Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to VinFast Second Quarter 2025 Financial Results and Q&A Webcast. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I'd now like to hand the conference over to your first speaker, Ms. Amandae Baey, Vice President of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thank you, operator, and good morning, everyone. Welcome to VinFast Quarterly Earnings Call. Joining me today are Chairwoman of the Board, Madam Thuy Le; and our CFO, Ms. Lan Anh Nguyen. Before I turn the call over to Madam Thuy, let me remind you that some of the statements on this call include forward-looking statements under federal securities law. These include, without limitation, statements regarding the future financial and operating outlook, guidance, macroeconomics, industry trends, company initiatives, and other future events. These statements are based on the predictions and expectations as of today. Actual events or results may differ due to a number of risks and uncertainties. We refer you to the cautionary language and the risk factors in our most recent filings with the U.S. SEC. In addition, management will refer to non-GAAP financials during this call. A discussion of why we use non-GAAP and the information regarding the reconciliation of our non-GAAP versus GAAP financials is available in the press release that we issued this morning. With that, I would like to invite Madam Thuy to start with the management remarks.

Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us today. It has been a while since we last spoke. I would like to begin with 3 important takeaways from the second quarter. First, our home market, Vietnam, remains a pillar of strength, helping to drive another robust quarter. We ended Q2 with delivery growth of 172% year-over-year and revenue growth of 92% year-over-year. We are on track to achieve our 2025 delivery target, which is to at least double what we delivered in 2024. Second, we remain focused on international expansion with a strategy anchored around products, markets, and manufacturing. Our manufacturing capacity has expanded with the inauguration of 2 new factories in Vietnam and India, making significant progress in doubling our design capacity. At the same time, we continue to invest in R&D for our next-generation vehicle platform. Finally, our financial position has been strengthened with the spin-off of our completed R&D assets, and we continue to be backed by our founder and parent company. Before diving into the specifics, I would like to take a step back and look at the global EV landscape. Macroeconomic headwinds and evolving regulations have introduced greater uncertainties in some markets, while in others, supportive policies are accelerating adoption and intensifying competition. VinFast is not immune to these changes, but our long-term vision remains firmly intact, that is to be a global leader in electric mobility. We continue to see strong momentum in our business, supported by the expansion of our green mobility ecosystem internationally and regulatory tailwinds driving EV adoption in our home markets. To capture these opportunities, we are making deliberate investments in R&D and customer incentives to drive adoption. These are strategic choices to reinforce our long-term position in core markets. With that, let me begin with our delivery recap before moving to key market updates. First, let's look at the EVs. In Q2, we delivered 35,837 units, representing a 172% increase year-over-year. Over the first half of 2025, we delivered 72,167 units, representing a 223% increase year-over-year. VF 3 and VF 5 continue to be the company's 2 best-selling models in the second quarter of 2025, contributing 61% of total deliveries. The VF 6 model ranked first, contributing 12% of total deliveries. Deliveries from the Green Series, which includes our Electric A and C segments, SUVs, accounted for 15% of total deliveries during the quarter. Our EV deliveries to related parties, which include GSM and others, accounted for 22% of Q2 deliveries. Most importantly, our B2C deliveries have now accounted for over 70% of total deliveries for 4 consecutive quarters through Q2 2025. About e-scooters and electric bikes, we delivered 69,580 units in Q2, marking a 55% rise quarter-over-quarter and a 432% increase year-over-year. Accumulatively, in the first half of 2025, we delivered 114,484 units, marking a 447% increase year-over-year. The incredible growth in