Good afternoon. My name is Krista and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Coinbase Second Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the prepared remarks, there will be a question-and-answer session. Thank you. Anil Gupta, Vice President, Investor Relations, you may begin your conference.

Good afternoon and welcome to the Coinbase second quarter 2024 earnings call. Joining me on today’s call are Brian Armstrong, Co-Founder and CEO; Emilie Choi, President and COO; Alesia Haas, CFO; and Paul Grewal, Chief Legal Officer. I hope you’ve all had the opportunity to read our shareholder letter, which was published on our Investor Relations website earlier today. Before we get started, I’d like to remind you that during today’s call, we may make forward-looking statements. Actual results may vary materially from today’s statements. Information concerning risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause these results to differ is included in our SEC filings. Our discussion today will also include references to certain non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures are provided in the shareholder letter on our Investor Relations website. Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, GAAP measures. We are once again using the Say Technologies platform to enable our shareholders to ask questions, and in addition, we will take some live questions from our research analysts. And with that, I'll turn it over to Brian for opening comments.

Thanks, Anil. I'm excited to share an update on our 2024 priorities. Let's start with driving regulatory clarity, given the significant progress here in Q2. First, advancing crypto legislation has emerged as a mainstream issue in Washington, D.C. standwithcrypto.org has amassed over 1.3 million crypto advocates globally, many in swing states. And these advocates are making their voices heard as an important voting block. Politicians on both sides of the aisle have taken notice and there is growing momentum to pass comprehensive crypto legislation potentially even this year. Beyond legislation, we saw major wins, both in the judicial and executive branches. The Supreme Court overturned the Chevron deference precedent in a case argued by our newest Board member, Paul Clement. This case is significant for Coinbase as it removes a long-standing precedent that court should defer to an agency's interpretation of ambiguous statutes. We see this case as a sign of Supreme Court skepticism to agency overreach, which we view as a positive overall for our industry. In the executive branch, the SEC dropped multiple investigations against the industry and also formally approved the Ethereum ETFs, which began trading last week. We are also increasingly optimistic that the next administration, whether Democrat or Republican, will be constructive on crypto. The rhetoric has shifted. We continue to advance progress on crypto policy and capitalize on this momentum. We contributed an additional $25 million to Fairshake in Q2 to help elect pro-crypto candidates. Since we went public, we have reiterated the need for regulatory clarity. Why does it matter? While clear rules would be a major unlock for innovation in our financial system and would ensure that this industry is built here in America, many entrepreneurs and companies that want to build in the crypto space are sitting on the sidelines or going overseas until there is this clarity, given the regulation by enforcement environment. 90% of institutional investors say regulatory clarity would boost their confidence in investing more in crypto. For these reasons, Coinbase will continue to push for clear rules in the courts, in Congress and in the November elections. While we're heavily invested in driving clarity in the US and abroad, the vast majority of our resources, time and attention as a company is focused on building great products. So let's talk about how we're driving utility. To bring 1 billion people on chain, crypto transactions need to be cheap and fast, and it needs to be so easy to use that people don't even know they're using crypto. We're investing on the frontier to make crypto seamless for both consumers and developers. Most of the building blocks for utility like payments are now here. Layer 2 solutions like Base enable 1-second, 1-cent global transactions and it's here today. Stablecoins, like USDC, enable global transfer and settlement in dollar terms today, and smart wallets offer seamless onboarding. So users no longer need to remember 12-word passphrases. In short, the components are coming together for us to see more and more global transaction flow on crypto rails. And I'm excited to report that we're now seeing almost $20 billion per week in USDC transaction volume on Base. We're also seeing startups building on-chain versions of major Web 2 apps like Spotify, Instagram, YouTube and X. Building new versions of these applications on-chain gives creators new ways to monetize and remix content while fully controlling their own data. This is the vision for the future of the Internet, commonly called Web 3. Coinbase Developer Platform, or CDP for short, is our developer product similar to what AWS did for the Internet, which we believe will help more on-chain apps be created by offering developers best-in-class tools. Last but not least, let's move to how we're driving revenue. Q2 was another strong quarter, and it was our sixth consecutive quarter of a positive adjusted EBITDA. Subscription and services revenue reached an all-time high with transaction revenue declining versus Q1. Coinbase is now an all-weather company with increasingly diversified revenue streams and I'm proud of our discipline managing expenses. In closing, Q2 was another great quarter across the board. Whether the market is up or down, we're driving the industry forward, building more predictable revenue streams and creating long-term shareholder value. Now, I'll pass it over to Alesia for a more detailed view of our Q2 financials.

