Greetings, and welcome to the Fuel Tech, Inc. Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023 Financial Results Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question-and-answer session will follow the formal presentation. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to your host, Devin Sullivan, Managing Director of the Equity Group. Thank you. You may begin.

Thank you, Melissa. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us today for Fuel Tech's 2023 fourth quarter and full year financial results conference call. Yesterday after the close, we issued a copy of the release, which is available at the company's website, www.ftek.com. Our speakers for today will be Vince Arnone, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer; and Ellen Albrecht, the company's Chief Financial Officer. After prepared remarks, we will open the call for questions from our analysts and investors. Before turning things over to Vince, I'd like to remind everyone that matters discussed on this call, except for historical information, are forward-looking statements as defined in Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended, which are made pursuant to the Safe Harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and reflect Fuel Tech's current expectations regarding future growth, results of operations, cash flows, performance and business prospects and opportunities as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to our company's management. Fuel Tech has tried to identify forward-looking statements by using words such as anticipate, believe, plan, expect, estimate, intend, will and similar expressions, but these words are not the exclusive means of identifying forward-looking statements. These statements are based on information currently available to Fuel Tech and are subject to various risks, uncertainties and other factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed in Fuel Tech's annual report on Form 10-K in Item 1A under the caption of Risk Factors and subsequent filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended, which could cause Fuel Tech's actual growth, results of operations, financial conditions, cash flows, performance and business prospects and opportunities to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by these statements. Fuel Tech undertakes no obligation to update such factors or to publicly announce the results of any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect future events, developments or changed circumstances or for any other reason. Investors are cautioned that all forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, including those detailed in the company's filings with the SEC. With that said, I'd now like to turn the call over to Vince Arnone. Vince, please go ahead.