the 2-wheeler business was bolstered by favorable government policies to further accelerate EV adoption, which I will elaborate further later on, along with VinFast's ongoing efforts to support this transition as an early mover in Green mobility. As of June 30, we had 394 showrooms globally and provided customers with access to over 1 million charging points across our markets. Now let's turn to market updates, starting with Vietnam. Vietnam's auto market grew rapidly in the first half of 2025 with deliveries rising 1.6x year-over-year to 254,794 units, driven by surging EV demand. VinFast outpaced the market with 3.4x volume growth and 67,569 units, more than the combined delivery of the next 2 players. We have maintained our #1 position in Vietnam since September 2024. 3 of the 5 best-selling models in the country during the first half of 2025 were VinFast EVs, including our VF 6, our B-segment Electric SUV, which has maintained strong consistent momentum with monthly deliveries exceeding 1,000 units throughout the first half of the year. Policy momentum is also accelerating EV adoption as Vietnam's goal is to have 30% of cars in circulation be electric by 2030 and 100% of cars and taxis to be electric by 2050. VinFast is at the heart of this ambitious goal. Since 2022, EV-friendly incentives, including lower special consumption tax for EVs, registration fee exemption until 2027, and 0% import duty on Green auto parts have been implemented. In the second quarter of 2025, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City have announced plans to phase out gasoline motorbikes in urban areas, further accelerating the shift to electrification. Together with public-private investment in charging infrastructure, Vietnam is emerging as one of the most ambitious EV adopters in Southeast Asia with EV penetration already around 30% as of June 2025. We are also making strong progress in B2B electrification. VinFast and GSM have partnered with nearly all major taxi operators to convert their fleets to EVs, a strong endorsement of our vehicle technology and long-term vision. Bringing this all together, VinFast has set a flywheel in motion. Consumer education, attractive EV and e-scooter offerings, and our Green mobility ecosystem are working in tandem with supportive regulations to accelerate electrification in Vietnam. This same model underpins our international expansion strategy. The opportunity in our key Asian markets is compelling, with a growing middle class, low vehicle ownership rates, and lower EV penetration, these markets are prime for EV adoption. Let's start with India. We opened for pre-booking of our VF 6 and VF 7 in mid-July, followed by the inauguration of our CKD manufacturing facility in Tamil Nadu this August, marking a significant milestone in our entry into the Indian market. VinFast India has signed strategic agreements with certain dealership groups to launch dealerships across cities. This partner was carefully selected to deliver full-service 3S support, sales, service, and spare parts, in line with our customer-first philosophy. As an early pure-play EV entrant in India, we are taking a disciplined approach. Initial volumes are expected to be modest as we focus on delivering strong customer satisfaction and protecting dealer profitability in a competitive market. Moving on to Southeast Asia. We continue to deepen our presence in expanding our Green mobility ecosystem and product lineup to offer more choices to consumers. In Indonesia, our affiliate, V-GREEN is deploying charging ports together with 4 partners. And in the Philippines, V-GREEN and GSM have signed an MOU with MERALCO, the Philippines' largest power distribution company to co-develop charging stations and technical expertise. Indonesia contributed approximately 5% of our total EV deliveries in the quarter, reflecting initial momentum in one of Southeast Asia's most promising markets. The VF 3 model, recently awarded the Best EV City Car at the Indonesia International Motor Show, represented 35% of our deliveries in the country. The vehicle is demonstrating strong initial traction and is beginning to attract consumers from more established brands in the compact EV segment. To make EVs even more accessible to Indonesian consumers, VinFast is offering a suite of competitive incentives, including free charging, attractive financing rates, and a resale value guarantee of up to 90%. As of June 30, we have 24 showrooms in Indonesia, alongside