Good afternoon and welcome to the Synthetic Biologics' 2020 Second Quarter Investor Conference Call. All participants will be in listen-only mode. Please note this event is being recorded. At this time, I would like to turn the call over to Vincent Perrone, Director, Corporate Communication at Synthetic Biologics. Vincent?

Thanks, Tanya and good afternoon everyone. Welcome to Synthetic Biologics 2020 second quarter investor conference call. Today, I'm joined remotely by our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, Steven Shallcross; Dr. Michael Kaleko, Senior Vice President of Research and Development; and Dr. Vince Wacher, Head of Product and Corporate Development. Synthetic Biologics issued a press release this afternoon, which provided operational highlights and reported our financial results for the quarter ending June 30, 2020. The release can be found on the Investor Relations section of our website. During our call today, we'll provide an operational update on our GI and microbiome-focused clinical programs and we'll summarize our financial results. We'll take questions after our prepared remarks. In addition to the phone line, this call is being streamed live via webcast, which will be archived on our website for 90 days. During this call, we will be making forward-looking statements regarding Synthetic Biologics' current expectations and projections about future events. Generally, the forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as may, should, expects, anticipates, intends, plans, believes, estimates, and similar expressions. These statements are based upon current beliefs, expectations, and assumptions and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those set forth in Synthetic Biologics' filings with the SEC, many of which are difficult to predict. No forward-looking statements can be guaranteed, and actual results may differ materially from such statements. The information on this call is provided only as of the date of this call, and Synthetic Biologics undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements contained on this conference call on account of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Steve. Steve?

Thanks, Vincent. Good afternoon everyone, and thank you for joining our 2020 second quarter investor conference call. On behalf of Synthetic Biologics, we hope you are safe and in good health. I'm glad to be with you this afternoon and look forward to sharing important updates on our strategy for advancing our portfolio of GI and microbiome-focused clinical development programs during today's call. Today, we'll review our 2020 second quarter operational highlights and financial results and provide an update on our clinical development strategy as we continue to navigate the global health and economic crisis sparked by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our focus now and in the past is the safety and well-being of the patients we aim to serve, our clinical research and development partners, and of course, the dedicated team here at Synthetic Biologics. As a nationwide response to the COVID-19 global pandemic evolves, we continue to inform our decisions based on recommendations made by local governments, hospitals, and healthcare organizations, many of which continue to focus resources on battling the pandemic in their regions. During our last call, I outlined our revised operational framework, which has allowed us to navigate the COVID-19 crisis and advance our clinical programs in the second quarter. Specifically, enrollment in the investigator-sponsored Phase 2B clinical trial SYN-010 has restarted following a temporary halt during the second quarter due to the COVID-19 global pandemic. We submitted an IND application with the FDA and received a study may proceed letter to conduct a Phase 1 single ascending dose study in healthy volunteers intended to evaluate SYN-020 for safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic parameters. We expanded our collaboration with Massachusetts General Hospital in the form of an exclusive option agreement to license intellectual property and technology to commercially develop SYN-020 for the treatment and prevention of metabolic and inflammatory diseases associated with aging. And we remain in close contact with Washington University as they continue to evaluate opportunities which may allow us to initiate the planned Phase 1b/2a clinical trial of SYN-004 in allogeneic HCT patients in the phase of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Importantly, these initiatives have been conducted with a sharp focus on prudent cash management and financial stewardship, which will allow us to preserve our cash runway through at least the first quarter of 2021. With that backdrop, I'd like to provide an update on our late-stage emerging clinical programs, beginning with our SYN-010 program. SYN-010 is designed to target an underlying microbial cause of constipation in IBS-C patients with the goal of normalizing bowel habits without diarrhea and nausea, often associated with over-the-counter and prescription therapies. Last year, we began enrollment in a Phase 2b investigator-sponsored clinical trial of SYN-010 in collaboration with our research partner, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of SYN-010 in IBS-C patients. We designed this clinical trial with three specific objectives in mind. First, to generate a data set of the highest quality in order to provide additional insights into dose response and length of treatment for future potential pivotal trials. Second, to allow us to reengage with prospective partners who found the Phase 2a data compelling yet inconclusive enough to justify significant investment for Phase 3 development. And importantly, number three, to generate this data set in a cost-effective manner. During the second quarter, patient enrollment was temporarily halted as a result of the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic, which required Cedars-Sinai to temporarily limit certain non-essential activities. During this time, Cedars-Sinai implemented steps which allowed actively enrolled patients to complete their full 12-week treatment period. Importantly, data from this active group was collected in accordance with the clinical trial protocol. At this time, Cedars-Sinai has restarted new patient recruitment and enrollment remains ongoing. However, their ability to continue to enroll new patients remains contingent upon the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. A data readout in the form of an interim futility analysis is anticipated during the third quarter of 2020. And top-line data is anticipated during the first quarter of 2021, subject to COVID-19. We remain in close contact with the team at Cedars and look forward to providing additional updates as they become available. Next, I'd like to provide a brief update on our SYN-004 or ribaxamase program. SYN-004 is our first-in-class therapeutic intervention designed to protect the gut microbiome from antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis. We believe protection of the gut microbiome may play a pivotal role in improving health outcomes for patients administered long courses of intravenous beta-lactam antibiotics as part of their treatment plan for bone marrow and solid organ transplantation. Last year, we announced our intention to move this program forward in collaboration with our clinical development partner, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, in the form of a Phase 1b/2a clinical trial of SYN-004 in allogeneic HCT transplant recipients. Following this announcement, we held the Type C meeting with the FDA to discuss the clinical program requirements needed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and potential absorption into the systemic circulation, if any, of SYN-004 in adult allogeneic HCT recipients. We are pleased to announce that we recently received written notification from the FDA informing us they have determined that the Phase 1b/2a clinical program protocol in adult allogeneic HCT recipients is safe to proceed as planned. Looking ahead, we plan to share the FDA cleared clinical protocol with Washington University's Institutional Review Board or IRB. Upon approval by the IRB, the team at Washington University will be in a position to begin enrolling patients into this clinical trial. During the second quarter, we remained in close contact with Washington University in order to better understand how their ongoing response to the global Coronavirus pandemic has impacted their ability to initiate the planned Phase 1b/2a clinical trial of SYN-004. Washington University informed us that although health and safety initiatives intended to slow the spread of COVID-19 have been effective, the virus continues to pose difficult and unique challenges that continue to delay certain non-essential activities. However, they also informed us that they could potentially be in a position to initiate the Phase 1b/2a clinical trial as early as this fall. This remains largely at the discretion of Washington University’s Institutional Review Board and is contingent upon their ability to conduct this clinical program free from the impact of COVID-19, which at this time is still difficult to predict. We will remain in close contact with Washington University and will be ready to proceed with this program in the event it is deemed safe to do so by the University's IRB and the FDA. However, given this continued uncertainty, we maintain our previous guidance and anticipate commencement of this clinical program during the first quarter of 2021. We look forward to providing additional updates as they become available. Before reviewing our financials, I'd like to hand the call over to our Senior Vice President of Research and Development, Dr. Michael Kaleko. Mike will provide an update on the exciting developments and achievements we've made for our SYN-020 intestinal alkaline phosphatase program during the second quarter. Mike?