Thanks, Brian. Our Q2 results reflect our continued revenue diversification and execution on our goal to generate positive adjusted EBITDA in all market conditions. Total revenue was $1.4 billion, our expenses were within the outlook ranges we provided last quarter, and adjusted EBITDA was $596 million. Further, we strengthened our balance sheet to $7.8 billion in USD resources. With that, let's dive into the Q2 details. Starting with transaction revenue. Total spot trading volume declined 28% quarter-over-quarter, driven primarily by lower crypto asset volatility. Our total transaction revenue was $781 million. I want to note that our transaction revenue benefited from growth in derivatives and coin-based wallet trading fees where we do not report trading volume associated with these two revenue streams. We were happy to turn on fees in coin-based wallet in Q2, following the favorable court ruling on wallet in our motion to dismiss. Our other transaction revenue was down 6% quarter-over-quarter. We were able to significantly reduce base fees in the quarter, which, as Brian mentioned, helped drive 300% quarter-over-quarter growth in the number of transactions on Base. Turning to subscription and services revenue. As I mentioned in my opening, we were pleased to further diversify our revenue in Q2 and subscription and services revenue grew 17% quarter-over-quarter to $599 million. We saw growth across the board, but it was primarily driven by stablecoin revenue and blockchain rewards revenue. We note in our letter that our blockchain rewards revenue benefited from a one-time $8 million validator reward. We are also pleased to see continued growth with Coinbase One. Moving to expenses. Our total operating expenses were $1.1 billion, which were up $229 million quarter-over-quarter. Three drivers contributed to this growth. First, a $117 million quarter-over-quarter change in our gain/loss on operational crypto. We recorded a gain in Q1 and an expense in Q2 as crypto prices were lower in the second quarter compared to the first. Second, we saw a $67 million quarter-over-quarter increase in our variable sales and marketing expenses, higher USDC reward payouts driven by higher on-platform balances and higher performance marketing spend driven by attractive marketing conditions. Beginning in late Q1, we have seen more marketing opportunities that meet our investment criteria. We take a disciplined approach to balancing marketing investments with growth. We have clear guardrails in place to ensure the majority of our non-brand marketing spend pays back within one year. The third driver of the expense increase was a $26 million quarter-over-quarter increase in policy spend in support of driving regulatory clarity. All policy spend is now recorded in general and administrative expenses as we view them ongoing, and we have updated prior periods accordingly. Despite our sequential decline in revenue, our profitability was solid in the second quarter. Net income was $36 million and was impacted by $319 million in pre-tax crypto asset losses associated with our investment portfolio. The vast majority of these were unrealized. These losses represented a $248 million after-tax expense. Our adjusted EBITDA was $596 million, and our balance sheet remains strong as we ended the second quarter with $7.8 billion in USD resources, up $733 million quarter-over-quarter. Finally, a few call-outs on our outlook for the third quarter. First, our subscription and services outlook reflects some modest headwinds as we go into the third quarter. This is primarily due to the July Ethereum price declining about 3% compared to the Q2 average. Our expectations of a September interest rate cut, some increases in expenses related to USDC as we work to drive global adoption of USDC as the most compliant stablecoin, and the one-time $8 million blockchain reward benefit I mentioned earlier. We are going to work hard to grow native units to try and offset these headwinds. However, our range has been updated to capture this market environment. Second, we plan to further grow our variable marketing spend in Q3. Variable marketing expenses can fluctuate widely quarter-to-quarter depending on factors like the on-platform USDC balance, overall market conditions and the number of available marketing opportunities that meet our customer cost of acquisition targets. Our outlook range is wider than we have provided historically, and it reflects the range of possibilities we see. Last, while we are expanding variable expenses to meet evolving market conditions, we also expect to prudently increase head count throughout the rest of the year, primarily to support our product and international expansion efforts and to strengthen our product foundations and quality. We remain focused on managing our fixed expenses closely and believe these investments will support continued revenue diversification and product quality. With that, let's go to questions.