an authorized service network operated by local partners. Underscoring our long-term commitment to the Indonesian market, VinFast has joined the country's leading automotive industry association. On the manufacturing front, our CKD facility in Subang is on track for technical SOP by the end of 2025. During the quarter, GSM Indonesia has also been scaling rapidly with plans to expand its fleet and broaden its footprint into new cities. The business announced a strategic partnership with Gojek, Indonesia's second-largest ride-hailing platform, a move that significantly enhances our visibility and reach in the country. We expect this increased exposure and ecosystem build-out to drive B2C adoption, laying the groundwork for long-term consumer growth. Moving on to the Philippines. Electrification has largely been driven by the adoption of hybrids, with battery electric vehicles still representing a smaller but increasingly significant portion of the market. According to data from the Automotive Industry Association, CAMPI, for the first 6 months, electrified vehicle sales stood at 13,490 units, of which battery electric vehicles accounted for 2,439 units. In the first half of 2025, VinFast will be capturing an estimated 25% market share in the battery electric vehicle segment, again, thanks to the VF 3 whose unique design and attractive pricing appealed to Filipino consumers. A key part of our sales strategy is to focus on the fleet sales opportunity to large corporates. While it is still early days for our expansion in the Philippines, we believe that Filipino consumers will increasingly recognize the strength of our value proposition as we introduce more models alongside the GSM fleet expansion. GSM is disrupting the traditional taxi industry by becoming the first fully foreign-owned company to operate taxis in the Philippines, starting with a fleet of 500 EVs. We've seen strong initial consumer interest in trying GSM, and our sales team is actively looking to convert the enthusiasm into long-term B2C sales by turning ride-hailing passengers into VinFast owners. I'll move on to North America and Europe. We are continuing to right-size our operational footprint following the strategic transition from direct-to-consumer to a dealer-led distribution model. In August, our first third-party dealership opened in California, and we continue to focus on offering the best value in the market. In Europe, we expect to make our e-bus debut at Busworld Brussels in October, where we will showcase 2 e-bus models. Our brand reputation is enhanced by customer testimonials and word-of-mouth recommendations, and we want to thank our dealer partners and customers for trusting us throughout this transition period. As of June 30, we had 30 showrooms in North America and Europe, with over 80% of that being dealer showrooms. Turning to manufacturing and R&D activities in Vietnam, which are essential to our long-term competitiveness. In June, we inaugurated our second factory in Vietnam located in Ha Tinh, Central Vietnam, completing construction and installation in under 7 months, one of the fastest-built auto plants in the world. The facility had an initial design capacity of up to 200,000 vehicles per year and will focus on compact urban EVs. It is also expected to attract suppliers to the zone, supporting our goal of reaching over 80% localization by 2026. Our innovation, the Limo Green MPV, which is our first model on one of the next-generation vehicle platforms with zonal EE architecture, was delivered to customers in early August. With a diversified and evolving product portfolio, strengthened manufacturing base, and next-generation platform, VinFast is well positioned to meet diverse customer needs and accelerate the adoption of electric mobility globally. Before I hand it over to our CFO, Lan Anh, I want to briefly explain the strategic spin-off of completed R&D assets that we announced in August. VinFast transferred a portfolio of completed R&D assets into a new entity, Novatech, which our founder, Mr. Pham Nhat Vuong agreed to acquire for $1.6 billion in cash. The transaction is expected to close in Q3 and highlights Mr. Pham's continued commitment to supporting VinFast's long-term growth. VinFast will maintain access to all technologies transferred through licensing agreements, ensuring continuity in our innovation and product development roadmap. Now let me turn it over to Lan Anh for her remarks and discussions on finance.

