Thank you for your patience. This is the conference operator. Welcome to the Ero Copper Second Quarter 2024 Operating and Financial Results Conference Call. All participants are currently in listen-only mode, and the conference is being recorded. After the presentation, there will be a chance for questions. I now turn the conference over to Courtney Lynn, Senior Vice President of Corporate Development, Investor Relations, and Sustainability. Please proceed.

Thank you, operator. Good morning and welcome to Ero Copper's second quarter earnings call. Our operating and financial results were released yesterday afternoon and are available on our website as are our financial statements and MD&A for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. On the call with me today are David Strang, Ero's Co-founder and Chief Executive Officer; Makko DeFilippo, President and Chief Operating Officer; and Wayne Drier, Chief Financial Officer. We will be making forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties from which actual results may differ materially. We would refer you to our most recent annual information form available on our website SEDAR and EDGAR for a discussion of the risk factors of our business and their potential impact on future performance. As a reminder and unless otherwise noted, all amounts are in U.S. dollars. I will now pass the call over to David Strang.

Thank you, Courtney, and thank you, everyone, for joining us today. Before we discuss our second quarter results, I want to acknowledge what a challenging week this has been for our organization. As announced earlier this week, one of our colleagues at the Caraiba Operations was fatally injured in an incident involving a light-duty pickup truck on surface and another of our colleagues remains in critical condition. We are providing our full support to the families and co-workers of the individuals involved during this incredibly difficult time. Out of respect for those affected, we do not plan to discuss the incident further. Safety is a non-negotiable aspect of our operating philosophy, and we remain unwavering in our commitment to this mission. With that said, we will now turn our focus to discussing updates from our second quarter. During the quarter, the Tucuma Project was awarded its operational license and achieved first concentrate production at the end of June. In mid-July, we achieved production of first saleable copper concentrate at above-designed target concentrate grades. While Makko will discuss our ramp-up schedule in greater detail, I can share that the Tucuma plant continues to perform well, and we remain on track to reach commercial production levels by the end of the third quarter. As we advance towards doubling copper production next year, we continue to execute on our longer-term growth strategy. These efforts were highlighted by the announcement last week that we signed a definitive earning agreement with Vale Base Metals on the Furnas Copper Project in the Carajás Mineral Province. This agreement aligns with the terms outlined in our previously signed binding term sheet detailed in our press release on October 30, 2023. Earlier this year, we commenced baseline environmental studies, core relogging, and validation programs at Furnas in support of an inaugural NI 43-101 resource estimate, which we expect to publish later this year. In parallel, we have continued to compile and update the extensive work previously completed on the project by Vale, which includes significant metallurgical, geotechnical, environmental, process design, and site planning studies. With the definitive agreement now in place, we expect to initiate our first exploration campaign later this year. Before I turn the call over to Makko and Wayne, I will touch briefly on our operating results at Caraiba and Xavantina, as well as financial results for the quarter. At Caraiba, we continue to see the benefit of our mill expansion completed late last year, reflected in quarterly throughputs with tons processed up 12.2% quarter-on-quarter and 17.9% compared to Q4 2023. This higher throughput volume offset slightly lower processed copper grades compared to Q1, resulting in a 9.6% increase in copper production of 8,867 tons in concentrate. While we had success in catching up on development of high-grade stopes at the Pilar mine in April and May, mining from these high-grade stopes came later in the quarter than planned. And one high-grade stope, in particular, experienced higher than planned dilution. When combined with lower milled grades at Vermeus due to mine sequencing and a higher proportion of mill feed from the Suriname open pit, processed copper grades averaged 1.03% for the quarter. With respect to our C1 costs, we are starting to see the impact of persistent tightness in the copper concentrate market, which has led to some of the most favorable treatment in refining terms we have ever seen. Over the last several months, we capitalized on these dynamics by entering into longer-term contracts with our copper concentrate customers. We secured a blending treatment charge of just over $5 per ton and a $0.05 refining charge on 100% of our consolidated copper production, including both Caraiba and Tucuma from May through the end of the year. By comparison, our copper concentrate treatment and refining charges averaged nearly $80 per ton and $0.08 per pound from January through April of this year. The significant reduction in our treatment charges, as well as the strengthening of the dollar against the Brazilian Real contributed to lower copper C1 cash costs of $2.16 per pound of copper produced during the second quarter. This decrease in unit operating costs coupled with copper prices that hit all-time highs during the period drove increased gross profit margins at Caraiba compared to Q1. Our Xavantina operations also saw another exceptional quarter with an expansion in gross profit margins during Q2, reflecting a continuation of elevated grades and record gold prices, which have rallied even higher in Q3. Gold production at Xavantina was 16,555 ounces with tons processed up 6.9% quarter-on-quarter and gold grades continuing to trend above long-term block model grades. As a result, unit operating costs remain below budget with C1 cash costs and all-in sustaining costs coming in at $428 and $842 respectively per ounce of gold produced. The combination of solid production across our operations and strong market tailwinds resulted in second quarter operating cash flow of $14.7 million and adjusted EBITDA of $51.5 million. As we look to the second half of the year, we expect consolidated copper production to increase sequentially each quarter, driven largely by the ramp-up at Tucumã. We also expect higher mined and processed grades at Carajás to result in higher production and contribute to lower unit operating costs in the second half of the year. While we are reaffirming all of our copper production and cash cost guidance ranges, we are now guiding to the lower end of our copper production guidance range for Carajás. At Xavantina, we expect mined and processed gold grades to remain above budget in the second half of the year based on channel sampling from development drives. While grades should remain elevated, they are projected to decrease relative to the second quarter, leading to slightly lower production and higher unit costs in the second half compared to the first half of 2024. However, due to strong year-to-date operating cost performance, full-year unit operating costs are now projected to be lower than we had originally budgeted, and we are reducing our full-year gold C1 cash cost guidance by $100 to a range of $450 to $550 per ounce of gold produced. We are also lowering our all-in sustaining cost guidance by $150 to a range of $900 to $1,000 per ounce of gold produced. I will now pass the call to Makko, after which Wayne will provide more detail on our financial results.

