as owning or leasing any asset, in Mainland China, as advised by AllBright Law Offices, our PRC legal Counsel, this Offering shall not be deemed as a domestic enterprise that indirectly offer or list securities on an overseas stock exchange, nor does it requires filing or approvals from the CSRC. Further, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as advised by our PRC legal counsel, AllBright Law Offices, we are not considered a domestic enterprise under the Trial Measures and the Trial Measures do not apply to us, and the listing on Nasdaq does not require fulfilling the filing procedure with the CSRC. Neither we, nor RLHK is currently required to obtain any permission or approval from the PRC government authorities, including the CSRC and CAC, to operate our business, list on the U.S. exchanges, or offer the securities to foreign investors.
However, given the uncertainties arising from the PRC and Hong Kong legal systems, including uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of the PRC laws and the significant authority of the PRC government to intervene or influence the offshore holding company headquartered in Hong Kong, there can be no assurance that the relevant PRC governmental authorities, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as us, or that the CSRC or any other PRC governmental authorities would not promulgate new rules or new interpretation of current rules (with retrospective effect) to require us to obtain CSRC or other PRC governmental approvals for this Offering. If we or RLHK inadvertently conclude that such approvals are not required, or applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change such that we are required to obtain approval in the future, we may be subject to investigations by regulators, fines or penalties, ordered to suspend our relevant operations and rectify any non-compliance, prohibited from engaging in relevant business or conducting any offering, and these risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless. If we were required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future in connection with the listing or continued listing of our securities on a stock exchange outside of the PRC, it is uncertain how long it will take for us to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or a delay in obtaining the necessary permissions from the PRC authorities to conduct Offerings or list outside of the PRC may subject us to sanctions imposed by the PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties, proceedings against us, and other forms of sanctions, and our ability to conduct our business, invest into Mainland China as foreign investments or accept foreign investments, ability to offer or continue to offer Common Stock to investors or list on the U.S. or other overseas exchange may be restricted, and the value of our Common Stock may significantly decline or be worthless, our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Although we are currently not required to obtain approvals from the PRC authorities to operate our business or list on the U.S. exchanges and offer securities, specifically, we are currently not required to obtain any permission or approval from the CSRC, the CAC or any other PRC governmental authority to operate our business or to list our securities on a U.S. securities exchange or issue securities to foreign investors, we cannot assure you that PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, would take the same view as we do, and there is no assurance that we can fully or timely comply with such laws. There remains uncertainty as to how the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) will be interpreted or implemented and the relevant PRC governmental authority may not take a view that is consistent with ours. Also, significant uncertainty exists in relation to the interpretation and enforcement of relevant PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations. If we were deemed to be an “operator of critical information infrastructure” or a “data processor” controlling personal information of no less than one million users under the Measures, or if other regulations promulgated in relation to the Measures are deemed to apply to us, our business operations and the listing of our Common Stock in the U.S. could be subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC, in the future. In the event that we are subject to any mandatory cybersecurity review and other specific actions required by the CAC, we face uncertainty as to whether any clearance or other required actions can be completed in a timely manner or at all. Given such uncertainty, we may be further required to suspend our relevant business or face other penalties which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, as the Trial Measures are newly issued, there remains uncertainty as to how it will be interpreted or implemented. Therefore, we cannot assure you that when and whether we will be subject to such filing requirements or will be able to get clearance from the CSRC in a timely manner, or at all, even though we believe that none of the situations that would clearly prohibit overseas listing and offering applies to us.
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Furthermore, if the Trial Measures, Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), the PIPL, become applicable to us or RLHK, our operation and the listing of our Common Stock in the United States could be subject to the CAC’s cybersecurity review or the CSRC Overseas Issuance and Listing review in the future. If the applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and RLHK becomes subject to the CAC or CSRC review, we cannot assure you that RLHK will be able to comply with the regulatory requirements in all respects and our current practice of collecting and processing personal information may be ordered to be rectified or terminated by regulatory authorities. Compliance with these laws and regulations could significantly increase the cost to us of providing our service offerings, require significant changes to our operations or even prevent us from providing certain service offerings in jurisdictions in which we currently operate or in which we may operate in the future.
If there is a significant change to the current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, or the applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change, and/or if we were required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future in connection with the listing or continued listing of our securities on a stock exchange outside of the PRC, it is uncertain how long it will take for us to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or a delay in obtaining the necessary permissions from the PRC authorities to conduct offerings or list outside of the PRC may subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC, CAC, or other PRC regulatory authorities. It could include fines and penalties, proceedings against us, and other forms of sanctions, and our ability to conduct our business, invest into Mainland China as foreign investments or accept foreign investments, ability to offer or continue to offer Common Stock to investors or list on the U.S. or other overseas exchange may be restricted, and the value of our Common Stock may significantly decline or be worthless, our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. The CSRC, the CAC, or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this Offering before settlement and delivery of our Common Stock. In addition, if the CSRC, the CAC, or other regulatory PRC agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals for this Offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities.
Compliance with Hong Kong’s Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and any such other existing or future data privacy related laws, regulations and governmental orders may entail significant expenses and could materially affect our business.
Although we are not subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC or CSRC nor any other PRC authorities for this Offering or required to obtain regulatory approval regarding the data privacy and personal information requirements from the CAC nor any other PRC authorities for ours and RLHK’s operations in Hong Kong, we are subject to a variety of laws and other obligations regarding data privacy and protection in Hong Kong. In particular, the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Chapter 486 of the laws of Hong Kong) (“PDPO”) imposes a duty on any data user who, either alone or jointly with other persons, controls the collection, holding, processing or use of any personal data which relates directly or indirectly to a living individual and can be used to identify that individual. Under the PDPO, data users shall take all practicable steps to protect the personal data they hold from any unauthorized or accidental access, processing, erasure, loss, or use. Once collected, such personal data should not be kept longer than necessary for the fulfilment of the purpose for which it is or is to be used and shall be erased if it is no longer required, unless erasure is prohibited by law or is not in the public interest. The PDPO also confers on the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data (“Privacy Commissioner”) power to conduct investigations and institute prosecutions. The data protection principles (collectively, the “DPP”), which are contained in Schedule 1 to the PDPO, outline how data users should collect, handle, and use personal data, complemented by other provisions imposing further compliance requirements. The collective objective of DPPs is to ensure that personal data is collected on a fully informed basis and in a fair manner, with due consideration towards minimizing the amount of personal data collected. Once collected, the personal data should be processed in a secure manner and should only be kept for as long as necessary for the fulfilment of the purposes of using the data. Use of the data should be limited to or related to the original collection purpose. Data subjects are given certain rights, inter alia: (a) the right to be informed by a data user whether the data user holds personal data of which the individual is the data subject; (b) if the data user holds such data, to be supplied with a copy of such data; and (c) the right to request correction of any data they consider to be inaccurate. The Privacy Commissioner may carry out criminal investigations and institute prosecution for certain offenses. Depending on the severity of the cases, the Privacy Commissioner will decide whether to prosecute or refer cases involving suspected commission to the Department of Justice of Hong Kong. Victims may also seek compensation by civil action from data users for damage caused by a contravention of the PDPO. The Privacy Commissioner may provide legal assistance to the aggrieved data subjects if the Commissioner deems fit to do so.
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We believe that we and RLHK have been in compliance with the data privacy and personal information requirements of the PDPO. Moreover, we do not expect to be subject to any cybersecurity review by Hong Kong and PRC government authorities for this Offering. However, if we or RLHK conducting business operations in Hong Kong have violated certain provisions of the PDPO, we could face significant civil penalties and/or criminal prosecution, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If the PRC government chooses to extend the oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in Mainland China-based issuers to Hong Kong-based issuers, such action may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Common Stock to investors and cause the value of our Common Stock to significantly decline or be worthless.
Recent statements, laws and regulations by the PRC government, including the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), the PRC Personal Information Protection Law and the Draft Rules on Overseas Listing published by CSRC on December 24, 2021 also have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in Mainland China-based issuers. It remains uncertain as to the enactment, interpretation, and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offering and other capital markets activities and due to the possibility that laws, regulations, or policies in the PRC could change rapidly in the future.
It remains uncertain whether the PRC government will adopt additional requirements or extend the existing requirements to apply to RLHK. It is also uncertain whether the Hong Kong government will be mandated by the PRC government, despite the constitutional constraints of the Basic Law, to control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment of entities in Hong Kong, including RLHK. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings (including of businesses, like us, whose operations are entirely in Hong Kong) that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in Hong Kong-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. If there is a significant change to current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, or the applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change, and, in such event, if we are required to obtain such approvals in the future and we do not receive or maintain the approvals or is denied permission from Mainland China or Hong Kong authorities, we will not be able to list our Common Stock on a U.S. exchange, or continue to offer securities to investors, which would materially affect the interests of the investors and cause significant the value of our Common Stock significantly decline or be worthless.
The enforcement of laws and rules and regulations in the PRC can change quickly with little advance notice. Additionally, the PRC laws and regulations and the enforcement of such that apply or are to be applied to Hong Kong can change quickly with little or no advance notice. As a result, the Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties which could limit the availability of legal protections, which could result in a material change in RLHK’s operations and/or the value of the securities we are offering.
As one of the conditions for the handover of the sovereignty of Hong Kong to the PRC, the PRC accepted conditions such as Hong Kong’s Basic Law. According to Article 18 of the Basic Law, national laws of the PRC shall not be applied in Hong Kong, except for those listed in Annex III to the Basic Law, such as the laws relating to the national flag, national anthem, and diplomatic privileges and immunities. The Basic Law guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for Hong Kong which ensured Hong Kong will retain its currency (the Hong Kong Dollar), legal system, parliamentary system, and people’s rights and freedom for fifty years from 1997. This agreement has given Hong Kong the freedom to function with a high degree of autonomy. The Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong is responsible for its domestic affairs, including, but not limited to, the judiciary and courts of last resort, immigration, and customs, public finance, currencies, and extradition. Hong Kong continues using the English common law system. However, if there are any changes in relation to the political arrangements which allows Hong Kong to function autonomously, this could potentially impact Hong Kong’s common law legal system and may in turn bring about uncertainty in, for example, the enforcement of our contractual rights. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect RLHK’ business and operations. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Hong Kong legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us, including the ability to enforce agreements with our customers.
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The enactment of the law of the PRC on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (the “Hong Kong National Security Law”) could impact our Hong Kong Subsidiary, which represent a substantial part of our business.
On June 30, 2020, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress adopted the Hong Kong National Security Law. This law defines the duties and government bodies of the Hong Kong National Security Law for safeguarding national security and four categories of offenses — secession, subversion, terrorist activities, and collusion with a foreign country or external elements to endanger national security — and their corresponding penalties. On July 14, 2020, former U.S. President Donald Trump signed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act, or HKAA, into law, authorizing the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. On August 7, 2020, the U.S. government imposed HKAA-authorized sanctions on eleven individuals, including former and current Chief Executives of HKSAR, Carrie Lam and John Lee, respectively. On October 14, 2020, the U.S. State Department submitted to relevant committees of Congress the report required under HKAA, identifying persons materially contributing to “the failure of the Government of China to meet its obligations under the Joint Declaration or the Basic Law.” The HKAA further authorizes secondary sanctions, including the imposition of blocking sanctions, against foreign financial institutions that knowingly conduct a significant transaction with foreign persons sanctioned under this authority. The imposition of sanctions may directly affect foreign financial institutions and any third parties or clients dealing with any foreign financial institution that is targeted. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the Hong Kong National Security Law and HKAA on Hong Kong and companies located in Hong Kong. If our Hong Kong Subsidiary, which represent a substantial part of our business, are determined to be in violation of the Hong Kong National Security Law or the HKAA by competent authorities, our business operations, financial position and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
There are political risks associated with conducting business in Hong Kong.
A substantial part of our operations is in Hong Kong. During the period covered by the financial information incorporated by reference into and included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we derive a substantial part of our revenue from operations in Hong Kong. Accordingly, the business operations and financial conditions of RLHK will be affected by the political and legal developments in Hong Kong. Any adverse economic, social and/or political conditions, material social unrest, strike, riot, civil disturbance or disobedience, as well as significant natural disasters, may affect the market and may adversely affect our operations. Given the relatively small geographical size of Hong Kong, any of such incidents may have a widespread effect on our business operations, which could in turn adversely and materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC and the basic policies of the PRC regarding Hong Kong are reflected in the Basic Law, namely, Hong Kong’s constitutional document, which provides Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of “one country, two systems”. However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the political arrangement between PRC and Hong Kong and the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. Since a substantial part of our operations is based in Hong Kong, any change of such political arrangements may pose an adverse impact to the stability of the economy in Hong Kong, thereby directly and adversely affecting our results of operations and financial positions.
Based on certain recent development including the Hong Kong National Security Law that was passed in June 2020, the U.S. State Department has indicated that the United States no longer considers Hong Kong to have significant autonomy from China and President Trump issued an executive order and signed into law the HKAA, to remove Hong Kong’s preferential trade status and to authorize the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. The United States may impose the same tariffs and other trade restrictions on exports from Hong Kong that it places on goods from Mainland China. These and other recent actions may represent an escalation in political and trade tensions involving the U.S, Mainland China, and Hong Kong, which could potentially harm our business. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the HKAA on Hong Kong and companies with operations in Hong Kong like us. Furthermore, legislative or administrative actions in respect of China-U.S. relations could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our Common Stock could be adversely affected.
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Because our business is conducted in Hong Kong dollars and the price of our Common Stock is quoted in United States dollars, changes in currency conversion rates may affect the value of your investments.
Since the business of RLHK is conducted in Hong Kong, our books and records are maintained in Hong Kong dollars, which is the currency of Hong Kong, and the financial statements that we file with the SEC and provide to our shareholders are presented in United States dollars. Changes in the exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar and U.S. dollar affect the value of our assets and the results of our operations in United States dollars. The value of the Hong Kong dollar against the United States dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in Hong Kong’s political and economic conditions and perceived changes in the economy of Hong Kong and the United States. Any significant revaluation of the Hong Kong dollar may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenue and financial condition. Further, our Common Stock is denominated in United States dollars. To fund our operations, we may need to convert U.S. dollars we receive into Hong Kong dollars, and changes in the conversion rate between the United States dollar and the Hong Kong dollar will affect the amount of funds available for our business.
Substantial part of our operations is concentrated in Hong Kong, and the business performance of RLHK is highly influenced by the conditions of economy and financial market in Hong Kong. Unfavorable market and economic conditions and the material deterioration of the political and regulatory environment in Hong Kong, Mainland China, and elsewhere in the world could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects, and results of operations.
Substantial part of the business and operations of RLHK were carried out in Hong Kong. As the corporate service provider for businesses and companies in Hong Kong, our results of operations and prospects are highly susceptible to any development of change in government policies, as well as economic, social, political and legal development in Hong Kong. Events with adverse impacts on the economy and social conditions, such as riots or mass civil disobedience movements and general deterioration of the local economy, may lead to a reduction in economic, investing or trading activities and in turn our business performance. Any change in the Hong Kong local economic, social and political environment, all of which are beyond our control, may lead to a prolonged period of sluggish market activities which would in turn have material adverse impact on our business.
The market and the economic conditions in general of Hong Kong are also highly sensitive to conditions of the political, social and economic conditions in Mainland China and globally. When there are unfavorable changes to the global or local market conditions, the capital market and the economy in Hong Kong may experience negative fluctuations in its performance. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may affect potential clients’ confidence in the capital market as a whole and have a negative impact on our business as a whole, the demand for our services, our pricing strategies, the level of our business activities and consequently our revenue derived therefrom. This may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and the results of operations. Additionally, continued turbulence in the international financial markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs. Financial markets and economic conditions could be negatively impacted by many factors, both economically and politically, beyond our control, such as the inability to access capital markets, control of the foreign exchange, changes in exchange rates, rising interest rates or inflation, slowing or negative growth rate, government involvement in the allocation of resources, inability to meet financial commitments in a timely manner, terrorism, pandemics such as the Covid-19 pandemic, political uncertainty, Russo — Ukraine war, the outcome of the Sino — US trade dispute, civil unrest, fiscal or other economic policy of Hong Kong or other governments, and the timing and nature of any regulatory reform.
The current heightened tensions in international economic relations, such as the one between the United States and China, may also give rise to uncertainties in global economic conditions and adversely affect the economic conditions of Hong Kong. Amid these tensions, the U.S. government has imposed and may impose additional measures on entities in China, including sanctions. The U.S. government has imposed and has continued to propose to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from China to penalize China for what it characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States. Unfavorable financial market and economic conditions in Hong Kong, Mainland China, and elsewhere in the world, and the escalations of the tensions that affect trade relations may lead to slower growth in the global economy in general, could negatively affect our clients’ business and materially reduce demand for our services and increase price competition among corporate services firms seeking such engagements, and thus could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, our profitability could be adversely affected due to our fixed costs and the possibility that we would be unable to reduce our variable costs without reducing revenues or within a timeframe sufficient to offset any decreases in revenues relating to changes in the market and economic conditions.
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Given the close tie between Hong Kong and Mainland China, the stability of the Hong Kong economy and domestic market is susceptible to the general economic, political and regulatory environment in Mainland China. Any material adverse changes in the economic performance, political situations and regulations in relation to the economy and market in Mainland China may adversely affect Mainland China-based companies’ desire to invest or participate in the financial market in Hong Kong. This may lower their demand for the services of RLHK and in turn adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. The economy of Mainland China differs from the economies of most developed countries in a number of aspects, such as the extent of government intervention, growth rate, and control of the foreign exchange. In particular, the PRC government exerts substantial control over the growth of the domestic economy by means of, among others, resource allocation as well as setting policy on foreign exchange. There is no assurance that the PRC government will not implement reforms or policies which may drastically (i) restrict Mainland China companies from investing abroad and in Hong Kong; and/or (ii) restrict Mainland China companies and businesses to operate or access to the capitals in Hong Kong or globally. Such intervention or policies changes may potentially affect the attractiveness of Hong Kong as an alternative venue for Mainland China business to invest, conduct fundraising activities, or expand in Hong Kong, or otherwise diminish the securities and financial market of Hong Kong, given the substantial reliance of Hong Kong financial and securities on the business and companies based in Mainland China. If the Chinese government implements market-oriented reforms involving unprecedented or experimental revision of its economic reform measures, there is no guarantee that adjustments to its policies will not negatively affect our operations and business development.
Furthermore, the outbreak of war in Ukraine has already affected global economic markets, and the uncertain resolution of this conflict could result in protracted and/or severe damage to the global economy. Russia’s military action in Ukraine have led to, and may lead to, additional sanctions being levied by the United States, European Union and other countries against Russia. Russia’s military incursion and the resulting sanctions could adversely affect global energy and financial markets and thus could affect our client’s business and our business, even though we do not have any direct exposure to Russia or the adjoining geographic regions. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions, and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict but could be substantial. Any such disruptions caused by Russian military action or resulting sanctions may magnify the impact of other risks described in this section. We are currently actively monitoring the situation in Ukraine, however, we cannot predict the progress or outcome of the situation in Ukraine, as the conflict and governmental reactions are rapidly developing and beyond their control. Prolonged unrest intensified military activities, or more extensive sanctions impacting the region could have a material adverse effect on the global economy, and such effect could in turn have a material adverse effect on the operations, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and business outlook of our business.
Our international operations involve special risks.
We currently only have operations in Hong Kong currently. Our international operations involve financial and business risks that differ from or are in addition to those faced by our Hong Kong operations, including:
| ● | cultural and language differences; | |
| ● | limited brand recognition; | |
| ● | different employment laws and rules, employment or service contracts, and social and cultural factors that could result in employee turnover, lower utilization rates, higher costs and cyclical fluctuations in utilization that could adversely affect financial and operating results; | |
| ● | foreign currency disruptions and currency fluctuations between the Hong Kong Dollar and foreign currencies that could adversely affect financial and operating results; | |
| ● | different legal and regulatory requirements and other barriers to conducting business; | |
| ● | greater difficulties in resolving the collection of receivables when legal proceedings are necessary; | |
| ● | greater difficulties in managing our non-Hong Kong operations, including client relationships, in certain locations; | |
| ● | disparate systems, policies, procedures and processes; |
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| ● | failure to comply with the FCPA and anti-bribery laws of other jurisdictions; | |
| ● | higher operating costs; | |
| ● | longer sales and/or collections cycles; | |
| ● | potential restrictions or adverse tax consequences for the repatriation of foreign earnings, such as trapped foreign losses and importation or withholding taxes; | |
| ● | different or less stable political and/or economic environments; | |
| ● | conflicts between and among the Hong Kong and countries in which we conduct business, including those arising from trade disputes or disruptions, the termination or suspension of treaties, or boycotts; and | |
| ● | civil disturbances or other catastrophic events that reduce business activity. |
If we and our Subsidiary are not able to quickly adapt to or effectively manage our operations in geographic markets outside the Hong Kong, our business prospects and results of operations could be negatively impacted.
Failure to comply with laws and regulations applicable to our business could subject us and RLHK to fines and penalties and could also cause us to lose customers or otherwise harm our business.