Thanks, Steve. On June 29, Synthetic Biologics filed an IND for SYN-020 and has received FDA approval to proceed with the first clinical trial, the single ascending dose study in normal healthy volunteers. As we enter the clinical stage, it seems like an opportune time to provide some details about the program. Any published data to which I refer will be referenced on our company website. SYN-020 is a recombinant form of bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase, which I'll refer to as IAP, produced in flow cells and formulated for oral delivery. In mammals, including humans, IAP is an endogenous enzyme produced by the cells that line the small intestine, and it functions to remove a phosphate group from multiple different substrates. IAP released by these cells is not digested and travels through the intestine in biologically active form that plays a key role in maintaining gut health through at least three important mechanisms. First, it diminishes gastrointestinal inflammation by detoxifying multiple inflammatory molecules, probably the most important of which is endotoxin. Second, it acts directly on the intestinal wall to tighten the gut barrier to diminish so-called leaky gut. Third, it functions to support a healthy bacterial microbiome. Based on these functional activities, we and others have recognized that oral administration of IAP has the potential to treat inflammatory diseases of the GI tract, and this clinical strategy is well-supported by multiple animal models, as well as a pilot study in humans with ulcerative colitis. But equally important, by detoxifying intestinal inflammatory mediators and preventing them from leaking out into the systemic circulation, IAP has the potential to diminish chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, which is believed to exacerbate metabolic syndrome and accelerate the progression of diseases associated with aging. More on this in a minute. At Synthetic Biologics, we've been collaborating with Dr. Richard Holden, Chief of the Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Holden has been researching IAP for decades and is a world leader in exploring its efficacy in animal models of disease. In 2013, he published a seminal paper demonstrating that IAP treatment of mice with metabolic syndrome was remarkably effective in treating this or dramatically reducing both high blood sugar and the associated fatty liver disease. More recently, he showed that long-term supplementation with IAP in mice diminished the inflammatory and metabolic changes that occur with normal aging. Amazingly, sustained oral administration of IAP substantially prolonged the mouse lifespan. Synthetic Biologics has an exclusive option agreement with Mass General Hospital to license the intellectual property pertaining to the prevention and treatment of metabolic and inflammatory disorders associated with aging. I would encourage you to take a look at Dr. Holden's papers, which encompass a multitude of animal models for other disease indications. I hope I've conveyed the message. One of the most exciting aspects of the SYN-020 product candidate is its potential utility for a broad array of clinical indications. You might ask why haven’t other companies already developed an oral IAP therapeutic. The answer seems to be it is remarkably difficult to manufacture. Most of the studies in the literature have been performed with IAP derived from CAF intestines. CAF IAP costs up to $10,000 a gram, which is prohibitive for an oral therapeutic, and public reports with various recombinant platforms have described very poor yields, again insufficient for an oral therapeutic. At Synthetic Biologics, we've overcome this hurdle. Our unique advantage is that we've been able to generate a high-yield production cell line that at commercial scale is anticipated to enable cost-effective manufacturing. We've demonstrated that the recombinant SYN-020 is biologically equivalent to CAF-derived IAP, and it is well tolerated in mice in our toxicology studies, at doses up to 50-fold above the anticipated clinical dose. As mentioned previously, we filed an IND that received a study may proceed approval from the FDA. For the initial clinical application, we looked for a NICE indication that could potentially provide an accelerated path to registration. Our current top choice is enterocolitis associated with radiation therapy for rectal and anal cancers. Since the radiation field for these cancers includes the lower abdomen, patients frequently experience acute side effects, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and cramping. While these symptoms usually abate upon completion of the radiation dosing, up to 50% of cancer survivors will go on to develop a long-term complication of intestinal fibrosis, which can be debilitating and has a significant unmet medical need. There's currently no way to prevent it as well as to cure it. While we will initially focus on the acute toxicities, there is a significant opportunity for SYN-020 to potentially address the long-term complication as well. Finally, in support of this implication, oral administration of IAP was efficacious in two published animal models with radiation exposure, and we verified that SYN-020 was efficacious in our own pilot study in mice. I would be remiss if I didn't mention that we're also exploring the utility of SYN-020 for Celiac disease, which is an autoimmune disease that condemns patients to a lifelong, highly restrictive gluten-free diet. Celiac is particularly intriguing because, when the disease is active, it's associated with low IAP levels and gut barrier leakage; hence, supplemental SYN-020 seems to be ideally suited to remedy these abnormalities. To be clear, the disease can be complex with both intestinal and extra-intestinal presentations. However, a clinical trial design that incorporates a gluten challenge could potentially provide an early readout on SYN-020's utility. We look forward to sharing additional updates on this in the future. To conclude, our initial Phase 1 studies will be conducted in normal healthy volunteers. These safety studies will support the subsequent gastrointestinal trials but, more broadly, should also enable the pursuit of other clinical indications. Ultimately, the goal is to leverage low-cost manufacturing and the expanse of clinical opportunities offered by SYN-020 to address metabolic as well as age-related disorders. So thanks for your attention. And let me now turn it back to Steven.