Thank you, Devin. Good morning, and I'd like to thank everyone for joining us on the call today. We were pleased with our business progress along several fronts in 2023. Total revenue of $27.1 million was within our previous guidance range and represented our highest annual revenue level since 2019. Our APC business segment performed well, reflecting more than $8.3 million of new project awards during the year, and we ended the year with a backlog of $7.5 million at December 31, 2023. Further, we were pleased to announce the additional $2.1 million in new contract awards yesterday. We completed a successful trial of our dissolved gas infusion technology in an aquaculture setting, and we believe that we are well positioned to commercialize DGI in 2024. And lastly, we continue to maintain a conservative cost profile, with SG&A expenses up modestly from 2022 levels and ended the year in a strong financial position with $33.4 million in cash and investments and no long-term debt. We are most heartened by the progress we have made in our DGI business initiative in 2023. Last month, we announced the publication of a white paper that details the benefits of deploying DGI for oxygen injection at a shrimp farm in the United States. As a reminder, our DGI technology involves the efficient transfer of high concentrations of gas into a body of water through a patent saturator and a patent-pending injection array to drive chemical or biological reactions, such as for wastewater treatment, odor control and pH adjustment, or for process improvements in industrial applications, or in this case, aquaculture. Specifically, the use of DGI at this location increased shrimp production compared to traditional aeration methods and contributed to likely health improvements. Demand for shrimp is increasing globally, and inland shrimp farming is an important source to help meet the growing demand in a safe and sustainable manner, while reducing overfishing of the marine environment and lowering the overall carbon footprint by reducing transportation costs. By deploying DGI, producers now have an opportunity to improve stock health and yields while achieving more efficient operations immediately adjacent to their customer locations. At present, we are utilizing DGI to deploy oxygen into bodies of water. However, we believe that DGI can be applicable for other gases as well, such as CO2 and ozone. DGI's benefits include the precise control of dissolved oxygen levels for all process applications and ability to extend plant capacity without major capital expansion or capital outlay odor reduction and minimal bubble formation for extended residence time. We believe that DGI can be applied across several end markets including pulp and paper, food and beverage, chemical or petrochemical, water and wastewater treatment, horticulture and aquaculture. As a follow-up to the publication of our DGI white paper, we presented our technology and favorable findings from our aquaculture demonstration at the Aquaculture America 2024 conference last month. This annual conference provides members and participants with the opportunity to stay current with technical advancements and inspect the latest in products and services, in the aquaculture industry. In recent months, in part driven by the interest generated after publishing and presenting our demonstration results, we have received a notable increase in inquiries regarding our DGI technology from potential customers in multiple end markets including municipal odor control, pH control for municipal and industrial applications, agricultural applications and additional aquaculture applications. We are currently in negotiations with potential customers regarding on-site demonstrations of DGI, and we are targeting to sign our first commercial contract for DGI in 2024. Lastly, to further expedite the introduction of DGI into end markets, we have recently hired a former water and wastewater treatment executive on a consulting basis. This individual is well experienced in the application of Dissolved Gas Technologies, and we look forward to his contributions over these next several months. Let's now, please spend a few minutes discussing our FUEL CHEM and APC business segments. As we had expected, revenues for our FUEL CHEM segment declined from 2022 levels due to the effects of warmer weather across the US, which impacted overall demand and related unit dispatch. However, segment gross margin was essentially unchanged for the year and remained at historical levels. Our base FUEL CHEM unit count remains intact as we enter 2024, and for the first time in a few years, I'm very pleased to say that we are currently pursuing multiple additional FUEL CHEM development opportunities, which could provide incremental revenue contribution in 2024 and beyond. These opportunities are for both coal and biomass-fired boilers. For 2024, excluding any material incremental revenue from new business development activities, we would expect that FUEL CHEM revenue would remain at parity with 2023. With respect to international opportunities for the FUEL CHEM segment, we continue to follow the opportunity to expand the provision of our chemical technology in Mexico, be our partner in that country, to address the emissions created by the burning of high-sulfur fuel oil, which is being undertaken without the necessary environmental remediation and at the expense of the health of surrounding communities. In 2023, we executed a two-year extension to the program that we currently have in place at one facility. With the upcoming presidential election in Mexico in June of this year, we believe that political pressure is building in favor of our implementation of our FUEL CHEM program at additional facilities in this country. Our partner is currently in discussions with the state-owned utility CFE regarding the application of our technology at several units. Now turning over to our APC segment. We benefited in 2023 from the continued adoption of our Ultra SCR, SNCR and FTC emissions control solutions at natural gas and coal-fired units in the US, Europe, South Africa and the Pacific Rim, independent of the potential impact of favorable regulatory outcomes, which I will discuss here shortly. We remain well positioned to take advantage of current industrial end market trends, which include plant capacity expansion across several industries, the incentivized use of small turbines to replace traditional less clean power generation, the development of the biocarbon industry, the continued emphasis on decarbonization on a global basis, and the focus on using our ULTRA System as a safe source of ammonia for SCRs at hospitals and universities across the US. On the regulatory front, we continue to monitor progress related to the adoption of the US EPA's Cross-State Air Pollution Control rule to meet the Good Neighbor requirements of the Clean Air Act, which we believe can be a potential catalyst for APC growth in 2024 and for the remainder of this decade, as utility and industrial customers explore ways to further reduce NOx emissions. We have in fact received and responded to several requests for budgetary proposals as customers prepare to address the upcoming compliance requirements as part of their capital budgeting requirements for 2024 and beyond. As discussed on previous calls, the rule currently obligates 23 states to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides from power plants and certain industrial facilities to limit their impact on downwind states. The ultimate timing of the effectiveness of the rule is uncertain because several upcoming effective states and sources have challenged the efficacy of EPA's proposed regulation in multiple cohorts, and stays of the effectiveness of their – of the rule have been issued for many upwind states. Last month, oral arguments were presented to the Supreme Court by both parties, and we will closely monitor the potential impact of the Supreme Court's ruling on whether to stay the rule for all states when it is issued later this year. In addition to the Good Neighbor rule, we are also watching the progress of EPA's rule for large municipal waste combustors, which is independent of the Good Neighbor rule. This rule reduces the nitrogen oxide emissions requirements for large municipal waste combustor units. Fuel Tech has a long history of assisting this industry in meeting their compliance requirements. And we have had discussions with customers in this segment to support them in their compliance planning. The municipal waste combustor rule is currently in a public comment period with compliance deadlines expected sometime in the next three years. Based on our effective backlog at year-end, the business development activities we are pursuing, and our previously noted expectations for FUEL CHEM, we expect that total revenues for 2024 will exceed the total revenues recognized in 2023 of $27.1 million, and we will provide further guidance as we move throughout 2024. This base case outlook excludes any material contributions from DGI, as we are still in the early stages of commercialization, any significant contributions to APC from the above-referenced EPA regulations, and the impact of material business development activities for FUEL CHEM. Now in closing, I want to take a moment to thank the Fuel Tech team for their contributions to the improvement of our business in 2023. It is their continued hard work, passion, and dedication that drive our ability to be successful. Additionally, I thank our shareholders for their continued support. We expect that 2024 will be an important year in the growth and evolution of Fuel Tech, and we look forward to keeping everyone apprised of our progress. With that said, I would now like to turn the call over to Ellen to talk about our financial statements. Ellen, please go ahead.