The business of RLHK is subject to regulation by various governmental agencies in Hong Kong, including agencies responsible for monitoring and enforcing compliance with various legal obligations, such as corporate law, data privacy laws and regulations, intellectual property laws, employment and labor laws, workplace safety, governmental trade laws, import and export controls, anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, and tax laws and regulations. These laws and regulations impose added costs on our business. Noncompliance with applicable regulations or requirements could subject us and RLHK to:
| ● | investigations, enforcement actions, and sanctions; | |
| ● | court orders for confiscation of proceeds or assets, fines and damages; | |
| ● | civil and criminal penalties or injunctions; | |
| ● | claims for damages by our customers or business partners; and | |
| ● | failure to obtain, maintain or renew certain licenses, approvals, permits, registrations or filings necessary to conduct our operations; |
If any governmental sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of our management’s attention and resources and an increase in professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could materially harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Any reviews by regulatory agencies or legislatures may result in substantial regulatory fines, changes to our business practices, and other penalties, which could negatively affect our business and results of operations. Changes in social, political, and regulatory conditions or in laws and policies governing a wide range of topics may cause us to change our business practices. Further, our expansion into a variety of new fields also could raise a number of new regulatory issues. These factors could negatively affect our business and results of operations in material ways.
Moreover, we are exposed to the risk of misconduct, errors and failure to functions by our management, employees and parties that we collaborate with, who may from time to time be subject to litigation and regulatory investigations and proceedings or otherwise face potential liability and penalties in relation to noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations, which could harm our reputation and business.
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Changes in international trade policies, trade disputes, barriers to trade, or the emergence of a trade war may dampen growth in Hong Kong, China and other markets where the majority of our clients reside.
Political events, international trade disputes, and other business interruptions could harm or disrupt international commerce and the global economy, and could have a material adverse effect on us and our customers, service providers, and other partners. International trade disputes could result in tariffs and other protectionist measures which may materially and adversely affect our business.
Tariffs could increase the cost of the goods and products which could affect customers’ investment decisions. In addition, political uncertainty surrounding international trade disputes and the potential of the escalation to a trade war could have a negative effect on customer confidence, which could materially and adversely affect our business. We may also have access to fewer business opportunities, and our operations may be negatively impacted as a result. In addition, the current and future actions or escalations by either the United States or China that affect trade relations may cause global economic turmoil and potentially have a negative impact on our markets, our business, or our results of operations, as well as the financial condition of our customers, and we cannot provide any assurances as to whether such actions will occur or the form that they may take.
Under the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong has a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of “one country, two systems”, while the government of the PRC is responsible for its foreign affairs and defense. As a separate customs territory, Hong Kong maintains and develops relations with foreign states and regions. However, based on recent political development, the U.S. State Department has indicated that the United States no longer considers Hong Kong to have significant autonomy from China. Hong Kong’s preferential trade status was removed by the United States government and the United States may impose the same tariffs and other trade restrictions on exports from Hong Kong that it places on goods from Mainland China. These and other recent actions may represent an escalation in political and trade tensions involving the U.S., China and Hong Kong, which could potentially harm our business.
Recent joint statement by the SEC and the PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the newly enacted Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to the trading of our common stock on U.S. stock exchanges, including the possibility that our securities can be delisted if the PCAOB cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor.
On April 21, 2020, the SEC Chairman and PCAOB Chairman, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.
On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (1) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in “Restrictive Market,” (2) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of director for Restrictive Market companies, and (3) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the Company’s auditor.
On June 4, 2020, the U.S. President issued a memorandum ordering the President’s working group on financial markets to submit a report to the President within 60 days of the date of the memorandum that should include recommendations for actions that can be taken by the executive branch and by the SEC or PCAOB to enforce U.S. regulatory requirements on Chinese companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges and their audit firms. However, it remains unclear what further actions, if any, the U.S. executive branch, the SEC, and PCAOB will take to address the problem.
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On August 6, 2020, the President’s working group released a report recommending that the SEC take steps to implement the five recommendations outlined in the report. In particular, to address companies from jurisdictions that do not provide the PCAOB with sufficient access to fulfill its statutory mandate, the President’s working group recommended enhanced listing standards on U.S. stock exchanges. This would require, as a condition to initial and continued exchange listing, PCAOB access to the work papers of the principal audit firm for the audit of the listed company. Companies unable to satisfy this standard as a result of governmental restrictions on access to audit work papers and practices in their jurisdiction may satisfy this standard by providing a co-audit from an audit firm with comparable resources and experience where the PCAOB determines it has sufficient access to audit work papers and practices to conduct an appropriate inspection of the co-audit firm. The report permits the new listing standards to provide for a transition period until January 1, 2022, for listed companies, but would apply immediately to new listings once the necessary rulemakings and/or standard-setting are effective.
On August 10, 2020, the SEC announced that the SEC Chairman had directed the SEC staff to prepare proposals in response to the report of the President’s working group, and that the SEC was soliciting public comments and information with respect to the development of these proposals.
On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the Act. The Act was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 2, 2020. On December 18, 2020, the Act was signed into public law by the President of the United States. In essence, the Act requires the SEC to prohibit foreign companies from listing securities on U.S. securities exchanges if a company retains a foreign accounting firm that cannot be inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, beginning in 2021. On March 24, 2021, the SEC announced that it had adopted interim final amendments to implement congressionally mandated submission and disclosure requirements of the Act. The interim final amendments will apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report on Forms 10-K, 20-F, 40-F or N-CSR with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in that jurisdiction.
On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and on December 29, 2022 the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act was enacted, which amended the HFCA Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time before our securities may be prohibited from trading or delisted.
On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction.
On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in China and in Hong Kong because of positions taken by Mainland China and Hong Kong authorities in those jurisdictions. The PCAOB has made such designations as mandated under the HFCA Act. Pursuant to each annual determination by the PCAOB, the SEC will, on an annual basis, identify issuers that have used non-inspected audit firms and thus are at risk of such suspensions in the future.
On August 26, 2022, the SEC issued a statement announcing that the PCAOB signed a SOP with the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong, jointly agreeing on the need for a framework.
On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it has secured complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate the previous Determination Report to the contrary.
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The PCAOB is continuing to demand complete access in Mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and is already making plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCA Act if needed. If the PCAOB in the future again determines that it is unable to inspect and investigate completely auditors in Mainland China and Hong Kong, then the companies audited by those auditors would be subject to a trading prohibition on U.S. markets pursuant to the HFCA Act and/or the AHFCAA. These recent developments could also add uncertainties to this Underwritten Offering, and we cannot assure you that the NASDAQ Capital Market or regulatory authorities would not apply additional or more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements.
Risks Relating to the Company’s Securities and this Offering
Investors in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution in net tangible book value.
The public offering price per share is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our outstanding shares of common stock. As a result, investors in this offering will incur an immediate dilution of $3.66 in net tangible book value per share, based on the public offering price of $4.00 per share . Investors in this offering will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds the book value of our assets after subtracting our liabilities. See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment will be diluted upon the completion of this offering.
We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Failure to maintain effective internal controls could cause our investors to lose confidence in us and adversely affect the market price of our common stock. If our internal controls are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.
Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 404”) requires that we maintain internal control over financial reporting that meets applicable standards. We may err in the design or operation of our controls, and all internal control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, there can be no assurance that all control issues have been or will be detected.
In our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 20, 2025, we identified certain material weaknesses in our internal controls. Specifically, we did not maintain effective controls over the control environment. Our weaknesses related to a lack of a sufficient number of personnel with appropriate training and experience in U.S. general acceptable accounting principles and SEC rules and regulations with respect to financial reporting functions. Furthermore, we lack robust accounting systems as well as sufficient resources to hire such staff and implement these accounting systems.
If we are unable, or are perceived as unable, to produce reliable financial reports due to internal control deficiencies, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information and operating results, which could result in a negative market reaction and a decrease in our stock price.
Our management will have broad discretion over the use of any net proceeds from this offering and you may not agree with how we use the proceeds, and the proceeds may not be invested successfully.
Our management will have broad discretion as to the use of any net proceeds from this offering and could use them for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of this offering and in ways that do not necessarily improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. Accordingly, you will be relying on the judgment of our management with regard to the use of any proceeds from this offering and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. The proceeds may be invested in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for you.
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We have a large number of authorized but unissued shares of our common stock which will dilute your ownership position when issued.
Our authorized capital stock consists of 100,000,000 shares of common stock, of which approximately 57,290,542 will remain available for issuance after this offering, including (i) awards reserved for issuance under the Rubber Leaf Inc 2021 Equity Incentive Plan; (ii) shares issuable upon the exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option; and (iii) the Representative Warrants. Our management will continue to have broad discretion to issue shares of our common stock in a range of transactions, including capital-raising transactions, mergers, acquisitions and other transactions, without obtaining stockholder approval, unless stockholder approval is required under law or, if our common stock is listed on Nasdaq, under Nasdaq Rule 5635, which among other things, requires stockholder approval for change of control transactions where a stockholder acquires 20% of a Nasdaq-listed company’s common stock or securities convertible into common stock, calculated on a post-transaction basis. If our management determines to issue shares of our common stock from the large pool of authorized but unissued shares for any purpose in the future and is not required to obtain stockholder approval, your ownership position would be diluted without your further ability to vote on that transaction.
Sales of our currently issued and outstanding shares of common stock and shares of common stock underlying warrants may become freely tradable pursuant to Rule 144 and may dilute the market for your shares and have a depressive effect on the price of the shares of our common stock.
Approximately 91.5% of the shares of common stock that will be outstanding following this offering are “restricted securities” within the meaning of Rule 144 under the Securities Act (“Rule 144”). As restricted securities, these shares may be resold only pursuant to an effective registration statement or under the requirements of Rule 144 or other applicable exemptions from registration under the Securities Act and as required under applicable state securities laws. Rule 144 provides in essence that a non-affiliate who has held restricted securities for a period of at least six months may sell their shares of common stock.
Under Rule 144, affiliates who have held restricted securities for a period of at least six months may, under certain conditions, sell every three months, in brokerage transactions, a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of 1% of a company’s outstanding shares of common stock or the average weekly trading volume during the four calendar weeks prior to the sale. A sale under Rule 144 or under any other exemption from the Securities Act, if available, or pursuant to subsequent registrations of our shares of common stock, may have a depressive effect upon the price of our shares of common stock in any active market that may develop.
An active, liquid, and orderly market for our common stock may not develop.
Our common stock is quoted on the Pink Open Market under the symbol “RLEA,” and we cannot assure you that an active trading market will develop or be sustained. The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Several analysts may cover our stock. If one or more of those analysts downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our Company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline. An active trading market for our common stock may never develop or be sustained. If an active market for our common stock does not continue to develop or is not sustained, it may be difficult for investors to sell their shares of common stock without depressing the market price and investors may not be able to sell their securities at all. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling our securities and may impair our ability to acquire other businesses, applications, or technologies using our securities as consideration, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business and the market prices of your shares of common stock.
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Shares of our common stock may continue to be subject to illiquidity because our shares may continue to be thinly traded and may never become eligible for trading on a national securities exchange.
While we have applied to have our common stock listed for trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market in connection with this offering, we cannot assure you that our application will be approved or even if approved, that we will maintain listing on Nasdaq or another national exchange. Our common stock is currently quoted on the Pink Open Market, which is not an exchange. Initial listing on a national securities exchange is subject to a variety of requirements, including minimum trading price and minimum public “float” requirements, and could also be affected by the general skepticism of such markets concerning companies that are the result of mergers with inactive publicly-held companies. There are also continuing eligibility requirements for companies listed on public trading markets. If we are unable to satisfy the initial or continuing eligibility requirements of any such market, then our common stock may not be listed or could be delisted. This could result in a lower trading price for our common stock and may limit your ability to sell your shares, any of which could result in you losing some or all of your investments.
We may issue preferred stock in different series with terms that could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our common stock.
While we have no specific plan to issue preferred stock in different series, our articles of incorporation (“Articles of Incorporation”) authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more series of preferred stock having such designation, relative powers, preferences (including preferences over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions), voting rights, terms of conversion or redemption, and other relative, participating, optional, or other special rights, if any, of the shares of each such series of preferred stock and any qualifications, limitations, or restrictions thereof, as our Board may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our common stock. For example, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we could assign to holders of a specific preferred stock class could affect the residual value of the common stock.
The trading prices of our common stock could be volatile and could decline following this offering at a time when you want to sell your holdings.
Numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, may cause the trading prices of our common stock to fluctuate significantly. These factors include:
| ● | quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our competitors; | |
| ● | announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, new products, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments; | |
| ● | intellectual property infringements; | |
| ● | our ability to develop and market new and enhanced products on a timely basis; | |
| ● | commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation; | |
| ● | major changes in our Board or management; | |
| ● | changes in PRC governmental regulations and laws; | |
| ● | changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts; | |
| ● | the impact of any future COVID-19 outbreak on capital markets; | |
| ● | our failure to generate material revenues; | |
| ● | our public disclosure of the terms of this financing and any financing which we consummate in the future; |
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| ● | any acquisitions we may consummate; | |
| ● | short selling activities; | |
| ● | changes in market valuations of similar companies; | |
| ● | changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of debt; | |
| ● | changes in the prices of commodities associated with our business; and | |
| ● | general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of end markets. |
Additionally, the global economy and financial markets may be adversely affected by geopolitical events, including the Russia-Ukraine and Middle East conflicts.
Securities class action litigation is often instituted against companies following periods of volatility in their stock price. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs to us and divert our management’s attention and resources.
Moreover, securities markets may from time-to-time experience significant price and volume fluctuations for reasons unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may adversely affect the price of our common stock and other interests in our Company at a time when you want to sell your interest in us.
Future sales or perceived sales of our common stock could depress the trading prices of our common stock.
The sale or availability for sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. If a significant number of shares are sold, or become eligible for sale, including shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants, the trading price of our common stock may decline.
In addition, certain investors may engage in short selling activities involving our common stock, which could further exert downward pressure on our stock price. Any significant decline in the market price of our common stock could impair our ability to raise capital through the issuance of equity or equity-linked securities on terms that we deem favorable, or at all.
We currently do not intend to declare dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future and, as a result, your returns on your investment may depend solely on the appreciation of our common stock.
We currently do not expect to declare any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Instead, we anticipate that all of our earnings in the foreseeable future will be used to provide working capital, support our operations and finance the growth and development of our business. Any determination to declare or pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board, subject to applicable laws and dependent upon a number of factors, including our earnings, capital requirements and overall financial conditions. In addition, terms of any future debt or preferred securities may further restrict our ability to pay dividends on our common stock. Accordingly, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment in our common stock may be if the market price of our common stock appreciates and you sell your shares at a profit. The market price for our common stock may never exceed, and may fall below, the price that you pay for such common stock.
Because we initially became a reporting company under the Exchange Act by means other than a traditional underwritten initial public offering, we may not be able to attract the attention of research analysts at major brokerage firms.
Because we did not initially become a reporting company by conducting an underwritten initial public offering of our common stock on a national securities exchange, securities analysts of brokerage firms may not provide coverage of our Company. In addition, investment banks may be less likely to agree to underwrite secondary offerings on our behalf than they might if we initially became a public reporting company by means of an underwritten initial public offering on a national securities exchange, because they may be less familiar with our Company as a result of more limited coverage by analysts and the media, and because we became public at an early stage in our development. The failure to receive research coverage or support in the market for our shares will have an adverse effect on our ability to develop a liquid market for our common stock.
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The market price of our securities may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares of common stock at or above the public offering price.
The price of our common stock in this offering will be determined through negotiations between the underwriters and us and may vary from the market price of our common stock immediately prior to or following our offering. If you purchase shares in our public offering, you may not be able to resell shares of our common stock at or above the public offering price. We cannot assure you that the public offering price of our common stock, or the market price following our public offering, will equal or exceed the trading price of our stock on the Pink Open Market prior to our public offering. All investments in securities involve the risk of loss of capital. No guarantee or representation is made that an investor will receive a return of its capital. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, including development problems, regulatory issues, technical issues, commercial challenges, competition, legislation, government intervention, industry developments, trends and general business and economic conditions, many of which are beyond our control, including those risks set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Following this offering, the public price of our common stock in the secondary market will be determined by private buy and sell transaction orders collected from broker-dealers.
If listed, we may not be able to satisfy the listing requirements of Nasdaq to maintain a listing of our common stock.
If our common stock is listed on Nasdaq, we must meet certain financial and liquidity criteria to maintain such listing. If we violate the maintenance requirements for continued listing of our common stock, our common stock may be delisted. In addition, our Board may determine that the cost of maintaining our listing on a national securities exchange outweighs the benefits of such listing. A delisting of our common stock from Nasdaq may materially impair our stockholders’ ability to buy and sell our common stock and could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, our common stock. In addition, the delisting of our common stock could significantly impair our ability to raise capital.
We are an “emerging growth company” and a “smaller reporting company” under the JOBS Act, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors and make it more difficult to raise capital as and when we need it.
We are an “emerging growth company” and a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” and “smaller reporting companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.
In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We are choosing to take advantage of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards.
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We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of our common stock pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, although we will lose that status sooner if our revenues exceed $1.235 billion, if we issue more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in a three year period, or if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter.
We may continue to be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an emerging growth company. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies and will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates is equal to or less than $250 million as of the last business day of the most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and (ii) our annual revenues is equal to or less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates is equal to or less than $700 million as of the last business day of the most recently completed second fiscal quarter.
We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. In addition, taking advantage of reduced disclosure obligations may make comparison of our financial statements with other public companies difficult or impossible. If investors are unable to compare our business with other companies in our industry, we may not be able to raise additional capital as and when we need it, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The elimination of personal liability against our directors and officers under Nevada law and the existence of indemnification rights held by our directors, officers and employees may result in substantial expenses.
Our Articles of Incorporation and our bylaws (“Bylaws”) eliminate the personal liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director or officer to the extent permissible under Nevada law. Further, our Articles of Incorporation and our Bylaws provide that we are obligated to indemnify each of our directors or officers to the fullest extent authorized by Nevada law and, subject to certain conditions, advance the expenses incurred by any director or officer in defending any action, suit or proceeding prior to its final disposition. Those indemnification obligations could expose us to substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against our directors or officers, which we may be unable to afford. Further, those provisions and resulting costs may discourage us or our stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against any of our current or former directors or officers for breaches of their fiduciary duties, even if such actions might otherwise benefit our stockholders.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to any charter provision, by law or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, we will, unless in the opinion of our counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
Existing stockholders may sell significant quantities of common stock.
The existing stockholders will beneficially own approximately 96.3% of our common stock following the successful completion of this offering, approximately 95.7% if the underwriters’ exercise their over-allotment option in full. Notwithstanding that certain officers and directors and 5% or more stockholders will be locked up for a period of 180 days following the completion of this offering, they may have acquired their shares at a lower price than that of this offering. Accordingly, they may be incentivized to sell all or part of their holdings as soon as any applicable transfer restrictions have ended and such sales could have a negative impact on the market price of our securities.
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IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE RISKS, BUSINESSES ARE OFTEN SUBJECT TO RISKS NOT FORESEEN OR FULLY APPRECIATED BY MANAGEMENT. IN REVIEWING THIS FILING, POTENTIAL INVESTORS SHOULD KEEP IN MIND THAT OTHER POSSIBLE RISKS MAY ADVERSELY IMPACT THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND THE VALUE OF THE COMPANY’S SECURITIES.
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements.” Forward-looking statements reflect the current view about future events. When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” or the negative of these terms and similar expressions, as they relate to us or our management, identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to our business strategy, our future operating results and liquidity and capital resources outlook. Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward–looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. They are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees of assurance of future performance. We caution you therefore against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, without limitation:
| ● | our ability to effectively operate our business segments; | |
| ● | our ability to manage our research, development, expansion, growth and operating expenses; | |
| ● | our ability to evaluate and measure our business, prospects and performance metrics; | |
| ● | our ability to compete, directly and indirectly, and succeed in our industry; | |
| ● | our ability to respond and adapt to changes in technology; | |
| ● | our ability to protect our intellectual property and to develop, maintain and enhance a strong brand; and | |
| ● | other factors (including the risks contained in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Risk Factors”) relating to our industry, our operations and results of operations. |
Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may differ significantly from those anticipated, believed, estimated, expected, intended or planned.
Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States, we do not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements to conform these statements to actual results.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity.
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Given
our current stage of cybersecurity development, we have not experienced any significant cybersecurity incidents to date. However, we
recognize that the absence of a formalized cybersecurity framework may leave us vulnerable to cyberattacks, data breaches and other cybersecurity
incidents. Such events could potentially lead to unauthorized access to, or disclosure of, sensitive information, disrupt our business
operations, result in regulatory fines or litigation costs and negatively impact our reputation among customers and partners.
We are in the process of evaluating our cybersecurity needs and developing appropriate measures to enhance our cybersecurity posture. This includes considering the engagement of external cybersecurity experts to advise on best practices, conducting vulnerability assessments and developing an incident response strategy. Our goal is to establish a cybersecurity framework that is commensurate with our size, complexity and the nature of our operations, thereby reducing our exposure to cybersecurity risks.
For a discussion of potential cybersecurity risks affecting us, please refer to the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report.
Item 2. Legal Proceedings.
Except as set forth below, we know of no material, existing or pending legal proceedings against us, nor are we involved as a plaintiff in any material proceeding or pending litigation, and there are no proceedings in which any of our directors, officers or affiliates, or any registered or beneficial stockholder, is an adverse party or has a material interest adverse to our Company.