Thank you, Madam Thuy, and hello, everyone. As Madam Thuy explained, we see tremendous opportunities in our core Asian markets, underpinned by rising consumer awareness and supportive government policies for electrification. To capture this momentum, we are accelerating our investments in promotion campaigns and customer incentives. These initiatives are essential to building long-term brand equity and market share. At the same time, we remain committed to investing in R&D to advance our product roadmap. Now let me walk you through our results in more detail. The company's strategy in Q2 2025 continued to focus on driving top-line growth. As a result, total revenue reported was USD 663 million, representing a 92% year-over-year increase and a 2% quarter-over-quarter gain, driven by an increasing EV sales volume in Vietnam. Within our product portfolio, the VF 3 sustained its strong momentum, emerging as the best-selling car in Vietnam's auto market during the first half of 2025. Our second best seller, the VF 5 delivered a solid 35% year-over-year increase in the sales volume, while the VF 6, our rising Electric B-SUV posted an impressive 297% year-over-year growth. Cost of goods sold for the quarter was USD 935 million, an increase of 66% year-over-year and 6% quarter-over-quarter, reflecting the continued ramp-up in deliveries. Gross margin was negative 41% in the second quarter of 2025 compared to negative 63% in the second quarter of 2024 and negative 35% in the first quarter of 2025. The improvement in gross margin over the second quarter of 2024 was attributed to increased sales and improved costs. The decrease in gross margin compared to the first quarter of 2025 was primarily driven by the higher warranty provision rates, and an increase in the cost of vehicles sold, excluding sales reductions relating to free charging, NRV, and other. Gross margin was minus 20.9% in Q2 2025 compared to minus 19.3% in Q1 2025 and minus 33.7% in Q2 2024. Moving on to operating expenses. R&D expenses were USD 93 million, decreased 12% year-over-year and increased 16% quarter-over-quarter. The decrease in R&D costs compared to the second quarter of 2024 was primarily due to a reduction in engineering and development costs. As VinFast has completed the product development work on multiple modules in the previous year, the increase in R&D costs compared to the first quarter of 2025 was attributable to R&D costs in relation to its new models such as the Green Series and EC Van. As noted previously, our existing models will undergo a technology refresh on the new vehicle platforms, which will drive additional R&D over the next 12 months. As a percentage of revenue, R&D in Q2 2025 was 14%, an improvement from 31% in Q2 2024. SG&A expenses for the quarter was USD 136 million, decreased 11% year-over-year and 9% quarter-over-quarter. The decrease over the second quarter of 2024 was driven by no additional impairment charge being required for the battery production lines. The decrease compared to the first quarter of 2025 was due to lower impairment charges for battery leasing activities. As a percentage of revenue, SG&A improved to 20% compared with 23% in Q1 2025 and 44% in Q2 2024. Adjusted EBITDA, which excludes net loss on financial instruments at fair value through profit and loss for the second quarter of 2025 was minus USD 419 million, with an EBITDA margin of minus 63%. This compares to minus 56% in Q1 2025 and minus 123% in Q2 2024. The improvement from minus 123% in the same period last year reflects benefits from increased scale. Net loss for the quarter was minus USD 812 million, with a net loss margin of minus 122% compared to minus 109% in the first quarter of 2025. Now turning to CapEx and cash flow, CapEx for the quarter was USD 212 million, an increase of 46% quarter-over-quarter and 102% year-over-year, driven by the incurred CapEx for the new plants. Operating cash flow for the quarter was minus USD 463 million compared to the minus USD 314 million in Q2 2024 and minus USD 602 million in Q1 2025. On a sequential basis, the improvements in cash flow from operations were due to improvements in net working capital. In Q1 2025, we recorded higher changes in inventories due to stocking up ahead of the Lunar New Year period in Asia. In terms of cash flow efficiency, our cash burn in Q2 2025 was equivalent to 101% of revenue compared to 116% in the same period last year. Finally, an update on our liquidity and the previously announced grant and borrowings commitment in late 2024. As of June 30, 2025, VinFast's outstanding borrowings from Vingroup under this commitment was USD 1.2 billion. The company received a total of USD 1.1 billion in disbursement from our founder pursuant to the grant agreement. Our total liquidity as of June 30 is USD 4.2 billion, which reflects cash and cash equivalents combined with the USD 1.6 billion expected cash proceeds from the recently announced completed R&D assets spin-off transaction. The remainder of the fundraising commitment from Vingroup, our founder, and ELOC facility.