Thank you, and good morning, everyone. As David mentioned, the ramp-up of Tucumã is advancing well. We successfully produced first concentrate in late June, and by mid-July, in line with our internal target date, achieved a pivotal milestone of producing first saleable copper concentrate. Our primary focus during this first phase of ramp-up was to stabilize material flow rates throughout the process plant and produce a quality concentrate at near-design recoveries. While early in our ramp-up, we have been extremely pleased with the performance of the plant thus far. As noted previously, we have been able to achieve above-design concentrate grades while maintaining recoveries. Transitioning into August, our primary priority will shift to steadily increasing throughput volumes while maintaining concentrate quality and recovery rates. Based on our performance to date, we are on the right track to achieve commercial production levels, which we define as 80% of design mill capacity and 80% of design recovery rates by the end of the third quarter. On the mining side, we continue to make strong progress during the quarter, completing the mine's pre-strip phase in April well ahead of schedule. By the end of June, we had approximately 460,000 tons of ore sitting on our run-of-mine stockpile and another 44,000 tons grading above 2% copper blasted in the mine available for transport. Given the strong pace we've been able to maintain on mining rates, as well as the early completion of pre-stripping and the build of run-of-mine and crushed ore stockpiles, we've increased our capitalized ramp-up expenditures guidance for Tucumã to reflect the additional two and a half months of mining and ancillary costs associated with the early run rates of our crushing, conveyance, and screening systems, as well as costs associated with the now fully operational laboratory on site. It is worth noting that Tucumã's growth CapEx guidance range update reflects a revised tax position, resulting in approximately $12 million of capitalized taxes that have been deemed to be nonrecoverable. With the Tucumã construction complete and ramp-up underway, we will be shifting the focus of our Tucumã engineering and project execution team to the Furnas project. Over the last few months, working closely with the Vale base metals team, we've transferred approximately half of the 90,000 meters of historic drill core to our core logging facility in Parapuevas and commenced relogging, resampling and validation work programs. As David mentioned, we expect to publish a maiden resource estimate on the project incorporating this work later this year as well as kick off our Phase 1 drill program. At Caraiba, shaft sinking is progressing on schedule to achieve our target depth of 600 meters by year-end. During the quarter, we successfully connected the main shaft with the interface between the first and second raised bore legs and civil works for the third raised bore leg of the shaft commenced on schedule. Raised boring of the third leg is underway, and we expect to continue through year-end. In parallel, we have continued to advance underground infrastructure in support of the deepening project, including development and underground support related to the shaft's ore handling and conveyance systems as well as the underground crusher chamber. The project continues to remain on track for shaft handover to operations in Q4 of 2026.