In March 2024, RLSP filed a complaint against Ningbo Rongsen Construction Co., Ltd (“Ningbo Rongsen”) with the Ningbo Fenghua District People’s Court of China, challenging the overvalued construction costs of our newly constructed factory. The case has been filed with the case number being (2024) Zhejiang 0213 Minchu No. 2289.
Concurrently with the RLSP filing mentioned above, Zhejiang Fengrong Construction Co., Ltd. (a.k.a Ningbo Rongsen) also filed a complaint against RLSP with the Ningbo Fenghua District People’s Court demanding RLSP to pay full construction costs, overdue penalty, attorney fees and other costs totaling US$7,163,361 (RMB50,844,103.89). The Ningbo Fenghua District People’s Court accepted the case filing. Ningbo Rongsen claimed that RLSP shall pay in accordance with the Settlement Payment Agreement and RLSP shall be responsible for the late payment.
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On December 30, 2024, Ningbo Intermediate People’s Court made a final ruling concerning the above dispute, ordering RLSP to pay 1) US$6,956,830.46 (RMB49,378,191.44); and 2) late payment interests incurring from March 1, 2024 to the date of full payment at an interest rate of 1% per month; and 3) other expenses of US$4,226 (RMB30,000). RLSP has decided to initiate the re-trial proceeding and will file the application with Zhejiang High People’s Court of China within the statutory 6-month period upon the final ruling.
In May 2024, RLSP received a Notice of Legal Action from Taicang People’s Court of China, with RLSP being the co-defendants under a goods purchase contract dispute with case number (2024)SU0585 Minchu No. 3400. This lawsuit was initiated by Hecheng Special Rubber (Taicang) Co., Ltd. (“Taicang Hecheng”), claiming that RSLP and Yongliansen, acting as co-buyers, have purchased EPDM rubber from Taicang Hecheng since April 2023 but failed to pay purchase price for an aggregate amount of US$132,836.92 (RMB942,849.86). Taicang Hecheng therefore filed a complaint against RSLP and Yongliansen for the outstanding purchase price and the late payment fee.
In August 2024, Rubber Leaf Sealing Parts (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. (“RLSP”) received a Notice of Legal Action from the Taicang People’s Court of China, where RLSP was named as a co-defendant alongside Shanghai Yongliansen Import & Export Co., Ltd. (“Yongliansen”) in a goods purchase contract dispute, under case number (2024) SU 0585 Minchu No. 10874. The lawsuit was initiated by Jiangsu Guanlian New Materials Technology Co., Ltd. (“Guanlian”), asserting that RLSP and Yongliansen, acting as co-buyers, had purchased goods from Guanlian since April 2023 but failed to settle the outstanding payment. The claimed amount totals RMB 823,695.12 (approximately US$116,013.40 based on exchange rates as of March 2025), representing the unpaid purchase price. Guanlian has demanded immediate payment of the overdue amount of RMB 823,695.12, along with a late payment penalty calculated at a rate of 0.3% per day on the principal amount, starting from July 4, 2023, until the date of actual payment. Additionally, Guanlian seeks to hold RLSP jointly and severally liable for the debt and requests that both defendants bear the full litigation costs.
In August 2024, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone People’s Court accepted a case initiated by eGT against RLSP for refunding of part of the prepayment at US$1,063,316 (RMB7,547,203.80). RLSP argued eGT and RLSP started a business collaboration from September 2019 and signed around 29 advance payment agreements. The contract payment model was changed to a post-payment structure in June 2022. Since then, RLSP has continued to supply goods, which have not been fully settled. RLSP seeks full settlement of all outstanding amount receivable, including such outstanding amount for the transactions after June 2022, while eGT insisted that the prepayment shall not cover such purchases after June 2022. On November 4, 2024, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone People’s Court ruled that RLSP shall refund eGT US$1,045,196 (RMB7,418,594.09) plus late payment interest incurring from August 2, 2024 at the rate of 3.35% per annum and RLSP shall claim any outstanding amount receivable through a separate lawsuit. An appeal has been filed by RLSP and the case is currently under review by Wuhan Intermediate People’s Court of China.
After the disposition of RLSP, and in accordance with the Share Purchase Agreement with Yongliansen, from and after the Closing, the following matters relating to the RLSP shall be solely borne by the Yongliansen and RLSP shall have no recourse against the Company: (i) all existing debts and obligations of the RLSP; (ii) all future debts, losses and obligations (including contingent matters); (iii) all ongoing, pending and potential future litigation, arbitration, administrative penalties or other disputes relating to RLSP.
Item 3. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 4. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Our common stock is quoted on the Pink Open Market under the symbol “RLEA.” Our common stock is not listed on any national exchange. Over-the-counter market quotations for our common stock reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.
On January 30, 2026, the closing price for our common stock as reported on the OTC Market was $1.00 per share.
Holders
There were 59 holders of the Company’s common stock as of January 30, 2026. This figure does not include holders of shares registered in “street name” or persons, partnerships, associates, corporations or other entities identified in security position listings maintained by depositories.
Dividends
We have not declared any cash dividends on our common stock since our inception and do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. We plan to retain future earnings, if any, for use in our business. Any decisions as to future payments of dividends will depend on our earnings and financial position and such other facts, as the Board deems relevant.
Securities Authorized under Equity Compensation Plans
On September 6, 2021, the Board unanimously approved a 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), which authorized the board to issue up to five million (5,000,000) common shares of the Company to qualified employees, consultant, officers and directors. In additional, on September 6, 2021, our majority shareholder and President, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, representing 98.94% of the Company’s outstanding voting stock as of September 6, 2021, approved our 2021 Plan. The number of shares voting for the 2021 Plan was sufficient for approval.
As of February 6, 2026, there are 95,900 common shares issued to our employees and director under the Company’s 2021 Plan.
EQUITY PLAN INFORMATION
| Plan Category: | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights: | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights: | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance: | |||||||||
| 2021 Equity Incentive Plan: | ||||||||||||
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | – | $ | – | 4,904,100 | ||||||||
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders | – | – | – | |||||||||
| Total | – | $ | – | 4,904,100 | ||||||||
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Securities Currently Outstanding
| ● | Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of 100,000,000 shares of common stock, of which 41,109,458 shares were issued and outstanding, as of March 20, 2025. | |
| ● | Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 40,000,000 shares of preferred stock with no share issued and outstanding as of March 20, 2025. |
Reports to Stockholders
We are currently subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and will continue to file periodic reports, and other information with the SEC.
Transfer Agent
West Coast Stock Transfer, Inc., located at 721 N. Vulcan Ave. Suite 106, Encinitas, CA 92024 is the registrar and transfer agent for the Company’s common stock.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities
Set forth below is information as to all of our equity securities sold by us during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, which were not registered under the Securities Act.
Common Stock
None.
Preferred Stock
None.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
None.
Additional Information
We are a reporting issuer, subject to the Exchange Act. Our Quarterly Reports, Annual Reports, and other filings can be obtained from the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE., Washington, DC 20549, on official business days during the hours of 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. You may also obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
Item 5. [Reserved]
None.
Item 6. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This 10−K contains forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from those set forth as a result of general economic conditions and changes in the assumptions used in making such forward-looking statements. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. The analysis set forth below is provided pursuant to applicable SEC regulations and is not intended to serve as a basis for projections of future events.
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Overview
Rubber Leaf Inc was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on May 18, 2021. On May 27, 2021, the Company entered into the Share Exchange Agreement with Xingxiu Hua, the Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Company, pursuant to which the Company issued 40,000,000 shares of common stock to Ms. Hua in consideration of Ms. Hua’s efforts to procure Rubber Leaf LLC to transfer any and all equity interests in RLSP to the Company. We acquired Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. on July 1, 2021, through an equity transfer between Rubber Leaf LLC and Rubber Leaf Inc. After the acquisition, RLSP became our 100% directly controlled subsidiary and wholly foreign-owned enterprise in China. RLSP was established in Fenghua, Ningo, China and commenced operations in July 2019. RLSP was the wholly owned subsidiary of Rubber Leaf LLC, a Delaware company organized on June 1, 2018, and Xingxiu Hua, our Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Board, was the sole member of Rubber Leaf LLC. RLSP specialized in the production and sales of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips. All of our business was previously conducted through RLSP until it was disposed from our Company disposition on November 20, 2025.
Company completed the disposition of RLSP through a Share Purchase Agreement dated November 20, 2025 (“Agreement”) with Shanghai Yongliansen Import and Export Trading Co., Ltd. (“Yongliansen”), of which our Chief Executive Officer, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, holds 30% of the outstanding equity. Pursuant to the Agreement, we sold all of our then equity interests in RLSP to Yongliansen for cash consideration of US$3,000,000, payable in three installments. RLSP has filed the sale and change of sole shareholder with the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC (the “SAMR”) with the official registration date being October 28, 2025.
Prior to the disposition of RLSP, we established a wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, Rubber Leaf Limited, on September 22, 2025, and substantially transferred all principal orders, customer contracts and supply arrangements formerly associated with RLSP to RLHK. RLHK is now the Company’s primary operating entity and continues to conduct business specializing in sales of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips. We are a well-known auto parts enterprise, and we are also the first-tier supplier of well-known auto brands such as eGT and Volkswagen.
Our principal business address is Room 2109, 21/F C C WU BLDG 302-308 HENNESSY, ROAD, WANCHAI, HONG KONG.
Key Factors Affecting our Performance
As a result of a number of factors, our historical results of operations may not be comparable to our results of operations in future periods, and our results of operations may not be directly comparable from period to period. Set forth below is a brief discussion of the key factors impacting our results of operations.
Known Trends and Uncertainties
Inflation
Our wholly owned subsidiary, RLHK, is currently our sole operating entity conducting business in Hong Kong while our Former PRC Subsidiary was conducting business in China from May 2021 till November 2025. Inflation in China has not materially impacted our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for 2019, 2020 and 2021 were increases of 2.9 %, 2.5% and 0.9%, respectively. The PRC overall economy is expected to continue to grow. Although we have not in the past been materially affected by inflation, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in China. Future increases in the PRC’s inflation may adversely impact our financial condition and result of operations unless we are able to pass on these costs to our customers by increasing the prices of our products.
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Supply Chain
The outbreak of COVID-19 since the beginning of March 2020, which led to general shutdown of cities in China, has had an adverse impact on our supply chain, and weakened the financial conditions of our suppliers and customers. However, it did not lead to severe supply chain disruptions at our former PRC subsidiary’s principal location and such disruptions did not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We continuously pay close attention to the supply chains that are impacted by COVID-19, perform further assessment and take relevant measures to minimize the impact. Except for the impact of COVID-19, there was no interruption that led to supply chain disruptions affecting our business.
As of the date of this Annual Report, COVID-19 supply chain disruptions do not materially affect our outlook or business goals, nor materially impact our results of operations or capital resources.
Geopolitical Conditions
Our operations could be disrupted by acts of war, terrorist activity or other similar events, including the Israel-Hamas war in October 2023 and the current or anticipated impact of military conflict and related sanctions imposed on Russia, Belarus and certain individuals and entities connected to Russian or Belarusian political, business, and financial organizations by the United States and other countries due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. It is not possible to predict the broader consequences of the conflicts, including related geopolitical tensions, and the measures and retaliatory actions taken by the U.S. and other countries in respect thereof and with regard to the Russia-Ukraine war, any counter measures or retaliatory actions by Russia or Belarus in response, including, for example, potential cyberattacks or the disruption of energy exports. The Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas wars are likely to cause regional instability and geopolitical shifts and could materially adversely affect global trade, currency exchange rates, regional economies and the global economy. Any such event may in turn have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position.
In addition, geopolitical conditions can disrupt global supply chains, affecting both the procurement of essential raw materials and the delivery of our products. Interruptions or delays in receiving necessary inputs could hinder our manufacturing. This may result in market volatility, affecting the prices of raw materials and energy. Fluctuations in the cost of rubber and other necessary commodities used in our manufacturing may impact our profit margins and overall financial stability. In addition, political instability may result in trade restrictions or economic sanctions, potentially limiting our access to certain markets or sources of materials, impacting our sales and supply chain.
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic
If there is another outbreak of COVID-19 or a similar public health threat, it could impact demand for our products, which in turn could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. Any potential impact to our results will depend on, to a large extent, future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the duration and severity of any potential future COVID-19 outbreak and the actions taken by government authorities and other entities to contain COVID-19 or treat its impact, almost all of which are beyond our control. If the disruptions posed by any potential future COVID-19 outbreak or other matters of global concern continue for an extensive period of time, the operations of our business may be materially adversely affected.
To the extent COVID-19 or a similar public health threat has an impact on our business, it is likely to also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in the “Risk Factors” section.
Foreign Currency
Amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements are stated in United States dollars, unless stated otherwise. Our Former PRC Subsidiary used the Chinese renminbi (RMB) as their functional currency, and our now Hong Kong Subsidiary uses HKD as its functional currency, and the holding company, RLI, uses the United States dollar as their functional currency. For subsidiaries that use the local currency as the functional currency, all assets and liabilities are translated to United States dollars using exchange rates in effect at the end of the respective periods and the results of operations have been translated into United States dollars at the weighted average rates during the periods the transactions were recognized. Resulting translation gains or losses are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). We are subject to the effects of exchange rate fluctuations with respect to any of such currency.
In accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters (ASC 830), we translate the assets and liabilities into United States dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date and the statements of operations and cash flows are translated at an average rate during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation from both RMB and HKD into United States dollar are recorded in stockholders’ equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive income. Further, foreign currency transaction gains and losses are a result of the effect of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency. Gains and losses on those foreign currency transactions are included in other income (expense), net for the period in which exchange rates change.
To the extent the U.S. dollar strengthens against foreign currencies, the translation of these foreign currencies denominated transactions results in reduced revenue, operating expenses and net income for our international operations. We are also exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations as we convert the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars in consolidation.
Key Components of Our Results of Operations
Sales Revenue
We generate revenue through selling automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips under two models of supply:
Model A (Direct Supply Model)
Following successful on-site inspections by auto OEMs, our operating subsidiary secures listing in its directories as a first-tier supplier that directly provides products to the OEM. For example, eGT is an auto OEM, and we serve as their first-tier supplier. eGT directly signs purchase or supply agreements with our operating subsidiary. This positions our operating subsidiary to independently procure raw materials, monitor the production of final products and directly deliver finished goods to the warehouses of the auto OEMs. Our operating subsidiary fulfills its performance obligation upon the delivery of finished products to their warehouses, following a subsequent quality inspection approved by them. Simultaneously, they may request product replacements for disqualified items. Ownership and control of our finished products transfer to customers upon successful inspection and acceptance into an OEM’s warehouse. Revenue recognition occurs upon the transfer of control of our products to a customer, with payments made directly by the OEM.
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Model B (Indirect Supply Model)
Our operating subsidiary receives the purchase orders from our related parties-Shanghai Xinsen and Xinsen Sealing Products (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd (“Hangzhou Xinsen”) (collectively named as “Xinsen Group” for two companies together). The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, previously held a 90% ownership interest in Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Xinsen holds a 70% ownership interest in Hangzhou Xinsen. Effective October 1, 2022, Ms. Hua reduced her ownership of Shanghai Xinsen from 90% to 15%, and accordingly reduced her indirect ownership of Hangzhou Xinsen from 63% to 10.5%. The Xinsen Group serves as a certified second-tier supplier for branded Automobile Manufacturers (“Auto Manufacturers”). A second-tier supplier refers to a supplier that provides products to the first-tier suppliers of the OEM. First-tier suppliers could be suppliers of car doors, rubber and plastic components and other automobile parts. Auto Manufacturers issue consolidated purchase orders for complete sets of rubber and plastic auto parts for a particular model to their first-tier suppliers. These first-tier suppliers subcontract the production of rubber and plastic seals to second-tier suppliers. As a second-tier supplier and a facilitator of production rather than a direct manufacturer, Xinsen Group coordinates with us to fulfill orders. Upon receipt of purchase orders, our operating subsidiary procures rubber materials from our vendors. The production process involves outsourcing to third-party manufacturers for either work-in-process products (“WIP”) or finished products, based on management’s decisions in response to operational circumstances.
We employ two distinct forms of outsourced processing under Model B.
| 1) | Our operating subsidiary purchases raw materials and subcontracts production to third-party manufacturers for WIP. Once WIP is finished and delivered to the warehouse, our operating subsidiary supervises certain manual processes, such as welding and constructing in order to meet the specification of the purchase orders. The completion of the final products is contingent upon a rigorous quality inspection conducted by Our operating subsidiary, ensuring they meet the highest standards. | |
| 2) | Our operating subsidiary purchases raw materials and subcontracts third party manufacturers to produce finished products. Our operating subsidiary will trace and observe each step of production undertaken by third-party manufacturers, with a primary focus on the final quality control step. |
The finished products are delivered to the warehouses of Xinsen Group’s upstream first-tier suppliers, either from our locations or those of the third-party manufacturers. Quality inspection is carried out by assigned inspectors from Xinsen Group upon delivery our operating subsidiary fulfills its obligation when the finished products reach Xinsen Group’s customers and pass the qualified quality inspection.
In the event of products that do not pass inspection, the Xinsen Group initiates a product replacement process. Upon confirmation of quality and quantity, and acceptance of finished products into Xinsen Group’s customers’ warehouses, invoices are provided to us as proof of delivery. The date of the invoices signifies the transfer of ownership and control of the finished products under model B from us to Xinsen Group and indirectly to its upstream first-tier suppliers. We recognize at such time as Xinsen Group’s customers accept delivery of products.
We also generate revenue through contract manufacturing model or OEM supply model, which is described in the model C.
Model C (OEM Supply Model)
The contract manufacturing process begins with the customer placing an order and supplying all necessary raw materials. We coordinate with qualified processing partners and dispatch our experienced technical personnel to provide on-site guidance and supervision throughout the production process.
If the subcontractor’s personnel are unable to complete certain steps to the required standard, we may assign our own workers to carry out or complete those specific processes using the equipment available at the subcontractor’s facility. This approach ensures that the final products meet the customer’s specifications and quality expectations, consistent with the contract manufacturing model previously adopted.
The customer is charged a processing fee, which is calculated based on the cost per individual part and settled monthly. At the start of each month, we calculate the number of parts processed in the previous month, and both parties confirm the quantity by stamping the relevant documents. Once confirmed, we issue an invoice for the processing fee, and the customer makes payment upon receipt of the invoice.
Related Party Sales Revenue
We generate revenue through the sale of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips under an indirect supply model. RLHK receives purchase orders from its customers, Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin, which are related parties. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, previously held a 90% ownership interest in Shanghai Xinsen. Effective October 1, 2022, Ms. Hua reduced her ownership interest in Shanghai Xinsen from 90% to 15%. Both Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin serve as certified second-tier suppliers to branded automobile manufacturers (the “Auto Manufacturers”).
Second-tier suppliers provide products to first-tier suppliers of original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). First-tier suppliers typically manufacture or assemble major automotive components, such as doors, rubber and plastic components, and other automobile parts. Auto Manufacturers issue consolidated purchase orders for complete sets of rubber and plastic components for specific vehicle models to their first-tier suppliers, who in turn subcontract the production of rubber and plastic sealing strips to second-tier suppliers.
As second-tier suppliers and facilitators of production rather than direct manufacturers, Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin coordinate with the Company to fulfill customer orders. Upon receipt of purchase orders, RLHK places corresponding orders with third-party vendors. These vendors are responsible for procuring raw materials and manufacturing the finished products. Throughout the production process, RLHK monitors and observes each key stage of manufacturing performed by the third-party vendors, with particular emphasis on final quality control.
Finished products are delivered either from the Company’s facilities or directly from third-party manufacturers to the warehouses of the first-tier suppliers designated by Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin. Upon delivery, quality inspections are performed by inspectors appointed by the end customers. RLHK’s performance obligation is considered fulfilled when the finished products are delivered to the customers designated by Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin and successfully pass the required quality inspections.
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If products fail to meet quality standards, the customers initiate a product replacement process. Upon completion of quality and quantity verification and acceptance of the finished products into the end customers’ warehouses, invoices are issued to the Company as evidence of delivery. The invoice date represents the point at which ownership and control of the finished products are transferred under the indirect supply model from the Company to Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin, and indirectly to their upstream first-tier suppliers. Revenue is recognized at this point in time, when control of the products has transferred and acceptance by the end customers has occurred.
Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues represents cost of goods sold and primarily consists of amounts paid to third-party vendors for manufacturing, logistics, and distribution services related to the production and delivery of finished products.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses include the expenses for commercial support personnel, personnel in executive and other administrative functions, other commercial costs necessary to support the commercial operation of our products, professional fees for legal, consulting and accounting services.
Interest Income
Interest income primarily consists of interest accrued on long-term accounts receivable arising from the proceeds of the sale of a former PRC subsidiary.
Income tax
Under Hong Kong Profits Tax rules, only profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong are subject to Profits Tax. Profits sourced outside Hong Kong may qualify as offshore profits, which are not chargeable to Hong Kong Profits Tax, subject to IRD review. Management’s intention to apply for offshore tax exemption and the status of such application. Based on the current facts and circumstances, management considers RLHK’s income, if any, to be offshore in nature.
Tax on dividends
Based on the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no profits tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends paid by RLHK.
Capital gains and profits tax
The Inland Revenue Ordinance provides, among other things, that profits tax shall be charged on every person carrying on a trade, profession or business in Hong Kong in respect of his or her assessable profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong. RLHK is currently subject to the two-tiered profits tax regime according to Hong Kong tax rules and regulations.