We will now begin the question-and-answer session. We will now take our first question from the line of Andres Sheppard from Cantor Fitzgerald.

Madam Thuy, just curious if you can maybe give us a little more color on the cost discipline efforts that you're putting in place. I noticed that margin came a little bit below the previous quarters for this time. How should we think about that cost discipline for the second half of the year and into next year, particularly, how should we think about gross margins and blended ASPs for the second half and into next year?

Nice talking to you again. Over the past few quarters, we have achieved significant BOM cost savings, with a reduction of about 16% in the fourth quarter of 2024 and an additional 11% in the first quarter of 2025. In the second quarter of 2025, the focus was on models like the VF 3, VF 5, and VF e34, where we realized the most optimization. Therefore, further savings this quarter were more limited until we transition to the new platform. Looking ahead, we see greater potential in the upcoming versions of the VF 6 and VF 7. These models will be produced on our new vehicle platform, which we have discussed before, and will benefit from optimized design, in-house battery production, and closer collaboration with suppliers. While the higher volume certainly gives us more leverage on pricing, our cost efficiency is not solely based on scale. It is also driven by technological innovation, long-term partnerships with suppliers, and other factors that improve BOM costs. As a result, the cost savings may vary depending on the mix from quarter to quarter.

Got it. Okay. That's super helpful. And just as a maybe a quick follow-up. So you've reaffirmed your outlook to more than double sales this year versus last year, which is great to see. Just curious if you can maybe help us understand where is the second half growth going to be coming from primarily? Is it continued penetration in Vietnam? Or is it India, Indonesia, the Philippines? How should we think about that growth for the second half?

So we're very confident we are on track to hit our 200,000 unit delivery target. Historically, the first half of the year makes up less than 30% of annual volume. And as you recall, last year, it was only, I think, like 22% of 2024 volumes. This is largely because of seasonality in Vietnam, where consumers tend to hold back on big-ticket purchases earlier in the year. But even with that seasonality, our growth has been strong this year versus last year. Looking forward, we expect a significant ramp-up in the second half, supported by a few key drivers: continued very robust demand in Vietnam, a stronger dealer and aftersales network internationally, and also the rollout of charging infrastructure, new model launches like VF 6, VF 7, as well as growing fleet sales to GSM and other transport operators. On top of that, we will be expanding our Green Series with models like the Limo Green, Minio Green, and other EC Vans, and we are seeing quite a lot of demand for these Green Series as well.

There are no further questions from the phone lines at this time. I'll hand back to the room for questions on the webcast.

Thank you, operator. We have a question from the webcast. Could you elaborate on the impact of next-generation platforms on margin improvement and help quantify the contribution? Ms. Lan Anh will answer this question.

Yes. In August, we delivered the first Limo Green, our new entrant into the MPV segment with a novel vehicle platform and the EE 2.0 architecture. The feedback so far has been positive. And due to the recency of the product launch, we are not in a position to disclose the margin impact. However, the next-generation vehicle platforms are expected to drive meaningful cost savings like Madam Thuy just mentioned. Moreover, it also drives a significant improvement in customer experience. The OTA update time is cut from hours to less than 1 hour with more reliable remote updates via high-speed Internet protocol linking our key components. We are also working on the new vehicles in the pilot to hit the market in the coming months, such as the Minio Greens and EC Vans.

We have the next online question. Please give more color on the impact on gross margins in Q2, specifically on the higher warranty provision rates and the increase in the cost of vehicles sold for which revenue has been deferred. Ms. Lan Anh, would you like to take this question?

Yes. To recover our gross margin was negative 41% in Q2 2025 compared to the negative 35% in Q1. However, if we exclude sales reductions related to the free charging program, the impact of NRV on the cost of vehicles sold for which revenue has been deferred and other provisions, gross margin was minus 20.9% in Q2 2025 compared to minus 19.3% in Q1 2025. The higher warranty provision during the period is typically observed in the early years of the first production generation, and we expect this to go down and align with industry benchmarks as our products mature. We recognized the cost of goods sold for a small number of vehicles already delivered under customer contracts, while the revenue recognition will occur in subsequent periods once contractual acceptance milestones are met. This accounting treatment reflects a timing difference rather than an economic loss.

Operator, can we check if there are any questions on the line?

We currently have no further questions from the phone line.

Thank you, operator. Our next question is regarding our e-bus business. Can you share your plans for the e-bus business? And should we expect the overseas e-bus business to be a meaningful driver for VinFast? Madam Thuy, will you take this, please?