Thanks, Alesia. So we'll take the first three questions that were the most voted upon from the Say platform, and then we'll take some live questions from the analysts. The first question is, how does Coinbase view the potential impact of Base's partnerships with companies such as Stripe and Shopify as well as the impact of the newly launched Smart Wallet on increasing crypto adoption. Brian?

Yeah. So our whole goal here is to try to shift crypto to power more and more utility and not just be an asset class that people buy and trade, hoping it will go up in value, although that's going to be a big business for us for a long time. But if we're ultimately going to achieve potential, we need to get 1 billion people or more on chain who can benefit from this update to the financial system to bring more economic freedom to the world. So to do that, there are some foundational building blocks. We need to make all crypto transactions fast and cheap ideally under one second and one cent to send transactions anywhere in the world. And we've now achieved that with Base. We also need to make crypto a lot easier to use to get 1 billion or more people. Not everyone in the world knows the technical details, nor should they have to know the details of crypto. And so we're making a lot of efforts in that direction to make it easier. One example of this was mentioned in the question, our Smart Wallet launch. So this solves one of the biggest pain points in crypto previously; to get onboarded to a self-custodial wallet required you to have a 12-word passphrase. People had to write this down or save it somewhere; sometimes they would lose it or not store securely. With Smart Wallets, people can now onboard just using what are called passkeys and typically, it's a biometric like a thumbprint on a mobile device. And there’s nothing they have to remember. It's secure, it's fast, and they're onboarded in a few seconds. So it's a great example of getting onboarding solved. Now if you take Base, Smart Wallets, USDC, which is a stablecoin that meets the MECA compliance in Europe and is trusted, you start to see some of the building blocks coming together, where we can really start to drive that utility. And, of course, partnering with some of the biggest companies out there to integrate crypto rails is a huge piece of that as well. So two of them were mentioned in the question. We're going to continue to try to partner with every fintech, every bank, every neobank, and even more traditional companies to try to integrate crypto into every part of the global financial system. That's how we're really going to update the financial system, and we'll do more and more partnerships.

All right. Second question, which says, first of all, thank you for all the community support for things like Stand With Crypto. What else is being done to support better regulation in the industry and how can we, as shareholders, help? Brian?

Yes. Well, first, thanks for the shout-out on standwithcrypto.org. If anybody hasn't signed up there, I'd encourage you to do it. I invite your friends. It's an organization that we were proud to donate to that's helping educate voters. And there are 52 million Americans, around 400 million people globally, that have used crypto. Now, it's important that in democracies around the world, we help folks get educated on different candidates and give them the tools to help support. So on standwithcrypto.org, specifically, you can call and email your representatives, see their positions, their voting records on different crypto bills that have come up. You can donate to pro-crypto candidates. You can also, most importantly, probably just make sure you're registered to vote and get educated on those different candidates. Now Stand with Crypto is great, but it's just one pillar of the different efforts going on in the industry. Of course, we're pursuing clarity on the rules in the courts. We have our court case going on there, which we hope will create good case law. There are lots of other pieces to that in terms of getting fully requests answered and shining a light on some of the activity that may have been happening there. We even have oral arguments going forward in the third circuit to press the SEC on its rule-making following the Administrative Procedures Act. So there are a variety of things going on in the courts, which we think will help create good case law. In Congress, also we’re seeing bipartisan legislation have a path forward. There’s real energy now in the Senate, taking up the strong bipartisan majority that got passed in the house with the FIT21 bill. The Senate is now working on their own version of that. So we’re optimistic to see more progress there. Yes. So these are all – and, of course, Fairshake is an organization that we were proud to donate to. It's helping elect pro-crypto candidates. So these are all things that can contribute to the cause here. If any of you want to know what you can do more to help, I’d start with standwithcrypto.org and make sure you’re signed up there and contact your representatives and register to vote.