Thank you, Vince, and good morning, everyone. The key highlights from 2023 include increased total revenue, maintained margins, a continued emphasis on cost management while expanding our DGI business, and a strong balance sheet that positions us well as we enter 2024. We achieved this despite facing industry challenges in our main business segments. I will begin by discussing our fourth-quarter results. For the quarter, consolidated revenues decreased to $6.3 million from $7 million in the same quarter last year, driven by declines in both the APC and fuel chem segments. APC segment revenue slightly fell to $2.8 million from $2.9 million, mainly due to project execution timing during the quarter. The fuel chem segment revenue dropped from $4.1 million to $3.6 million, primarily due to a predicted reduction in dispatch electrical generation demand from the elevated levels witnessed in 2022 and changes in product and fuel consumption. Consolidated gross margins for the fourth quarter of 2023 stood at 51% of revenues, a notable rise from 43% in the fourth quarter of 2022, owing to higher APC segment gross margin of 55%, up from 35% in the same period last year. This improvement in APC gross margin is linked to changes in project and product mix. The fuel chem gross margin remained stable at 48%, in line with historical performance. As of December 31, 2023, the consolidated APC segment backlog was $7.5 million, up from $5.6 million on September 30, 2023, but slightly down from $8.2 million a year earlier. This backlog included $2.6 million in domestic project backlog and $4.9 million in foreign project backlog, compared to $3.7 million and $4.5 million, respectively, a year ago. We anticipate that $7.4 million of the current consolidated backlog will be recognized in the next 12 months. SG&A expenses increased to $3.7 million from $3.1 million in last year's fourth quarter, reflecting the timing of employee-related expenses. As a percentage of revenue, SG&A rose to 58% in the fourth quarter of 2023 from 44% last year. Research and development expenses increased to $367,000 from $179,000 in the same quarter last year, primarily due to ongoing investment in water treatment technology and specifically, our DGI technology. Our operating loss was $801,000 compared to $250,000 in the same quarter a year ago, reflecting reduced overall revenue, shifts in margin contribution from product mix, and higher operating expenses. We have continued to benefit from favorable interest rates, and as of December 31, 2023, we have invested over $30 million in held-to-maturity debt securities and money market funds, resulting in $322,000 of interest income for the quarter and $1.3 million for the year, a significant increase from $200,000 in 2022. Our net loss for the quarter was $539,000 or $0.02 per share, compared to a net loss of $402,000 or $0.01 per share in the same period last year. Adjusted EBITDA loss was $646,000 versus an adjusted EBITDA loss of $263,000 a year earlier. Looking at the full year 2023, consolidated revenue rose to $27.1 million from $26.9 million in 2022, driven by a 27% increase in our ATC segment revenue, offset by a 17% decline in the fuel chem segment. The increase in APC revenue is due to timing in project execution and new orders, along with a 50% growth in our ancillary product line. The decline in fuel chem revenue was driven by reduced unit dispatch demand and unexpected plant outages in the second quarter of 2023. Consolidated gross margin held steady at 43%, reflecting an increase in the APC gross margin offset by a slight decrease in the fuel chem gross margin. The growth in APC segment gross margin was largely due to product and project mix. SG&A expenses for 2023 grew by 4% to $12.8 million from $12.3 million in 2022, which is at the lower end of our forecasted range. We continue to focus on our strategic investments in resources to support ongoing and future business initiatives while maintaining strict cost controls. For 2024, we expect SG&A expenses to range between $13 million and $13.5 million. Research and development expenses totaled $1.5 million for 2023 compared to $895,000 in 2022. As Vince mentioned, our commitment to commercializing our DGI technology remains a top priority for the company, with strategic expenditures continuing throughout 2024. Our operating loss was $2.7 million for the year compared to $1.5 million in 2022, a result of shifts in revenue mix and higher operating costs. The net loss for 2023 was $1.5 million, or $0.05 per diluted share, compared to a net loss of $1.4 million, or $0.05 per share in 2022. Adjusted EBITDA loss reached $2 million in 2023, compared to an adjusted EBITDA loss of $909,000 in 2022. We generated nearly $700,000 in cash from operations in 2023, compared to a cash outflow of $4.1 million in 2022. Finally, concerning our balance sheet, our financial position remains robust. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $17.6 million alongside short and long-term investments of $15.8 million. In 2023, our primary cash usage included a $6 million investment in debt securities to enhance our long-term financial sustainability. Our working capital was $32.6 million, equating to $1.8 per share, with stockholders' equity at $43.7 million or $1.44 per share and no outstanding debt. We are confident in our ability to support our growth initiatives, explore new product and market opportunities, and maintain a strong financial position, which we consider a significant competitive advantage. To echo Vince's earlier comments, we are pleased with our performance and optimistic about the opportunities ahead in 2024 and beyond. I will now pass the call back to Vince.