So last quarter, we shared that we plan to expand VinFast's e-bus presence into Asia and Europe. I'm happy to announce that we also just hired a new person to head the e-bus business in North America. We have since received a lot of inbound interest from international partners, which reflects the attractiveness of our products. That said, our overseas e-bus strategy is still in the early stage, and we haven't disclosed any specific targets here. This year will be mostly focused on starting the business. But as an update, we will debut 2 e-bus models for European markets at Busworld Brussels. So the press conference will be on October 4, 2025. Please help us spread the word if you can. I think we're starting with the European market because it's particularly promising for us as well. But looking ahead, we think that the e-bus business will evolve as part of our broader green mobility strategy, and we'd be happy to report more in the coming quarters.

Thank you, Madam Thuy. Our next question is regarding e-scooters. What percentage did this segment contribute to first half 2025 revenue and gross loss? How many units do you target to deliver in FY 2025? And what is the current production capacity and expansion plans for the e-scooter business? Ms. Lan Anh, would you like to take this question?

For the first half, contribution was a small percentage compared to the total. We will disclose in its full financial statement on the Form 6-K letter. For the guidance, while we do not provide the guidance for e-scooters this year, we expect a substantial increase in delivery for the rest of the year. This is a continuation of the strong sales momentum year-to-date, also thanks to favorable government policies further accelerating EV adoption and VinFast's ongoing efforts to support this transition as an early mover in green mobility.

Thank you, Ms. Lan Anh. The next question on the line is regarding the expected timeline to launch the VF 6 and VF 7 in North America. Madam Thuy, would you like to take this?

Well, we are in the middle of preparing our 5-year plan for North America. I think things are still moving. We do have the plan for the VF 7, but we would like to address this topic probably at the end of the year.

Thank you, Madam Thuy. And there's a follow-on question about the e-scooter business. So this quarter, 2-wheeler deliveries far exceeded EV growth. Does the company plan a structural shift in this business model? Or do you still expect 4-wheelers to dominate long-term revenue? Madam Thuy or Ms. Lan Anh, would you like to take this question?

Well, it's not really a structural shift per se because the average selling price for the e-scooter is a lot lower than the EVs. However, we did see a significant pickup in Vietnam for e-scooters. This just reflects the market dynamics where in Vietnam or in Southeast Asia in general, the motorbikes sold each year are a lot higher than vehicles. In Vietnam, in particular, about over 3 million motorbikes are sold annually versus about 400,000 cars. What is interesting is the consumers in Vietnam are showing strong readiness to switch from gasoline motorbikes to electric scooters, coupled with a shift in regulations driving this movement to greener transportation. Going forward, we still believe that 4-wheelers will remain the longer-term revenue drivers. However, e-scooters and electric buses will be adding more to the revenues going forward.

Thank you, Madam Thuy. The next question is regarding the warranty margin drag, which impacted Q2. Should we expect this to be a headwind in the back half of 2025? Lan Anh, would you like to take the question?

Yes, sure. The Q2 margin impact was mainly an effect that is very common with the first product generations. With ongoing design upgrades, more major manufacturing processes, and stronger aftersales support, warranty costs are expected to trend down over time and normalize closer to industry levels. So we don't see it as a sustained headwind in the second half of 2025.

Thank you, Lan Anh. The next question on the line is regarding deliveries in the foreign markets. For total deliveries in foreign markets, what proportion was to related parties? Ms. Lan Anh, would you take that question, please?

For the related party transaction that we disclose at the global level, not limited to the foreign market, our B2C deliveries in the first half of 2025 accounted for over 70% of the total delivery when considering the consecutive fourth quarter through Q2 2025.

Thank you, Ms. Lan Anh. Our next question is regarding an update on our factories in India and Indonesia. Madam Thuy, please?

In Vietnam, as you probably saw from the news, we opened the factory in Ha Tinh at the end of June. This factory has a capacity of up to 200,000 compact EVs. We're building models like VF 3, the EC Van on a very flexible line. In India, in early August, we opened the factory in Tamil Nadu with an initial capacity of 50,000 units per year and scalable to 250,000 units per year. We are producing the VF 6 and VF 7 for India and for export from the factory. In Indonesia, the construction at the Subang factory is progressing well, and we target to open by the end of the year as well.