All right. And our final question from Say, what level of revenue are you projecting for custody in funds of the crypto ETFs? Can you break that down between Eth and Bitcoin? Additionally, what types of revenue are you projecting for the Base chain? Alesia?

Thanks for that. So ETFs have been great for our industry. They have really generated a flywheel of activity across our product platform and deeper engagement across the ecosystem. It's unlocked new capital. We're benefiting in three ways. We get trading, we get custody and we get additional financing business in our prime financing product from our institutional clients with the ETFs. We're not breaking out total ETF financial impact at this time. Our view is that this is just adding to existing products and revenue streams that we have, and we don't speak about specific sub-products or client activity on our platform. But we're really pleased to see the overall interest that the ETFs have brought to the crypto industry and to our product. Additional types of revenue for the second part of the question that we're projecting for Base. Our focus, as I mentioned in my opening remarks, is driving developer activity, we're driving those transaction volumes that we commented on. We're doing this by driving down fees, increasing the scalability, and creating a powerful developer platform that's enabling anybody to build these on-chain products. We believe that this growth will then add users to develop products, and we'll add developers and apps on Base. And that, in turn, will drive transaction volume and will drive down sequencer fees, and we will then see revenue as a result of those efforts.

Thank you. And so with that, let's open up the line for our first question, please.

Certainly. Your first question comes from the line of Devin Ryan with Citizens JMP. Please go ahead.

Great. Thank you. Hi, Brian. Hi, Alesia. I just want to ask a question about the derivatives platform and we're tracking just quarter-to-date, a continuation of building volumes there. And I know you're not breaking it out in revenues separately yet, but it sounded like it was a positive contributor in the second quarter. So I'd love to just get some perspective around how you think you're taking share in that market? I know it's coming off of a low base. What are you seeing with customers coming on platform? And then over time, are there opportunities to either take up the average spread per trade or drive other incremental revenues with the customers that are trading towards this? You're trying to think about kind of the bigger picture of where this may be going since it's trending positively. Thank you.

Yes. So I'll start off and then maybe I'll hand over to you, Alesia, on some of the margin questions. So just zooming out, derivatives account for about 75% of all crypto trading activity by volume. And so it is the majority of trading volume. Now the take rates are lower on it, but it's really a key part of the market overall. And so I'm really glad that we are now in market, both in the U.S. with Coinbase financial markets and then internationally with our international exchange as well. So, the primary goal at this point is building liquidity, adding users, and growing share. We had some really good wins in Q2. In the U.S., at Coinbase, we were able to expand to include more contracts there. We were the first platform to offer margin crypto futures for a handful of different assets, for instance. We've also been adding - actually for a Coinbase financial market - we've been adding some real-world assets as well, like gold and oil, commodities futures, which was pretty cool. We were able to operate that all under the same license. For Coinbase International Exchange, we also expanded our asset coverage quite a lot in Q2. We added 25 additional perpetual futures contracts. The volume has been really good today, actually, on Coinbase International Exchange. So you can check out at international.coinbase.com. So, we're just building on this momentum, building the features that our customers want and need. And then there's a MiFID license that we acquired earlier this year when we're expecting that to close in 2024. That will allow us to unlock derivatives in 20 or more EU markets. That's a pretty big deal. And so you can kind of just see Coinbase following this path of we're not always first-to-market, but we do it the right, compliant way, the secure, trusted way. And so we're the trusted counterparty that many of these folks have been waiting for to enter the market. And I think that's going to pay off as a really good long-term strategy. Alesia, anything you want to add?

The only thing that I would add, as Brian said, it is early. And at this point in time, derivatives, while an important future growth driver, is not a material driver of our financial results. What I wanted to comment on in Q2, though, is because we do report revenue associated with derivatives, but not volume. What you can see is that a beginning disconnect between the revenue and the volume that we report, which is spot. And so the growth rates of those two are the change you need to understand that there is a disconnect between the numerator and denominator when you may calculate blended average fees for our platform. That was the important message that I wanted to communicate in the quarter. As we grow, as we really close these product gaps and expand to these countries where we can market, as Brian said, we're optimistic that this becomes a bigger component of our revenue in which we would break out more details and give you more transparency on the results in our future financial filings.