The two-tier profits tax rates system of Hong Kong became effective since the assessment year 2018/2019. Under the two-tier profit tax rates regime, the profits tax rate for the first HKD2 million (approximately US$260,000) of assessable profits of a corporation is subject to the lowered tax rate, 8.25%, while the remaining assessable profits is subject to the tax rate of 16.5%.
No tax is imposed in Hong Kong in respect of capital gains from the sale of shares. However, trading gains from the sale of shares by persons carrying on a trade, profession or business in Hong Kong, where such gains are derived from or arise in Hong Kong, will be subject to Hong Kong profits tax.
Result of Operation
Discontinued Operations – RLSP
On September 22, 2025, RLI established a new subsidiary, Hong Kong, Rubber Leaf Limited (“RLHK”), to continues to conduct business specializing in sales of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips as all principal orders, customer contracts and supply arrangements formerly associated with RLSP were transferred to RLHK. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company generated $Nil of revenue through RLSP compared to $6,929,706 revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024. However, due to the uncertain of operation resumption and legal commitment, the operation of RLSP is not as expected, our management intended to change its operations. Subsequently on November 20, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with a counterparty to sell certain assets and liabilities of RLSP. RLSP has been identified as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Net income (loss) from discontinued operations for 2025 and 2024 were $1,223,921 and ($1,676,699), respectively. The increasing of net income was associated with the gain on forgiveness of accounts payable to RLI.
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Continued Operation
Comparison of the Years Ended on December 31, 2025 and 2024
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended on December 31, 2025 and 2024:
| For the years ended December 31 | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Sales | $ | - | $ | - | ||||
| Sales-related party | 4,904,381 | - | ||||||
| Total | 4,904,381 | - | ||||||
| Cost of sales | 4,109,128 | - | ||||||
| Gross loss | 795,253 | - | ||||||
| Operating Expenses | ||||||||
| General & administrative expenses | 200,351 | 535,929 | ||||||
| Bad debt expense | 2,472,309 | |||||||
| Total operation expenses | 2,672,660 | 535,929 | ||||||
| Loss from operation | (1,877,407 | ) | (535,929 | ) | ||||
| Other income (expenses): | ||||||||
| Interest income (expense) | 6,995 | - | ||||||
| Total other income, net | 6,995 | - | ||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | (1,870,412 | ) | (535,929 | ) | |||
| Income tax (benefit) expenses | 63,942 | - | ||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (1,934,354 | ) | (535,929 | ) | |||
Sales Revenues
Sales revenue were $4,904,381 and $Nil for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. We established a wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, RLHK, on September 22, 2025, and substantially transferred all principal orders, customer contracts and supply arrangements formerly associated with RLSP to RLHK. RLHK is now the Company’s primary operating entity and continues to conduct business specializing in sales of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips. The Company anticipates that sales revenue will continue to increase in future periods.
Cost of Sales
Cost of sales were $4,109,128 and $Nil for the years ended on December 31, 2025 and 2024 respectively and were consistent with the level of sales during the corresponding periods.
Gross Loss
Gross loss were $795,253 and $Nil for the years ended on December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses were $200,351 and $535,929 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, representing a decrease of $335,578, or 63%, year over year. The decrease was primarily attributable to higher professional service fees incurred during the year ended December 31, 2024, which were mainly related to the Company’s application for uplisting to The Nasdaq Capital Market, as well as legal expenses associated with an ongoing lawsuit.
Following the disposal of the Company’s former PRC subsidiary and the realignment of operations under RLHK, the Company adjusted its operating strategy. As a result, certain significant legal and professional service contracts were terminated during 2025, contributing to the reduction in general and administrative expenses.
Bad debt expense
Bad debt expense was $2,472,309 and nil for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The bad debt expense primarily arose from amounts due from the disposed subsidiary, RLSP, that were determined to be uncollectible. Since May 2025, RLSP’s bank accounts were frozen and all business activities were suspended, which rendered collection of the outstanding receivable impracticable.
The bad debt expense recorded in 2025 was non-recurring in nature and related to the wind-down of RLSP.
Loss from Operations
For the year ended December 31, 2025, loss from operations was $(1,877,407), compared to a loss from operations of $(535,929) for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing an increase in operating loss of $1,341,478, or approximately 250%, year over year. The increase in operating loss was primarily attributable to a non-recurring bad debt expense $2.47 million related to RLSP, partially offset by a decrease in general and administrative expenses during 2025
Other Income (Expenses), Net
For the year ended on December 31, 2025, the Company has generated $6,995 other income. This was primarily related to the interest accrued on long-term accounts receivable arising from the proceeds of the sale of a former PRC subsidiary.
Net Loss
As a result of the factors described above, our net loss was $(1,870,412) for the year ended on December 31, 2025, decreased by $1,834,483 from the net loss of $(535,929) for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $(2,553,885). As of December 31, 2025, we had cash of $1,105 and negative working capital of $(2,499,885), compared to cash of $293 and a negative working capital of $(14,263,400) on December 31, 2024. The improvement in working capital was primarily attributable to the disposal of the Company’s former PRC subsidiary, RLSP, which had generated accumulated losses and significant working capital deficits in prior periods.
| 44 |
Cash Flows
The following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented below:
Years Ended December 31, 2025, and 2024
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by: | ||||||||||||||||
| Operating activities | $ | (153,846 | ) | $ | (508,429 | ) | $ | 354,583 | (70 | )% | ||||||
| Investing activities | - | (130,000 | ) | 130,000 | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Financing activities | 150,666 | 597,500 | (446,834 | ) | (75 | )% | ||||||||||
| Effect of foreign currency translation on cash flow | 3,992 | - | 3,992 | (100 | )% | |||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash | $ | 812 | $ | (40,929 | ) | $ | 41,741 | (102 | )% | |||||||
Cash Provided in Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities was $(153,846) for the years ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $(508,426) for the years ended December 31, 2024. The increase in cash outflow was primarily driven by the increase of sales revenue from RLHK, which has been the Company’s primary operating entity and continues to conduct business specializing in sales of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips, after the disposal of RLSP.
Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was nil for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $(130,000) for the year ended December 31, 2024. The cash outflow of $130,000 in 2024 was primarily attributable to a capital contribution to RLSP, which was subsequently disposed of on November 20, 2025.
Cash Provided by Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $150,666 for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $597,500 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to reduced funding from officers, reflecting lower cash requirements following a decline in legal and regulatory expenses and the termination of certain significant contracts as part of the Company’s adjustment of its business strategy.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires making estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
| 45 |
Revenue Recognition
The Company early adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) since its inception (i.e. July 2019), which is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires revenue to be recognized in a manner to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 creates a five-step model that requires entities to exercise judgment when considering the terms of contracts, which includes (1) identifying the contracts or agreements with a customer, (2) identifying our performance obligations in the contract or agreement, (3) determining the transaction price, (4) allocating the transaction price to the separate performance obligations and (5) recognizing revenue as each performance obligation is satisfied. The Company applies the five-step model to sales contracts.
We generate revenue through the sale of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips under an indirect supply model. RLHK receives purchase orders from its customers, Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin, which are related parties. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, previously held a 90% ownership interest in Shanghai Xinsen. Effective October 1, 2022, Ms. Hua reduced her ownership interest in Shanghai Xinsen from 90% to 15%. Both Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin serve as certified second-tier suppliers to branded automobile manufacturers (the “Auto Manufacturers”).
Second-tier suppliers provide products to first-tier suppliers of original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). First-tier suppliers typically manufacture or assemble major automotive components, such as doors, rubber and plastic components, and other automobile parts. Auto Manufacturers issue consolidated purchase orders for complete sets of rubber and plastic components for specific vehicle models to their first-tier suppliers, who in turn subcontract the production of rubber and plastic sealing strips to second-tier suppliers.
As second-tier suppliers and facilitators of production rather than direct manufacturers, Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin coordinate with the Company to fulfill customer orders. Upon receipt of purchase orders, RLHK places corresponding orders with third-party vendors. These vendors are responsible for procuring raw materials and manufacturing the finished products. Throughout the production process, RLHK monitors and observes each key stage of manufacturing performed by the third-party vendors, with particular emphasis on final quality control.
Finished products are delivered either from the Company’s facilities or directly from third-party manufacturers to the warehouses of the first-tier suppliers designated by Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin. Upon delivery, quality inspections are performed by inspectors appointed by the end customers. RLHK’s performance obligation is considered fulfilled when the finished products are delivered to the customers designated by Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin and successfully pass the required quality inspections.
If products fail to meet quality standards, the customers initiate a product replacement process. Upon completion of quality and quantity verification and acceptance of the finished products into the end customers’ warehouses, invoices are issued to the Company as evidence of delivery. The invoice date represents the point at which ownership and control of the finished products are transferred under the indirect supply model from the Company to Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin, and indirectly to their upstream first-tier suppliers. Revenue is recognized at this point in time, when control of the products has transferred and acceptance by the end customers has occurred.
Adoption of New Accounting Standard
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses”. The standard, including subsequently issued amendments (ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-10 and ASU 2019-11), requires a financial asset measured at amortized cost basis, such as accounts receivable and certain other financial assets, to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10 to postpone the effective date of ASU No. 2016-13 for public business entities eligible to be smaller reporting companies defined by the SEC to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13 effective on January 1, 2023. Adoption of the new standard did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or financial disclosure since all accounts receivable as of January 1, 2023 were due from Xinsen Group, which were deemed no credit loss issue.
Item 6A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Not required under Regulation S-K for “smaller reporting companies.”
Item 7. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Our audited consolidated financial statements are set forth in this Annual Report beginning on page F-3.
| 46 |
RUBBER LEAF INC
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| 47 |
 |
17506 Colima Road, Ste 101, |
| City of Industry, CA 91748 | |
| Tel: +1 (626) 581-0818 | |
| Fax: +1 (626) 581-0809 |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Shareholders and Board of Directors
Rubber Leaf Inc.
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Rubber Leaf Inc. and subsidiary (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operation, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
| F-1 |
Related Party Transactions
As described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, management has disclosed that the Company’s chief executive officer had or has a controlling ownership interest in, or significant influence over, certain key vendors, customers, and the disposed subsidiary to a related party. Each of those entities has been identified as a related party as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company has also entered into numerous business transactions with related parties, including but not limited to raw material and finished goods purchase agreements, sales contracts, equity transfer agreements, and financing agreements.
We identified the evaluation of the Company’s identification of related parties and related party transactions as a critical audit matter. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s procedures performed to identify related parties and related party transactions of the Company.
| 1) | Inquired and performed walkthrough about internal controls over the Company’s related party process, including controls related to the identification of significant non-routine related party transactions with the entities. | |
| 2) | Read new agreements and contracts with the entities, and the terms and other information about transactions are consistent with explanations from inquiries and other audit evidence obtained about the business purpose of the transactions. | |
| 3) | Inquired of executive officers, key members of the Company, and the Board of Directors regarding related party relationship and transactions with the entities. | |
| 4) | Received confirmations from related parties, and compared responses to the Company’s records. | |
| 5) | Evaluate the overall sufficiency of audit evidence over the identification of significant non-routine related party transactions with the entities. | |
| 6) | Performed the following procedures to identify information related to potential additional transactions between the Company and related parties that may also include third parties: |
| (a) | Read public filings from the Company and the related party entities, and external news for information related to transactions between the Company and the entities. | |
| (b) | Inspect the Company’s minutes from meetings of the Board of Directors. | |
| (c) | Perform information search on third party websites about the Company and the entities for new relationships possibly undisclosed. |
/s/
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.
PCAOB
ID:
February 6, 2026
| F-2 |
RUBBER LEAF INC
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| Current assets: | ||||||||
| Cash | $ | $ | ||||||
| Accounts receivables – related parties | ||||||||
| Advances to vendors | ||||||||
| Current assets from discontinued operations | ||||||||
| Total current assets | ||||||||
| Noncurrent assets: | ||||||||
| Long term Account receivables-Related party | ||||||||
| Noncurrent assets from discontinued operations | ||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | ||||||
| LIABILITIES | ||||||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||
| Accounts payables – related parties | $ | $ | ||||||
| Other payables - related parties | ||||||||
| Other current liabilities | ||||||||
| Current liabilities from discontinued operations | ||||||||
| Total current liabilities | ||||||||
| Noncurrent liabilities: | ||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | ||||||||
| Total liabilities | ||||||||
| Commitment and Contingencies | ||||||||
| STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
| Preferred stock: shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding | ||||||||
| Common stock: shares authorized, shares and shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 | ||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | ||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | ||||||||
| Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements
| F-3 |
RUBBER LEAF INC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| For the years ended December 31 | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Sales | $ | $ | ||||||
| Sales-related party | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
| Cost of sales | ||||||||
| Gross loss | ||||||||
| Operating Expenses | ||||||||
| General & administrative expenses | ||||||||
| Bad debt expense | ||||||||
| Total operation expenses | ||||||||
| Loss from operation | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Other income (expenses): | ||||||||
| Interest income (expense) | ||||||||
| Total other income, net | ||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operation before income taxes | $ | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
| Income tax (benefit) expenses | ||||||||
| Net loss from continuing operations | $ | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||
| Gain (loss) from discontinued operations (including disposal gain of $ | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | ( | ) | |||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | ||||||||
| Foreign currency translation, net of tax | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Comprehensive loss | ( | ) | ||||||
| Earnings per share | ||||||||
| Basic and diluted loss per share | $ | $ | ) | |||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding | ||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
| F-4 |
RUBBER LEAF INC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Capital | Deficit | (Loss) | (Deficit) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred Stocks | Common Stocks | Additional Paid-in | Accumulated | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Total Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Capital | Deficit | (Loss) | (Deficit) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issue of Shares | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation, net tax | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issue of Shares | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation, net tax | - | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2025 | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance | $ | $ | ( | ) | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
| F-5 |
RUBBER LEAF INC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| For the years ended December 31 | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Cash flow from operating activities | ||||||||
| Net income (loss) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: | ||||||||
| Bad debt expense | ||||||||
| (Gain) Loss from discontinued operations | ( | ) | ||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||
| Accounts receivables – related parties | ( | ) | ||||||
| Advance to vendors | ( | ) | ||||||
| Advance to vendors – related party | ||||||||
| Accounts payables - related parties | ||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | ||||||||
| Other current liabilities | ) | |||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Cash flow from investing activities | ||||||||
| Investment in disposal subsidiary | ( | ) | ||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ) | ||||||
| Cash flow from financing activities | ||||||||
| Proceeds from to related parties | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | ||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes | ||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in cash | ( | ) | ||||||
| Cash and restricted cash, beginning | ||||||||
| Cash and restricted cash, ending | $ | $ | ||||||
| Supplemental disclosures of cash flow | ||||||||
| Interest paid | $ | $ | ||||||
| Income taxes paid | $ | $ | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
| F-6 |
RUBBER LEAF INC
NOTES TO THE AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 - Organization and Description of Business
Rubber Leaf Limited (“RLHK”) was incorporated in Hong Kong on September 22, 2025, and is located at Room 2109, 21/F, C C Wu Building, 302–308 Hennessy Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong. RLHK is engaged in import and export trading and the sales of synthetic rubber, rubber compounds, car window seals, auto parts, and related products for the Company’s integrated group companies. Following the disposition of RLSP, RLHK has assumed all principal orders, customer contracts, and supply arrangements previously associated with RLSP and currently serves as the Company’s primary operating subsidiary.
Our
former PRC subsidiary, Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. (“RLSP”), was established on July 8, 2019 and was
disposed of by the Company on November 20, 2025. RLSP was engaged in import and export trading, as well as the production and sales of
synthetic rubber, rubber compounds, car window seals, auto parts, and related products, and operated an integrated manufacturing facility
in the People’s Republic of China. RLSP was a well-known auto parts enterprise and served as a first-tier supplier to major automobile
manufacturers, including Dongfeng Motor and Renault. RLSP had a registered capital of US$
On November 20, 2025, pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement, the Company sold all of its equity interests in RLSP to Shanghai Yongliansen Import and Export Trading Co., Ltd. (“Yongliansen”). As a result of this transaction, RLSP is no longer part of the Company’s operating structure. The Company’s primary operations are now conducted through its wholly owned Hong Kong subsidiary, RLHK, which continues to manage the Company’s core sales and trading activities.
Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
This summary of significant accounting policies is presented to assist in understanding the Company’s financial statements. These accounting policies conform to accounting principles, generally accepted in the United States of America, and have been consistently applied in the preparation of the financial statements. With respect to the audited financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, in the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included.
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Rubber Leaf Inc, the parent company and its wholly owned subsidiary in Hongkong - Rubber Leaf Limited (“RLHK”). All intercompany transactions and balances were eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary in order to make the financial statements not misleading have been included. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Signiant estimates are used in the collectability of accounts receivable and long-term account receivable , the valuation of deferred tax assets, and provisions for income taxes, among others.
Discontinued Operations
The Company classifies a business as held for sale when the criteria prescribed by Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Paragraph 205-20-45-1E are met, most notably when sale of the business is probable within the next year (with certain exceptions) and it is unlikely there will be significant changes to the plan of sale. Assets and liabilities held for sale are recorded at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less cost to sell.
| F-7 |
Revenue Recognition
The Company early adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) since its inception (i.e. July 2019), which is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires revenue to be recognized in a manner to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 creates a five-step model that requires entities to exercise judgment when considering the terms of contracts, which includes (1) identifying the contracts or agreements with a customer, (2) identifying our performance obligations in the contract or agreement, (3) determining the transaction price, (4) allocating the transaction price to the separate performance obligations, and (5) recognizing revenue as each performance obligation is satisfied. The Company applies the five-step model to sales contracts.
We
generate revenue through the sale of automotive rubber and plastic sealing strips under an indirect supply model. RLHK receives purchase
orders from its customers, Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin, which are related parties. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer,
President and Chairperson, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, previously held a
Second-tier suppliers provide products to first-tier suppliers of original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). First-tier suppliers typically manufacture or assemble major automotive components, such as doors, rubber and plastic components, and other automobile parts. Auto Manufacturers issue consolidated purchase orders for complete sets of rubber and plastic components for specific vehicle models to their first-tier suppliers, who in turn subcontract the production of rubber and plastic sealing strips to second-tier suppliers.
As second-tier suppliers and facilitators of production rather than direct manufacturers, Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin coordinate with the Company to fulfill customer orders. Upon receipt of purchase orders, RLHK places corresponding orders with third-party vendors. These vendors are responsible for procuring raw materials and manufacturing the finished products. Throughout the production process, RLHK monitors and observes each key stage of manufacturing performed by the third-party vendors, with particular emphasis on final quality control.
Finished products are delivered either from the Company’s facilities or directly from third-party manufacturers to the warehouses of the first-tier suppliers designated by Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin. Upon delivery, quality inspections are performed by inspectors appointed by the end customers. RLHK’s performance obligation is considered fulfilled when the finished products are delivered to the customers designated by Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin and successfully pass the required quality inspections.
If products fail to meet quality standards, the customers initiate a product replacement process. Upon completion of quality and quantity verification and acceptance of the finished products into the end customers’ warehouses, invoices are issued to the Company as evidence of delivery. The invoice date represents the point at which ownership and control of the finished products are transferred under the indirect supply model from the Company to Shanghai Xinsen and Shanghai Huaxin, and indirectly to their upstream first-tier suppliers. Revenue is recognized at this point in time, when control of the products has transferred and acceptance by the end customers has occurred.
| F-8 |
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenues is comprised of raw materials consumed, manufacturing costs, third party logistics and distribution costs including packaging, freight, transportation, shipping and handling costs, and inventory adjustment due to the defectives and inventory count.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include bank deposits and liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less as of the purchase date of such investments.
Concentration risk
The
Company maintains cash with banks in the United States of America (“USA”) and PRC. Should any bank holding cash become insolvent,
or if the Company is otherwise unable to withdraw funds, the Company would lose the cash with that bank; however, the Company has not
experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant risks on its cash in bank accounts. In the
United States, the standard insurance amount is $
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk are cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, $ and $ of the Company’s cash and restricted cash held by financial institutions were uninsured, respectively.