Thank you, Madam Thuy. Our next question is regarding the green mobility ecosystem. How is that rollout progressing internationally?

In the previous quarter, we discussed our strategy of expanding beyond just VinFast vehicles in Vietnam to encompass a whole green ecosystem in other markets. I'm pleased to share that we have begun this process in nearby markets. In Indonesia, our operations have rapidly expanded since our launch late last year, with about 3,000 cars currently on the road and a utilization rate of around 95%. Our new partnership with Gojek has enhanced our customer reach. V-GREEN in Indonesia aims to install approximately 63,000 charging ports by the end of 2025. In the Philippines, GSM is the first fully foreign-owned taxi operator, providing fares comparable to traditional taxis and about one-third of those of competitors during peak hours while offering drivers improved income and benefits. We currently operate around 500 taxis in Metro Manila, supported by two depots and roughly 100 charging stations either in operation or development. V-GREEN is targeting around 15,000 charging points in the Philippines by the end of 2027. In India, while we are still in the early stages, V-GREEN has established a presence and is seeking partners, with GSM also exploring entry into the Indian market soon.

Thank you, Madam Thuy. We have a few more questions from the line. How has the feedback been from consumers around the company's buyback program on returned vehicles? And how do you expect that to change in the medium term?

Okay. I think the buyback program has helped build consumer confidence in EV adoption. But given the strong value proposition of our vehicles, we expect customers will have little reason to exercise it, and its relevance will naturally diminish over time.

Thank you, Madam Thuy. Our next question is regarding our positioning in India. Why has VinFast initially launched the VF 6 and VF 7 in India while choosing the VF 5 and VF e34 for the Indonesia market? Please give more details on the key differences for these 2 markets.

I believe we will be announcing our plans for India in the next few days. I prefer to hold off on discussing it until the announcement. However, regarding Indonesia, it shares a lot in common with Vietnam from a socioeconomic perspective, so our strategy there has been quite similar to our rollout in Vietnam. So stay tuned for a few more days, and we will have an exciting announcement about India.

Thank you, Madam Thuy. Our next question is regarding product lines, certain product lines, which have already reached normalized gross margins? And how should we think about the BOM cost trends going forward? Will scaling volumes be sufficient to offset pressures from the higher-end products?

Lan Anh?

Yes. On a normalized basis, excluding the NRV provisions, exceptional items, and non-cash depreciation and amortization, our VF 3 and VF 5 models are already gross margin positive. For high-spec models like VF 6 and VF 7, we focus on improving margins through platform simplification, supplier resourcing, and localization. As volume scale, we expect to see sequential improvements. From an offshore perspective, we anticipate normalized gross margins turning positive at scale and when localization fully takes effect. We will continue to update you on that progress each quarter.

Thank you, Ms. Lan Anh. Our next question is actually regarding e-scooters. VinFast has announced new measures to accelerate e-scooter adoption, such as offering free charging and working with financing partners. How should we think about the financial impact of these initiatives?

For our e-scooter business, the e-scooter business is still loss-making, and we expect that to continue in the near term as we roll out adoption support measures. For example, in July, we signed a cooperation agreement with 12 major banks in Hanoi. Under this program, buyers receive a 10% discount on VinFast e-scooter. Pay just 10% upfront and enjoy free charging at the V-GREEN public station until May of 2027. The profitability for e-scooters remains a long-term goal. Right now, the focus is on making electric 2-wheelers more accessible and aligning with Vietnam's green mobility agenda. While we don't provide specific delivery guidance for e-scooters, it is reasonable to expect volume to remain materially higher than our 4-wheeler business in the coming years.

Thank you, Ms. Lan Anh. Our next question is regarding the decision to reintroduce battery leasing in Indonesia. How does bringing back battery leasing impact the company's pricing in Indonesia? Madam Thuy, would you like to take this?