Your next question comes from the line of Ken Worthington with JPMorgan. Please go ahead.

Hi, good afternoon. Thank you for taking my question. So, Coinbase continues to promote USDC. To what extent is MiCA really a game changer in Europe for USDC? And to what extent would you expect to see a migration now out of, say, Tether into USDC, not just inside Europe, but maybe globally given the credibility USDC gets from this framework? And then if we think about the use cases for USDC being sort of threefold, building digital asset trading, DeFi and dollarization, where does Coinbase see the biggest potential to drive USDC adoption, both near-term and over time?

Yes. Well, I'll start off and then pass it to Alesia here. So, yes, the MiCA legislation is a really big deal in Europe. As far as we know, USDC is the first MiCA-compliant stablecoin. And so the exact implications of that and how the regulators will view other stablecoins in Europe, we don't know, but it's the first compliant one, and that's a very important step. So, we're bullish on this. I think that having just a trusted stablecoin is a huge deal; it's allowing people to actually use crypto rails for ordinary transactions—earning a living, paying for food, transportation, housing, and engaging in these new kinds of Web 3 and DeFi applications. Having something that is not just a store of value, but it's actually a medium of exchange is really powerful. So, I think it's a big deal. Alesia, anything you want to add?

I would just come back to like the building blocks that we're putting in place is setting a strong foundation for future growth and adoption. So, as Brian said, we're getting the regulatory licenses that will enable us to scale globally. We now have a very transparent stablecoin. We have Base, which is offering fast, cheap transactions. We have Smart Wallet. And so all of these building blocks together really set a stage where we can grow off of a very important foundation. And we're seeing this impact on our financials already, where USDC has become the fastest-growing stablecoin, faster than other major competitors where market cap is up 30% year-to-date. Our average on-platform balances increased 50% quarter-over-quarter. And we're starting to see, as Brian mentioned in his opening comments, over the recent weeks, $20 billion of transaction volume on USDC on Base. So the foundation is set, we're excited about where this can go, but MiCA has been a critical unlock because as we think about growing USDC to be a global compliant stablecoin, we have a really strong foundation that we're now able to build from.

Your next question comes from the line of Benjamin Budish with Barclays. Please go ahead.

Hi. Good evening, and thanks for taking the question. I was wondering if you could give us an update on your balance sheet strategy. We noticed the cash build continues to really grow. And it seems like with the business generating cash and spending really kind of ramped down from a few years ago, there may not be as much of a need for it. So any update there? And then kind of along the same lines, you've been generating now a lot of your gross profit from interest income. And just curious, if there's any thoughts around the hedging strategy should rates start to come down. What's your kind of philosophy there? Thank you.

Thanks for those questions. Yes, we're really pleased with the balance sheet strength. We are using cash, as we've mentioned in our prime financing business. A large amount of that cash was used to support the ETF launches in Q1 and Q2 with the Bitcoin ETF and now hopefully be an Ethereum ETF where you can see a lot of day-to-day or week-to-week volatility of those loan balances. We did grow prime financing fees within the quarter. And so you can see while the balance at the end of the quarter was down compared to Q2, we saw growth intra-quarter for those balances. So using our cash to support our products is a primary use case for us. We also, as we shared when we did the convert raise in Q1, would be paying off the 2026 convert. So some of that cash is already allocated for a future payment on the 2026 convert on the balance sheet, which will bring down the cash balance at that time. We also maintain a strong balance sheet so we can be opportunistic as we look for other investment opportunities, both organic and inorganic across the world, and that is something that has been core to our strategy to do tuck-in acquisitions or growth acquisitions whenever those opportunities present themselves to us. We think of it as just building opportunistic capital for us to enable that we can be ready for all markets and opportunities that present themselves. And secondly, on the comment around interest income, we obviously did benefit from the interest rates with USDC over the past year. We are prepared, as I mentioned in my remarks, for rate declines. Our goal is to continue to grow native units around USDC and use cases to offset that. We've also explored various hedging strategies. We are not the issuer of USDC and managing the reserves on that balance. So I can't speak to that strategy specifically.