Thank you, Makko. As David highlighted, our quarterly financial results reflect a combination of solid operating results and favorable market dynamics that drove an increase in gross profit margins across our operations. This resulted in higher adjusted EBITDA of $51.5 million and adjusted net income attributable to the owners of the company of $18.6 million or $0.18 per share on a diluted basis when compared to Q1 of 2024. The favorable market conditions we experienced during the second quarter included a strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Real, causing the exchange rate to increase from 5.01 on March 31 to 5.55 on June 30. While this move has benefited our operating costs and capital expenditures, it resulted in non-cash unrealized foreign exchange losses, primarily related to the translation of U.S. dollar-denominated intercompany debt in Brazil, for which the functional currency is the Real. With respect to the cash settlement of foreign exchange derivatives, we recognized a loss of $1 million for the quarter, but a net gain of $1.1 million for the first half of the year. Our liquidity position at the end of the quarter remained strong at approximately $170 million. With construction of the Tucumã project now complete and production ramping up, our cash flow profile and liquidity position are expected to strengthen significantly through the second half of the year.

Thank you, Wayne, and everyone who joined the call today. Before we proceed to the Q&A session, I want to extend my deepest gratitude to our teams in Brazil and Canada for their continued commitment and hard work in executing on both our operating plan and our organic growth strategy. In particular, I would like to thank Makko for his outstanding leadership on the senior management team in terms of moving the Company forward in getting Tucumã to where it is today. It's always a team effort and I certainly don't want to pick out one individual in particular, but I think at this point that is warranted. We are well-positioned to achieve both record copper and gold production this year and look forward to continuing this growth journey over the coming quarters. Now I will hand the call back to the operator to open the line for questions.

We will now begin the question-and-answer session. The first question comes from Orest Wowkodaw with Scotiabank. Please go ahead.

Hi. Good morning, everybody. Congratulations on getting Tucumã to the finish line. I was wondering if we can get some more color in terms of how the ramp-up's going from Makko, specifically like what you're seeing in terms of recoveries and throughput in these early days.

Thanks, Orest. Yes, look, I think it's probably a bit too early to talk specific details on recovery and concentrate grade. I guess at a general level, given we're sort of a couple weeks since we achieved saleable concentrate. What I can tell you is that based on the feed grades that we're seeing, which as you can imagine during this first couple weeks of ramp-up here are low. Obviously, we want to save some of that extremely high-grade material for when things are, our recoveries have improved, and throughput rates are higher. But based on the grades that we've seen so far, I can say that our concentrate grades are quite a bit above what we were expecting if you look at the expectations in the feasibility curve. And our recovery rates are near design targets, so just slightly below given the grades that we're feeding at. In terms of throughput volumes, we've been able to steadily increase so far to about 40% to 50% of the design throughput capacity, which given the performance we're seeing on recovery and concentrate grades is a good sign. To put that into context, we're about halfway through to our 80% commercial production level in terms of mill throughput.

That's impressive to hear. Just a question for Wayne around this on the accounting side. Should we expect no financials related to Tucumã until you reach that commercial production or should we be modeling effectively since the start of Q3? I'm just wondering how the third quarter is going to shape up from an accounting perspective.