Thanks, Mike. And as you can see, we're very excited about the future of this program and its potential to be a significant value-adding catalyst for our company. With that backdrop, I will review our financial results for the quarter ended June 30, 2020. During the second quarter of 2020, we continued to operate in a lean and efficient manner. We maintained focus on prudent cash management that has successfully identified additional areas to further reduce non-essential operating expenses. We ended the quarter with approximately $8.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and looking ahead, we anticipate our burn to remain in line with the previous quarter. This is due primarily to the postponement of the Phase 1a/2b clinical trials in allogeneic HCT recipients. At this time, we do not anticipate additional expenses related to this program for the remainder of the year. As a result, we anticipate that our current cash position will allow us to continue operations through at least the first quarter of 2021. Now let's turn to the second quarter financial results. General and administrative expenses increased by 23% to $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020, from $1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019. This increase is primarily due to increased legal costs related to business developments, past and execution, employee contract matters as well as vacation and insurance costs. The charges related to stock-based compensation expense were $67,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $59,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2019. Research and development expenses decreased by 38% to $1.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020, from $2.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019. This decrease is primarily the result of the response to the global COVID-19 pandemic by our clinical development partners, which has led to the postponement of the Phase 1b/2a clinical trial of SYN-004 in allogeneic HCT recipients and a temporary halt in new enrollment in the Phase 2b investigator-sponsored clinical trial of SYN-010. Charges related to stock-based compensation expense were $19,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $31,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2019. Other income was $6,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020, compared to other income of $80,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2019. Other income for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 is primarily comprised of interest income. In closing, despite uncertainty around COVID-19, we at Synthetic Biologics remain focused on the execution of our strategy of advancing our portfolio of GI microbiome-focused clinical programs. We continue to coordinate and evaluate our clinical development strategies alongside our partners. And as we have the ability to adjust and adapt when necessary, to remain aligned with recommendations by the government and healthcare organizations leading the response against the Coronavirus pandemic. We continue to support the efforts of our clinical development partners and healthcare workers around the globe who continue to risk their own health to help others battling the novel Coronavirus. On behalf of Synthetic Biologics teams, I thank you. We look forward to continuing to update you on our progress in the weeks and months ahead. Now, I'll turn the call back to Vincent.