Ellen, thank you very much. Operator, I think it's time to open the line for calls now. Thank you.

Thank you. Our first question comes from Amit Dayal with H.C. Wainwright. Please proceed with your questions.

Thank you. Good morning, everyone.

Good morning, Amit.

Hey, Vince. So it looks like this year is going to be a big focus for this year. My one question is, how are these potential customers finding out about DGI? Can you just give us a sense of what you guys are doing in terms of just getting in front of this audience?

Right. So we over this past six months, we've definitely enhanced our marketing efforts. And as I just noted, our presentation at Aquaculture America was actually our first presentation at a water and wastewater treatment conference, and we received some very favorable impact from the result of that body of work. So my comment would be we are increasing our exposure to end markets. We really needed to have something to go ahead and put out there publicly that we can support as part of our market reach out in the successful demonstration that we did have in the application afforded us the opportunity to start to go a little bit more public with DGI and its capabilities. And so my expectation is that is going to continue. We are going to have more of a call it a public face for DGI, but it also needs to continue to be supported by specific favorable actions from end results of that technology if you will. So we are going to do additional demonstrations. We are going to do white papers on those additional demonstrations and put those results out publicly as well. So again, high-level answer, we are going to be out there more publicly with DGI in 2024 and beyond.

Thank you for that clarification. Regarding the operating expense guidance you provided for the year, does it already incorporate some of the marketing and regional business development efforts, or should we anticipate additional costs on top of your usual operating activities?

Yes, right now the range that Ellen provided, $13 million to $13.5 million does include a nice uptick in additional spending related to the DGI marketing efforts. As we've discussed our investment in DGI with this past handful of years, we've been very measured in how we've been investing as we see the opportunity to invest based on successes, and we'll go ahead and enhance that investment in those activities. So right now I would tell you that the range Ellen gave does include a nice increase in expenditures for DGI marketing efforts. If we feel as though we need to do more prospectively, we will share that with you on future calls.

Thank you. Understood. And maybe just last one on those UPC and fuel chem businesses. Yes, should we expect the second half to be stronger for those segments, or sort of evenly spread throughout the year? It looks like just from the press release and some of your commentary maybe the second half looks like it could be either more heavier in terms of revenue versus the first half of the year?

As a general statement, I would say yes, that is correct. Based upon the way we see things right now, we would expect a stronger second half than the first half of the year.

Okay. So that's online, and so on given other questions offline. Thank you.

Thanks, Amit.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of William Bremer with Vanquish Capital Market Partners. Please proceed with your question.

Good morning, Vince.

Hey, good morning, Bill. How are you?

Good. I want to specifically target your Air Pollution Control segment.

Yes.

Regarding our product offering, how would you read that?

I think our product offering for these technologies is best-in-class for what we put out into the marketplace for SNCR and SCR technologies and Ultra as well are best in class. We actually, for Ultra, there is no competitive product in the marketplace today domestically.

And I completely agree with you. I mean it does. I've been with and having a material stake in this company for north of seven years. My concern is on the sales front and the bookings. You know, your Senior VP of sales has been with you over 25 years. I mean 25 years is an enormous amount of time. You've voiced about the regulatory front, the EPA and the Good Neighbor as a major catalyst for us going forward. At what point does the Board have to make a change here to start bringing in some competent individuals to ramp up the sales, utilize the balance sheet and hire some executive VPs to go after the submissions opportunity that's in front of us?