Major customers
For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s revenues from two major customers accounted more than 10% of the total revenue were as following:
Schedule of Concentration Risk Percent
| Year ended December 31, 2025 | As of December 31, 2025 | Year ended December 31, 2024 | As of December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amount | % of Total Revenue | Accounts Receivable | % of Total Accounts Receivable | Amount | % of Total Revenue | Accounts Receivable | % of Total Accounts Receivable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer B | $ | % | $ | % | $ | % | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer D | $ | % | $ | % | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ● | Customer B: Shanghai Xinsen Import & Export Co., Ltd (“Shanghai Xinsen”), a related party that sells the Company’s products to Shanghai Hongyang Sealing Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Hongyang”) and Wuhu Huichi Auto Parts Co., Ltd. (“Wuhu Huichi”), two unrelated parties of RLHK and the Company, and certified first-tier suppliers of Auto Manufacturers. Shanghai Xinsen also charges an OEM processing fee to Zhejiang Xiangjin Autoparts Co., Ltd. (“Xiangjin”) for orders that are outsourced to us. |
| ● | Customer D: Shanghai Huaxin Economic and Trade Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Huaxin”), a related party, as 10% of its equity interest is held by Xingxiu Hua, the Chief Executive Officer of Rubber Leaf Inc., with the remaining 90% equity interest held by unrelated third-party shareholders, and neither Rubber Leaf Inc. nor its management has control over or significant influence on Shanghai Huaxin. |
| F-9 |
Major vendors
For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company made purchases from the major vendors accounted more than 10% of the total purchases were as following:
| Year ended December 31, 2025 | As of December 31, 2025 | Year ended December 31, 2024 | As of December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amount | % of Total Purchase | Accounts payable | % of Total Accounts Payable | Amount | % of Total Purchase | Accounts payable | % of Total Accounts Payable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vendor C | $ | % | $ | | % | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ● | Vendor C: Shanghai Yongliansen Import and Export Trading Company (“Yongliansen”), a related party. |
Accounts Receivable
Accounts
receivables are reported at their net realizable value. Any value adjustments are booked directly against the relevant receivable. We
have standard payment terms that generally require payment within approximately 30 to 60 days. Management performs ongoing credit evaluations
of its customers. An allowance for potentially uncollectible accounts is provided based on history, economic conditions, and composition
of the accounts receivable aging. As of the disposal date of RLSP, certain intercompany accounts receivable were determined to be uncollectible
and were written off in full and recognized as bad debt expense. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024 no credit risk identified and
Long-term Receivables
Long-term receivables are recorded at their present value when the effect of discounting is material. In accordance with ASC 835-30, Interest—Imputation of Interest, the Company evaluates long-term receivables to determine whether they contain a significant financing component. When applicable, such receivables are initially recognized at the present value of the future cash flows using a discount rate that reflects the market rate of interest at the time the receivable is originated.
The
difference between the face value and the present value of the receivable is recorded as a discount and is amortized to interest income
over the term of the receivable using the effective interest method. If the stated interest rate on a long-term receivable approximates
the prevailing market rate, the receivable is recorded at its face value. The Company applies LPR
Advances to vendors
From time to time, we paid advances to our vendors in order to secure our purchase orders or as retainers required pursuant to various purchase agreements related to production and the 2nd production lines currently under construction. The advances have no interest bearing, normally settled along with purchase transactions within 60 to 180 days depend on market condition, and around 365 days for construction projects and/or equipment purchase.
Advances from customers
From time to time, we received advances from our customers, which are made normally under sales frame contracts, each sales transaction will be initiated by purchase orders received under the frame contracts. The advances have no interest bearing, normally settled along with purchase/sales transactions within 60 to 180 days.
| F-10 |
Income Taxes
We are governed by the Income Tax Law of the IRD and the United States. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Accounting for Income Taxes. The asset and liability method provides that deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and for operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is believed more likely than not to be realized. The Company records deferred tax liabilities primarily related to taxable temporary differences arising from gains recognized for financial reporting purposes on the disposal of a subsidiary, where the consideration was structured as a long-term receivable and the related tax obligations are deferred under applicable tax laws.
The
2017 Tax Reform Act permanently reduces the U.S. corporate income tax rate to a
The Company’s subsidiary does not receive any preferential tax treatment from local government.
Taxation
The Company is subject to income taxes, indirect taxes, and other levies in accordance with the tax laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which it operates.
Hong Kong Taxation
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, the Company’s operations were conducted primarily through its Hong Kong subsidiaries and were subject to Hong Kong tax laws and regulations.
Profits Tax
Hong Kong operates on a territorial source principle of taxation. Under this regime, Profits Tax is imposed on assessable profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong. The tax is levied on net taxable profits, not on gross revenue or individual transactions.
Hong Kong currently applies a two-tiered Profits Tax rate structure for corporations:
| ● | ||
| ● |
Application of the two-tiered rates is subject to compliance with applicable eligibility requirements and conditions prescribed under the Inland Revenue Ordinance.
Indirect Taxes
Hong Kong does not impose value added tax (VAT), goods and services tax (GST), or any general sales tax on the sale of goods or provision of services. Consequently, the Company does not charge, collect, or remit VAT, GST, or similar consumption-based taxes on its Hong Kong sales or purchases. As a free port, Hong Kong generally does not levy customs duties on imports or exports. Excise duties are imposed only on a limited range of commodities (primarily liquor, tobacco, hydrocarbon oil, and methyl alcohol), none of which are material to the Company’s business operations.
| F-11 |
Cross-Border Transactions
When the Company’s Hong Kong operations engage in cross-border trading activities, including the import and export of rubber sealing products, the tax treatment is determined based on the territorial source principle. Profits are subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax only to the extent they are considered to arise in or be derived from Hong Kong. Profits sourced outside Hong Kong are generally not subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax.
The determination of profit source is inherently fact-specific and depends on the nature of the transactions and the location of the profit-generating activities. Such determinations may be subject to interpretation and review by the Hong Kong Inland Revenue Department.
United States Taxation
As a company incorporated in the State of Delaware and listed on a U.S. securities exchange, the Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations. The Company files U.S. federal income tax returns and is subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service. The Company may also be subject to state and local income taxes in jurisdictions where it has operations or nexus.
The Company’s effective tax rate and tax obligations may be affected by various factors, including the sourcing of income, transfer pricing arrangements, foreign tax credits, and other provisions of U.S. tax law applicable to companies with international operations.
Cessation of PRC Operations
In October 2025, the Company ceased operations of RLSP, its subsidiary in the People’s Republic of China. Following the cessation of RLSP’s operations, the Company is no longer subject to PRC tax laws and regulations. As of the date of this report, the Company’s operations are subject only to the tax laws and regulations of Hong Kong and the United States.
Prior Period – People’s Republic of China Taxation
For
the period from January 1, 2025 through October 2025, and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the Company conducted operations
in the People’s Republic of China through RLSP and was subject to PRC taxation, including VAT at the standard rate of
The Company computes basic and diluted earnings per share amounts in accordance with ASC Topic 260, Earnings per Share. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if stock options and other commitments to issue common stock were exercised or equity awards vest resulting in the issuance of common stock that could share in the earnings of the Company.
Pursuant to ASC 260-10-55, EPS computations should be based on the facts and circumstances of the transaction for reorganization. The Company calculated its EPS retrospectively akin to a normal share issuance as if the reorganization incurred from the inception.
The Company does not have any potentially dilutive instruments as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and, thus, anti-dilution issues are not applicable.
| F-12 |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company’s balance sheets include certain financial instruments. The carrying amounts of current assets and current liabilities approximate their fair value because of the relatively short period of time between the origination of these instruments and their expected realization.
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) and (2) an entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
| ● | Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities. | |
| ● | Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates); and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. | |
| ● | Level 3 - Inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. |
Fair value estimates discussed herein are based upon certain market assumptions and pertinent information available to management as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The respective carrying value of certain on-balance-sheet financial instruments approximated their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. These financial instruments include cash and cash equivalent, restricted cash, accounts receivables, advances to vendors, inventories, other current assets, accounts payables, advances from customers and other current liabilities. For short term borrowings and notes payable, the Company concluded the carrying values are a reasonable estimate of fair values because of the short period of time between the origination and repayment and as their stated interest rates approximate current rates available.
Related Parties
Parties, which can be a corporation or individual, are considered to be related if the Company has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Companies are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or common significant influence. The Company follows ASC 850, Related Party Disclosures, for the identification of related parties and disclosure of related party transactions.
Foreign Currency
Amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements are stated in United States dollars, unless stated otherwise. The Company’s subsidiary in the PRC uses the Chinese renminbi (RMB) and Hongkong Dollar (HKD) as their functional currency and the holding company - RLI uses the United States dollar as their functional currency. For subsidiaries that use the local currency as the functional currency, all assets and liabilities are translated to United States dollars using exchange rates in effect at the end of the respective periods and the results of operations have been translated into United States dollars at the weighted average rates during the periods the transactions were recognized. Resulting translation gains or losses are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss).
| F-13 |
In accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters (ASC 830), the Company translates the assets and liabilities into United States dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date and the statements of operations and cash flows are translated at an average rate during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation from RMB into United States dollar are recorded in stockholders’ equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive income. Further, foreign currency transaction gains and losses are a result of the effect of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency. Gains and losses on those foreign currency transactions are included in other income (expense), net for the period in which exchange rates change.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The Company accounts for comprehensive income (loss) in accordance with ASC 220, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (ASC 220). Under ASC 220, the Company is required to report comprehensive income (loss), which includes net income (loss) as well as other comprehensive income (loss). The only significant component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 is the currency translation adjustment.
Segment Information
Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which discrete financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in allocating resources and assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is the executive management team, consisting of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer.
As discussed in Note 1, the Company disposed of RLSP during the year, and the results of RLSP have been presented as discontinued operations. Following the disposal, the Company conducts its continuing operations through a single sales channel under an indirect supply model operated by RLHK. Under this model, products are purchased by the Company and indirectly sold to customers in Shanghai through RLHK. Management does not distinguish results by customer type or geographic market for internal reporting purposes.
Based on the manner in which financial information is reviewed by the CODM, the Company has one reportable operating segment. The CODM evaluates segment performance primarily based on consolidated results, including revenue and operating expenses.
Significant
segment expenses reviewed by the CODM include administrative expenses incurred by RLHK, which primarily consist of start-up and operating
costs, as well as corporate-level expenses incurred by the parent company, which mainly relate to regulatory compliance, consulting,
and legal services. SG&A expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $
As the Company operates in a single reportable segment, segment revenue and segment profit or loss are consistent with the amounts presented in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). No geographic segment information is presented, as the Company does not manage or evaluate performance on a geographic basis.
Recent Accounting Standard Adopted
In September 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-04, “Liabilities – Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations,” which requires that an entity that uses a supplier finance program in connection with the purchase of goods or services disclose information about the program’s nature, activity during the period, changes from period to period, and potential magnitude. The Company adopted this standard for annual periods on a retrospective basis beginning January 1, 2023. The Company also adopted the amendment on rollforward information, which became effective prospectively for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024. The adoption of this guidance modified the Company’s disclosures and will modify its annual disclosures for the rollforward information in 2024, but did not have an impact on its financial position and results of operations.
| F-14 |
Accounting Standards Issued but Not Yet Adopted
Income Tax Disclosures - In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) released ASU No. 2023-09, titled “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Enhancements to Income Tax Disclosures” (referred to as “ASU 2023-09”). This new standard mandates the disclosure, on an annual basis, of specific categories in the rate reconciliation and the disaggregation of income taxes paid by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 becomes effective for annual reporting periods starting after December 15, 2025. The Company anticipates that the adoption of this standard will not significantly impact its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) released ASU 2023-07, titled “Enhancements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”). This standard necessitates companies to provide additional, more comprehensive details regarding significant expenses of a reportable segment, even if there is only one such segment. Its purpose is to enhance disclosures related to a public entity’s reportable segments. ASU 2023-07 will be effective for fiscal years commencing after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods starting after December 15, 2024, with the option for early adoption. We are presently assessing the potential impact of adopting ASU 2023-07 on our consolidated financial statements.
Note 3 – Related Party Transactions
Purchase
In
order to reduce the purchase cost and enhance the purchase power, the Company purchases the main raw materials from Yongliansen Import
and Export Trading Company (“Yongliansen”) during the year ended December 31, 2025. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer,
Xingxiu Hua, holds
For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, RLHK purchased rubber products from Yongliansen in the total amount of $ and $, respectively.
On
November 3, 2025, the Company entered into a tripartite payment direction, settlement acknowledgement and waiver agreement, pursuant
to which a portion of the amounts payable to Yongliansen was settled through a direct payment by RLHK’s designated party, Shanghai
Xinsen, which had received proceeds from product sales made by RLHK. As a result, accounts payable to Yongliansen in the amount of $
Sales under Indirect Supply Model
In
order to stabilize customer relationships and maintain long-term orders, we authorized two related parties - Shanghai Xinsen (“Customer
B”) and Shanghai Huaxin (“Customer D”) as our distributors.
For
the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, RLHK had indirect sales through Shanghai Xinsen that were sold to onecertified first-tier
supplierof the Auto Manufacturers $
For
the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, RLHK had indirect sales through Shanghai Huaxin that were sold to onecertified first-tier
supplier of the Auto Manufacturers $
| F-15 |
Disposal of subsidiary
On
November 20, 2025, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Yongliansen, pursuant to which the Company sold all of
its equity interests in RLSP for total consideration of $
In accordance with ASC 835-30, Interest—Imputation
of Interest, the Company evaluated the long-term receivable arising from the installment arrangement and initially recorded such
receivable at its present value. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had a long-term accounts receivable balance of $
Others
As
RLHK has not yet completed its bank account opening procedures, the Company has not been able to remit its capital contribution to RLHK.
For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, advanced $
As
of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our CEO Mrs. Xingxiu Hua and CFO Mr. Hua Wang funded the Company and RLHK in the total amounts of $
Note 4 – Shareholders’ Equity
Rubber Leaf Limited (“RLHK”) was incorporated in Hong Kong under the Companies Ordinance (Chapter 622 of the Laws of Hong Kong) as a limited liability company. The Company was established to serve as a regional subsidiary and commercial platform for Rubber Leaf Inc., focusing on cross-border operations, sales, and supply-chain coordination within Asia.
From
May to July 2023, the Company issued shares of common stocks at $ per share pursuant to the private placements with ten individuals
for cash. The total $
Note 5 – Discontinued Operations
Management intended to change its operation focus and entered into an agreement with a related party to sell certain assets and liabilities of RLSP. On November 20, 2025, the Company completed the disposition of the Former PRC Subsidiary pursuant to the Agreement entered on November 20, 2025. The Company concluded that, in aggregate, the sales of the businesses in PRC segment met the criteria for discontinued operations presentation in 2025. As a result, each of these businesses has been reclassified to discontinued operations in these financial statements for all periods presented. Such assets and liabilities are classified as assets and liabilities held for sale, which was closed on November 30, 2025.
| F-16 |
Assets and Liabilities of Discontinued Operations
As previously described, assets and liabilities of discontinued operations are presented separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for all periods presented. The following table presents a reconciliation of the carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities of discontinued operations to the total assets and liabilities of discontinued operations as presented on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Schedule of Assets and Liabilities of Discontinued Operations
| November 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||
| Assets of discontinued operations: | ||||||||
| Current assets: | ||||||||
| Cash | $ | |||||||
| Accounts receivables | ||||||||
| Accounts receivables – related parties | ||||||||
| Advances to vendors | ||||||||
| Advances to vendors and other receivable- related parties | ||||||||
| Inventories, net | ||||||||
| Other current assets | ||||||||
| Total current assets held for sale | $ | |||||||
| Noncurrent assets: | ||||||||
| Plant and equipment, net | ||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | ||||||||
| Total assets of discontinued operations on Consolidated Balance Sheets | $ | |||||||
| Liabilities of discontinued operations: | ||||||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||
| Borrowings | $ | |||||||
| Borrowings– related parties | ||||||||
| Accounts payables | ||||||||
| Accounts payables – related parties | ||||||||
| Other payables - related parties | ||||||||
| Advances from customers | ||||||||
| Other current liabilities | ||||||||
| Total current liabilities | ||||||||
| Total assets of discontinued operations on Consolidated Balance Sheets | $ | |||||||
Gain (Loss) from Discontinued Operations
The following table provides details about the major classes of line items constituting “Gain (Loss) from discontinued operations” as presented on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Gain (Loss):
Schedule of Consolidated Statements of Gain (Loss)
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| For the years ended December 31 | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Sales | $ | $ | ||||||
| Sales-related party | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
| Cost of sales-production | ||||||||
| Cost of OEM | ||||||||
| Loss on factory relocation | ||||||||
| Loss on idle capacity | ||||||||
| Total cost of sales | ||||||||
| Gross (loss) profit | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Operating Expenses | ||||||||
| Selling expenses | ||||||||
| General & administrative expenses | ||||||||
| Total operation expenses | ||||||||
| (Loss) income from operation | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Other income (expenses): | ||||||||
| Interest expenses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Other income (expenses) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Gain on forgiveness of accounts payable | ||||||||
| Total other (expenses) income, net | ( | ) | ||||||
| Gain (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes | $ | ( | ) | |||||
| Gain on disposal, net | ||||||||
| Income tax expenses | ( | ) | ||||||
| Gain (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | $ | ( | ) | |||||
| F-17 |
Cash Flow From Discontinued Operations
Schedule of Cash Flow From Discontinued Operations
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| For the years ended December 31 | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Cash flow of discontinued operations | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | $ | ( | ) | ||||
| Net cash provided by investing activities | ( | ) | ||||||
| Cash flow provided by discontinued operations | ( | ) | ||||||
Note 6 - Commitment and contingencies
The Company had material commitments or contingencies as of December 31, 2025.
Note 7 - Income Taxes
The
Company, RLI is a Nevada company and subject to the United States federal income tax at a tax rate of 21%. The Company’s Form
PRC Subsidiary, RLSP, is incorporated in the PRC and are subject to PRC’s Enterprise Income Tax. Pursuant to the PRC Income Tax
Laws, Enterprise Income Taxes (“EIT”) is generally imposed at
The Company’s current subsidiary, RLHK, is incorporated in Hong Kong, and is subject to the Inland Revenue Ordinance which provides, among other things, that profits tax shall be charged on every person carrying on a trade, profession or business in Hong Kong in respect of his or her assessable profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong. RLHK is currently subject to the two-tiered profits tax regime according to Hong Kong tax rules and regulations.
No tax is imposed in Hong Kong in respect of capital gains from the sale of shares. Under Hong Kong tax regulations, a company’s first financial year for profits tax purposes may be up to 18 months from the date of incorporation, and the timing of the first profits tax filing is determined based on the company’s selected financial year-end.
RLHK currently expects to adopt a first financial year-end of December 31, 2026 (or March 31, 2027), and therefore is not required to file a profits tax return for the year ended December 31, 2025. In addition, management expects that RLHK’s operations qualify as offshore activities, as all substantive business activities are conducted outside Hong Kong. Under Hong Kong’s territorial source principle, profits derived from offshore activities are generally exempt from Hong Kong profits tax, subject to review and acceptance by the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong. Based on the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends paid by RLHK.
For
the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, income tax expense was $
| F-18 |
The table below summarizes the difference between the U.S. statutory federal tax rate and the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:
Schedule of Federal Effective Tax Rate
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| U.S. federal income tax rate | 21 | % | 21.0 | % | ||||
| Tax rate difference | % | % | ||||||
| Nontaxable items | % | % | ||||||
| GILTI tax | % | % | ||||||
| Others | % | )% | ||||||
| Valuation allowance | % | ( | )% | |||||
| Effective tax rate | % | )% | ||||||
As the Company incurred a pre-tax loss with income tax expense arising from disposal gains and deferred income tax adjustments. Accordingly, the effective income tax rate for the period is not meaningful.
For U.S. income tax purposes, the Company has no cumulative undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiary as of December 31, 2025. Accordingly, no provision has been made for U.S. deferred taxes related to future repatriation of these earnings, nor is it practicable to estimate the amount of income taxes that would have to be provided if we concluded that such earnings will be remitted to the U.S. in the future.
In
addition, the 2017 Tax Act also creates a new requirement that certain income (i.e., Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”))
earned by controlled foreign corporations (“CFCs”) must be included currently in the gross income of the CFCs’ U.S.
shareholder. GILTI is the excess of the shareholder’s net CFC tested income over the net deemed tangible income return, which is
currently defined as the excess of (1) 10 percent of the aggregate of the U.S. shareholder’s pro rata share of the qualified business
asset investment of each CFC with respect to which it is a U.S. shareholder over (2) the amount of certain interest expense taken into
account in the determination of net CFC-tested income. The Company has elected to recognize the tax on GILTI as a period expense in the
period the tax is incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024,
ASC 740 also requires the recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions using a “more-likely-than-not” threshold. Management has evaluated the Company’s tax positions, including the anticipated offshore profits tax exemption in Hong Kong, and determined that no liability for uncertain tax positions was required to be recorded as of December 31, 2025.
Note 8 - Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Based on our evaluation, no other event has occurred requiring adjustment or disclosure
| F-19 |
Item 8. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 8A. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are designed with an objective of ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our periodic reports filed with the SEC, such as this Annual Report, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC. Disclosure controls are also designed with an objective of ensuring that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer, in order to allow timely consideration regarding required disclosures.
The evaluation of our disclosure controls by our principal executive officer included a review of the controls’ objectives and design, the operation of the controls, and the effect of the controls on the information presented in this Annual Report. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, does not expect that disclosure controls can or will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud, if any. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Also, projections of any evaluation of the disclosure controls and procedures to future periods are subject to the risk that the disclosure controls and procedures may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, we evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and President and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2025 due to the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below, including (i) insufficient GAAP technical accounting expertise and (ii) inadequate segregation of duties resulting from a limited number of personnel. We are taking steps to remediate these material weaknesses, including enhancing oversight, engaging third-party accounting support, and implementing additional policies and procedures.
| 48 |
MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the company in accordance with as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the (i) effectiveness and efficiency of operations, (ii) reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and (iii) compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Our internal controls framework is based on the criteria set forth in the Internal Control - Integrated Framework that was issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management identified material weaknesses including insufficient GAAP technical accounting expertise and inadequate segregation of duties due to limited personnel.
Management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the small business issuer’s internal control over financial reporting is as of the year ended December 31, 2025. Based on the criteria set forth in the 2013 COSO Internal Control - Integrated Framework, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2025 due to the material weaknesses described above.