Sure. So, in the third quarter, because we're now generating or expect to generate revenue with our first sales, we will be expensing some of the costs. That's the requirement under the new accounting guidelines that came in a few years ago. But until we hit commercial production, it's only a portion of those costs that ultimately get expensed. And that's a direct ratio. So, until we reach the 80% throughput and recovery, a portion of the costs will be expensed and a portion of the costs will be capitalized. And as it relates to the mining costs specifically, all costs will go into inventory. All waste costs will be capitalized until we declare commercial production. So, in essence, you will see some expenses against Tucumã in Q3, assuming we make obviously sales, which is our expectation, but it will be significantly less than obviously the steady state, which we would expect to see in Q4.

Okay. And then one quick one if I could, just on the big picture. So, with Tucumã now ramping up, your free cash flow is going to significantly improve. Is the focus for 2025 going to be on deleveraging the balance sheet or should we expect expenditures to ramp up for exploration around Furnas and other endeavors?

Thanks, Orest. With regards to the second part of your question, with our commitments to Furnas, we don't expect our overall exploration budget to materially change from what it currently is. There may be some reallocation of some exploration from some of the other projects that we have been working on to Furnas. So, we don't expect a big material change in exploration expenses with regards to that. But the focus is obviously to delever the balance sheet and that is going to be the prime focus of Wayne and his team as we move into '25.

The next question comes from Bryce Adams with CIBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Thanks David and team. I appreciate the update here today. First question is, can you confirm if there was a seismic event at Caraiba late last week, like a small earthquake in the region? And then I don't want to — I'm not trying to link it to the fatality, but were those two events distinctly separate from each other?

Thanks, Bryce. This is Makko. Yes, look, the curve operations like most active mining operations that are operating deep underground have seismic events. We have a micro-seismic monitoring system that has been in place since we started the company in 2017. The two events are completely unrelated. Look forward to our initial assessment goes.

Okay. Can you and so the seismic event, was it bigger than a typical one or are there any impacts on-site from that?

Yes, Bryce, look we did have a seismic event. I'd say that in terms of its magnitude, it was in line with our expectations and what we've seen historically. We did as a matter of protocol evacuate the mine temporarily so that our geotechnical team could do a full assessment of all operating levels and we've returned to operations.

Okay, thanks. Sticking with Caraiba, you mentioned the high grade started to come through late in Q2. What are your grade expectations for the second half of the year? What's in that mine plan? And then how confident are you in that plan?

So, Bryce, you mean Tucumã, correct? You said Caraiba?

Yes, I meant Caraiba actually. Like the grades have been lower in the first half. I thought you mentioned there was some high grade very late in Q2?

Yes, there was high grade. So, as we mentioned in the first quarter call, we mine a combination of low and high-grade stopes. The high-grade stopes typically are 30% to 40% of our total stopes that we mine. And so, when we get those, it's always about trying to make sure that we mine them as efficiently as possible and as carefully as possible. We ran into dilution in one of these super high-grade stopes with some overbreak on one of those, so we didn't get the same grades as we were expecting. Typically, these high-grade stopes can run anywhere between 3% and 5% on average grade, and we have them scattered amongst our production for the rest of the year. Our expectation with respect to the rest of the year is that proportion of high-grade stopes to low-grade stopes leans more to the high-grade stopes, and hence the reason the expectation of higher grades will be coming through.

Alright. I appreciate that. That's all for me. Many thanks.

The next question comes from Dalton Baretto from Canaccord. Please go ahead.

Thanks. Good morning, guys. And David, great to be with you. Makko, great job on the Tucumã construction and ramp-up here. I'm wondering if you're starting to think already about two years from now when the grades start to come off fairly significantly and I'm just wondering what the thinking is there today around sort of backfilling that. Thanks.