Thanks Steve. Tanya, we'd like to open the phone line to questions. Can you please describe the procedure to ask questions for our listeners?

Sure. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. The first question comes from James Molloy of Alliance Global Partners. Please go ahead.

Hey, guys, thanks for taking my question on the call. When on the SYN-010, will the CSMC, I know that you suggest the near restart in the fall? I'm sorry, again SYN-004. The SYN-010, the restart of the trial of the interim located third quarter top line first quarter ’21. At what point we just have to know if that's going, if that's going to be on track, or there will be additional risks of a slowdown of things, turn south in wood, Cedars-Sinai?

So, Jim, this is Steve. So we're in regular contact with our partners in Cedars-Sinai, and they have started enrolling patients again in that trial. So, we're happy to see that happen. There's, obviously additional protocol that they had to put in place in order for this to happen. For instance, all the patients before they can come into the clinic for their screening have to pass a COVID test. So, even with those additional steps that have been built into the process, things currently are back on track. I guess, as we stated in our comments, who knows what happens as we continue to go forward. But as of today, those patients are continuing to enroll.

And I think you mentioned in your prepared remarks as well that sort of the level of burn of $2.8 million about $3 million expenses in the quarter. Is that what you'd expect to have the next few quarters going forward here in 2020? I think I had modeling something lower thinking the COVID may delay things longer. It's not like things got back on track sooner than expected?

Yeah. I mean, the actual cash used for the quarter was around $2 million. And I think that's pretty consistent with where we're at. We've talked in the past our fixed monthly burn about $500,000 and then anything that we spend above and beyond that is strictly due to the programs that are ongoing. The guidance that we've given is cash through the first quarter of 2021. So, as you sort of look at your model and understanding where the cash balances to kick in sort of see how that works.

You run an efficient operation, so I'm curious if there is still room to operate even more efficiently. Regarding the last two questions, I found the discussion about the disease for 020 quite intriguing. I would appreciate your thoughts on what steps you would need to take to make progress in that area.

So, first I'll just quickly answer the cash question. We're pretty lean as it is. We continue to look at every opportunity where we could still reduce our burn further. But I think in the last year, we did a pretty good job of getting our costs down. I mean, we have 10 full-time employees. That's pretty lean for a company that's working actively on three programs. So we're feeling pretty good about where we're at in terms of staffing and our ability to manage our cash. The Celiac opportunity is really interesting. This is actually a program that we looked at several years ago, we did some extensive analysis of the market opportunity and we continue to keep this sort of on the radar. Now that we have the ability to go into the clinic initially with our Phase 1 study, it's become something that has become very, very important to us, especially with the fact that there's an unmet need in the marketplace. Our development team and our clinical folks are looking at ways that we may advance this into the clinic. Those thoughts and ideas are in various stages right now. And, once I think we are a little bit more clear about how we plan to proceed, we will have a discussion with the FDA, and then I think we could share more broadly with our shareholder base.

Okay. Final question for me, what do you state sort of the cost to get to a go, no go on Celiac? And then, I would assume a sort of $10 million $15 million sort of all-in trial costs running things through.

I can't even begin to answer that right now until we're clear on what a program would look like. And then we actually sit down with the FDA and discuss it. So it's still too soon to tell.

Understood. Thank you very much for taking the questions.

The next question comes from Jason McCarthy of Maxim Group. Please go ahead.

Hey, guys, this is Michael Okunewitch on the line for Jason. Congratulations on the progress and thanks for taking the question. Certainly, I like to see while we're on the topic of SYN-020. Looks like a pretty exciting opportunity with IAP. And, from what we've been watching it with a story, it looks, could essentially be a pipeline and a fill sort of situation here. And I know cost to manufacture mutations has previously prevented large scale development, but like to see if you could talk a bit more on what the actual market opportunity is here? And if you could give a bit more specifics on which age-related metabolic and inflammatory conditions could benefit from SYN-020?