This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report.
Subsequent to the end of the period covered by this Annual Report and in light of the material weaknesses described above, management is in the process of designing and implementing improvements in internal control over financial reporting, and we currently plan to hire an independent third-party consultant to assist in identifying and determining appropriate accounting procedures and controls to implement.
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 8B. Other Information.
Item 8C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
Not applicable.
| 49 |
PART III
Item 9. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The following table sets forth the names and ages of our current directors and executive officers, their principal offices and positions and the date such person became one of our directors or executive officers. Our executive officers are elected annually by the Board. The directors serve one-year terms until their successors are elected. The executive officers serve terms of one year or until their death, resignation or removal by the Board.
The following table sets forth information regarding the members of our Board and our executive officers:
| Name | Age | Position | Year Commenced | |||||||
| Xingxiu Hua | 56 | President, Chief Executive Officer & Chairperson of the Board | 2021 | |||||||
| Hua Wang | 35 | Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Director | 2021 | |||||||
| Jun Tong | 56 | Director | 2021 | |||||||
| Jiangwei Yan | 64 | Director | 2023 | |||||||
| Wei Xu | 58 | Director | 2023 | |||||||
| Rong Yu | 56 | Director | 2023 | |||||||
| Yifeng Xu | 48 | Director | 2023 | |||||||
Executive Officers and Directors
Xingxiu Hua has been our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson since we were incorporated in May 2021. Ms. Hua founded Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. (China), our wholly owned subsidiary in July 2019. Ms. Hua was the Chief Executive Officer of Rubber Leaf Enterprises Inc. from 2011 to 2018. She achieved the main goals of leading the team to develop new customers in the rubber raw material industry and to establish research and quality laboratory and cooperate with UBC University in Vancouver. Ms. Hua also served as the Chief Executive Officer of Huaxin Economic and Trade Co., Ltd. from 1998 to 2012. She independently accounted for the general agent of ExxonMobile rubber division in Greater China and lead the team to develop customers which occupied 50% of Chinese ethylene propylene diene terpolymer market. We believe that Ms. Hua is well qualified to serve as the Chairperson given her product development experience in the rubber raw material industry.
Hua Wang has been our Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Director since we were incorporated in May 2021. Mr. Wang has served as the General Manager of Rubber Leaf Sealing Products (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. (China), our wholly owned subsidiary since July 2019. His job responsibilities include working with management to achieve the long-term business plan of the company and complete the company’s financial goals and dock with local banks to complete the cooperation between the company and banks. Mr. Hua Wang served as the Second Assistant to the Chief Executive Officer of Rubber Leaf Enterprises Inc. from 2011 to 2018. He was mainly in charge of coordinating different business arrangements for different departments among the global departments in the company and being involved in the auto manufacturer qualification process with the technical department in China. Mr. Wang received his Bachelor of Arts, Economics degree from University of British Columbia in 2016. We believe that Mr. Hua is well qualified to serve as a Director given his product development experience in the automotive industry.
Jun Tong has been a Director since we were incorporated in May 2021. Mr. Tong serves as our Chief Marketing Officer and Chief Technical Officer at present, where his main job responsibilities include leading the research and development team to develop new product strategies for organizations, especially high value specialty rubber, plasterers, specialty polymers and plastics TSR/TPV/TPO compounds formulations and production process, focusing on sustainable industry with long term investment return, especially in the auto industry industry, with the completion of 50 new products and 8000T/Y business volume. From September 2013 to October 2020, Mr. Tong served as CTO and R&D Director at Shanghai Haozong Rubber and Plastic Technology Co., Ltd, where he developed several new formulas for mixed rubber compounds. Mr. Tong served as the Global Automotive Market Development Manager, Greater China Area of Exxon-Mobile Chemical (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. from December 2010 to July 2013. He also worked as the Global Specialty Polymer Technology Manager, Greater China and Korea of Exxon-Mobile Chemical Asia Pacific R&D Co., Ltd from April 2000 to September 2010. Mr. Tong received his Bachelor’s degree in Polymer Chemical Engineering from Hefei University of Technology in 1991 and his EMBA degree from the University of Taxas in 2010. We believe that Mr. Tong is well qualified to serve as a Director given his product development experience.
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Jiangwei Yan has been a Director since November 2023. Mr. Yan is retired and is an expert in the rubber compounding industry, having worked in this field for over 45 years. He has served as the Technical Director of Compounding Rubber at Anhui Zhongding Co., Ltd., a company listed on the A-shares market in China, from January 2019 to June 2022, where he was responsible for overseeing the production of compounding rubber, quality control and the development of new formulations to reduce production costs. His expertise includes the development of new materials and formulas for compounding rubber, innovations in production processes and extensive experience in managing the rubber compounding department. We believe Mr. Yan is well qualified to serve as a Director given his extensive experience in the rubber raw material industry.
Wei Xu has been a Director since November 2023. Mr. Xu is a highly experienced automotive rubber and plastic sealing products technical director with a Bachelor’s degree from Beihang University. His extensive career, primarily at Shanghai Rongnan Technology Co., Ltd. from August 2019 until now, showcased significant progression, evolving from Deputy General Manager to Technical Director in the R&D Center, where he is responsible for the development of complete vehicle sealing strips, research and development of strategic company products and technical communication with customers. In addition, his expertise covers technical management, product design and process technology, along with strong leadership abilities demonstrated by managing multiple departments and overseeing company-wide operations at Shanghai Hongyang Sealing Components Co., Ltd. from December 2012 to April 2016. We believe Mr. Xu is well qualified to serve as a Director given his extensive experience in technical management, product design and process technology.
Rong Yu has been a Director since November 2023. Mrs. Yu is a retired experienced accountant in China. She obtained her Intermediate Accounting Qualification Certificate in China in 1995 and is proficient in industrial and trade company accounting. She earned her CPA certificate in 2000 and served as an auditor at Lixin Accounting Firm in China for 10 years after 2002, accumulating extensive audit experience, where she participated in the audits of many large Chinese enterprises and publicly listed companies. From January 2018 to September 2020, she served as Senior Accountant at Shanghai Huafu Chemical Co., Ltd.. We believe Mrs. Yu is well qualified to serve as a Director given her extensive experience in accounting.
Yifeng Xu has been a Director since November 2023. Mr. Xu currently has held the position of General Manager at Ningbo Dingkun Commercial Trade Group since May 2017, where he oversees all operation and business expansion with local authorities. Mr. Xu has approximately 20 years of experience in commercial trade activities in Ningbo, where he has established deep connections with local trade associations. He has brought numerous business and trade opportunities to the area, introduced several large enterprises, and enhanced commercial exchange activities, demonstrating his extensive experience in local business and trade. We believe Mr. Xu is well qualified to serve as a Director given his extensive experience in local business and trade.
Code of Ethics
Our Board has adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics (“Code”) that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions. We intend to post on our website a current copy of the Code and all disclosures that are required by law in regard to any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of the Code.
Insider Trading Policy
All
officers, directors and employees of, and consultants and contractors to, us or any of our subsidiaries are
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Board Leadership Structure and Risk Oversight
Our Board has responsibility for the oversight of our risk management processes and, either as a whole or through its committees, regularly discusses with management our major risk exposures, their potential impact on our business and the steps we take to manage them. The risk oversight process includes receiving regular reports from board committees and members of senior management to enable our Board to understand our risk identification, risk management and risk mitigation strategies with respect to areas of potential material risk, including operations, finance, legal, regulatory, cybersecurity, strategic and reputational risk.
Board of Directors
Our Board consists of seven members. Our business and affairs are managed under the direction of our Board.
Term of office
All officers and directors listed above will remain in office until the next annual meeting of our stockholders, and until their successors have been duly elected and qualified or until removed from office in accordance with our Bylaws. There are no agreements with respect to the election of Directors. We have not compensated our Directors for service on our Board, any committee thereof, or reimbursed for expenses incurred for attendance at meetings of our Board and/or any committee of our Board. Officers are appointed annually by our Board and each executive officer serves at the discretion of our Board. Our Board may in the future determine to pay directors’ fees and reimburse directors for expenses related to their activities.
None of our officers and/or directors have filed any bankruptcy petition, been convicted of or been the subject of any criminal proceedings or the subject of any order, judgment or decree involving the violation of any state or federal securities laws within the past five (5) years.
Director Independence
Our Board is composed of a majority of “independent directors” as defined under the rules of Nasdaq. We use the definition of “independence” applied by Nasdaq to make this determination. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2) provides that an “independent director” is a person other than an officer or employee of the company or any other individual having a relationship which, in the opinion of the Board, would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. The Nasdaq listing rules provide that a director cannot be considered independent if:
| ● | the director is, or at any time during the past three (3) years was, an employee of the company; | |
| ● | the director or a family member of the director accepted any compensation from the company in excess of $120,000 during any period of twelve (12) consecutive months within the three (3) years preceding the independence determination (subject to certain exemptions, including, among other things, compensation for board or board committee service); | |
| ● | the director or a family member of the director is a partner in, controlling shareholder of, or an executive officer of an entity to which the company made, or from which the company received, payments in the current or any of the past three fiscal years that exceed 5% of the recipient’s consolidated gross revenue for that year or $200,000, whichever is greater (subject to certain exemptions); | |
| ● | the director or a family member of the director is employed as an executive officer of an entity where, at any time during the past three (3) years, any of the executive officers of the company served on the compensation committee of such other entity; or | |
| ● | the director or a family member of the director is a current partner of the company’s outside auditor, or at any time during the past three (3) years was a partner or employee of the company’s outside auditor, and who worked on the company’s audit. |
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Under such definitions, our Board has undertaken a review of the independence of each director. Based on information provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, our Board has determined that Jiangwei Yan, Wei Xu, Rong Yu and Yifeng Xu are independent directors of the Company. Our common stock is not currently quoted or listed on any national exchange or interdealer quotation system with a requirement that a majority of our Board be independent and, therefore, we currently are not subject to any director independence requirements; however, in order to follow good corporate governance practices, our Board is currently composed of a majority of independent directors.
Committees of the Board of Directors
Our Board has three standing committees: (i) an audit committee (the “Audit Committee”); (ii) a compensation committee (the “Compensation Committee”); and (iii) a nominating and corporate governance committee (the “Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee”). Our Board has not yet adopted procedures by which stockholders may recommend nominees to the Board. The composition and responsibilities of each of the committees of our Board are described below. Members serve on these committees until their resignation or until as otherwise determined by our Board.
Audit Committee
Our Audit Committee consists of Rong Yu, Jiangwei Yan and Wei Xu, each of whom is an independent director and Rong Yu is an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined in Item 407(d)(5)(ii) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act. Rong Yu is Chair of the Audit Committee. Our Board adopted an Audit Committee Charter on November 17, 2023. The Audit Committee’s duties, which are specified in our Audit Committee Charter, include, but are not limited to:
| ● | reviewing and discussing with management and the independent auditor the annual audited financial statements, and recommending to the board whether the audited financial statements should be included in our annual disclosure report; | |
| ● | discussing with management and the independent auditor significant financial reporting issues and judgments made in connection with the preparation of our financial statements; | |
| ● | discussing with management major risk assessment and risk management policies; | |
| ● | monitoring the independence of the independent auditor; | |
| ● | verifying the rotation of the lead (or coordinating) audit partner having primary responsibility for the audit and the audit partner responsible for reviewing the audit as required by law; | |
| ● | reviewing and approving all related-party transactions; | |
| ● | inquiring and discussing with management our compliance with applicable laws and regulations; | |
| ● | pre-approving all audit services and permitted non-audit services to be performed by our independent auditor, including the fees and terms of the services to be performed; | |
| ● | appointing or replacing the independent auditor; | |
| ● | determining the compensation and oversight of the work of the independent auditor (including resolution of disagreements between management and the independent auditor regarding financial reporting) for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or related work; | |
| ● | establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by us regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or reports which raise material issues regarding our financial statements or accounting policies; and | |
| ● | approving reimbursement of expenses incurred by our management team in identifying potential target businesses. |
The Audit Committee is be composed exclusively of “independent directors” who are “financially literate” as defined under the Nasdaq listing standards. The Nasdaq listing standards define “financially literate” as being able to read and understand fundamental financial statements, including a company’s balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement.
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In addition, we intend to certify to Nasdaq that the committee has, and will continue to have, at least one member who has past employment experience in finance or accounting, requisite professional certification in accounting, or other comparable experience or background that results in the individual’s financial sophistication.
Compensation Committee
Our Compensation Committee is composed exclusively of independent directors consisting of Jiangwei Yan, Rong Yu and Yifeng Xu. Each member of the Compensation Committee is a non-employee director, as defined under Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act, and an outside director, as defined pursuant to Section 162(m) of the Code. Jiangwei Yan is Chair of the Compensation Committee. Our Board adopted a Compensation Committee Charter on November 17, 2023. The Compensation Committee’s duties, which are specified in our Compensation Committee Charter, include, but are not limited to:
| ● | reviews, approves and determines, or makes recommendations to our Board regarding, the compensation of our executive officers; | |
| ● | administers our equity compensation plans; | |
| ● | reviews and approves, or makes recommendations to our Board, regarding incentive compensation and equity compensation plans; and | |
| ● | establishes and reviews general policies relating to compensation and benefits of our employees. |
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, which is composed exclusively of independent directors consisting of Wei Xu, Yifeng Xu and Jiangwei Yan. Wei Xu is Chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our Board adopted a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter on November 17, 2023. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s duties, which are specified in our Nominating and Corporate Governance Audit Committee Charter, include, but are not limited to:
| ● | identifying, reviewing and evaluating candidates to serve on our Board consistent with criteria approved by our Board; | |
| ● | evaluating director performance on our Board and applicable committees of our Board and determining whether continued service on our Board is appropriate; | |
| ● | evaluating nominations by stockholders of candidates for election to our Board; and | |
| ● | corporate governance matters. |
Family Relationships
Xingxiu Hua is Hua Wang’s mother. Other than the foregoing, we currently do not have any of our officers or directors who are related to each other.
Board Compensation
We have not compensated our Directors for service on our Board, any committee thereof, or reimbursed for expenses incurred for attendance at meetings of our Board and/or any committee of our Board. Our Board may in the future determine to pay directors’ fees and reimburse directors for expenses related to their activities.
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Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings
Except as disclosed below, to our knowledge, none of our current directors or executive officers has, during the past ten (10) years:
| ● | been convicted in a criminal proceeding or been subject to a pending criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations and other minor offenses); | |
| ● | had any bankruptcy petition filed by or against the business or property of the person, or of any partnership, corporation or business association of which he was a general partner or executive officer, either at the time of the bankruptcy filing or within two (2) years prior to that time; | |
| ● | been subject to any order, judgment, or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction or federal or state authority, permanently or temporarily enjoining, barring, suspending or otherwise limiting, his or her involvement in any type of business, securities, futures, commodities, investment, banking, savings and loan, or insurance activities, or to be associated with persons engaged in any such activity; | |
| ● | been found by a court of competent jurisdiction in a civil action or by the SEC or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to have violated a federal or state securities or commodities law, and the judgment has not been reversed, suspended, or vacated; | |
| ● | been the subject of, or a party to, any federal or state judicial or administrative order, judgment, decree, or finding, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated (not including any settlement of a civil proceeding among private litigants), relating to an alleged violation of any federal or state securities or commodities law or regulation, any law or regulation respecting financial institutions or insurance companies including, but not limited to, a temporary or permanent injunction, order of disgorgement or restitution, civil money penalty or temporary or permanent cease-and-desist order, or removal or prohibition order, or any law or regulation prohibiting mail or wire fraud or fraud in connection with any business entity; or | |
| ● | been the subject of, or a party to, any sanction or order, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization (as defined in Section 3(a)(26) of the Exchange Act), any registered entity (as defined in Section 1(a)(29) of the Commodity Exchange Act), or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization that has disciplinary authority over its members or persons associated with a member. |
Meetings of the Board of Directors
During our fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, the Board met from time to time informally and acted by written consent on numerous occasions.
Indemnification and Limitation on Liability of Directors
The Company’s articles of incorporation and bylaws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by the laws of the State of Nevada, any officer or director of the Company, who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that he or she is or was or has agreed to serve at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company, or while serving as a director or officer of the Company, is or was serving or has agreed to serve at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee or agent (which, for purposes hereof, shall include a trustee, partner or manager or similar capacity) of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, or by reason of any action alleged to have been taken or omitted in such capacity. For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing indemnification obligation includes, without limitation, claims for monetary damages against Indemnitee to the fullest extent permitted under Section 78.7502 of the Nevada Revised Statutes as in existence on the date hereof.
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The indemnification provided shall be from and against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the indemnitee or on the indemnitee’s behalf in connection with such action, suit or proceeding and any appeal therefrom, but shall only be provided if the indemnitee acted in good faith and in a manner the indemnitee reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company, and, with respect to any criminal action, suit or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe the indemnitee’s conduct was unlawful.
At present, there is no pending litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors, officers, employees or agents where indemnification will be required or permitted. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.
Item 10. Executive Compensation
The Summary Compensation Table shows certain compensation information for services rendered in all capacities for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The following information includes the dollar value of base salaries, bonus awards, the number of stock options granted and certain other compensation, if any, whether paid or deferred.
Summary Compensation Table
| Name and principal position | Year ended December 31st |
Salary ($) |
Stock Compensation ($) |
Total ($) |
|||||||||||
| Xingxiu Hua, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director | 2025 | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | ||||||||
| 2024 | $ | 16,677 | $ | - | $ | 16,677 | |||||||||
| Hua Wang, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Director | 2025 | $ | - | $ | - | $ | - | ||||||||
| 2024 | $ | 8,338 | $ | - | $ | 8,338 | |||||||||
Equity Awards
We did not grant any equity awards to our officers or directors for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 and there are no option awards or stock awards outstanding at December 31, 2025.
Employment Agreements
We do not have any employment or consulting agreements with our officers or directors.
Stock Incentive Plan
Overview
On September 6, 2021, the Board and majority stockholder adopted the Rubber Leaf Inc 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan provides for the grant of the following types of stock awards: (i) incentive stock options, (ii) nonstatutory stock options, (iii) stock appreciation rights, (iv) restricted stock awards, (v) restricted stock unit awards and (vi) other stock awards. The Plan is intended to help us secure and retain the services of eligible award recipients, provide incentives for such persons to exert maximum efforts for our success and any of our affiliates and provide a means by which the eligible recipients may benefit from increases in value of the common stock. The Board reserved 5,000,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the grant of awards under the Plan. As of the date of this Annual Report, a total of 95,900 shares of common stock have been issued to our employees and one director under the Plan.
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Grants
5,000,000 shares of common stock of the Company were initially reserved and issuable under the 2021 Plan, of which 95,900 shares of common stock were issued to our employees and directors under the 2021 Plan. The 95,900 shares of common stock issued were fully vested as of the grant date and were not issued pursuant to exercise of any options.
Plan Administration
The 2021 Plan may be administered by the Board or by a stock option or the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee shall consist of not less than two directors of the Company and shall be appointed from time to time by the Board. Each member of the Compensation Committee shall be (i) a “non-employee director” within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act, and (ii) shall be an “outside director” within the meaning of Section 162(m) under the Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder. The Compensation Committee shall have complete authority to award incentives under the 2021 Plan, to interpret the 2021 Plan and to make any other determination which it believes necessary and advisable for the proper administration of the 2021 Plan. The Compensation Committee’s decisions and matters relating to the 2021 Plan shall be final and conclusive on the Company and its participants. If at any time there is no stock option or compensation committee, the term “Compensation Committee”, as used in the 2021 Plan, shall refer to the Board.
Eligibility
Officers of the Company, employees of the Company or its subsidiaries, members of the Board and consultants or other independent contractors who provide services to the Company or its subsidiaries shall be eligible to receive incentives under the 2021 Plan when designated by the Compensation Committee. Participants may be designated individually or by groups or categories (for example, by pay grade) as the Compensation Committee deems appropriate. Participation by officers of the Company or its subsidiaries and any performance objectives relating to such officers must be approved by the Compensation Committee. Participation by others and any performance objectives relating to others may be approved by groups or categories (for example, by pay grade) and authority to designate participants who are not officers and to set or modify such targets may be delegated. Participation is entirely at the discretion of the Compensation Committee and is not automatically continued after an initial period of participation.
Stock Options
A stock option is a right to purchase shares of Common Stock from the Company at a specified price. Each stock option granted by the Committee shall be subject to terms and conditions under the 2021 Plan.
Stock Appreciation Rights
Stock Appreciation Rights (“SAR”) is a right to receive, without payment to the Company, a number of shares of Common Stock, cash or any combination thereof, the amount of which is determined pursuant to the formula set forth in the 2021 Plan. A tandem SAR may be granted (a) with respect to any nonqualified stock option granted under the 2021 Plan, concurrently with the grant of such stock option (as to all or any portion of the shares of Common Stock subject to the nonqualified stock option), or (b) alone, without reference to any related stock option (a non-tandem SAR).