So to specifically address your question, Fuel Tech as a company has a lot of longer-term, longer tenured employees. I'm in 24 years myself. And so I would put myself into the category has a lot of well-experienced folks with Fuel Tech that I believe are still doing a pretty darn good job, okay? So specifically on the APC side of the equation, as you note, what's potentially out there related to regulatory opportunities, I'll tell you right now that there is no one that is better positioned to capitalize on those opportunities should the regulatory requirements be officially put in place in a way that drives business, because I can tell you right now, I've seen the proposals and work that we've put out to the utility customer base in this country that supports the work that we would be doing if we had a firm regulation in place. So I have every confidence in the world, Bill, and you and I have discussed this previously, with the team that we have in place, and I am Chairman of the Board. So I’ll speak on behalf of the Board as well. We're confident in the team that we have in place to be able to capture these future opportunities that are potentially out there for us. If that wasn't the case, Bill, we would be making dramatic changes, as simple as that.

I hope you're right. I haven't seen a book-to-burn ratio over 1.5 in years in this segment.

I don't disagree with you there. The end markets, particularly on the utility segment, have been a little shallow over these past several years. Fortunately, we've been supported by industrial market activity, which in the absence of anything that happens regulatorily, that base business level is still going to be there for us prospectively. It's the upside that we're talking about, and I think we're very well positioned to capture the upside.

My second question, other than yourself stepping in pretty much every year consistently, and I appreciate that as well as my fellow shareholders. I have not seen any FORM 4 open market purchases from anyone else on the Board for years or your CFO, your division heads, etc. If the company is making a change and we're selling below a tangible book, as you articulated, and we are flush with cash, okay? When is the management team going to step forward here and align themselves with current shareholders?

It's a good point, Bill, as you stated. I've been out there buying; there's been at least one other high-level officer of the company that has been out there buying over these past few years. We only have three reportable employees that we form for as we sit here today. So there is some other activity that the public world does not see relative to purchases. All I can say is that it's difficult for me to go ahead and mandate that, whether it be the Board or the leadership team, difficult to mandate that they take their personal situations and further invest in Fuel Tech. The Board and the employees of this team are already well vested in Fuel Tech. I can definitely make that statement honestly and clearly. I think you'll see some additional purchases from the leadership team and our Board in the future. I just can't tell you when. But I can tell you, from my perspective, I have been a supporter and I will continue to be a supporter from that perspective.

Thank you for that. I truly do. I would welcome to see some additional sales hires. I think that would be a good use of capital versus a dividend or share repurchase agreement. I think we need to drive top line sales restructuring has been performed about the last few years, and now it's time to grow the top line. So I would echo and my fellow shareholders, and I would hope the Board and yourself decide to start hiring some additional sales personnel, and the ones that aren't producing have to go at this point.

Understood, Bill. I appreciate your commentary as always, and I can tell you that we review everyone at this company on an annual basis relative to performance. But as I said, I am very confident that we are well positioned to take advantage of opportunities that are going to come our way.

Thank you.

You're welcome. Thank you, Bill.

Our next question comes from the line of Jim McIlree with Dawson James. Please proceed with your question.

Thank you. Good morning.

Hey, good morning, Jim.

Yes. Hey, Vince. I just wanted to make sure I heard your comment correctly regarding the APC revenue this year. That assumes no impact from a potential favorable Good Neighbor ruling, is that correct?

That's correct.

Can you estimate the potential impact of the ruling on APC over a few years? How significant do you believe it could be in that timeframe?

I'm assuming it's quite favorable. We went through approximately 9, 10 years ago a scenario whereby the effectiveness of regulation had a very, very favorable impact on the company as well. But what I can say is this: we have $15 million plus in budgetary quotes to $50 million plus in budgetary quotes out to utilities in this country to help assist them with compliance. The numbers it's greater than that. And it's everything; it can't be done at once obviously, so this would be implemented over, I'll say, a three to five-year time horizon approximately, but it's a magnitude over the APC revenue that we've generated over these past three to four years. It's a material impact on our company. As I said, it is something that we've dealt with historically. We would love to be able to address those needs again.

Understood. Thank you for that information. My second question is regarding the initial DGI contract this year. Can you provide more specifics on the timing, whether it will be in the first half or second half? Additionally, what is the size of these initial contracts? Are we discussing amounts under $1 million, or are we looking at figures greater than $1 million?