Well, I think if you've been following VinFast, you remember that at the beginning, we offered battery leasing in Vietnam for the first few years, and we just phased it out recently. Battery leasing allows the consumer to adopt EV faster because the up-front payment is lower than for gasoline cars, as well as the monthly payment being less than gasoline consumption for the vehicle, leading to a lower total cost of ownership. So when we first introduced it, about 95% of our customers chose this option. Gradually, when customers became more familiar with EVs in the market like Vietnam, for example, and more comfortable with EVs, we phased it out. So we're doing the same thing in Indonesia right now, and we believe that it's going to have a similar impact as it did in Vietnam. By offering battery leasing, we are building a broader customer base, accelerating EV adoption, and also strengthening our foothold in Indonesia, which is one of Asia's fastest-growing EV markets.

Thank you, Madam Thuy. On that note, the follow-up question on the line is regarding the competitive intensity in our core Asian markets? And how long do we anticipate running promotional campaigns? Are these promotional campaigns in response to competition in the region?

Competition is good for our consumers, right? So that's what we're facing in every market. But competition is indeed very strong across Asia, and that is to be expected with how quickly EV adoption is accelerating. Our promotions are not just reactions. They are deliberate strategies to build awareness and accelerate adoption, especially in early stages of entering a market. For example, we just introduced battery leasing in Indonesia, as I mentioned before. We partner with the banks to offer 0% interest financing and run selective cash discounts on zero down payment programs, for example. But that said, our differentiation goes beyond just pricing. We are investing heavily in building the full ecosystem, expanding the V-GREEN charging infrastructure with local partners and growing the GSM ride-hailing fleet. Over time, as we gain scale and as our ecosystem matures, we expect promotions to normalize, and the ownership experience with strong warranty, excellent aftersales, and good resale value will become the real driver for consumer confidence.

Thank you, Madam Thuy. And the follow-up question is regarding how international sales are tracking?

In the first half of 2025, international markets made up less than 10% of our total deliveries, which is similar to last year. The mix has shifted though. Today, Indonesia and the Philippines are the main contributors, whereas last year, it was the U.S. and Canada. We are seeing encouraging progress. In the Philippines, VinFast captured a 25% share of the battery electric vehicle segment in the first half. In Indonesia, about 5% of our quarterly delivery came from there, mostly led by the VF 3, which was recognized as the best EV City Car. Sales in India are set to begin in Q3. Looking ahead, we are building scale across Asia with 3 key priorities. First, we're rolling out the full Green mobility ecosystem with GSM ride-hailing and the V-GREEN charging network. Secondly, we're making EVs more accessible through expanded product offerings and strong financing partnerships. And finally, we're working closely with the government and partners in the Philippines, India, and everywhere to push the green transition in those countries.

Thank you, Madam Thuy. And our last question on the line is regarding what drove the higher cash balance this quarter and what is the outlook for cash burn through 2026 and 2027. Ms. Lan Anh, please?

Yes. Thank you. The high cash balance mainly reflects the financing inflows of about USD 1.2 billion, which more than offset operating outflows of around USD 463 million and investing outflows of around USD 305 million. This created a net uplift of roughly USD 500 million. The key driver was the new term loan agreement with the Dutch Bank AG and SeaTown Holdings at the end of the first half of 2025. Looking ahead, we expect operating outflows of USD 400 million to USD 600 million per quarter in the near term. This is tied to having operations investment in our overseas plants, R&D for the next-generation models, and broader global operating costs. Over time, we expect that this to improve as operating leverage builds and margins strengthen. On liquidity, as I mentioned earlier, as of June 30, our liquidity stood at USD 4.2 billion, which includes cash and cash equivalents combined with the USD 1.6 billion that we expect to receive as cash proceeds from the recently announced completed R&D assets spin-off transaction. This includes Novatech and the remainder of the fundraising commitment from Vingroup, our founder, and ELOC facility. We are also well supported by project financing from our Indonesia and India plants, assisting bank loans. Together, this provides us with ample runway to execute growth strategies through 2026 and 2027.

Thank you, Ms. Lan Anh. Operator, that concludes our Q2 earnings call. Thank you.

Thank you for your participation in today's conference. This concludes the program. You may now disconnect your lines.