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Stock Awards and Restricted Stock
A stock award consists of the transfer by the Company to a participant of shares of Common Stock, without other payment therefor, as additional compensation for services to the Company. A share of restricted stock consists of shares of Common Stock which are sold or transferred by the Company to a participant at a price determined by the Compensation Committee (which price shall be at least equal to the minimum price required by applicable law for the issuance of a share of Common Stock) and subject to restrictions on their sale or other transfer by the participant. The transfer of Common Stock pursuant to stock awards and the transfer and sale of restricted stock shall be subject to the following terms and conditions:
| ● | Number of Shares. The number of shares to be transferred or sold by the Company to a participant pursuant to a stock award or as restricted stock shall be determined by the Compensation Committee. | |
| ● | Sale Price. The Compensation Committee shall determine the price, if any, at which shares of restricted stock shall be sold to a participant, which may vary from time to time and among participants and which may be below the fair market value of such shares of Common Stock at the date of sale. | |
| ● | Restrictions. All shares of restricted stock transferred or sold pursuant to the 2021 Plan shall be subject to such restrictions as the Compensation Committee may determine, including, without limitation any or all of the following: |
| (a) | a prohibition against the sale, transfer, pledge or other encumbrance of the shares of restricted stock, such prohibition to lapse at such time or times as the Compensation Committee shall determine (whether in annual or more frequent installments, at the time of the death, disability or retirement of the holder of such shares, or otherwise); | |
| (b) | a requirement that the holder of shares of restricted stock forfeit, or (in the case of shares sold to a participant) resell back to the Company at his or her cost, all or a part of such shares in the event of termination of his or her employment or consulting engagement during any period in which such shares are subject to restrictions; | |
| (c) | such other conditions or restrictions as the Compensation Committee may deem advisable. |
| ● | Escrow. In order to enforce the restrictions imposed by the Compensation Committee pursuant to above Restrictions, the participant receiving restricted stock shall enter into an agreement with the Company setting forth the conditions of the grant. Shares of restricted stock shall be registered in the name of the participant and deposited, together with a stock power endorsed in blank, with the Company. Each such certificate shall bear a legend in substantially the following legend: | |
| “The transferability of this certificate and the shares of Common Stock represented by it are subject to the terms and conditions (including conditions of forfeiture) contained in the 2021 Plan, and an agreement entered into between the registered owner and the Company. A copy of the 2021 Plan and the agreement is on file in the office of the Secretary of the Company.” | ||
| ● | End of Restrictions. Subject to the 2021 Plan, at the end of any time period during which the shares of restricted stock are subject to forfeiture and restrictions on transfer, such shares will be delivered free of all restrictions to the participant or to the participant’s legal representative, beneficiary or heir. | |
| ● | Stockholder. Subject to the terms and conditions of the 2021 Plan, each participant receiving restricted stock shall have all the rights of a stockholder with respect to shares of stock during any period in which such shares are subject to forfeiture and restrictions on transfer, including without limitation, the right to vote such shares. Dividends paid in cash or property other than Common Stock with respect to shares of restricted stock shall be paid to the participant currently. |
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Performance Shares
A performance share consists of an award which shall be paid in shares of Common Stock. The grant of performance share shall be subject to such terms and conditions as the Compensation Committee deems appropriate under the 2021 Plan.
Certain Adjustments
In the event of any recapitalization, stock dividend, stock split, combination of shares or other change in the Common Stock, the number of shares of Common Stock then subject to the 2021 Plan, including shares subject to restrictions, options or achievements of performance shares, shall be adjusted in proportion to the change in outstanding shares of Common Stock. In the event of any such adjustments, the purchase price of any option, the performance objectives of any incentive, and the shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to any incentive shall be adjusted as and to the extent appropriate, in the discretion of the Compensation Committee, to provide participants with the same relative rights before and after such adjustment.
Sale, Merger, Exchange or Liquidation
Unless otherwise provided in the agreement for an incentive, in the event of an acquisition of the Company through the sale of substantially all of the Company’s assets or through a merger, exchange, reorganization or liquidation of the Company or a similar event as determined by the Compensation Committee (collectively, a “transaction” when used in this “Stock Incentive Plan” section), the Compensation Committee shall be authorized, in its sole discretion, to take any and all action it deems equitable under the circumstances, including but not limited to any one or more of the following:
| (i) | providing that the 2021 Plan and all incentives shall terminate and the holders of (i) all outstanding vested options shall receive, in lieu of any shares of Common Stock they would be entitled to receive under such options, such stock, securities or assets, including cash, as would have been paid to such participants if their options had been exercised and such participant had received Common Stock immediately prior to such transaction (with appropriate adjustment for the exercise price, if any), (ii) performance shares and/or SARs that entitle the participant to receive Common Stock shall receive, in lieu of any shares of Common Stock each participant was entitled to receive as of the date of the transaction pursuant to the terms of such incentive, if any, such stock, securities or assets, including cash, as would have been paid to such participant if such Common Stock had been issued to and held by the participant immediately prior to such transaction and (iii) any incentive under this Agreement which does not entitle the participant to receive Common Stock shall be equitably treated as determined by the Compensation Committee. | |
| (ii) | providing that participants holding outstanding vested Common Stock based Incentives shall receive, with respect to each share of Common Stock issuable pursuant to such Incentives as of the effective date of any such transaction, at the determination of the Compensation Committee, cash, securities or other property, or any combination thereof, in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of such Common Stock on a date within ten days prior to the effective date of such transaction over the option price or other amount owed by a participant, if any, and that such incentives shall be canceled, including the cancellation without consideration of all options that have an exercise price below the per share value of the consideration received by the Company in the transaction. | |
| (iii) | providing that the 2021 Plan (or replacement plan) shall continue with respect to incentives not canceled or terminated as of the effective date of such transaction and provide to participants holding such incentives the right to earn their respective incentives on a substantially equivalent basis (taking into account the transaction and the number of shares or other equity issued by such successor entity) with respect to the equity of the entity succeeding the Company by reason of such transaction. | |
| (iv) | providing that all unvested, unearned or restricted incentives, including but not limited to restricted stock for which restrictions have not lapsed as of the effective date of such transaction, shall be void and deemed terminated, or, in the alternative, for the acceleration or waiver of any vesting, earning or restrictions on any incentive. |
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Change in Control
Upon a Change in Control, as defined in paragraph (i) and (ii) below, any stock option or restricted stock award granted to any participant under the 2021 Plan that would have become vested upon continued employment by the participant shall immediately vest in full and become exercisable, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary of such award, and notwithstanding the discretion of the Compensation Committee pursuant to the above subsection “Sale, Merger, Exchange or Liquidation.”
For purposes of this Section, “Change in Control” means:
| (i) | The acquisition by any person, entity or “group”, within the meaning of Section 13(d) (3) or 14(d) (2) of the Exchange Act (excluding, for this purpose, (A) the Company, or (B) any employee benefit plan of the Company or its subsidiaries which acquires beneficial ownership of voting securities of the Company) of 50% or more of either the then outstanding shares of common stock or the combined voting power of the Company’s then outstanding voting securities entitled to vote generally in the election of directors; or | |
| (ii) | Approval by the stockholders of the Company of (A) a reorganization, merger or consolidation, in each case, with respect to which persons who were the stockholders of the Company immediately prior to such reorganization, merger or consolidation do not, immediately thereafter, own more than 50% of the combined voting power of the reorganized, merged or consolidated company’s then outstanding voting securities entitled to vote generally in the election of directors of the reorganized, merged or consolidated company, or (B) a liquidation or dissolution of the Company or (C) the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company. |
Amendment and Termination
The Board may amend or discontinue the 2021 Plan or any participant’s incentive agreement at any time. However, no such amendment or discontinuance shall adversely change or impair, without the consent of the recipient, an incentive previously granted. Further, no such amendment shall, without approval of the shareholders of the Company, (a) increase the maximum number of shares of Common Stock which may be issued to all participants under the 2021 Plan, (b) change or expand the types of Incentives that may be granted under the 2021 Plan, (c) change the class of persons eligible to receive Incentives under the 2021 Plan or (d) materially increase the benefits accruing to participants under the 2021 Plan.
Employee Pension, Profit Sharing or other Retirement Plans
We do not have a defined benefit, pension plan, profit sharing or other retirement plan, although we may adopt one or more of such plans in the future.
Director Compensation
The following table provides information regarding the total compensation that was earned by or paid to each person who served as our directors during the year ended December 31, 2025. Ms. Xingxiu Hua and Mr. Hua Wang are not included in the table below as their compensation information are provided in the “Summary Compensation Table” above.
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| Name | Fees earned or paid in cash ($) | Stock awards ($) | Option awards ($) | Non-equity incentive plan compensation ($) | Nonqualified deferred compensation earnings ($) | All other compensation ($) | Total ($) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Jun Tong | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Jiangwei Yan | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Wei Xu | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Rong Yu | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Yifeng Xu | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Item 11. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and related Stockholder Matters
The following table sets forth information as of January 30, 2026 regarding the beneficial ownership of the Company’s common stock by each of its executive officers and directors, individually and as a group and by each person who beneficially owns in excess of five percent of the common stock after giving effect to any exercise of warrants or options held by that person. Unless otherwise specified, the address of each of the persons set forth below is in care of the Company, at the address of Room 2109, 21/F C C WU BLDG 302-308 HENNESSY ROAD, WANCHAI, HONG KONG.
| Name of Beneficial Owner | Position | Amount of Shares Beneficial Owned | Percent of class (1) | |||||||
| Xingxiu Hua | President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson | 36,272,184 | 88.23 | % | ||||||
| Hua Wang | Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Director | 2,301,866 | 5.60 | % | ||||||
| Jun Tong | Chief Marketing Officer, Chief Technology Officer, Director | 60,000 | * | |||||||
| Jiangwei Yan | Director | - | - | |||||||
| Wei Xu | Director | - | - | |||||||
| Rong Yu | Director | - | - | |||||||
| Yifeng Xu | Director | - | - | |||||||
| Officers and Directors as a Group (total of 7 persons) | 38,634,050 | 93.83 | % | |||||||
| * | Less than 1% |
| (1) | Based upon 41,109,458 shares outstanding as of January 30. |
| (2) | Under the Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, the Board has issued 60,000 common shares of the Company to Mr. Jun Tong on September 28, 2021. |
Equity Plan Information
See Part II, Item 4 “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” of this Annual Report.
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Changes in Control
There are no arrangements, to our knowledge, including any pledge by any person of securities of the Company, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company.
Policies and Practices for Granting Certain Equity Awards
Our policies and practices regarding the granting of equity awards are carefully designed to ensure compliance with applicable securities laws and to maintain the integrity of our executive compensation program. The Compensation Committee is responsible for the timing and terms of equity awards to executives and other eligible employees.
The timing of equity award grants is determined with consideration to a variety of factors, including but not limited to, the achievement of pre-established performance targets, market conditions and internal milestones. The Company does not follow a predetermined schedule for the granting of equity awards; instead, each grant is considered on a case-by-case basis to align with the Company’s strategic objectives and to ensure the competitiveness of our compensation packages.
In determining the timing and terms of an equity award, the Board or the Compensation Committee may consider material nonpublic information to ensure that such grants are made in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The Board’s or the Compensation Committee’s procedures to prevent the improper use of material nonpublic information in connection with the granting of equity awards include oversight by legal counsel and, where appropriate, delaying the grant of equity awards until the public disclosure of such material nonpublic information.
The Company is committed to maintaining transparency in its executive compensation practices and to making equity awards in a manner that is not influenced by the timing of the disclosure of material nonpublic information for the purpose of affecting the value of executive compensation. The Company regularly reviews its policies and practices related to equity awards to ensure they meet the evolving standards of corporate governance and continue to serve the best interests of the Company and its shareholders.
Item 12. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions
Purchase
In order to reduce the purchase cost and enhance the purchase power, the Company purchases the main raw materials from Yongliansen Import and Export Trading Company (“Yongliansen”) during the year ended December 31, 2025. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Xingxiu Hua, holds 30% of the outstanding equity of Yongliansen
For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, RLHK purchased rubber products from Yongliansen in the total amount of $4,109,128 and $Nil, respectively.
On November 3, 2025, the Company entered into a tripartite payment direction, settlement acknowledgement and waiver agreement, pursuant to which a portion of the amounts payable to Yongliansen was settled through a direct payment by RLHK’s designated party, Shanghai Xinsen, which had received proceeds from product sales made by RLHK. As a result, accounts payable to Yongliansen in the amount of $1,643,377 were offset against accounts receivable from Shanghai Xinsen. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, RLHK had accounts payable to Yongliansen of $2,498,787 and nil, respectively.
Sales under Indirect Supply Model
In order to stabilize customer relationships and maintain long-term orders, we authorized two related parties - Shanghai Xinsen (“Customer B”) and Shanghai Huaxin (“Customer D”) as our distributors. The Company’s President, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, holds 15% ownership of Shanghai Xinsen, which is a rubber product trading expert with 20 years of experience in the auto parts market.
For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, RLHK had indirect sales through Shanghai Xinsen that were sold to onecertified first-tier supplierof the Auto Manufacturers $2,398,185 and $Nil respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the accounts receivable due from Shanghai Xinsen were $788,834 and $Nil respectively, arising from normal business transactions.
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For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, RLHK had indirect sales through Shanghai Huaxin that were sold to onecertified first-tier supplier of the Auto Manufacturers $2,506,196 and $Nil respectively.
Disposal of subsidiary
On November 20, 2025, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Yongliansen, pursuant to which the Company sold all of its equity interests in RLSP for total consideration of $3.0 million, payable in three installment payments of $1.0 million each, with payments due on or before June 2027, June 2028, and June 2029, respectively.
In accordance with ASC 835-30, Interest—Imputation of Interest, the Company evaluated the long-term receivable arising from the installment arrangement and initially recorded such receivable at its present value. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had a long-term accounts receivable balance of $2,787,131 due from Yongliansen, measured using an incremental borrowing rate of 3.0%
Others
As RLHK has not yet completed its bank account opening procedures, the Company has not been able to remit its capital contribution to RLHK. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Ms. Xingxiu Hua, advanced $2,362 to RLHK to cover new company registration costs and statutory levies.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our CEO Mrs. Xingxiu Hua and CFO Mr. Hua Wang funded the Company and RLHK in the total amounts of $3,174,291 and $3,023,625 for its daily operation, respectively. The payable amounts bear no interest rate and due on demand.
Item 13. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The following table shows the fees that were billed for audit and other services provided by Simon & Edward, LLP, our independent auditors, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively:
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||
| Audit Fees | $ | 52,500 | $ | 57,500 | ||||
| Audit-Related Fees | $ | - | $ | - | ||||
| Tax Fees | $ | 3,000 | $ | 3,000 | ||||
| All Other Fees | $ | 2500 | $ | - | ||||
Audit fees consist of fees related to professional services rendered in connection with the audit of our annual financial statements. All other fees relate to professional services rendered in connection with the review of the quarterly financial statements.
Pre-Approval Policy
Our Board as a whole pre-approves all services provided by Simon & Edward, LLP. For any non-audit or non-audit related services, the Board must conclude that such services are compatible with the independence as our auditors. Our Audit Committee approved all services that our independent accountants provided to us in the past two fiscal years.
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PART IV
Item 14. Exhibits; Financial Statement Schedules.
The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report:
| 1. | Financial Statements: The following Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of Rubber Leaf Inc and the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm included in Part II, Item 7: |
| 2. | Exhibits: |
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† Compensatory plan.
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith and not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Rubber Leaf Inc under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report.
Item 15. Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 6, 2026.
| RUBBER LEAF INC | ||
| By: | /s/ Xingxiu Hua | |
| Xingxiu Hua, Chief Executive Officer | ||
| By: | /s/ Hua Wang | |
| Hua Wang, Chief Financial Officer |
| Name | Position | Date | ||
| /s/ Xingxiu Hua | Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairperson of the Board of Directors | February 6, 2026 | ||
| Xingxiu Hua | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||
| /s/ Hua Wang | Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Director | February 6, 2026 | ||
| Hua Wang | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | |||
| /s/ Jun Tong | Director | February 6, 2026 | ||
| Jun Tong | ||||
| /s/ Jiangwei Yan | Director | February 6, 2026 | ||
| Jiangwei Yan | ||||
| /s/ Wei Xu | Director | February 6, 2026 | ||
| Wei Xu | ||||
| /s/ Rong Yu | Director | February 6, 2026 | ||
| Rong Yu | ||||
| /s/ Yifeng Xu | Director | February 6, 2026 | ||
| Yifeng Xu |
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EXHIBIT 19.1
RUBBER LEAF INC
INSIDER TRADING POLICY
Dated: March 20, 2025
Purpose
This Insider Trading Policy (this “Policy”) provides guidelines with respect to transactions in the securities of Rubber Leaf Inc, a Nevada corporation (the “Company”), and the handling of confidential information about the Company and the companies with which the Company does business.
The Company’s Board of Directors (“Board”) has adopted this Policy to promote compliance with federal, state, and foreign securities laws that prohibit certain persons who are aware of material nonpublic information about a company from: (i) trading in securities of that company (e.g., purchasing and selling of securities, including purchases and sales of options and warrants on securities, as well as short sales); or (ii) providing material nonpublic information to other persons who may trade on the basis of that information.
Persons Subject to the Policy
This Policy applies to all officers of the Company and its subsidiaries, all members of the Board and all employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Company may also determine that other persons should be subject to this Policy, such as contractors or consultants who have access to material nonpublic information. This Policy also applies to family members, other members of a person’s household and entities controlled by a person covered by this Policy, as described below.
Transactions Subject to the Policy
This Policy applies to transactions in the Company’s securities (collectively referred to in this Policy as “Company Securities”), including the Company’s common stock, options to purchase common stock, or any other type of securities that the Company may issue, including, but not limited to, preferred stock, convertible debentures and warrants, as well as derivative securities that are not issued by the Company, such as exchange-traded put or call options or swaps relating to the Company’s Securities. There are certain exceptions that are discussed in this Policy under “Transactions Under Company Plans,” “Transactions Not Involving a Purchase or Sale,” and “Rule 10b5-1 Plans.”
Individual Responsibility
Persons subject to this Policy have ethical and legal obligations to maintain the confidentiality of information about the Company and to not engage in transactions in Company Securities while in possession of material nonpublic information.
Persons subject to this Policy must not engage in illegal trading and must avoid the appearance of improper trading. Each individual is responsible for making sure that he or she complies with this Policy, and that any family member, household member, or entity whose transactions are subject to this Policy, as discussed below, also comply with this Policy.
In all cases, the responsibility for determining whether an individual is in possession of material nonpublic information rests with that individual, and any action on the part of the Company, the Compliance Officer, or any other employee or director pursuant to this Policy or otherwise does not in any way constitute legal advice or insulate an individual from liability under applicable securities laws.
You could be subject to severe legal penalties and disciplinary action by the Company for any conduct prohibited by this Policy or applicable securities laws, as described below in more detail under the heading “Consequences of Violations.”
Administration of the Policy
Mr. Hua Wang, the CFO of the Company, shall serve as the Compliance Officer for the purposes of this Policy. The Compliance Officer is authorized to consult with the Company’s securities counsel without notice and at such times as he may deem necessary or appropriate at the expense of the Company. All determinations and interpretations by the Compliance Officer shall be final and not subject to further review. The duties of the Compliance Officer include, but are not limited to, the following:
| ● | assisting with implementation and enforcement of this Policy; | |
| ● | circulating this Policy to all employees and ensuring that this Policy is amended as necessary to remain up-to-date with insider trading laws; | |
| ● | ensuring that the Company obtain and maintain written acknowledgments from employees that they have read the policy; | |
| ● | overseeing the responses to questions from individual employees; | |
| ● | providing for employee training sessions; | |
| ● | ensuring that relevant files on policy compliance and implementation are maintained; | |
| ● | pre-clearing all trading in securities of the Company in accordance with the procedures as discussed in this Policy under “Pre-Clearance Procedures”; | |
| ● | providing approval of any Rule 10b5-1 plans as discussed in this Policy under “Rule 10b5-1 Plans” and any prohibited transactions as discussed in this Policy; and | |
| ● | providing a reporting system with an effective whistleblower protection mechanism. |
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Statement of Policy
It is the policy of the Company that no director, officer, or other employee of the Company (or any other person designated by this Policy or by the Compliance Officer as subject to this Policy) who is aware of material nonpublic information relating to the Company may, directly, or indirectly through family members or other persons or entities:
| 1. | Engage in transactions in Company Securities, except as otherwise specified in this Policy under the headings “Transactions Under Company Plans,” “Transactions Not Involving a Purchase or Sale,” and “Rule 10b5-1 Plans”; | |
| 2. | Recommend the purchase or sale of any Company Securities; | |
| 3. | Disclose material nonpublic information to persons within the Company whose jobs do not require them to have that information, or outside of the Company to other persons, including, but not limited to, family, friends, business associates, investors, and expert consulting firms, unless any such disclosure is made in accordance with the Company’s policies regarding the protection or authorized external disclosure of information regarding the Company; or | |
| 4. | Assist anyone engaged in the above activities. |
In addition, it is the policy of the Company that no director, officer, or other employee of the Company or any other person designated as subject to this Policy who, in the course of working for the Company, learns of material nonpublic information about a company with which the Company does business, including a customer or supplier of the Company, may trade in that company’s securities until the information becomes public or is no longer material.
There are no exceptions to this Policy, except as specifically noted herein. Transactions that may be necessary or justifiable for independent reasons (such as the need to raise money for an emergency expenditure), or small transactions, are not excepted from this Policy. The securities laws do not recognize any mitigating circumstances, and, in any event, even the appearance of an improper transaction must be avoided to preserve the Company’s reputation for adhering to the highest standards of conduct.