Thanks, Dalton. Thanks for taking away our happy moment and enjoying starting the mine-up. Yes, we're already on top of that. We actually, as you may or may not remember, for those of you who don't know the story as well, going back longer term, we do have an underground resource at Tucumã. It is contained in terms of a portion of that is contained in our resource estimates that you can find in our 43-101 report for the project. We have now mobilized the drill rigs to come back in. We're now, I believe in September, the rigs will be turning, and we're now in the process of continuing to drill and continue the drilling of the underground resource. Ideally, what we would be in a situation would be is by 2027, we want to reasonably aggressively drill the underground resource to be in a position to start supplementing or replacing some of the lower-grade material in the open pit with some higher-grade material from the underground mine that we hope will be able to be developed over that time period. It's early days with regards to that process, so I wouldn't be adjusting any models, but you did ask and so this is the plan that we want to do in terms of the work here is start to work towards that development plan. So that's the best I can tell you right now. Probably in the fourth quarter, at end of the year, we'll be in a better position to start discussing how the results of the drill program are going.

Thanks, David. And then just sticking with drill rigs here, I wonder if we can get an update on exploration in the Carajás Camp and if there's any change in strategy following some new personnel additions you've just made.

Well, that was cryptic. For those who don't know, a gentleman named Mike Hocking has joined our team, to join Mike's team. For those who know Mike, he needs no introduction. For anybody who doesn't know Mike, Mike Hocking is one of the great up-and-coming GEOs in our business, and we're really, really happy that Mike has joined our team. Michael and the two Mikes are working with our team with regards to the exploration programs in and around Carajás. We are working primarily in and around, continue to develop material in the Pilar mine in and around the project Honeypot. We continue to do work up in the Vermelhos area to continue to look at what we call the UG4 deposit type, which is a deposit that has been identified between Vermelhos and Siriema. And then, of course, we continue to do work, albeit at a lower rate than previous on nickel in the general district.

The next question comes from Gordon Lawson with Paradigm Capital. Please go ahead.

Good morning, everyone. Can you just provide a little color on the current mining rates at Pilar versus Ormelos and how the grades are expected to compare through 2024?

Thanks for the question. Our target for the second half of the year at Pilar remains similar to what we've achieved in the first half, with higher levels expected in Q2 and Q3 as we have intensified development efforts. We have been averaging close to 150,000 for Pilar, and we anticipate those rates will increase in Q3. We are already seeing increases moving into Q3 and expect this trend to continue into Q4 as well. Therefore, we anticipate that the mining rates from Pilar will rise in the second half. The contribution from Vermeus will remain consistent with our plans, although the mining rate there differs from Pilar. The mill throughput reflects what is transported to the plant. We are exploring ways to potentially boost those volumes in the second half by adding extra transport shifts based on Vermeus’s performance to date.

Okay, thanks. For the open pit, is it still reasonable to assume around 0.5 million tons a year?

No, we're mining about 800,000 tons a year from Serbian for the full year.

Okay. Thank you very much. So, switching over to Argentina, just looking at some of the veins that have been talked about in the past, how close or how far into the Mauritania and San Antonio veins are we now mining and if you can comment on any drilling progress on these fronts?

Yes, happy to. San Antonio has been the basis of operations for the last four or five years. So, we're quite a ways into it. And Mauritania, we entered the Mauritania vein last year. With respect to what we're seeing and I'll just reiterate, not sure if we went into any detail in the Q1 call. We've always known through the center of the San Antonio vein structure, particularly as it went to depth, there were significantly higher grades. The zone isn't particularly wide; it's probably 30 meters to 40 meters wide and we historically had maybe 4 holes or 5 holes of the total drill database that intersected that zone. What has come to pass as we've been mining is obviously that zone is and due to resource calculations historically, particularly using the Krieger methodology, you top cut your gold grades. And so, what we have now seen is that zone remains and has remained for the last 12 months to 18 months consistent with regards to elevated grades against the historical resource and reserve estimate. So, we now have a bit of a, some would call it a quandary: what do you do? From our perspective, we think it's not worth the time or the money to start drilling out the zone in more detail to try and upgrade the resource, but rather keep it as such and try and give as much guidance as we can from the development work that we do and then the sampling for that. So, as we mentioned previously on the call today, we now have visibility through the end of the year from development drives and sampling of those development drives that we will continue to see these elevated grades at San Antonio through the end of the year. Exploration drilling continues, both down dip and lateral extensions of the San Antonio vein and we continue to see similar grades that we've released historically with regards to that work that we've done there.