Your next question comes from the line of Owen Lau with Oppenheimer. Please go ahead.

Good afternoon, and thank you for taking my question. Could you please talk about the recent retail engagement? And how does it compare to earlier this year and the last one back in 2021? How many of them have come back? And also, Mt. Gox has started the repayment in July. Do you see some of these creditors coming back and reentering this space? Thanks.

Owen, I'll start with that. So our retail engagement is different from the last bull run, because in the last bull run, we really only had a trading product platform available to our retail customers. Today, we offer staking for customers. We have USDC Rewards. We have more products within our wallet, including our smart wallet that we just launched to engage users and a breadth of DeFi applications as well. And so we are seeing our retail engagement now expand in many different ways where we have different customers behaving in different ways on the platform than we saw in prior cycles. What we see is consistent is that retail traders specifically, who are coming on the platform to buy or sell crypto, behave very in line with prior volatility patterns. So, volatility patterns near this cycle compared to prior cycles. But the deeper engagement is with the breadth of the portfolio that we now have.

Your next question comes from the line of Mike Colonnese with H.C. Wainwright. Please go ahead.

Hi, good afternoon. Thanks for taking my question. Can you provide an update on your strategy and potential product roadmap for Coinbase asset management and really how you guys are thinking about that in the context of an improving political environment in the upcoming elections? And how that can really influence both the timing and types of products you decide to roll out here? Thank you.

Yes. I can start on that, and if anybody wants to jump in, feel free. So currently, Coinbase Asset Management has been a really good offering for our institutional customers who want to have different strategies really to access the crypto markets and package those up into really easy-to-use products. I think your question alluded to the policy environment. We don't know exactly what will happen over the next year on that. But I do think we'd ultimately like to see a path where we could start to get index funds, retail products in the crypto space. That was going to require a different policy environment where we can get some of those things approved. But personally, I'd love to see a Coinbase 500, similar to the S&P 500, a market cap-weighted index that retail could participate in. I think these things would be really beneficial. But it's too early at this moment. I don't see any path to do it in the near term. And so we're going to keep pushing on that one over time with our policy efforts.

Your next question comes from the line of Joseph Vafi with Canaccord Genuity. Please go ahead.

Hey everyone. Thanks for taking my question this afternoon. Maybe this one is for Brian. If we do get some crypto legislation, clearly a positive for the industry and might be a green light for big five players to enter the space in a bigger way, how do you see that relative to Coinbase's position? Would you see big traditional firms as competitors or partners or maybe it's coopetition? It might be a little early here, but it would be interesting to get your views. Thanks a lot.

Yes. Well, I think you're right that the lack of regulatory clarity is probably the biggest blocker for institutions to put more and more funds into crypto. We have a huge number of them as clients in Coinbase Prime, our institutional product. When I meet with them, they'll often say, we've got 1% or 2% or 3% of their funds in some portfolio, holding in crypto. And I ask them what would it take for it to be 10%, 20%, 30%, and they all say regulatory clarity. So, I think getting these new pools of capital unlocked would be certainly a huge step in that direction. And by the way, the ETFs have been a portion of that unlock already, right? The Bitcoin ETFs and the Ethereum ETFs did get approved. We saw new pools of capital open up from that. But the regulatory clarity goes way beyond just new pools of capital coming in; that's great. But perhaps the more even exciting part is that today, you have to be pretty resilient to be a crypto entrepreneur. I mean most of these folks, if you're in your early 20s and got a couple of folks right out of college with a laptop and a dream they want to build a crypto company, you have to be pretty intense to go into this market and you might get a Wells notice in the first few weeks, and you have to call your parents and tell them that you're being sued. So that's not most entrepreneurs' idea of the first company they want to start. Now many of them are still doing it anyway or they're just going overseas. But it's really hard to put a dollar figure on this, but if we actually have a welcoming environment where the rules are clear and everybody can just follow them, we could see a huge surge of innovation with all kinds of new applications being built. By the way, the biggest partners that we talk to - some of the biggest tech companies in the world - when we talk to them about integrating crypto, they often will say the same thing. They'll say, well, let's try to wait for regulatory clarity. For instance, with the MiCA regulation that passed the comprehensive crypto legislation in Europe that actually did open up a bunch of conversations in Europe, and they're all hoping that it happens in the US as well. So anyway, you can look backward and say, no, where would we be if this clarity had been there 5 or 6 years ago? But I'm an optimist. I try not to look at the past; I try to look at the future. So where will we be in 5 or 6 years if we get something passed in the US as well and clear rules are good for everyone.