Definition of Material Nonpublic Information
Information is considered “material” if a reasonable investor would consider that information important in making a decision to buy, hold, or sell securities. Any information that could be expected to affect a company’s stock price, whether it is positive or negative, should be considered material. There is no bright-line standard for assessing materiality; rather, materiality is based on an assessment of all of the facts and circumstances and is often evaluated by enforcement authorities with the benefit of hindsight. While it is not possible to define all categories of material information, some examples of information that ordinarily would be regarded as material are:
| ● | Projections of future earnings or losses, or other earnings guidance; | |
| ● | Changes to previously announced earnings guidance, or decisions to suspend earnings guidance; |
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| ● | A pending or proposed merger, acquisition, or tender offer; | |
| ● | A pending or proposed acquisition or disposition of a significant asset; | |
| ● | A pending or proposed joint venture; | |
| ● | A Company restructuring; | |
| ● | Significant related party transactions; | |
| ● | A change in dividend policy, the declaration of a stock split, or an offering of additional securities; | |
| ● | Bank borrowings or other financing transactions out of the ordinary course of business; | |
| ● | The establishment of a repurchase program for Company Securities; | |
| ● | A change in the Company’s pricing or cost structure; | |
| ● | Major marketing changes; | |
| ● | A change in management; | |
| ● | A change in auditors or notification that the auditor’s report may no longer be relied upon; | |
| ● | Development of a significant new product, process, or service; | |
| ● | Pending or threatened significant litigation, or the resolution of such litigation; | |
| ● | Impending bankruptcy or the existence of severe liquidity problems; | |
| ● | The gain or loss of a significant customer or supplier; | |
| ● | The results of clinical trials or testing of the Company’s products or services; | |
| ● | A significant cybersecurity incident, such as a data breach, or any other significant disruption in the Company’s operations or loss, potential loss, breach, or unauthorized access of its property or assets, whether at its facilities or through its information technology infrastructure; or | |
| ● | The imposition of an event-specific restriction on trading in the Company’s Securities or the securities of another company or the extension or termination of such restriction. |
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Information that has not been disclosed to the public is generally considered to be nonpublic information. In order to establish that the information has been disclosed to the public, it may be necessary to demonstrate that the information has been widely disseminated. Information generally would be considered widely disseminated if it has been disclosed through the Dow Jones “broad tape,” newswire services, a broadcast on widely-available radio or television programs, publication in a widely-available newspaper, magazine or news website, or public disclosure documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) that are available on the SEC’s website, or subject to the Compliance Officer’s determination, disclosure on the Company’s website, or through social media.
By contrast, information would likely not be considered widely disseminated if it is available only to the Company’s employees. Nonpublic information may also include: (i) information available to a select group of analysts or brokers or institutional investors; (ii) undisclosed facts that are the subject of rumors, even if the rumors are widely circulated; and (iii) information that has been entrusted to the Company on a confidential basis until a public announcement of the information has been made and enough time has elapsed for the market to respond to a public announcement of the information (normally two (2) trading days).
Once information is widely disseminated, it is still necessary to provide the investing public with sufficient time to absorb the information. As a general rule, information should not be considered fully absorbed by the marketplace until after the second (2nd) business day after the day on which the information is released. If, for example, the Company were to make an announcement on a Monday, you should not trade in Company Securities until Thursday. Depending on the particular circumstances, the Company may determine that a longer or shorter period should apply to the release of specific material nonpublic information. For purposes of this Policy, a “business day” is any day that The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC is open for trading.
As with questions of materiality, if you are not sure whether information is considered public, you should either consult with the Compliance Officer or assume that the information is nonpublic and treat it as confidential.
Transactions by Family Members and Others
This Policy applies to your family members who reside with you (including a spouse, a child, a child away at college, stepchildren, grandchildren, parents, stepparents, grandparents, siblings, and in-laws), anyone else who lives in your household, and any family members who do not live in your household but whose transactions in Company Securities are directed by you or are subject to your influence or control, such as parents or children who consult with you before they trade in Company Securities (collectively referred to as “Family Members”).
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You are responsible for the transactions of these other persons and therefore should make them aware of the need to confer with you before they trade in Company Securities, and you should treat all such transactions for the purposes of this Policy and applicable securities laws as if the transactions were for your own account.
This Policy does not, however, apply to personal securities transactions of Family Members where the purchase or sale decision is made by a third party not controlled by, influenced by or related to you or your Family Members.
Transactions by Entities that You Influence or Control
This Policy applies to any entities that you influence or control, including any corporations, partnerships, or trusts (collectively referred to as “Controlled Entities”), and transactions by these Controlled Entities should be treated for the purposes of this Policy and applicable securities laws as if they were for your own account.
Transactions Under Company Plans
This Policy does not apply in the case of the following transactions, if currently applicable, except as specifically noted:
Stock Option Exercises
This Policy does not apply to the exercise of an employee stock option acquired pursuant to the Company’s plans, or to the exercise of a tax withholding right pursuant to which a person has elected to have the Company withhold shares subject to an option to satisfy tax withholding requirements. This Policy does apply, however, to any sale of stock as part of a broker-assisted cashless exercise of an option, or any other market sale for the purpose of generating the cash needed to pay the exercise price of an option.
Restricted Stock Awards
This Policy does not apply to the vesting of restricted stock, or the exercise of a tax withholding right pursuant to which you elect to have the Company withhold shares of stock to satisfy tax withholding requirements upon the vesting of any restricted stock. The Policy does apply, however, to any market sale of restricted stock.
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401(k) Plan
This Policy does not apply to purchases of Company Securities in the Company’s 401(k) plan resulting from your periodic contribution of money to the plan pursuant to your payroll deduction election.
This Policy does apply, however, to certain elections you may make under the 401(k) plan, including: (i) an election to increase or decrease the percentage of your periodic contributions that will be allocated to the Company stock fund; (ii) an election to make an intra-plan transfer of an existing account balance into or out of the Company stock fund; (iii) an election to borrow money against your 401(k) plan account if the loan will result in a liquidation of some or all of your Company stock fund balance; and (iv) an election to pre-pay a plan loan if the pre-payment will result in allocation of loan proceeds to the Company stock fund. It should be noted that sales of Company Securities from a 401(k) account are also subject to Rule 144, and therefore affiliates should ensure that a Form 144 is filed when required.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
This Policy does not apply to purchases of Company Securities in the employee stock purchase plan resulting from your periodic contribution of money to the plan pursuant to the election you made at the time of your enrollment in the plan. This Policy also does not apply to purchases of Company Securities resulting from lump sum contributions to the plan, provided that you elected to participate by lump sum payment at the beginning of the applicable enrollment period.
This Policy does apply, however, to your election to participate in the plan for any enrollment period, and to your sales of Company Securities purchased pursuant to the plan.
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
This Policy does not apply to purchases of Company Securities under the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan resulting from your reinvestment of dividends paid on Company Securities.
This Policy does apply, however, to voluntary purchases of Company Securities resulting from additional contributions you choose to make to the dividend reinvestment plan, and to your election to participate in the plan or increase your level of participation in the plan. This Policy also applies to your sale of any Company Securities purchased pursuant to the plan.
Other Similar Transactions
Any other purchase of Company Securities from the Company or sales of Company Securities to the Company are not subject to this Policy.
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Transactions Not Involving a Purchase or Sale
Bona fide gifts are not transactions subject to this Policy, unless the person making the gift has reason to believe that the recipient intends to sell the Company Securities while the officer, employee, or director is aware of material nonpublic information, or the person making the gift is subject to the trading restrictions specified below under the heading “Additional Procedures” and the sales by the recipient of the Company Securities occur during a blackout period.
Further, transactions in mutual funds that are invested in Company Securities are not transactions subject to this Policy.
Special and Prohibited Transactions
Certain transactions are of concern not only because of insider trading considerations, but also because of the appearance created by the transaction and the potential repercussions that the transaction may have with investors, regulators, and others.
Accordingly, the Company has determined that there is a heightened legal risk and/or the appearance of improper or inappropriate conduct if the persons subject to this Policy engage in certain types of transactions. It therefore is the Company’s policy that any persons covered by this Policy may not engage in any of the following transactions, or should otherwise consider the Company’s preferences as described below.
Short-Term Trading
Short-term trading of Company Securities may be distracting to the person and may unduly focus the person on the Company’s short-term stock market performance instead of the Company’s long-term business objectives. For these reasons, any director, officer, or other employee of the Company who purchases Company Securities in the open market may not sell any Company Securities of the same class during the six (6) months following the purchase or vice versa. Directors and officers should note the short-term trading restrictions of Section 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”).
Short Sales
Short sales of Company Securities (i.e., the sale of a security that the seller does not own) may evidence an expectation on the part of the seller that the securities will decline in value, and therefore have the potential to signal to the market that the seller lacks confidence in the Company’s prospects. In addition, short sales may reduce a seller’s incentive to seek to improve the Company’s performance. For these reasons, short sales of Company Securities are prohibited. In addition, Section 16(c) of the Exchange Act prohibits officers and directors from engaging in short sales. (Short sales arising from certain types of hedging transactions are governed by the paragraph below captioned “Hedging Transactions.”)
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Publicly-Traded Options
Given the relatively short term of publicly-traded options, transactions in options may create the appearance that a director, officer, or employee is trading based on material nonpublic information and focus a director’s, officer’s, or other employee’s attention on short-term performance at the expense of the Company’s long-term objectives. Accordingly, transactions in put options, call options, or other derivative securities, on an exchange or in any other organized market, are prohibited by this Policy. (Option positions arising from certain types of hedging transactions are governed by the next paragraph below.)
Hedging Transactions
Hedging or monetization transactions can be accomplished through a number of possible mechanisms, including through the use of financial instruments such as prepaid variable forwards, equity swaps, collars, and exchange funds. Such transactions may permit a director, officer, or employee to continue to own Company Securities obtained through employee benefit plans or otherwise, but without the full risks and rewards of ownership. When that occurs, the director, officer, or employee may no longer have the same objectives as the Company’s other shareholders. Therefore, directors, officers, and employees are prohibited from engaging in any such transactions.
Margin Accounts and Pledged Securities
Securities held in a margin account as collateral for a margin loan may be sold by the broker without the customer’s consent if the customer fails to meet a margin call. Similarly, securities pledged or hypothecated as collateral for a loan may be sold in foreclosure if the borrower defaults on the loan. Because a margin sale or foreclosure sale may occur at a time when the pledgor is aware of material nonpublic information or otherwise is not permitted to trade in Company Securities, directors, officers, and other employees are prohibited from holding Company Securities in a margin account and are strongly discouraged from pledging Company Securities as collateral for a loan. Any person wishing to enter into a legitimate loan pledge arrangement must first submit the proposed transaction in writing for approval by the Compliance Officer at least two (2) weeks prior to the proposed execution of documents evidencing the proposed transaction and must set forth a justification for the proposed transaction and clearly demonstrate the financial capacity to repay the loan without resorting to the pledged securities. The person making the request shall have no other contact with the Compliance Officer on that matter and the Compliance Officer’s decision shall be final and binding. (Pledges of Company Securities arising from certain types of hedging transactions are governed by the paragraph above captioned “Hedging Transactions.”)
Standing and Limit Orders
Standing and limit orders, except standing and limit orders under approved Rule 10b5-1 Plans, as described below, create heightened risks for insider trading violations similar to the use of margin accounts. There is no control over the timing of purchases or sales that result from standing instructions to a broker, and as a result the broker could execute a transaction when a director, officer, or other employee is in possession of material nonpublic information. The Company therefore discourages placing standing or limit orders on Company Securities. If a person subject to this Policy determines that they must use a standing order or limit order, the order should be limited to short duration and should otherwise comply with the restrictions and procedures outlined below under the heading “Additional Procedures.”
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Additional Procedures
The Company has established additional procedures in order to assist the Company in the administration of this Policy, to facilitate compliance with laws prohibiting insider trading while in possession of material nonpublic information, and to avoid the appearance of any impropriety. These additional procedures are applicable only to those individuals described below.
Pre-Clearance Procedures
The persons designated by the Compliance Officer as being subject to these procedures, as well as the Family Members and Controlled Entities of such persons, may not engage in any transaction in Company Securities without first obtaining pre-clearance of the transaction from the Compliance Officer.
A written request for pre-clearance should be submitted to the Compliance Officer at least two (2) business days in advance of the proposed transaction. The Compliance Officer is under no obligation to approve a transaction submitted for pre-clearance, and may determine not to permit the transaction. If a person seeks preclearance and permission to engage in the transaction is denied, then he or she should refrain from initiating any transaction in Company Securities, and should not inform any other person of the restriction.
When a request for pre-clearance is made, the requestor should carefully consider whether he or she may be aware of any material nonpublic information about the Company, and should describe fully those circumstances to the Compliance Officer. The requestor should also indicate whether he or she has effected any non-exempt “opposite-way” transactions within the past six months, and should be prepared to report the proposed transaction on an appropriate Form 4 or Form 5. The requestor should also be prepared to comply with SEC Rule 144 and file Form 144, if necessary, at the time of any sale.
All pre-cleared trades must be effected within five (5) business days of receipt of pre-clearance unless an exception is granted. Transactions not effected within the time limit are subject to pre-clearance again. Within three (3) business days after the execution of the transaction, the requestor shall notify the Compliance Officer of the date and size of the transaction.
The Compliance Officer shall document and maintain records relating to the pre-clearing request, the date of grant or denial, and other pertinent information.
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Blackout Periods
The persons designated by the Compliance Officer as subject to this restriction, as well as their Family Members or Controlled Entities, may not conduct any transactions involving the Company’s Securities (other than as specified by this Policy), during a “Blackout Period” beginning two weeks prior to the end of each fiscal quarter and ending on the second (2nd) business day following the date of the public release of the Company’s earnings results for that quarter. In other words, these persons may only conduct transactions in Company Securities during the “Window Period” beginning on the third (3rd) business day following the public release of the Company’s quarterly earnings and ending fifteen (15) days prior to the close of the next fiscal quarter.
Under certain very limited circumstances, a person subject to this restriction may be permitted to trade during a Blackout Period, but only if the Compliance Officer, with the advice of securities counsel if requested by the Compliance Officer, concludes that the person does not in fact possess material nonpublic information and may otherwise trade.
Persons wishing to trade during a Blackout Period must make such request in writing to the Compliance Officer for approval at least three (3) business days in advance of any proposed transaction involving Company Securities. All such trades are subject to the pre-clearance procedures set forth above under “Pre-Clearance Procedures.”
Event-Specific Trading Restriction Periods
From time to time, an event may occur that is material to the Company and is known by only a few executives or directors (e.g., negotiation of mergers, acquisitions or dispositions, investigation and assessment of cybersecurity incidents, or new product developments). The involved directors or officers shall promptly notify the Compliance Officer of such event. While such event remains material and nonpublic, the Company may impose special blackout periods (“Special Blackout Period”) during which executive officers, directors, and such other persons designated by the Compliance Officer, together with their family members, are prohibited from trading in the Company’s securities. If the Company imposes a Special Blackout Period, it will notify those affected and will not announce its existence other than to those who are aware of the event giving rise to the Special Blackout Period. If you know of the event, then even if the Compliance Officer has not designated you as a person who should not trade due to an event-specific restriction, you should not trade while you are aware of material nonpublic information. Exceptions will not be granted during an event-specific trading restriction period. Any person made aware of the existence of a Special Blackout Period should not disclose its existence to any other person.
In addition, the Company’s financial results may be sufficiently material in a particular fiscal quarter that, in the judgment of the Compliance Officer, designated persons should refrain from trading in Company Securities even later than the typical Blackout Period described above.
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Exceptions
The quarterly trading restrictions and event-specific trading restrictions do not apply to those transactions to which this Policy does not apply, as described above under the headings “Transactions Under Company Plans” and “Transactions Not Involving a Purchase or Sale.” Further, the requirement for pre-clearance, the quarterly trading restrictions, and event-specific trading restrictions do not apply to transactions conducted pursuant to approved Rule 10b5-1 plans, described under the heading “Rule 10b5-1 Plans.”
Rule 10b5-1 Plans
Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act provides a defense from insider trading liability under Rule 10b-5. In order to be eligible to rely on this defense, a person subject to this Policy must enter into a Rule 10b5-1 plan for transactions in Company Securities that meets certain conditions specified in Rule 10b-5-1 (a “Rule 10b5-1 Plan”). If the plan meets the requirements of Rule 10b5-1, Company Securities may be purchased or sold without regard to certain insider trading restrictions.
To comply with the Policy, a Rule 10b5-1 Plan must be approved by the Compliance Officer and meet the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 and the Company’s “Guidelines for Rule 10b5-1 Plans,” which may be obtained from the Compliance Officer. In general, a Rule 10b5-1 Plan must be entered into at a time when the person entering into the plan is not aware of material nonpublic information. Once the plan is adopted, the person must not exercise any influence over the amount of securities to be traded, the price at which they are to be traded, or the date of the trade. The plan must either specify the amount, pricing, and timing of transactions in advance or provide a third party irrevocable authority to effect such transactions at its own discretion, so long as the third party does not possess material inside information about the Company at the time of the transaction.
Any Rule 10b5-1 Plan must be submitted in writing for approval by the Compliance Officer no less than five (5) business days prior to the entry into the Rule 10b5-1 Plan. No further pre-approval of transactions conducted pursuant to the Rule 10b5-1 Plan will be required.
The Company may, on a case-by-case basis, announce publicly (whether by press release, on the Company website, or otherwise) that a key insider has established a pre-arranged plan at the time the plan is entered into, in order to mitigate potentially adverse publicity if a programmed trade on behalf of that insider occurs on some later date when the insider is in possession of material nonpublic information about the Company.
Post-Termination Transactions
This Policy continues to apply to transactions in Company Securities even after termination of service to the Company. If an individual is in possession of material nonpublic information when his or her service terminates, that individual may not trade in Company Securities until that information has become public or is no longer material.
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Consequences of Violations
The purchase or sale of securities while aware of material nonpublic information, or the disclosure of material nonpublic information to others who then trade in the Company’s Securities, is prohibited by the federal and state laws. Insider trading violations are pursued vigorously by the SEC, U.S. attorneys, and state enforcement authorities as well as the laws of foreign jurisdictions.
In addition, a person who “tips” others may also be liable for transactions by the tippees to whom he or she has disclosed material nonpublic information. Tippers can be subject to the same penalties and sanctions as the tippees, and the SEC has imposed large penalties even when the tipper did not profit from the transaction.
Punishment for insider trading violations is severe, and could include significant fines and imprisonment. While the regulatory authorities concentrate their efforts on the individuals who trade, or who “tip” inside information to others who trade, the federal securities laws also impose potential liability on companies and other “controlling persons” if they fail to take reasonable steps to prevent insider trading by company personnel.
The SEC can seek substantial civil penalties from any person who, at the time of an insider trading violation, “directly or indirectly controlled the person who committed such violation,” which would apply to the Company and/or management and supervisory personnel. These controlling persons may be held liable for up to the greater of $2.3 million or three times the amount of the profits gained or losses avoided. Even for violations that result in a small or no profit, the SEC can seek penalties from a company and/or its management and supervisory personnel as controlling persons.
In addition, an individual’s failure to comply with this Policy may subject the individual to Company-imposed sanctions, including dismissal for cause, whether or not the employee’s failure to comply results in a violation of law. Needless to say, a violation of law, or even an SEC investigation that does not result in prosecution, can tarnish a person’s reputation and irreparably damage a career. Given the severity of the potential penalties, compliance with this Policy is absolutely mandatory.
Company Assistance
Any person who has a question about this Policy or its application to any proposed transaction may obtain additional guidance from the Compliance Officer, who can be reached via e-mail at vincent.wang@rubberleaf.com.cn.
Certification
All persons subject to this Policy must certify their understanding of, and intent to comply with, this Policy. Please complete and sign the accompanying Certification page and return to Hua Wang via email at vincent.wang@rubberleaf.com.cn.
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Exhibit 21.1
List of Subsidiaries of Rubber Leaf Inc
| Name of Subsidiary | Jurisdiction of Organization | |
| Rubber Leaf Limited | Hong Kong |
EXHIBIT 31.1
CERTIFICATION
I, Xingxiu Hua, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K of Rubber Leaf Inc; |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
| 4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
| a. | designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; | |
| b. | designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; | |
| c. | evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and | |
| d. | disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
| 5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| a. | all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and | |
| b. | any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
| /s/ Xingxiu Hua | |
| Xingxiu Hua | |
| Chief (Principal) Executive Officer and President | |
| February 6, 2026 |
EXHIBIT 31.2
CERTIFICATION
I, Hua Wang, certify that:
| 1. | I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K of Rubber Leaf Inc; |
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
| 4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
| a. | designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; | |
| b. | designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; | |
| c. | evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and | |
| d. | disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
| 5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
| a. | all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and | |
| b. | any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
| /s/ Hua Wang | |
| Hua Wang | |
| Chief (Principal) Financial Officer | |
| February 6, 2026 |
EXHIBIT 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED
PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of Rubber Leaf Inc (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of the undersigned, in the capacities and on the dates indicated below, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to his knowledge:
| (1) | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and |
| (2) | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
| /s/ Xingxiu Hua | |
| Xingxiu Hua | |
| Chief (Principal) Executive Officer and President | |
| February 6, 2026 | |
| /s/ Hua Wang | |
| Hua Wang | |
| Chief (Principal) Financial Officer | |
| February 6, 2026 |