Okay. That's excellent. Thank you very much.

The next question comes from Stefan Ioannou with Cormark Securities. Please go ahead.

Yes, thanks very much. Most of my questions have been answered. Let me just, circling back on Bryce's question about the grade at Carajás, the head grade being lower for the first half of the year. Can you just clarify, was that then an issue of dilution of the higher-grade stopes or just getting into enough high-grade stopes to bring the grade up?

Yes. We ran into a couple of issues that happened. In the first quarter, we got behind on some of the development. So, we mined a high proportion of lower-grade stopes to higher-grade stopes during the first quarter, and that was the problem there. We subsequently worked on that with regards to accelerating our development work and are getting back on schedule with regards to that. However, as we were mining some of the higher-grade stopes in the second quarter, one in particular, which was quite an important stope for us in the second quarter, we encountered some overbreak, some significant overbreak with regards to some of the work that we did there, and that resulted in dilution of the stope. Bear in mind, when we start getting into grades that are 4%, 5%, or 6%, that material becomes quite friable and some of the wall rock surrounding it remains that way as well. So, when we do get into these very high areas, as much as we try to be as careful as we can be with regards to our blocking patterns, et cetera. On occasion, not all the time, but on occasion, we will see overbreak occurring and dilution occur. Now, the interesting thing about it is that the dilution was actually coming in around about 1.2% copper, so it was still reasonable copper grades, but our expectation on that stope was to have grades significantly higher coming into the mill than that lower grade. So, ultimately, we will recover all of that copper material. Unfortunately, it's just not going to be at the same highest grade as we expected to come out in the second quarter. As we've gone into the third quarter, we have seen some of the stopes that we've targeted in terms of higher-grade come into production. In general, we've had a pretty good start to the third quarter, albeit with regards to the accident last week; we did shut operations for three days as a result of the investigation but also with respect to the families and allowing our workforce to attend the funeral of our colleague. So, we've had a reasonably good start to the third quarter and we expect August and September to continue on track.

Okay, great. That's super helpful. And then maybe just one sort of housekeeping question, and my apologies, I missed it. You mentioned the TCs are locked in kind of for the rest of the year down at like $5 a ton. What was the number you said it was prior to that you were sort of seeing?

80.

80. Okay, great. Thanks very much, guys.

The next question comes from Dalton Baretto from Canaccord. Please go ahead.

Thanks for taking my follow-up, guys. Dave, with the earning agreement in Furnas now behind you, are you able to give us a sense in terms of broad strokes what this project looks like and then sort of timeline to first production post the resource?

Dalton, I'm going to allow the resource to speak for itself when we come out with it. In preparation of that, and hopefully that resource comes out before next time that we will have a chat in terms of the quarterly is that we think that's a good starting-off point. Vale has done a great job with regards to identifying and drilling out a very, very large area. And it's our job now to identify and take a slightly different approach from what they did. As you may or may not know, they took an approach of looking at it from an open pit mine perspective. We see opportunity to look at Furnas as an underground mine. That requires us to do some more infill drilling on what we see as a very high-grade zone in the center of the deposit, as well as doing work in terms of extending the deposit to depth below the valley floor. So, with respect to that, yes, I mean, we wouldn't have done this deal if we weren't excited about it. I don't think Vale would have done the deal with us had they not seen that we have something to bring to the project in terms of some of our underground mining experience. And I think the opportunity to work with Vale base is a great one for us, and we hope this is the beginning of a greater longer-term relationship with the company.