Your next question comes from the line of Pete Christiansen with Citigroup. Please go ahead.

Good evening. Thanks for the question here. Brian, I'm very intrigued by the comment on the increase in the on-chain initiatives, Fortune 500 or so forth. Super interesting. I was just wondering if you can call out some discernible trends here. I know you mentioned Spotify, many-to-many kind of market. That's interesting. What about like B2B or B2C? And then, with some of these early adopters experimenting with Web 3 development, are you seeing these players experimenting at their core level? Or is it really at the application level? And finally, what's Coinbase's role, simply, in the development process of on-chain initiatives? If you could just help us crystallize that, I think would be really helpful. Thank you.

Yes, sure. So, a lot of the core pieces, I think, are there now with these Layer 2 solutions and smart wallets, like we talked about. Coinbase Wallet as a self-custodial wallet can be an easy platform for these folks to interface with USDC, et cetera. So a lot of the core pieces, I think, are now there. E&S is another one, by the way, having the Ethereum Name Service. So having sort of these identities online that can accumulate reputation. These are all kind of core building blocks. So I think a lot of the innovators are now coming in at the application layer. And we're actually hosting a hackathon called Base Camp today in California, and we have hundreds of builders there learning about how to build on-chain, launching new applications. It's a really cool event that was just dialed in earlier this morning. These kinds of things are happening more and more frequently now. And you can think about a lot of the big applications in Web 2. Think about what would Airbnb, Uber, Wikipedia, or some of the social apps like X or Instagram or music apps, right, like Spotify, look like in a Web3 world? I think the people creating the content, whether you're the biggest artist in the world, or you're an average person getting into it, they can actually own their content, have a direct relationship with their fans, directly monetize their fan base, and people can remix content. There's an attribution chain as people remix this - whether it's text, audio, or video - there's an attribution of provenance that's formed on-chain to prove where these things came from and what were the derivatives of, which can – the monetization can flow through all of that. And then also, it kind of really rewards the early people who come in to build these networks like an Airbnb or an Uber on-chain. So it's great. We're seeing a lot of innovators come in. The way Coinbase can contribute to this, I mean, one of the main ways is we're building a developer platform, right, called CDP, Coinbase Developer Platform. It's kind of like our version of AWS. We had a bunch of these tools internally we were using to build our own apps, and we said, hey, we might as well expose them to third parties and allow third parties to build on top of them. Some of those are going to be Web3 start-ups building on-chain. Some of them might be fintech companies or banks or financial service companies that want to integrate crypto into their products. Some of them might be shopping kind of e-commerce checkout solutions that want to have crypto as an easy way to pay globally that has lower fees than paying 200 basis points for credit cards or having high decline rates, high charge-back rates. So, we're seeing interest from merchants in those regards. So the answer to your question is, we don't really see it as competitive with these other firms; we see it as wanting crypto to be integrated into every part of the global economy. Every commerce solution, every payroll solution, every bank, every fintech, every neobank, and every emerging market around the world, every cash pickup location. We want really crypto to be the rails that power the future of the global economy because they’re better rails. They're faster, they're cheaper, they're more permissionless, and that's what's going to increase global economic freedom if we can update the global financial system.