Well, since there hasn't been a lot done in terms of clinical trials in humans for this area, a lot of what we have to refer to today is what's been done in animal models, and Dr. Kaleko has been spending a lot of time with Dr. Holden. So, maybe Mike, if you want to just spend a couple of minutes and talk about the broad platform opportunity? We view this compound as a potential platform type product. First things first, though, right, we want to get through the initial Phase 1 studies. And then, as we hone in on the areas where we have opportunity, then I think we'll be in a position to talk more broadly about specific indications and ultimately, how big the product could be in any one of those indications. But, Mike, why don't you go ahead and just a couple of minutes on how we view this and where ultimately the opportunities could take us?

Okay. We initially, as I discussed, chose radiation enterocolitis for those specific two cancers, and we believe there's a potential for orphan designation which could accelerate the pathway to registration. And we feel it's important to move through registration as quickly as possible. Celiac, as I mentioned, has seemed remarkably well-suited for SYN-020 because it is a disease that is characterized by leaky gut. There are clinical indications that if we could fix the leaky gut, it could potentially improve the course of the disease. SYN-020 is really good at fixing leaky gut. Additionally, Celiac is aggravated sometimes by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and you could imagine that by targeting inflammation, SYN-020 has the potential to diminish such inflammation. So it seems very well-suited to Celiac. There's also a very significant unmet medical need. So those are the two gastrointestinal diseases. After that, we would look at broader indications. And I think the first one when we think about would be metabolic syndrome and Type II diabetes. Now this is down the road a bit. The regulatory pathway for diabetes is complex, so it's down the road. But certainly, that is the disease of aging for which SYN-020 has remarkable animal model data. There’s actually data that suggests that humans with high levels of IAP are protected from diabetes, even if they're obese. The other age-related disease that people tend to think of is atherosclerosis. We have not looked at that in detail, so it is premature to discuss it. But I can tell you there's similar publication suggesting that the extent to which people develop ischemic heart disease may be inversely correlated with their FICO levels of IAP. So there's some potential promise there, but now you're looking way down the road. So I think those are the two aging-related diseases that would come after the gastrointestinal.

Thank you for your help. I would like to request more details regarding the readout of the Phase 2B study in IBS-C. Specifically, what level of difference from placebo would be needed to consider the results a success? Additionally, which key secondary endpoints do you view as most critical for attracting a partner for the Phase 3 trial?

Okay, Mike, thanks for the question. Vince, do you want to take that?

Yeah. So just to clarify, what we're expecting in the near term is the futility analysis to determine the futility of whether the study should continue and whether continuation will add to the overall outcome. Downstream, what do we want to see in a product in this space, and more particularly from SYN-010? Well, you definitely want to see a defined effect on the complete spontaneous bowel movements. You need an increase above baseline; the FDA endpoint is an increase of at least one per week. Competitively, you'd like to see an increase of more than one per week. But for the most part, I think if you can increase that by one or two per week, that's hitting the endpoint that you need to have. In IBS-C, you also need to get a reduction in abdominal pain. The endpoint is a 30% reduction in abdominal pain, HV0 versus baseline for the week, so their average score. So those are the key efficacy endpoints in terms of differentiating; we would like to see the products have an effect on some of the things that are most impactful for quality of life, like decreasing bloating. And we've discussed before that bloating is the symptom that IBS-C patients complain about the most. So bloating is key. To secondary endpoints, we'd like to see bloating included in the study as a way of differentiating. And then the key side effect, obviously, is diarrhea. We want to make sure that we don't have a diarrhea outcome. We'd like to have our benefits along with our additional effects on bloating without causing diarrhea, which is one of the first limiting effects.

So would you consider bloating and diarrhea as some of the key things that have led to a high rate of dissatisfaction with the current options out there?

Absolutely; diarrhea has a quantified sort of quality of life impact. Different studies have looked at satisfaction with therapies and obviously efficacy or lack of efficacy is one of the things. But diarrhea, as an outcome, is certainly a reason that people stopped using therapies. It's not just the fact that there is diarrhea; it’s the fact that it can happen when you least expect it, and that is certainly uncomfortable in terms of a patient's willingness to continue on a medication.

All right. Thank you very much for taking the questions.

Thank you. And once again, thank you for joining us today. We look forward to keeping you updated on our progress, and we'll talk to you next time.

The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.