The next question comes from Ralph Profiti with Eight Capital. Please go ahead.

Thanks, Operator. Wayne, the strategy around the Brazilian Real, from the MD&A, you capped out at around 5.38, and this morning, we're sitting at 5.7. Just wondering if the philosophy around hedging the currency was more to do with Tucumã or Kenya at this point be maybe say financially optimistic?

Yeah. Good observation. I think that the way you sort of couched it exactly that. I mean, the hedges we had in place were certainly front-end weighted this year, and it really was to protect significant capital spend. I think now that we're past that we will be a little bit more opportunistic. We're obviously seeing significant weakness here in the BRL. We do take advantage of that at times. And I would say that we will look to basically give ourselves a color that gives ourselves some downside protection but gives us as much cap as possible so that we're not paying away. But obviously at those kinds of levels we're at today, the benefit that we see through our operating costs and our local costs on the ground are very, very significant. So, we always look at that, we balance that out, and then try to be opportunistic. So, I think certainly going forward, I don't think you're going to see us have as heavier foreign exchange derivative program, it'll be a little bit more opportunistic.

Got it. Thank you. And just a quick follow-up. What's the grade of that stockpile at Tucumã? I believe you had that crush door sort of early around the sequence to get around 440,000 tons at 2% copper. Just wondering, what is the stockpile grade similar?

Sorry. Just to clarify the number, it's 44,000 tons at 2% that's in the mine. The overall stockpile of 460,000 tons has been broken up into various grades. So, the average is right around 1%. We have low-grade, high-grade mixed in that 460,000 tons of stockpile that's sitting in our run-of-mine yard. Is that clear?

Yes. Thank you for that clarification.

Hi. Thanks for taking just a quick follow-up. I noticed that your total CapEx guidance is pretty much unchanged, but you did increase Tucumã by about $20 million and corresponding with a decline at Carajás of $20 million. Can you maybe speak to sort of what's driving the increase at Tucumã and then what you're cutting back at Carajás?

Yes. Thanks, Orest. So maybe starting first with Tucumã, I think you pointed out obviously one of the things that we've mentioned in terms of these tax, the impact on the non-recoverable taxes, the taxes that we deem non-recoverable, which is about $12 million. There's an additional $4 million associated with the increase in capitalized ramp-up, particularly around mining and some of the early work. The acceleration of mining has continued into Q2 faster than we expected. And then the ancillary costs associated with that ramp-up, which includes building, running our primary crusher, secondary crusher, tertiary crusher, and screening systems, and getting our laboratory up and running to full capacity to support that increase in mining operations. So, there's a few things that go into that $4 million bucket, but that gets us to $16 million. We gave ourselves a bit of flexibility given the accounting treatment on the range that we increased, but we're feeling pretty confident with our overall capital assessment at Tucumã at this stage. At Carajás, the largest reduction in capital came from synergies associated with some of the tailings management that we do. So, I think as you know, we use a co-disposal system where we allow tailings to be used to dry fully in our co-disposal piles, and then we move those dried tailings to a permanent storage facility. We had another project running in parallel associated with closure of our oxide heap leach pile, and we've been able to recognize versus our budget a pretty significant savings in using that material from the dried tailings co-disposal as the base for our oxide pile closures. So that's probably the biggest. There's other items in there, of course, but the biggest single item is the synergies related to integrating those two projects that we have worked on in the first half of the year.

Thanks very much.

This concludes the question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to David Strang for any closing remarks.

Thank you, operator, and thanks to everybody for attending the call today. We really appreciate the questions and the nature of them all. We look forward to seeing many of the analysts who are on the call today in September, during our analyst visit, in which we will be visiting both Tucumã as well as Caraiba. And with that, we hope you all enjoy the rest of your summer and look forward to talking to you again in November on our Q3 earnings call. Thanks again. Thank you, operator.

This brings to an end today's conference call. You may disconnect your lines. Thank you for participating and have a pleasant day.