I couldn't have said any better, but I just want to say, Brian, this is our belief and what we are now focused on is building the user experience. We are focused on fixing cost, fixing speed, security, and user experience and that is what you see our building blocks coming together to enable this future that Brian has just painted for us.

Your next question comes from the line of Dan Dolev with Mizuho. Please go ahead.

Hey guys, hi, Brian. Hey, Alesia. Thanks for taking my question. So really good results. I wanted to know something about pricing. So it looks like consumer transaction take rates picked up 13 basis points. Maybe you can talk a little bit about the pricing environment and drivers of the uptick and sustainability of that. Thank you very much.

Thanks for the question. So, as I noted in my opening comments, we have two revenue streams; derivatives and wallet fees. Those are revenues for us that hit consumer transaction revenue, but there's no associated spot trading volume in our reported spot trading volumetric. If you take the revenue divided by the trading volume, it's a little bit of apples and oranges. Spot trading is the vast majority of our revenue, but now we have new growing revenue streams that are not yet material, but are now starting to influence that blended average fee rate if you do A divided by B. And so that's why we really wanted to call out that difference between the change in revenue versus the change in trading volume this quarter in my opening comments. So, we saw the same mix between simple and advanced trading this quarter that we did in Q1 and we didn’t have any material change to our fees this quarter as well. We continue to experiment. Experimenting with our consumer fees is one of our key strategies to ensure that we continually understand the market and our customer behavior. But this quarter, it was really due to growth in new revenue streams that aren't reflected in the trading volume.

Your next question comes from the line of John Todaro with Needham. Please go ahead.

Hey, guys. Thanks for taking my question. Me and a lot of my peers were down at Bitcoin Nashville last week or so and Trump spoke positively on crypto. Given you guys have been close to the political landscape this year, is there more bipartisan support for crypto behind the scenes than what we're seeing? Or would four more years of Democrats continue in the similar regulatory stance with some difficulty in the crypto environment?

Yes. I can jump in. So, the first thing I'd say is crypto is really nonpartisan. There are really strong champions on both sides of the aisle at this point and a few skeptics, by the way, on both sides of the aisle, but it's predominantly, I'd say, supporters at this point. As you noted, there's been a big rhetoric shift really from both sides. But you mentioned one that certainly got a lot of attention last week. I mean we just feel - we feel like there's been a monumental shift. We feel very lucky that this political constituency is now being taken seriously in D.C. It's a massive voting block. I think it was a group of people that felt underserved in the past and they felt like their industry and they were being attacked. We’ve seen a shift from both sides. Now every voter has to, of course, make up their own mind. We want to make it easy for people to do that. There are various orgs we've contributed to, which try to make that easy like standwithcrypto.org. And it's not just about at the top of the ticket, by the way; it's every congressional seat and local election as well. So 1.3 million people have raised their hand and said they want to elect pro-crypto candidates on Stand with Crypto. Almost all of those are - many of those are in the US. But we’d like - I think it could be much bigger than that. 52 million have used crypto. And so if 1.3 million of them are active or a little bit less, that's great. So I don't know what else to say besides that; I think we're feeling a lot of momentum. Let's just leave it at that.

All right. I think we have one more question in the queue.

Your final question comes from the line of Patrick Moley with Piper Sandler. Please go ahead.

Yes, good evening. Thanks for taking the question. Brian, in your prepared remarks, you said that you expected a little bit of a headcount increase in the back half of this year. I was hoping you could just elaborate on those comments and maybe help us understand how you're thinking about an appropriate headcount? And maybe just comment a little bit more on where you expect that growth to come from? Thanks.

I'll take this one to start. And Brian, maybe you could add on. So I did mention in my opening comments that we do plan to increase hiring through the back half of 2024. This growth is going to predominantly go to our consumer and our international platforms as well as shoring up our product foundations to enable us to scale with the growth that we anticipate in the long-term business. So we are being prudent in managing these fixed costs. We haven't given a specific number, but we are going to be very thoughtful about investing in key areas of growth that we continue to see and make sure that we can meet the moment of the market.

All right. Well, that does it for today. Thank you all for your questions, and we look forward to talking to you again next quarter.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation, and you may now disconnect.