Right. So on your first question, I would look at the second half of the year from a timing perspective. And then on your second question, I'd probably expect the first system sales that we'll see that are they're going to be sub $1 million and not a lot larger than $1 million. Our smaller systems are anywhere in the $100,000 to $200,000 range assuming it would be a capital sale. Some of the larger scale systems are indeed going to potentially exceed $1 million. Completely depends on the magnitude of the process environment that we're looking to treat. But when I look at something commercially happening this year, I think we're probably seeing something more on the smaller side than on the larger side.

Okay, great. Thank you, and that's it for me. Thank you.

Thank you, Jim.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Marc Silk with Silk Investment Advisories. Please proceed with your question.

Hey, Vince. How are you doing?

I am good, Marc. How are you doing?

I’m doing well, fine. Thank you. So, let's go and say let's stick with the Good Neighbor rule. Is that you said you've seen received a bunch of requests, etc. I think mostly from downwind states or upwind, or it’s a mix?

I would say, predominantly upwind, but some downwind.

Okay.

Predominantly upwind folks and again, looking at their potential range of outcome given what way the regulatory rules falls.

Correct. Regarding the potential of over $50 million, I understand it could actually be higher. Is it about a 50-50 mix?

I'd say, it would be more in favor of upwind.

Of upwind, okay.

Yes.

And then on the DGI, you talked about the multiple end markets. You mentioned a bunch of things like municipalities, etc. And let's say money was an object that you had an unlimited budget, unlimited cash. Where would you aggressively be putting money based on what you've seen up to now? Or is it too early to kind of say, look, this is more of a hypothetical just so we can kind of see where maybe the some the biggest growth can come from over the next few years?

It's too early for me to determine where we would allocate most of that capital, assuming we had unlimited resources. We're currently seeking near-term opportunities that will help establish the foundations for future developments. We need to create success milestones, like the demonstration we conducted last year. We require more market evidence to validate the technology's effectiveness. Once we gather more information, we can evaluate where our investment would be most effective in targeting specific markets.

And as far as municipalities, what are some of the areas they are looking at? I know you mentioned it earlier, but I can't read my notes here.

One of the ones we're looking at here near term is actually an odor control application for a municipal water lift station. That's a huge problem for them, but there's other applications for municipalities that we'll be able to address as well. This one for odor control is an immediate requirement for us.

Great. Thanks for taking my questions.

Thank you, Marc. Appreciate it.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Pete Enderlin with MAZ Partners. Please proceed with your question.

Thank you. Good morning.

Hey, good morning.

I just have a couple of questions. You've mentioned a lot of different opportunities for the DGI technology. One that you didn't mention, and I don't know if it's actually valid or not, and that is related to 3M. Last June, 3M agreed to pay $10.3 billion over 13 years for the remediation of forever chemicals and drinking water. That's a lot of money, obviously. And so the question is, will or could DGI play a role in that process? I mean I'm sure that there's some filtration and other stuff going on to remove those chemicals, but would DGI enhance that process? And is that a valid opportunity?

Currently, DGI would not have a direct impact on PFAS/PFOS Forever Chemicals. It is a highly monitored area globally, and the EPA is introducing regulatory requirements and guidance that, at this time, no one can fully meet because the answers are not available. We will keep a close eye on this situation to determine if DGI can improve certain chemical-related processes or other methods that could address the forever chemical issue. However, as of now, we are not depending on that market for our focus, though it is something we will continue to observe.

Thank you. And then one for Ellen. The SG&A expense in the fourth quarter was $3.7 million versus $3.1 million. And the press release says to the timing of employee and employee-related expenses. Can you just elaborate on that a little bit? Was there anything sort of non-recurring in there? Because obviously, if you annualize $3.7 million, it's a lot more than your projected level for this year.

Correct. There were some employee and employee-related expenses that last year were spread out over the last six months of the year. And in 2023, just happened to all hit in Q4.

Okay. So, it's nothing specifically identifiable as non-recurring, just basically as it says, the timing.

Correct. It's just timing.

Okay. Thanks a lot.

Hey, Pete, thank you.

Sure.

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, there are no other questions at this time. I'll turn the floor back to Mr. Arnone for any final comments.

Thank you, operator. Once again, I'd like to thank everyone who participated in the call today. I'd like to thank all of our shareholders, and of course, the entirety of the Fuel Tech employee team. As both Ellen and I noted, 2024 is indeed a critical and pivotal year for Fuel Tech. And as we move throughout the year, we are excited. And we look forward to having further discussions with everyone at later points in time this year. Thanks to everyone, and have a great day.

Thank you. This concludes today's conference. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation.