General Motors Co 10-Q for FY2026 Q3
General Motors Co (GM)
10-Q
2026-10-20
For: 2026-09-30
View Original
Added on
October 27, 2026
About this 10-Q
General Motors Co filed this 10-Q on October 20, 2026, covering the quarter ended September 30, 2026 (FY2026 Q3).
General Motors Company expects 2026 Net income attributable to stockholders of between $8.9 billion and $9.5 billion and EBIT-adjusted of between $14.5 billion and $15.5 billion. EV realignment charges totaled $3.6 billion for nine months ended September 30, 2026. AI summary
Headline figures
Quarter ended September 30, 2026, as reported in this filing, compared with the same period a year earlier where the filing states it.
- Revenue
- $50.02B
- up 2.9% from $48.59B a year earlier
- Net income
- $3.34B
- up 151.3% from net income of $1.33B a year earlier
- Diluted EPS
- $3.73
- up 176.3% from $1.35 a year earlier
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
| QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2026
or
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 001-34960
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(313 ) 667-1500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
As of October 9, 2026 there were 843,549,423 shares of common stock outstanding.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Page | |||||||||||
| PART I | |||||||||||
| Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | ||||||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Income Statements (Unaudited) | |||||||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | |||||||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | |||||||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | |||||||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Unaudited) | |||||||||||
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | |||||||||||
| Note 1. | Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation | ||||||||||
| Note 2. | Revenue | ||||||||||
| Note 3. | Marketable and Other Securities | ||||||||||
| Note 4. | GM Financial Receivables and Transactions | ||||||||||
| Note 5. | Inventories | ||||||||||
| Note 6. | Equipment on Operating Leases | ||||||||||
| Note 7. | Equity in Net Assets of Nonconsolidated Affiliates | ||||||||||
| Note 8. | Variable Interest Entities | ||||||||||
| Note 9. | Debt | ||||||||||
| Note 10. | Derivative Financial Instruments | ||||||||||
| Note 11. | Product Warranty and Related Liabilities | ||||||||||
| Note 12. | Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits | ||||||||||
| Note 13. | Commitments, Contingencies, and Uncertainties | ||||||||||
| Note 14. | Income Taxes | ||||||||||
| Note 15. | Restructuring and Other Initiatives | ||||||||||
| Note 16. | Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests | ||||||||||
| Note 17. | Earnings Per Share | ||||||||||
| Note 18. | Segment Reporting | ||||||||||
| Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | ||||||||||
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | ||||||||||
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | ||||||||||
| PART II | |||||||||||
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | ||||||||||
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | ||||||||||
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | ||||||||||
| Item 5. | Other Information | ||||||||||
| Item 6. | Exhibits | ||||||||||
| Signature | |||||||||||
PART I
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS
(In millions, except per share amounts) (Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total net sales and revenue (Note 2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Costs and expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive and other cost of sales | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial interest, operating, and other expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive and other selling, general, and administrative expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total costs and expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income and other non-operating income, net | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity income (loss) (Note 7) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) (Note 14) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Earnings per share (Note 17) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic earnings per common share | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per common share | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In millions) (Unaudited)
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 16) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments and other | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Defined benefit plans | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized gain (loss) on hedges | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income (loss) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
1
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except per share amounts) (Unaudited)
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||
| Current Assets | |||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 3) | $ | $ | |||||||||
Marketable debt securities (Note 3) | |||||||||||
Accounts and notes receivable, net of allowance of $ | |||||||||||
GM Financial receivables, net of allowance of $ | |||||||||||
Inventories (Note 5) | |||||||||||
Other current assets (Note 3; Note 8) | |||||||||||
| Total current assets | |||||||||||
| Non-current Assets | |||||||||||
GM Financial receivables, net of allowance of $ | |||||||||||
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates (Note 7) | |||||||||||
| Property, net | |||||||||||
| Goodwill and intangible assets, net | |||||||||||
Equipment on operating leases, net (Note 6; Note 8) | |||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | |||||||||||
Other assets (Note 3; Note 8) | |||||||||||
| Total non-current assets | |||||||||||
| Total Assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | |||||||||||
| Current Liabilities | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable (principally trade) | $ | $ | |||||||||
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt (Note 9) | |||||||||||
| Automotive | |||||||||||
GM Financial (Note 8) | |||||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Non-current Liabilities | |||||||||||
Long-term debt (Note 9) | |||||||||||
| Automotive | |||||||||||
GM Financial (Note 8) | |||||||||||
Postretirement benefits other than pensions (Note 12) | |||||||||||
Pensions (Note 12) | |||||||||||
| Other liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total non-current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total Liabilities | |||||||||||
Commitments, contingencies, and uncertainties (Note 13) | |||||||||||
Equity (Note 16) | |||||||||||
Common stock, $ | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
| Retained earnings | |||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interests | |||||||||||
| Total Equity | |||||||||||
| Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
2
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions) (Unaudited)
| Nine Months Ended | |||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | |||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Depreciation and impairment of Equipment on operating leases, net | |||||||||||
| Depreciation, amortization, and impairment charges on Property, net | |||||||||||
| Foreign currency remeasurement and transaction (gains) losses | ( | ||||||||||
| Undistributed earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates, net | ( | ||||||||||
| Pension contributions and OPEB payments | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Pension and OPEB (income) expense, net | |||||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for deferred taxes | |||||||||||
| Change in other operating assets and liabilities | ( | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | |||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||
| Expenditures for property | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Available-for-sale marketable securities, acquisitions | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Available-for-sale marketable securities, liquidations | |||||||||||
| Purchases of finance receivables | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Principal collections and recoveries on finance receivables | |||||||||||
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables (Note 4) | |||||||||||
| Purchases of leased vehicles | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Proceeds from termination of leased vehicles | |||||||||||
| Other investing activities | ( | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt | ( | ||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of debt (original maturities greater than three months) | |||||||||||
| Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months) | ( | ( | |||||||||
Payments to purchase common stock (Note 16) | ( | ( | |||||||||
Issuance (redemption) of subsidiary stock (Note 16) | ( | ||||||||||
| Dividends paid | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Other financing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | ( | ||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | |||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | |||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Significant non-cash investing and financing activity | |||||||||||
| Non-cash property additions | $ | $ | |||||||||
Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
3
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In millions) (Unaudited)
| Common Stockholders’ | Noncontrolling Interests | Total Equity (Permanent Equity) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at January 1, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance (redemption) of subsidiary stock (Note 16) | — | — | — | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of common stock (Note 16) | — | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock based compensation | — | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends paid on common stock | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | ( | ( | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2025 | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of common stock (Note 16) | — | ( | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock based compensation | — | ( | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends paid on common stock | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | ( | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at June 30, 2025 | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of common stock (Note 16) | — | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock based compensation | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends paid on common stock | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | ( | — | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at September 30, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at January 1, 2026 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of common stock (Note 16) | — | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock based compensation | — | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends paid on common stock | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | ( | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2026 | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of common stock (Note 16) | — | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock based compensation | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends paid on common stock | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | ( | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at June 30, 2026 | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of common stock (Note 16) | — | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock based compensation | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends paid on common stock | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | ( | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at September 30, 2026 | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reference should be made to the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
4
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation
General Motors Company (sometimes referred to in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as we, our, us, ourselves, the Company, General Motors, or GM) designs, builds, and sells trucks, crossovers, cars, and automobile parts, and provides software-enabled services and subscriptions worldwide. We also provide automotive financing services through General Motors Financial Company, Inc. (GM Financial). We analyze the results of our operations through the following segments: GM North America (GMNA), GM International (GMI), and GM Financial. In December 2024, we announced that we would no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development work and will refocus our autonomous driving strategy on personal vehicles, and, in February 2025 we completed the acquisition of the noncontrolling interests in Cruise, began to wind down the Cruise robotaxi operations, and combined the GM and Cruise autonomous technical efforts in our GMNA segment. Corporate includes certain centrally recorded income and costs such as interest, income taxes, corporate expenditures, and certain revenues and expenses that are not part of a reportable segment.
The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, which consist of normal recurring adjustments and transactions or events discretely impacting the interim periods, considered necessary by management to fairly state our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows. The operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (2025 Form 10-K). Except for per share amounts or as otherwise specified, amounts presented within tables are stated in millions. Certain columns and rows may not add due to rounding.
Throughout this report, we refer to General Motors Company and its consolidated subsidiaries in a simplified manner and on a collective basis, using words like "we," "our," "us," and "the Company." This drafting style is suggested by the SEC and is not meant to indicate that General Motors Company, the publicly traded parent company, or any particular subsidiary of the parent company, owns or operates any particular asset, business, or property. The operations and businesses described in this report are owned and operated by distinct subsidiaries of General Motors Company.
Principles of Consolidation We consolidate entities that we control due to ownership of a majority voting interest and we consolidate variable interest entities (VIEs) when we are the primary beneficiary. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. Our share of earnings or losses of nonconsolidated affiliates is included in our consolidated operating results using the equity method of accounting when we are able to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial decisions of the affiliate.
GM Financial The amounts presented for GM Financial are adjusted to reflect the impact on GM Financial's deferred tax positions and provision for income taxes, resulting from the inclusion of GM Financial in our consolidated tax returns and to eliminate the effect of transactions between GM Financial and the other members of the consolidated group. Accordingly, the amounts presented will differ from those presented by GM Financial on a stand-alone basis.
Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In May 2026, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2026-02 "Environmental Credits and Environmental Credit Obligations (Topic 818)" (ASU 2026-02), which establishes authoritative guidance for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of environmental credits and environmental credit obligations. This update is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2026-02 on our condensed consolidated financial statements and the ultimate impact may continue to be affected by actions taken by the U.S. Government that may change regulations relating to fuel economy and emissions standards. Refer to Note 13 for additional information.
5
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 2. Revenue
The following table disaggregates our revenue by major source:
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | Corporate | Total Automotive | GM Financial | Eliminations/Reclassifications | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vehicle, parts, and accessories | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | — | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Used vehicles | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services and other | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive net sales and revenue | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leased vehicle income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance charge income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income | — | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial net sales and revenue | — | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | Corporate | Total Automotive | Cruise | GM Financial | Eliminations/Reclassifications | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vehicle, parts, and accessories | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Used vehicles | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services and other | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive net sales and revenue | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leased vehicle income | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance charge income | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income | — | — | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial net sales and revenue | — | — | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | Corporate | Total Automotive | GM Financial | Eliminations/Reclassifications | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vehicle, parts, and accessories | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | — | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Used vehicles | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services and other | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive net sales and revenue | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leased vehicle income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance charge income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income | — | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial net sales and revenue | — | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | Corporate | Total Automotive | Cruise | GM Financial | Eliminations/Reclassifications | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vehicle, parts, and accessories | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | — | $ | — | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Used vehicles | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services and other | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive net sales and revenue | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leased vehicle income | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance charge income | — | — | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income | — | — | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial net sales and revenue | — | — | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Adjustments to sales incentives for previously recognized sales were insignificant in the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
Contract liabilities in our Automotive operations primarily consist of vehicle connectivity, customer rewards programs, maintenance, extended warranty, and other contracts of $9.6 billion and $8.2 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, which are included in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities. We recognized revenue of $673 million and $2.2 billion related to contract liabilities in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and $786 million and $2.0 billion in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. We expect to recognize revenue of $856 million in the three months ending December 31, 2026 and $2.4 billion, $1.7 billion, and $4.7 billion in the years ending December 31, 2027, 2028, and thereafter related to contract liabilities at September 30, 2026.
7
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 3. Marketable and Other Securities
The following table summarizes the fair value of cash equivalents and marketable debt securities, which approximates cost:
| Fair Value Level | September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash and time deposits | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale debt securities | |||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and agencies | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
| Sovereign debt | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale debt securities – cash equivalents | |||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Marketable debt securities | |||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and agencies | 2 | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt and other | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
| Mortgage and asset-backed | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale debt securities – marketable securities | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total restricted cash | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale debt securities included above with contractual maturities(a) | |||||||||||||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Due between one and five years | |||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale debt securities with contractual maturities | $ | ||||||||||||||||
__________
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale debt securities sold prior to maturity were $591 million and $547 million in the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 and $3.9 billion and $2.7 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025. Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities were insignificant in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025. Cumulative unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities were insignificant at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets to the total shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Restricted cash included in Other current assets | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash included in Other assets | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | |||||||||
8
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 4. GM Financial Receivables and Transactions
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail | Commercial(a) | Total | Retail | Commercial(a) | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial receivables | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: allowance for loan losses | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial receivables, net | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of GM Financial receivables utilizing Level 2 inputs | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of GM Financial receivables utilizing Level 3 inputs | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Commercial finance receivables include dealer financing of $17.2 billion and $16.4 billion, and other financing of $450 million and $596 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Commercial finance receivables are presented net of dealer cash management balances of $3.6 billion and $3.4 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Under the cash management program, subject to certain conditions, a dealer may choose to reduce the amount of interest on its floorplan line by making principal payments to GM Financial in advance.
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan losses at beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for loan losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Charge-offs | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Recoveries | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of foreign currency | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for loan losses at end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
The allowance for loan losses as a percentage of finance receivables was 3.1 % and 2.9 % at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The increase in the allowance for retail loan losses as a percentage of retail finance receivables is primarily due to changes in the composition of credit mix of the portfolio.
Retail Finance Receivables GM Financial's retail finance receivables portfolio includes loans made to consumers and businesses to finance the purchase of vehicles for personal and commercial use. The following tables are consolidated summaries of the retail finance receivables by FICO score or its equivalent, determined at origination, for each vintage of the retail finance receivables portfolio at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:
| Year of Origination | September 30, 2026 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | Prior | Total | Percent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime – FICO score 680 and greater | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Near-prime – FICO score 620 to 679 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sub-prime – FICO score less than 620 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail finance receivables | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year of Origination | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | Prior | Total | Percent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime – FICO score 680 and greater | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Near-prime – FICO score 620 to 679 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sub-prime – FICO score less than 620 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail finance receivables | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
GM Financial reviews the ongoing credit quality of retail finance receivables based on customer payment activity. A retail account is considered delinquent if a substantial portion of a scheduled payment has not been received by the date the payment was contractually due. Retail finance receivables are collateralized by vehicle titles and, subject to local laws, GM Financial generally has the right to repossess the vehicle in the event the customer defaults on the payment terms of the contract. The accrual of finance charge income had been suspended on delinquent retail finance receivables with contractual amounts due of $1.1 The following tables are consolidated summaries of the delinquency status of the outstanding amortized cost basis of retail finance receivables for each vintage of the portfolio at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, as well as summary totals for September 30, 2025:
| Year of Origination | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | Prior | Total | Percent | Total | Percent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 0-to-30 days | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31-to-60 days | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greater-than-60 days | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In repossession | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent or in repossession | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail finance receivables | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year of Origination | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | Prior | Total | Percent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 0-to-30 days | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31-to-60 days | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greater-than-60 days | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In repossession | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance receivables more than 30 days delinquent or in repossession | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retail finance receivables | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial Finance Receivables GM Financial's commercial finance receivables consist of dealer financing, primarily for dealer inventory purchases, and other financing, which includes loans to commercial vehicle upfitters. For dealer financing, proprietary models are used to assign a risk rating to each dealer. GM Financial performs periodic credit reviews of each dealership and adjusts the dealership's risk rating, if necessary. The credit risk associated with other financing is limited due to the structure of the business relationships.
10
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
GM Financial's dealer risk model and risk rating categories are as follows:
| Rating | Description | |||||||
| I | Performing accounts with strong to acceptable financial metrics with at least satisfactory capacity to meet financial commitments. | |||||||
| II | Performing accounts experiencing potential weakness in financial metrics and repayment prospects resulting in increased monitoring. | |||||||
| III | Non-Performing accounts with inadequate paying capacity for current obligations and that have the distinct possibility of creating a loss if deficiencies are not corrected. | |||||||
| IV | Non-Performing accounts with inadequate paying capacity for current obligations and inherent weaknesses that make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable or improbable. | |||||||
Dealers with III and IV risk ratings are subject to additional monitoring and restrictions on funding, including suspension of lines of credit and liquidation of assets. The following tables summarize the dealer finance receivables portfolio by dealer risk rating at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:
| Year of Origination(a) | September 30, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dealer Risk Rating | Revolving | 2026 | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | Prior | Total | Percent | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| II | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| III | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IV | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Floorplan advances comprise 99.2 % of the total revolving balance. Dealer term loans are presented by year of origination.
| Year of Origination(a) | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dealer Risk Rating | Revolving | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | Prior | Total | Percent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| II | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| III | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IV | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Floorplan advances comprise 99.1 % of the total revolving balance. Dealer term loans are presented by year of origination.
Commercial finance receivables on nonaccrual status were insignificant and none at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
Transfers of Finance Receivables GM Financial has continuing involvement with finance receivables that were transferred in 2025, primarily in its role as servicer. The outstanding balance of the previously transferred finance receivables subject to continuing involvement was $1.2 billion at September 30, 2026.
Transactions with GM Financial The following tables show transactions between our Automotive operations and GM Financial. These amounts are presented in GM Financial's condensed consolidated balance sheets and statements of income.
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets(a) | |||||||||||
| Commercial finance receivables due from GM consolidated dealers | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Subvention receivable from GM(b) | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Commercial loan funding payable to GM | $ | $ | |||||||||
11
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest subvention earned on finance receivables | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Leased vehicle subvention earned | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)All balance sheet amounts are eliminated upon consolidation.
(b)Our Automotive operations made cash payments to GM Financial for subvention of $796 million and $856 million in the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 and $2.1 billion and $2.5 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
GM Financial's Board of Directors declared and paid dividends of $250 million and $350 million on its common stock in the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 and $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
Note 5. Inventories
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Total productive material, supplies, and work in process | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Finished product, including service parts | |||||||||||
| Total inventories | $ | $ | |||||||||
Inventories are reflected net of allowances totaling $1.7 billion and $2.4 billion, of which $0.8 billion and $1.7 billion are electric vehicle (EV)-related, to remeasure inventory on-hand to net realizable value at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Tariffs, less available offsets and deductions, are capitalized into the cost of inventories as incurred. Offset amounts in excess of tariffs incurred will be recognized as a reduction to future tariffs.
Note 6. Equipment on Operating Leases
Equipment on operating leases consists of leases to retail customers of GM Financial.
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Equipment on operating leases | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Equipment on operating leases, net | $ | $ | |||||||||
The estimated residual value of our leased assets at the end of the lease term was $24.4 billion and $25.0 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
Depreciation expense related to Equipment on operating leases, net was $1.2 3.9 billion and $3.7 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
The following table summarizes lease payments due to GM Financial on leases to retail customers:
| Years Ending December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 | 2030 | Thereafter | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lease receipts under operating leases | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 7. Equity in Net Assets of Nonconsolidated Affiliates
Nonconsolidated affiliates are entities in which we maintain an equity ownership interest and for which we use the equity method of accounting due to our ability to exert significant influence over decisions relating to their operating and financial affairs. Revenue and expenses of our joint ventures are not consolidated into our financial statements; rather, our proportionate share of the earnings of each joint venture is reflected as Equity income (loss) or Automotive and other cost of sales.
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive China joint ventures equity income (loss) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other joint ventures equity income (loss)(a)(b) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Equity income (loss) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Equity income (loss) related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC, an equally owned joint venture with LG Energy Solution, is presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity has historically been integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our EVs. Equity income (loss) in Ultium Cells Holdings LLC was insignificant in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and $213 million and $465 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
(b)Includes a gain on the sale of an equity method investment of $254
In the three months ended September 30, 2026, we recorded no impairment charges in equity income. In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, we recorded $364 million of impairment charges in equity income, and in the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded an insignificant amount of restructuring-related charges in equity income in connection with our EV strategic realignment. Refer to Note 15 for additional information.
There have been no significant ownership changes in our Automotive China joint ventures (Automotive China JVs) or Ultium Cells Holdings LLC since December 31, 2025.
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Summarized Operating Data of Automotive China JVs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive China JVs' net sales | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive China JVs' net income (loss) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Dividends declared but not paid from our nonconsolidated affiliates were $1.4 billion and $926 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Dividends received from our nonconsolidated affiliates were insignificant in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and insignificant and $1.1 billion in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. We had net undistributed losses from our nonconsolidated affiliates of $945 million and $1.5 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, including $3.1 billion and $3.2 billion of undistributed losses at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, offset by $2.2 billion and $1.8 billion of undistributed earnings at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
13
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 8. Variable Interest Entities
Consolidated VIEs
Automotive Financing – GM Financial
GM Financial uses special purpose entities (SPEs) that are considered VIEs to issue variable funding notes to third-party, bank-sponsored warehouse facilities, or asset-backed securities to investors in securitization transactions. The debt issued by these VIEs is backed by finance receivables and leasing-related assets transferred to the VIEs (Securitized Assets). GM Financial is required to hold certain funds in restricted cash accounts to provide additional collateral for borrowings under certain secured credit facilities. GM Financial determined that it is the primary beneficiary of the SPEs because the servicing responsibilities for the Securitized Assets give GM Financial the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIEs and the variable interests in the VIEs give GM Financial the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive residual returns that could potentially be significant. The assets of the VIEs serve as the sole source of repayment for the debt issued by these entities. Investors in the notes issued by the VIEs do not have recourse to GM Financial or its other assets, with the exception of customary representation and warranty repurchase provisions and indemnities that GM Financial provides as the servicer. GM Financial is not required to provide additional financial support to these SPEs. While these SPEs are included in GM Financial's condensed consolidated financial statements, they are separate legal entities and the finance receivables, lease-related assets, and cash held by them are legally owned by them and are not available to GM Financial's creditors or creditors of GM Financial's other subsidiaries.
The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities related to GM Financial's consolidated VIEs:
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Restricted cash – current | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Restricted cash – non-current | $ | $ | |||||||||
| GM Financial receivables – current | $ | $ | |||||||||
| GM Financial receivables – non-current | $ | $ | |||||||||
| GM Financial equipment on operating lease related assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| GM Financial short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | $ | $ | |||||||||
| GM Financial long-term debt | $ | $ | |||||||||
GM Financial recognizes finance charge, leased vehicle, and fee income on the Securitized Assets and interest expense on the secured debt issued in a securitization transaction and records a provision for loan losses to recognize loan losses expected over the remaining life of the finance receivables.
Nonconsolidated VIEs
Automotive
Nonconsolidated VIEs primarily include our battery cell manufacturing joint ventures to which we provided financial support to ensure that our supply needs for production are met or are not disrupted. Our variable interests in these nonconsolidated VIEs include equity investments, accounts and loans receivable, committed financial support, and other off-balance sheet arrangements. The carrying amounts of assets were approximately $4.1 billion and $3.6 billion, and liabilities were $0.6 billion and insignificant related to our nonconsolidated VIEs at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with these VIEs was approximately $6.7 billion and $8.5 billion, inclusive of $1.9 billion and $4.0 billion in committed capital and other contributions to our battery cell manufacturing joint ventures, at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Refer to Note 15 for additional information on EV-related commercial settlements with our nonconsolidated VIEs. Our maximum exposure to loss, and required capital contributions, could vary depending on our battery cell manufacturing joint ventures' requirements and access to capital. We currently lack the power through voting or similar rights to direct the activities of these entities that most significantly affect their economic performance.
14
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 9. Debt
Automotive The following table presents debt in our automotive operations:
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Secured debt | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured debt(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finance lease liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total automotive debt(b) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Available under credit facility agreements(c) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average interest rate on outstanding short-term debt(d) | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average interest rate on outstanding long-term debt(d) | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Primarily consists of senior notes.
(b)Includes net discount and debt issuance costs of $427 million and $445 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
(c)Excludes our 364 -day, $2.0 billion facility allocated for exclusive use by GM Financial and our Inventory Banking Facility.
(d)Includes coupon rates on debt denominated in various foreign currencies and interest free loans.
In August 2026, we entered into an agreement with an intermediary that will advance funds from a syndicate of banks to certain suppliers in exchange for the suppliers acquiring and holding certain critical inventory (Inventory Banking Facility). The intermediary's funding provides for a maximum of $4.5 billion that can be drawn over a 12-month funding period that commenced on August 7, 2026. As of September 30, 2026, an insignificant amount has been drawn under the Inventory Banking Facility. Amounts drawn by the intermediary will be supported by irrevocable payment undertakings (IPUs) issued by us, which we will pay down following our consumption of the banked inventory, with any unpaid amounts due by August 6, 2029. Interest will accrue on the IPUs at a rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 1.55 % per annum. The Inventory Banking Facility contains customary representations and warranties, covenants, and events of default for a program of this type with all outstanding amounts becoming immediately due and payable upon an event of default. Amounts outstanding under the Inventory Banking Facility are presented as unsecured debt.
In March 2026, we renewed our 364 -day, $2.0 billion revolving credit facility allocated for the exclusive use of GM Financial, which now matures on March 22, 2027.
GM Financial The following table presents debt of GM Financial:
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Secured debt | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured debt | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total GM Financial debt | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value utilizing Level 3 inputs | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Secured debt consists of revolving credit facilities and securitization notes payable. Most of the secured debt was issued by VIEs and is repayable only from proceeds related to the underlying pledged assets. Refer to Note 8 for additional information on GM Financial's involvement with VIEs. In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, GM Financial renewed and upsized revolving credit facilities with total borrowing capacity of $19.2 billion and issued $11.5 billion in aggregate principal amount of securitization notes payable with an initial weighted-average interest rate of 3.82 % and maturity dates ranging from 2026 to 2035.
15
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Unsecured debt consists of senior notes, credit facilities, and other unsecured debt. In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, GM Financial issued $5.6 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior notes with an initial weighted-average interest rate of 4.90 % and maturity dates ranging from 2029 to 2036.
Note 10. Derivative Financial Instruments
The following table presents the gross fair value amounts of GM Financial's derivative financial instruments and the associated notional amounts:
| Fair Value Level | September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Notional | Fair Value of Assets | Fair Value of Liabilities | Notional | Fair Value of Assets | Fair Value of Liabilities | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives designated as hedges(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value hedges | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps(b) | 2 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flow hedges | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency swaps(c) | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives not designated as hedges(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate contracts | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency contracts | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total derivative financial instruments(d) | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)The gains/losses included in our condensed consolidated income statements and statements of comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 were insignificant, unless otherwise noted. Amounts accrued for interest payments in a net receivable position are included in Other assets. Amounts accrued for interest payments in a net payable position are included in Other liabilities.
(b)The effect of fair value hedges in the condensed consolidated income statements includes insignificant losses for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 and losses of $108 million and $164 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
(c)The effect of foreign currency cash flow hedges recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income includes insignificant losses for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, and losses of $200 million and gains of $578 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025. The effect of foreign currency cash flow hedges reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income into income includes insignificant losses for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 and losses of $253 million and gains of $675 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025. All amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss were recorded to GM Financial interest, operating, and other expenses in the condensed consolidated income statements.
(d)The fair value of derivative instruments that are classified as assets or liabilities available for offset was $805 million at September 30, 2026 and $520 million at December 31, 2025. GM Financial held $137 million and an insignificant amount of collateral from counterparties available for netting against GM Financial's asset positions and posted $1.2 billion and $615 million of collateral to counterparties available for netting against GM Financial's liability positions at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
The fair value for Level 2 instruments was derived using the market approach based on observable market inputs including quoted prices of similar instruments and foreign exchange and interest rate forward curves. During the next 12 months, we expect an insignificant amount of losses will be reclassified into pre-tax earnings from derivatives designated for hedge accounting.
16
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
The following amounts were recorded in the condensed consolidated balance sheets related to items designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedging relationships:
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carrying Amount of Hedged Items | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments(a) | Carrying Amount of Hedged Items | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments(a) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term unsecured debt | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term unsecured debt | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial unsecured debt | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Includes $362 million and $428 million of unamortized losses remaining on hedged items for which hedge accounting has been discontinued at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
Note 11. Product Warranty and Related Liabilities
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Product warranty and related liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Warranty balance at beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Warranties issued and assumed in period – recall campaigns | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Warranties issued and assumed in period – product warranty | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Payments | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to pre-existing warranties | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of foreign currency and other | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Warranty balance at end of period | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: Supplier recoveries balance at end of period(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Warranty balance, net of supplier recoveries at end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)The current portion of supplier recoveries is recorded in Accounts and notes receivable, net of allowance and the non-current portion is recorded in Other assets.
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Product warranty expense, net of recoveries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Warranties issued and assumed in period | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Supplier recoveries accrued in period | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments and other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Warranty expense, net of supplier recoveries | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
For estimates related to reasonably possible losses in excess of amounts accrued for recall campaigns, refer to Note 13 for additional information.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 12. Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2026 | Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension Benefits | Global OPEB Plans | Pension Benefits | Global OPEB Plans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. | Non-U.S. | U.S. | Non-U.S. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service cost | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest cost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected return on plan assets | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2026 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension Benefits | Global OPEB Plans | Pension Benefits | Global OPEB Plans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. | Non-U.S. | U.S. | Non-U.S. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service cost | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest cost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected return on plan assets | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The non-service cost components of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits (OPEB) income presented in Interest income and other non-operating income, net are insignificant in the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 and insignificant and $186 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
Note 13. Commitments, Contingencies, and Uncertainties
Litigation-Related Liability and Indirect Tax-Related Matters In the normal course of our business, we are named from time to time as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions, and other litigation. We identify below the material individual proceedings and investigations where we believe a material loss is reasonably possible or probable. We accrue for matters when we believe that losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. At September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, we had accruals of $1.6 billion and $1.5 billion for such legal actions in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities. In many matters, it is inherently difficult to determine whether a loss is probable or reasonably possible or to estimate the size or range of the potential loss. Some matters may involve compensatory, punitive, or other treble damage claims, environmental remediation programs, or sanctions that, if granted, could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures in amounts that cannot be reasonably estimated. Accordingly, while we believe that appropriate accruals have been established for losses that are probable and can be reasonably estimated, it is possible that adverse outcomes from such proceedings could exceed the amounts accrued by an amount that could be material to our results of operations or cash flows in any particular reporting period.
Opel/Vauxhall Sale In 2017, we sold the Opel and Vauxhall businesses and certain other assets in Europe (the Opel/Vauxhall Business) to PSA Group, now Stellantis N.V. (Stellantis), under a Master Agreement (the Agreement). We also sold the European financing subsidiaries and branches to Banque PSA Finance S.A. and BNP Paribas Personal Finance S.A. Although the sale reduced our new vehicle presence in Europe, we may still be impacted by actions taken by regulators related to vehicles sold before the sale. General Motors Holdings LLC agreed, on behalf of our wholly owned subsidiary (the Seller), to indemnify Stellantis for certain losses resulting from any inaccuracy of the representations and warranties or breaches of our covenants included in the Agreement and for certain other liabilities, including costs related to certain emissions claims, product liabilities, and recalls. We are unable to estimate any reasonably possible material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions either directly or through an indemnification claim from Stellantis. Certain of these indemnification obligations are subject to time limitations, thresholds, and/or caps as to the amount of required payments.
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GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Currently, various consumer lawsuits have been filed against the Seller and Stellantis in Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria, and the Netherlands alleging that Opel and Vauxhall vehicles sold by the Seller violated applicable emissions standards. In addition, we indemnified Stellantis for an immaterial amount for certain recalls that Stellantis has conducted or will conduct, including recalls in certain geographic locations that Stellantis intends to conduct related to Takata Corporation (Takata) inflators in legacy Opel vehicles. We may in the future be required to further indemnify Stellantis relating to certain of its Takata recalls.
Other Litigation-Related Liabilities Various other legal actions, including class actions, governmental investigations, claims, and proceedings are pending against us or our related companies or joint ventures, including, but not limited to, matters arising out of alleged product defects; employment-related matters; product and workplace safety, vehicle emissions, and fuel economy regulations; product warranties; financial services; dealer, supplier, and other contractual relationships; competition issues; product design, manufacture, and performance; consumer protection laws; and environmental protection laws, including laws regulating air emissions, water discharges, waste management, and environmental remediation from stationary sources. We also from time to time receive subpoenas and other inquiries or requests for information from agencies or other representatives of U.S. federal, state, and foreign governments on a variety of issues.
There are several putative class actions pending against GM in the U.S. and Canada alleging that various vehicles sold, including model year 2011–2016 Duramax Diesel Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra vehicles, violate federal and state laws because they release more emissions than a reasonable customer would expect. In July 2023, the two putative class actions pending in the U.S. were dismissed with prejudice and judgment entered in favor of GM, and plaintiffs appealed the dismissal. In August 2024, the Sixth Circuit reversed in part and affirmed in part the dismissal in one of the cases. In June 2025, a different panel in the second case affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for further proceedings. We are currently unable to estimate any reasonably possible material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions. GM has also faced a series of additional lawsuits in the U.S. based on these allegations, including a shareholder demand lawsuit that remains pending.
There is one putative class action and one certified class action pending against GM in the U.S. alleging that various 2015–2022 model year vehicles are defective because they are equipped with faulty 8-speed transmissions. In March 2023, the judge overseeing the class action concerning 2015–2019 model year vehicles certified 26 state subclasses and GM appealed. In June 2025, the Sixth Circuit decertified all 26 state subclasses and remanded to the district court for further proceedings. In the three months ended September 30, 2026, we reached an agreement to settle these matters on terms consistent with our accrual, which was insignificant.
Beyond the class action litigations disclosed, we have several other class action litigations pending at any given time. Historically, relatively few classes have been certified in these types of cases. Therefore, we will generally only disclose specific class actions if a class is certified and we believe there is a reasonably possible material exposure to the Company.
Takata Matters In November 2020, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) directed that we replace the Takata airbag inflators in our GMT900 vehicles, which are full-size pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and we decided not to contest NHTSA's decision. While we have already begun the process of executing the recall, given the number of vehicles in this population, the recall will take several years to be completed. Accordingly, in the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a warranty accrual of $1.1 billion for the expected costs of complying with the recall remedy. At September 30, 2026, our remaining accrual for these matters was $0.3 billion, and we believe the currently accrued amount remains reasonable.
GM has recalled certain vehicles sold outside of the U.S. to replace Takata inflators in those vehicles. There are significant differences in vehicle and inflator design between the relevant vehicles sold internationally and those sold in the U.S. We continue to gather and analyze evidence about these inflators and to share our findings with regulators. Any additional recalls relating to these inflators could be material to our results of operations and cash flows.
There are several putative class actions that have been filed against GM, including in the U.S. and Canada, arising out of allegations that airbag inflators manufactured by Takata are defective. In March 2023, a U.S. court overseeing one of the putative class actions issued a final judgment in favor of GM on all claims in eight states at issue in that proceeding. In August 2023, the same U.S. court granted class certification as to a Louisiana claim but denied certification as to seven other states. At this stage of these proceedings, we are unable to provide an estimate of the amounts or range of reasonably possible material loss.
19
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
ARC Matters In May 2023, we initiated a voluntary recall covering nearly one million 2014–2017 model year Buick Enclave, Chevrolet Traverse, and GMC Acadia SUVs equipped with driver front airbag inflators manufactured by ARC Automotive, Inc. (ARC) and accrued an insignificant amount for the expected costs of the recall. As part of its ongoing investigation into ARC airbag inflators, on September 5, 2023, NHTSA issued an Initial Decision that approximately 52 million frontal driver and passenger airbag inflators manufactured by ARC and Delphi Automotive Systems LLC over a roughly 20-year period contain a safety-related defect and must be recalled. On July 31, 2024, NHTSA issued a Supplemental Initial Decision reaffirming its September 2023 Initial Decision and reopening the administrative record to additional public comments. The Initial Decision and the Supplemental Initial Decision were primarily based on the occurrence of seven field ruptures involving ARC-manufactured frontal airbag inflators. We are continuing to investigate the cause of the ruptures in GM vehicles in connection with our existing recalls. On December 13, 2024, NHTSA issued a memorandum indicating that, based on the public comments it had received to date, the agency would be "conducting additional investigation of the issues related to the Supplemental Initial Decision." Where our investigation has shown that a population of GM vehicles contains ARC inflators that pose an unreasonable risk to safety, we have appropriately recalled those vehicles, and our investigation is continuing. Depending on the outcome of the dispute between NHTSA and ARC, and the possibility of additional recalls, the cost of which may not be fully recoverable, it is reasonably possible that the costs associated with these matters in excess of amounts accrued could be material, but we are unable to provide an estimate of the amounts or range of reasonably possible material loss at this time.
There are several putative class actions that have been filed against GM, including in the U.S., Canada, and Israel, arising out of allegations that airbag inflators manufactured by ARC are defective. At this stage of these proceedings, we are unable to provide an estimate of the amounts or range of reasonably possible material loss.
Privacy and Consumer Protection Matters There are putative class actions pending against GM in federal courts in the U.S. alleging violations of state and federal privacy and consumer protection laws related to the collection and use of certain consumer data obtained through our former OnStar Smart Driver product. In June 2024, those class actions were consolidated into a multi-district litigation proceeding in the Northern District of Georgia. In addition, several states have filed enforcement lawsuits against us, and other state attorneys general have opened investigations or made inquiries of us relating to these alleged consumer protection and privacy issues. During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company reached final settlements and entered into agreed consent orders with the Federal Trade Commission and regulators in the state of California. The Company is defending litigation filed against us and fully cooperating with other agencies and attorneys general that are conducting investigations. As of September 30, 2026, we had accrued $0.5 billion in connection with these investigations and litigations. At this stage, we are not able to estimate any reasonably possible or probable material loss or range of loss that may result from these actions beyond this accrual.
EV Supply Arbitrations We are a party to two arbitrations relating to long-term EV supply agreements. In June 2026, we filed an arbitration against a battery material joint venture partner seeking termination of a supply agreement and to clarify various other contractual rights and obligations. Separately, in July 2026, a supplier of a component for EV traction motors initiated an arbitration against us seeking damages after we terminated a strategic sourcing agreement. At this time, we are unable to estimate any reasonably possible material loss or range of loss for these matters.
Product Liability and Breach of Warranty We record liabilities related to product liability claims in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities for the expected cost of all known product liability claims, plus an estimate of the expected cost for product liability claims that have already been incurred and are expected to be filed in the future for which we are self-insured. It is reasonably possible that our accruals for product liability claims may increase in future periods in material amounts, although we cannot estimate a reasonable range of incremental loss based on currently available information. We believe that any judgment against us involving our products for actual damages will be adequately covered by our recorded accruals and, where applicable, excess liability insurance coverage.
We are also subject to breach of warranty claims resulting from state and federal consumer protection laws that allow consumers to hold manufacturers legally responsible in situations where a product cannot be conformed to its warranties. Consumer relief can include, but is not limited to, a refund, a replacement vehicle, a recovery of legal and administrative fees, or other monetary damages. Losses that we believe to be probable and estimable based on evaluation of historical transactions are included in Accrued liabilities and Other liabilities and are reviewed regularly for adequacy. We believe that any judgment against us involving our warranties for actual damages will be adequately covered by our recorded accruals.
Guarantees We enter into indemnification agreements for liability claims involving products manufactured primarily by certain joint ventures. These guarantees terminate in years ranging from 2026 to 2035, or upon the occurrence of specific events, or are ongoing. We believe that the related potential costs incurred are adequately covered by our recorded accruals,
20
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
which are insignificant. The maximum future undiscounted payments mainly based on royalties received associated with vehicles sold to date were $4.1 billion and $3.5 billion for these guarantees at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the majority of which relates to the indemnification agreements.
We provide payment guarantees on commercial loans outstanding with third parties such as dealers. In some instances, certain assets of the party or our payables to the party whose debt or performance we have guaranteed may offset, to some degree, the amount of any potential future payments. We are also exposed to residual value guarantees associated with certain sales to rental car companies.
We periodically enter into agreements that incorporate indemnification provisions in the normal course of business. It is not possible to estimate our maximum exposure under these indemnifications or guarantees due to the conditional nature of these obligations. Insignificant amounts have been recorded for such obligations as the majority of them are not probable or estimable at this time and the fair value of the guarantees at issuance was insignificant. Refer to the Opel/Vauxhall Sale section of this note for additional information on our indemnification obligations to Stellantis under the Agreement.
Supplier Finance Programs Third-party finance providers offer certain suppliers the option for payment in advance of their invoice due date through financing programs that we established. We retain our obligation to the participating suppliers, and we make payments directly to the third-party finance providers on the original invoice due date pursuant to the original invoice terms. There are no assets pledged as security or other forms of guarantees provided for committed payments. Our outstanding eligible balances under our supplier finance programs were $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, which are recorded in (principally trade).
Indirect Tax-Related Matters Tax matters not subject to the provision of Accounting Standards Codification 740, "Income Taxes" that pertain to value added taxes, customs, duties, sales tax, property taxes, and other non-income tax exposures are evaluated globally. For indirect tax-related matters, we estimate our reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued to be up to $1.0 billion at September 30, 2026. Certain indirect tax-related administrative proceedings may require that we deposit funds in escrow or provide an alternative form of security. We are not able to estimate the timing or amount of potential deposits and currently believe any required amounts will not be material.
Emissions-Related Uncertainties We are subject to state and federal governmental regulations, as well as regulations from governments outside of the U.S., relating to fuel economy standards and emissions. There are several methods to comply with these regulations that we have utilized and may continue to utilize, including, but not limited to, increasing production and sales of certain vehicles; curtailing production of certain vehicles; making certain technology changes; purchasing credits from third parties; and/or paying civil penalties. The U.S. Government has taken actions to reduce the stringency and/or scope of these regulations. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the civil penalties for noncompliance with corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards were set to zero for all non-finalized model years, and NHTSA recently finalized standards for the 2022-2031 model years that reduce stringency from the prior standards. In 2026, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized a rule repealing its "endangerment finding" thereby removing greenhouse gas (GHG) regulations for light-, medium-, and heavy-duty on-highway vehicles on a retrospective and prospective basis. Litigation over the EPA's endangerment repeal and NHTSA's final action to alter U.S. CAFE regulations has commenced. The CAFE litigation could result in the revised rules being vacated until the conclusion of the legal proceedings, which is unlikely to occur in the near term.
Under current regulations, shortfalls to certain emissions standards could result in legal or regulatory proceedings against us, the recall or decertification of one or more of our products, negotiated remedial actions, fines and penalties, and/or restricted product offerings. Based on our current and forecasted sales mix, we expect to continue to have shortfalls in complying with current U.S. regulations. We recorded compliance-related costs of an insignificant amount and $0.3 billion in the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 and $0.7 0.5 billion associated with compliance-related assets due to the repeal of the EPA's endangerment finding in April 2026. Additional compliance costs, under current regulations, including potential fines and penalties, are not reasonably estimable. At September 30, 2026, the carrying amount of our compliance-related assets was $0.7 billion.
21
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 14. Income Taxes
In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, Income tax expense of $565 million and $1.4 billion was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation, partially offset by a $208
In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, Income tax expense of $127 million and $1.3 billion was primarily due to tax expense attributable to entities included in our effective tax rate calculation.
Note 15. Restructuring and Other Initiatives
We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general, and administrative expense.
The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Additions, interest accretion, and other | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reductions and payments(a) | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Includes amounts that have been reclassified to accounts payable that are being processed for payment.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded charges of $7.9 billion in GMNA related to our EV strategic realignment. These charges included non-cash impairment and other charges of $3.2 billion and cash related charges of $4.7 billion, primarily consisting of supplier commercial settlements, contract cancellation fees, battery cell JV settlements, and other charges that will have a cash impact when paid. The non-cash impairment charges include the cost of writing down EV-related tooling and equipment to its nominal salvage value. We incurred cash outflows of $400 million related to these charges in the year ended December 31, 2025. In the three months ended September 30, 2026, we recorded an insignificant amount of additional net charges. For the nine months ended September 30, 2026, net charges were $3.6 billion, primarily related to $2.5 billion for ongoing commercial negotiations with our supply base and joint venture partners, $1.3 billion of losses on supply agreements, and $493 million associated with compliance-related assets, net of $660 million of recoveries under a cost sharing arrangement. Of these charges, $2.7 billion will have a cash impact when paid. The charges associated with losses on supply agreements and compliance-related assets are not included in the table above. We incurred cash outflows of $4.2 billion related to these charges in the nine months ended September 30, 2026. We expect to recognize additional charges in the year ending December 31, 2026, and while circumstances may change in the future, we believe we have substantially completed the recognition of material cash charges related to our EV strategic realignment.
Note 16. Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests
We have 2.0 5.0 no 849 904
22
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Common Stock Holders of our common stock are entitled to dividends at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors. Our dividends declared per common share were $0.18 and $0.54 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and $0.15 and $0.42 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. Our total dividends paid on common stock were $156 million and $480 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and $141 million and $401 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
In February 2025, we executed an accelerated share repurchase (ASR) program to repurchase an aggregate amount of $2.0 billion of our outstanding common stock. In the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we received and retired 43 million shares to complete the program.
In January 2026, our Board of Directors increased the capacity under our existing share repurchase program by $6.0 billion to an aggregate of $6.3 billion, which we fully utilized in October 2026. Our Board of Directors authorized, in October 2026, $20.0 billion of additional repurchases under our existing share repurchase program, with no expiration date.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, in addition to the shares repurchased under the ASR program, we repurchased 65 million and 27 million outstanding shares of our common stock for $5.3 billion and $1.5 billion.
Cruise Common and Preferred Shares In February 2025, we acquired all of the Cruise common shares and Cruise Class F and Class G Preferred Shares held by noncontrolling shareholders for an insignificant amount. We have completed the process of compensating the former Cruise shareholders.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, net income attributable to stockholders and transfers to the noncontrolling interest in Cruise and other subsidiaries were $1.3 billion and $6.5 billion, which includes a $538
23
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
The following table summarizes the significant components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) and noncontrolling interests, net of reclassification adjustment and tax(a)(b)(c) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Defined Benefit Plans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) and noncontrolling interests before reclassification adjustment, net of tax(a)(c) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustment, net of tax(c) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) and noncontrolling interests, net of reclassification adjustment and tax(a)(c) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period(d) | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) and noncontrolling interests before reclassification adjustment, net of tax(a)(c) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustment, net of tax(c) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(a)(c) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)The noncontrolling interests were insignificant in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
(b)The reclassification adjustment was insignificant in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
(c)The income tax effect was insignificant in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
(d)Primarily consists of unamortized actuarial loss on our defined benefit plans. Refer to Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies of our 2025 Form 10-K for additional information.
24
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
Note 17. Earnings Per Share
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic earnings per share | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments(a) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic earnings per common share | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders – diluted | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive effect of awards under stock incentive plans | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per common share | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Potentially dilutive securities(b) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Includes a $593 million return from the preferred shareholders related to the redemption of Cruise preferred shares from noncontrolling interest holders in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
(b)Potentially dilutive securities attributable to Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) and Performance Stock Units (PSUs) at September 30, 2026 and outstanding stock options, PSUs, and RSUs at September 30, 2025 were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share (EPS) because the securities would have had an antidilutive effect.
Note 18. Segment Reporting
Our chief operating decision-maker, who is our Chair and Chief Executive Officer, analyzes the results of our business through the following reportable segments: GMNA, GMI, and GM Financial . Our chief operating decision-maker evaluates the operating results and performance of our Automotive operations through earnings before interest and income taxes (EBIT)-adjusted, which is presented net of noncontrolling interests. Our chief operating decision-maker evaluates GM Financial through earnings before income taxes-adjusted (EBT-adjusted) because interest income and interest expense are an integral part of its operational and financial performance. These financial metrics are used to view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons and benchmark performance between periods and among geographic regions, and to monitor budget-to-actual variances on a monthly basis. To manage operations and make decisions regarding resource allocations, our chief operating decision-maker is regularly provided and reviews expense information at a consolidated, functional level for our global purchasing and supply chain, manufacturing, and engineering functions. Warranty and quality metrics are also viewed on a consolidated basis. Currently, a focus is being placed on driving an efficient, consolidated fixed cost structure and managing overall global headcount. Vehicle-level profitability metrics are also reviewed during the planning stage and throughout a program's life cycle on a forecasted basis, and not on an actual basis. Each segment has a manager responsible for executing our strategic initiatives.
Substantially all of the trucks, crossovers, cars, and automobile parts produced are marketed through retail dealers in North America and through distributors and dealers outside of North America, the substantial majority of which are independently owned. In addition to the products sold to dealers for consumer retail sales, trucks, crossovers, and cars are also sold to fleet customers, including daily rental car companies, commercial fleet customers, leasing companies, and governments. Fleet sales are completed through the dealer network and in some cases directly with fleet customers. Retail and fleet customers can obtain a wide range of after-sale vehicle services and products through the dealer network, such as maintenance, light repairs, collision repairs, vehicle accessories, and extended service warranties.
25
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
GMNA meets the demands of customers in North America and GMI primarily meets the demands of customers outside North America with vehicles developed, manufactured, and/or marketed under the Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, and GMC brands. We also have equity ownership stakes in entities that meet the demands of customers in other countries, primarily China, with vehicles developed, manufactured, and/or marketed under the Baojun, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, and Wuling brands. Our Cruise business was pursuing the development and commercialization of autonomous vehicle (AV) technology until, in December 2024, we announced plans to refocus our autonomous driving strategy on personal vehicles and no longer fund Cruise's robotaxi development work. We have combined the GM and Cruise ongoing personal autonomous technical efforts in our GMNA segment. We provide automotive financing services through our GM Financial segment.
Our automotive interest income and interest expense, corporate expenditures, legacy costs from the Opel/Vauxhall Business (primarily pension costs), and certain revenues and expenses that are not part of a reportable segment are recorded centrally in Corporate. Corporate assets primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable debt securities, and intersegment balances. All intersegment balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The following tables summarize key financial information by segment:
| At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | GM Financial | Total Reportable Segments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment expenses and other items(a) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments(b) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eliminations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest expense | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | GM Financial | Total Reportable Segments | Corporate | Eliminations | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and intangibles | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenditures for property | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment charges | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity income (loss)(c) | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Segment expenses and other items for GMNA and GMI primarily include material and logistics; manufacturing; equity income (loss); selling, general, and administrative people-related costs; advertising; information technology; engineering; professional services; and policy, campaign, and warranty. GM Financial items primarily consist of GM Financial interest expense; leased vehicle depreciation; people-related costs; provision for loan losses; and gains and losses on termination of leased vehicles.
(b)Consists of charges for EV strategic realignment in GMNA.
(c)Equity income (loss) in GMNA includes gains from the sale of an equity investment. Equity income (loss) related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC is presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity has historically been integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our EVs. Refer to Note 7 for additional information.
26
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
| At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | GM Financial | Total Reportable Segments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment expenses and other items(a) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments(b) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eliminations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest expense | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | Cruise | GM Financial | Total Reportable Segments | Corporate | Eliminations | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and intangibles | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenditures for property | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment charges | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity income (loss)(c) | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Segment expenses and other items for GMNA and GMI primarily include material and logistics; manufacturing; equity income (loss); selling, general, and administrative people-related costs; advertising; information technology; engineering; professional services; and policy, campaign, and warranty. GM Financial items primarily consist of GM Financial interest expense; leased vehicle depreciation; people-related costs; provision for loan losses; and gains and losses on termination of leased vehicles.
(b)Consists of charges for EV strategic realignment, legal matters, and restructuring and other strategic actions in GMNA.
(c)Equity income (loss) related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC is presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity has historically been integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our EVs. Refer to Note 7 for additional information.
27
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS —— (Continued)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | GM Financial | Total Reportable Segments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment expenses and other items(a) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments(b) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eliminations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest expense | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | GM Financial | Total Reportable Segments | Corporate | Eliminations | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenditures for property | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment charges | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity income (loss)(c) | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)Segment expenses and other items for GMNA and GMI primarily include material and logistics; manufacturing; equity income (loss); selling, general, and administrative people-related costs; advertising; information technology; engineering; professional services; and policy, campaign, and warranty. GM Financial items primarily consist of GM Financial interest expense; leased vehicle depreciation; people-related costs; provision for loan losses; and gains and losses on termination of leased vehicles.
(b)Consists of charges for EV strategic realignment, inclusive of a net non-cash charge of $493 million associated with compliance-related assets, in GMNA and China restructuring actions in GMNA and GMI.
(c)Equity income (loss) in GMNA includes impacts of impairment charges for EV strategic realignment and gains from the sale of an equity investment and Equity income (loss) associated with our Automotive China JVs includes impacts of our portion of restructuring charges. Equity income (loss) related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC is presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity has historically been integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our EVs. Refer to Note 7 for additional information.
| For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | Cruise | GM Financial | Total Reportable Segments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment expenses and other items(a) | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings (loss) before interest and taxes-adjusted | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments(b) | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eliminations | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest expense | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | GMI | Cruise | GM Financial | Total Reportable Segments | Corporate | Eliminations | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales and revenue | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenditures for property | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment charges | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity income (loss)(c) | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Segment expenses and other items for GMNA and GMI primarily include material and logistics; manufacturing; equity income (loss); selling, general, and administrative people-related costs; advertising; information technology; engineering; professional services; and policy, campaign, and warranty. GM Financial items primarily consist of GM Financial interest expense; leased vehicle depreciation; people-related costs; provision for loan losses; and gains and losses on termination of leased vehicles. Cruise items primarily consist of ongoing costs incurred related to the wind down of Cruise robotaxi activities.
(b)Consists of charges for EV strategic realignment and legal matters in GMNA and restructuring and other strategic actions in GMNA and GMI.
(c)Equity income (loss) related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC is presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity has historically been integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our EVs. Refer to Note 7 for additional information.
28
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Basis of Presentation This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2025 Form 10-K.
Forward-looking statements in this MD&A are not guarantees of future performance and may involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. Refer to the "Forward-Looking Statements" section of this MD&A, Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2025 Form 10-K, and Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2026 for a discussion of these risks and uncertainties. Except for per share amounts or as otherwise specified, dollar amounts presented within tables are stated in millions. Certain columns and rows may not add due to rounding.
Overview Our vision for the future is a world with zero crashes, zero emissions, and zero congestion. We will adapt to customer preferences while executing our growth-focused strategy to invest in internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs, hybrids, personal AV technology, software-enabled services, and other new business opportunities. To support strong margins and cash flow, we continue to prioritize profitable ICE vehicles, such as trucks and SUVs. We plan to execute our strategy with a steadfast commitment to good corporate citizenship through more sustainable operations and a leading health and safety culture.
Our financial performance continues to be driven by the strength of our vehicle portfolio, including high margin full-size pickup trucks and SUVs, strong consumer demand for our products, and the execution of our core business strategy. We remain focused on maintaining an efficient cost structure and pricing discipline. We continue to prioritize driving down costs to improve profitability and are aligning our EV capacity and manufacturing footprint. We are monitoring industry pricing pressures, changing interest rates, inflation, warranty claims, consumer demand trends, geopolitical tensions, and changes to the regulatory environment, including with respect to tariffs, fuel economy standards, and emissions regulations.
In 2025, the U.S. and other governments implemented new tariffs relevant to GM and its suppliers, including tariffs on vehicles and parts imported into the U.S. The tariff environment remains highly dynamic, and the specific tariffs applicable to goods imported by GM and its suppliers continue to evolve, including with respect to imports under the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement and other trade agreements. We have acted with urgency and discipline to maintain strong positioning within the industry. On February 20, 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) did not authorize the imposition of tariffs. In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, we recorded net favorable adjustments of $0.7 billion primarily due to previously charged IEEPA tariffs that are refundable. Based on the current tariff environment, we estimate that impacts to EBIT-adjusted could range from $2.5 billion to $3.5 billion for the year ending December 31, 2026 and may be subject to change if new tariffs or changes to existing tariffs arise. Refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in our 2025 Form 10-K for a full discussion of the risks associated with the global tariff environment.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded charges of $7.9 billion in GMNA related to our EV strategic realignment. In the three months ended September 30, 2026, we recorded an insignificant amount of additional net charges. For the nine months ended September 30, 2026, net charges were $3.6 billion, primarily related to $2.5 billion for ongoing commercial negotiations with our supply base and joint venture partners, $1.3 billion of losses on supply agreements, and $0.5 billion associated with compliance-related assets, net of $0.7 billion of recoveries under a cost sharing arrangement. Of these charges, $2.7 billion will have a cash impact when paid. We incurred cash outflows of $4.2 billion related to these charges in the nine months ended September 30, 2026. We expect additional charges in the year ending December 31, 2026, and while circumstances may change in the future, we believe we have substantially completed the recognition of material cash charges related to our EV strategic realignment. The charge associated with our compliance-related assets in April 2026 was due to the repeal of the EPA's endangerment finding. At September 30, 2026, the carrying amount of our compliance-related assets was $0.7 billion. Refer to the "Non-GAAP Measures" section of this MD&A for additional information. Our strategic realignment of EV capacity does not impact today's retail portfolio of Chevrolet, GMC, and Cadillac EVs currently in production, and we expect these models to remain available to consumers.
As we continue to assess our performance and the needs of our evolving business, additional restructuring and rationalization actions could be required. These actions could give rise to future asset impairments or other charges, which may have a material impact on our operating results. Refer to the "Consolidated Results" and regional sections of this MD&A for additional information.
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We face continuing market, operating, and regulatory challenges in several countries across the globe due to, among other factors, competitive pressures, our product portfolio offerings, heightened emissions standards, labor disruptions, foreign exchange volatility, evolving trade policy, automotive industry supply chains, and political uncertainty. Refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in our 2025 Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2026 for a discussion of these challenges.
For the year ending December 31, 2026, we expect Net income attributable to stockholders of between $8.9 billion and $9.5 billion, EBIT-adjusted of between $14.5 billion and $15.5 billion, EPS-diluted of between $9.72 and $10.72, and EPS-diluted-adjusted of between $12.75 and $13.75. Refer to the "Non-GAAP Measures" section of this MD&A for additional information.
The following table reconciles expected Net income attributable to stockholders to expected EBIT-adjusted (dollars in billions):
| Year Ending December 31, 2026 | |||||||||||
| Net income attributable to stockholders | $ 8.9-9.5 | ||||||||||
| Income tax expense | 2.0-2.4 | ||||||||||
| Automotive interest income, net | (0.1) | ||||||||||
| Adjustments(a) | 3.7 | ||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted | $ 14.5-15.5 | ||||||||||
__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted within this MD&A for adjustment details. These expected financial results do not include the potential impact of future adjustments related to special items.
The following table reconciles expected EPS-diluted to expected EPS-diluted-adjusted:
| Year Ending December 31, 2026 | |||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per common share | $ 9.72-10.72 | ||||||||||
| Adjustments(a) | 3.03 | ||||||||||
| EPS-diluted-adjusted | $ 12.75-13.75 | ||||||||||
__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of diluted earnings per common share to EPS-diluted-adjusted within this MD&A for adjustment details. These expected financial results do not include the potential impact of future adjustments related to special items.
GMNA Industry sales in North America were 15.3 million units in the nine months ended September 30, 2026, representing a decrease of 1.7% compared to the corresponding period in 2025. U.S. industry sales were 12.3 million units in the nine months ended September 30, 2026, representing a decrease of 2.3% compared to the corresponding period in 2025.
Our total vehicle sales in the U.S., our largest market in North America, were 2.0 million units for a market share of 16.4% in the nine months ended September 30, 2026, representing a decrease of 0.7 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2025.
We achieved solid margins in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 driven by the strength of our product portfolio and ongoing cost discipline. However, the evolving tariff and policy landscape could continue to have a material impact on our profitability going forward. We remain focused on improving our EV profitability while maintaining our focus on cost. In addition, our outlook is dependent on continued supply chain availability, the resiliency of the U.S. economy, and overall economic conditions, including the imposition of tariffs, less available offsets and deductions, or other trade restrictions by the U.S. or its trading partners. Looking ahead, our top priority is earning 8.0-10.0% annualized EBIT-adjusted margins in GMNA on a sustained basis.
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GMI Industry sales in China were 15.8 million units in the nine months ended September 30, 2026, representing a decrease of 18.2% compared to the corresponding period in 2025. Our total vehicle sales in China were 1.1 million units for a market share of 6.7% in the nine months ended September 30, 2026, representing a decrease of 0.3 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2025. Our Automotive China JVs generated equity income of $0.3 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2026, which includes income of $0.1 billion related to the previously announced restructuring of SAIC General Motors Corp., Ltd (SGM). We continue to focus on enhancing the competitiveness of our products in the Chinese market and executing restructuring plans. Additional restructuring charges may be incurred going forward. In the three months ended September 30, 2026, we entered into a joint venture agreement extending the term of SGM, subject to certain conditions, through May 15, 2047, with no change to GM's ownership interest or equity-method accounting, resulting in an insignificant financial impact.
Outside of China, industry sales were 21.2 million units in the nine months ended September 30, 2026, representing an increase of 4.8% compared to the corresponding period in 2025. Our total vehicle sales outside of China were 0.7 million units for a market share of 3.1% in the nine months ended September 30, 2026, representing a decrease of 0.1 percentage points compared to the corresponding period in 2025.
Vehicle Sales The principal factors that determine consumer vehicle preferences in the markets in which we operate include overall vehicle design, price, quality, available options, safety, reliability, fuel economy or range, and functionality. Market leadership in individual countries in which we compete varies widely.
We present both wholesale and total vehicle sales data to assist in the analysis of our revenue and market share. Wholesale vehicle sales data consists of sales to GM's dealers and distributors as well as sales to the U.S. Government, and excludes vehicles sold by our joint ventures. Wholesale vehicle sales data correlates to our revenue recognized from the sale of vehicles, which is the largest component of Automotive net sales and revenue. In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, 27.6% of our wholesale vehicle sales volume was generated outside the U.S. The following table summarizes wholesale vehicle sales by our Automotive operations (vehicles in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | 870 | 84.6 | % | 840 | 86.0 | % | 2,511 | 86.1 | % | 2,516 | 87.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMI | 159 | 15.4 | % | 137 | 14.0 | % | 407 | 13.9 | % | 346 | 12.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 1,028 | 100.0 | % | 977 | 100.0 | % | 2,917 | 100.0 | % | 2,862 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total vehicle sales data represents: (1) retail sales (i.e., sales to consumers who purchase new vehicles from dealers or distributors); (2) fleet sales (i.e., sales to large and small businesses, governments, and daily rental car companies); and (3) certain vehicles used by dealers in their business, including but not limited to courtesy transportation vehicles previously used by dealers that were sold to the end consumer. Total vehicle sales data includes all sales by joint ventures on a total vehicle basis, not based on our percentage ownership interest in the joint venture, including vehicle sales of non-GM trademarked vehicles, which are included in the total vehicle sales we report for China. While total vehicle sales data does not correlate directly to the revenue we recognize during a particular period, we believe it is indicative of the underlying demand for our vehicles. Total vehicle sales data represents management's good faith estimate based on sales reported by our dealers, distributors, and joint ventures; commercially available data sources, such as registration and insurance data; and internal estimates and forecasts when other data is not available.
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The following table summarizes industry and GM total vehicle sales and our related competitive position by geographic region (vehicles in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Industry | GM | Market Share | Industry | GM | Market Share | Industry | GM | Market Share | Industry | GM | Market Share | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | 4,174 | 671 | 16.1 | % | 4,229 | 710 | 16.8 | % | 12,277 | 2,012 | 16.4 | % | 12,567 | 2,150 | 17.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 1,045 | 126 | 12.1 | % | 1,015 | 127 | 12.5 | % | 3,032 | 376 | 12.4 | % | 3,007 | 384 | 12.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total North America | 5,219 | 797 | 15.3 | % | 5,244 | 837 | 16.0 | % | 15,309 | 2,388 | 15.6 | % | 15,574 | 2,534 | 16.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asia/Pacific, Middle East, and Africa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China(a) | 5,403 | 358 | 6.6 | % | 6,934 | 469 | 6.8 | % | 15,816 | 1,065 | 6.7 | % | 19,333 | 1,359 | 7.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 5,778 | 115 | 2.0 | % | 5,718 | 149 | 2.6 | % | 17,501 | 329 | 1.9 | % | 17,010 | 369 | 2.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Asia/Pacific, Middle East, and Africa | 11,181 | 474 | 4.2 | % | 12,652 | 618 | 4.9 | % | 33,317 | 1,394 | 4.2 | % | 36,342 | 1,729 | 4.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| South America | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brazil | 836 | 84 | 10.1 | % | 711 | 72 | 10.1 | % | 2,255 | 225 | 10.0 | % | 1,910 | 192 | 10.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 485 | 35 | 7.1 | % | 456 | 35 | 7.7 | % | 1,408 | 103 | 7.3 | % | 1,268 | 95 | 7.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total South America | 1,321 | 119 | 9.0 | % | 1,168 | 107 | 9.2 | % | 3,663 | 328 | 9.0 | % | 3,177 | 287 | 9.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total in GM markets | 17,721 | 1,390 | 7.8 | % | 19,064 | 1,562 | 8.2 | % | 52,288 | 4,111 | 7.9 | % | 55,093 | 4,549 | 8.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Europe | 4,007 | 1 | — | % | 4,002 | 1 | — | % | 13,020 | 1 | — | % | 12,611 | 2 | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Worldwide(b) | 21,729 | 1,390 | 6.4 | % | 23,066 | 1,563 | 6.8 | % | 65,309 | 4,112 | 6.3 | % | 67,704 | 4,551 | 6.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cars | 667 | 12 | 1.7 | % | 649 | 12 | 1.8 | % | 1,991 | 36 | 1.8 | % | 2,076 | 44 | 2.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trucks | 1,159 | 359 | 31.0 | % | 1,142 | 369 | 32.3 | % | 3,343 | 1,061 | 31.7 | % | 3,414 | 1,115 | 32.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crossovers | 2,348 | 300 | 12.8 | % | 2,437 | 330 | 13.5 | % | 6,943 | 915 | 13.2 | % | 7,076 | 992 | 14.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total United States | 4,174 | 671 | 16.1 | % | 4,229 | 710 | 16.8 | % | 12,277 | 2,012 | 16.4 | % | 12,567 | 2,150 | 17.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SGMS | 90 | 130 | 300 | 381 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SGMW | 269 | 339 | 765 | 978 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 5,403 | 358 | 6.6 | % | 6,934 | 469 | 6.8 | % | 15,816 | 1,065 | 6.7 | % | 19,333 | 1,359 | 7.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Includes sales by the Automotive China JVs: SAIC General Motors Sales Co., Ltd. (SGMS) and SAIC GM Wuling Automobile Co., Ltd. (SGMW).
(b)Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and Sudan have been subject to broad economic sanctions. Accordingly, these countries are excluded from industry sales data and corresponding calculation of market share.
As discussed above, total vehicle sales and market share data provided in the table above includes fleet vehicles. Certain fleet transactions, particularly sales to daily rental car companies, are generally less profitable than retail sales to end customers. The following table summarizes estimated fleet sales and those sales as a percentage of total vehicle sales (vehicles in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | 160 | 148 | 551 | 498 | |||||||||||||||||||
| GMI | 107 | 113 | 302 | 277 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total fleet sales | 267 | 261 | 853 | 775 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fleet sales as a percentage of total vehicle sales | 19.2 | % | 16.7 | % | 20.7 | % | 17.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
32
GM Financial We believe that offering a comprehensive suite of financing products will generate incremental sales of our vehicles, drive incremental GM Financial earnings, and help support our sales throughout various economic cycles. GM Financial's penetration of our retail sales in the U.S. was 35% in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 34% in the corresponding period in 2025. Penetration levels vary depending on incentive financing programs available and competing third-party financing products in the market. GM Financial's prime loan originations as a percentage of total loan originations in North America were 76% in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 80% in the corresponding period in 2025. In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, GM Financial's revenue consisted of leased vehicle income of 46%, retail finance charge income of 41%, and commercial finance charge income of 6%.
GM Financial's leasing program is exposed to residual values, which are heavily dependent on used vehicle prices. The following table summarizes the estimated residual value based on GM Financial's most recent estimates and the number of units included in GM Financial Equipment on operating leases, net by vehicle type (units in thousands):
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residual Value | Units | Percentage | Residual Value | Units | Percentage | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crossovers | $ | 12,380 | 570 | 62.6 | % | $ | 13,145 | 617 | 64.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trucks | 9,122 | 268 | 29.4 | % | 8,702 | 254 | 26.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SUVs | 2,435 | 50 | 5.5 | % | 2,619 | 56 | 5.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cars | 462 | 23 | 2.5 | % | 515 | 26 | 2.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 24,399 | 910 | 100.0 | % | $ | 24,981 | 952 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
At September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, residual values of leased EVs represented 23.5% and 21.1% of total residual values.
Consolidated Results We review changes in our results of operations under five categories: Volume, Mix, Price, Cost, and Other. Volume measures the impact of changes in wholesale vehicle volumes driven by industry volume, market share, and changes in dealer stock levels. Mix measures the impact of changes to the regional portfolio due to product, model, trim, country, and option penetration in current year wholesale vehicle volumes. Price measures the impact of changes related to Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price and various sales allowances. Cost primarily includes: (1) material and freight; (2) manufacturing, engineering, advertising, administrative and selling, and warranty expenses; and (3) non-vehicle related activity. Other primarily includes foreign exchange and non-vehicle related automotive revenues as well as equity income or loss from our nonconsolidated affiliates. Refer to the regional sections of this MD&A for additional information.
Total Net Sales and Revenue
| Three Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | % | Variance Due To | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | Volume | Mix | Price | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in billions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | $ | 41,419 | $ | 40,551 | $ | 868 | 2.1 | % | $ | 1.3 | $ | (0.3) | $ | (0.2) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMI | 4,085 | 3,645 | 440 | 12.1 | % | $ | 0.5 | $ | (0.2) | $ | — | $ | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | 201 | 60 | 141 | n.m. | $ | — | $ | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive | 45,706 | 44,256 | 1,450 | 3.3 | % | $ | 1.8 | $ | (0.5) | $ | (0.2) | $ | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial | 4,312 | 4,337 | (25) | (0.6) | % | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eliminations/reclassifications | (3) | (2) | (1) | n.m. | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales and revenue | $ | 50,015 | $ | 48,591 | $ | 1,424 | 2.9 | % | $ | 1.8 | $ | (0.5) | $ | (0.2) | $ | 0.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
n.m. = not meaningful
33
| Nine Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | % | Variance Due To | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | Volume | Mix | Price | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in billions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | $ | 117,732 | $ | 117,424 | $ | 307 | 0.3 | % | $ | (0.1) | $ | (0.9) | $ | 0.4 | $ | 0.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMI | 10,635 | 9,398 | 1,237 | 13.2 | % | $ | 1.3 | $ | (0.6) | $ | 0.2 | $ | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | 450 | 163 | 288 | n.m. | $ | — | $ | 0.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive | 128,817 | 126,985 | 1,832 | 1.4 | % | $ | 1.2 | $ | (1.5) | $ | 0.6 | $ | 1.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cruise | — | 1 | (1) | n.m. | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GM Financial | 12,855 | 12,756 | 99 | 0.8 | % | $ | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eliminations/reclassifications | (7) | (9) | 2 | n.m. | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales and revenue | $ | 141,665 | $ | 139,732 | $ | 1,933 | 1.4 | % | $ | 1.2 | $ | (1.5) | $ | 0.6 | $ | 1.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
n.m. = not meaningful
Refer to the regional sections of this MD&A for additional information on Volume, Mix, Price, and Other.
Automotive and Other Cost of Sales
| Three Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | % | Variance Due To | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | Volume | Mix | Cost | Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in billions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | $ | 36,830 | $ | 38,575 | $ | 1,745 | 4.5 | % | $ | (1.0) | $ | 0.4 | $ | 2.4 | $ | (0.1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMI | 3,790 | 3,309 | (480) | (14.5) | % | $ | (0.4) | $ | 0.2 | $ | (0.3) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | 119 | 53 | (66) | n.m. | $ | — | $ | (0.1) | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eliminations | — | (1) | (1) | n.m. | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total automotive and other cost of sales | $ | 40,739 | $ | 41,936 | $ | 1,198 | 2.9 | % | $ | (1.3) | $ | 0.6 | $ | 2.1 | $ | (0.1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
n.m. = not meaningful
| Nine Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | % | Variance Due To | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | Volume | Mix | Cost | Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in billions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMNA | $ | 106,300 | $ | 107,200 | $ | 899 | 0.8 | % | $ | 0.1 | $ | 1.3 | $ | — | $ | (0.5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GMI | 9,820 | 8,875 | (945) | (10.6) | % | $ | (1.1) | $ | 0.4 | $ | (0.1) | $ | (0.2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | 342 | 181 | (162) | (89.5) | % | $ | — | $ | (0.2) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cruise | — | 163 | 163 | n.m. | $ | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eliminations | — | (2) | (3) | n.m. | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total automotive and other cost of sales | $ | 116,462 | $ | 116,416 | $ | (46) | — | % | $ | (1.0) | $ | 1.8 | $ | (0.2) | $ | (0.6) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
n.m. = not meaningful
In the three months ended September 30, 2026, decreased Cost was primarily due to: (1) the reduction of charges related to the EV strategic realignment of $1.5 billion; (2) decreased warranty-related costs of $0.9 billion; (3) decreased net realizable value inventory adjustments, primarily EV-related, of $0.5 billion; and (4) the absence of charges related to the former OnStar Smart Driver program of $0.3 billion; partially offset by (5) decreased Ultium Cells Holdings LLC equity earnings of $0.2 billion; (6) increased manufacturing costs of $0.2 billion; (7) increased engineering costs of $0.2 billion; and (8) increased costs of $0.4 billion due to other individually insignificant items.
34
In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, increased Cost was primarily due to: (1) charges of $1.5 billion due to the EV strategic realignment; (2) decreased Ultium Cells Holdings LLC equity earnings of $1.0 billion; (3) increased material and freight costs of $0.5 billion, including $0.5 billion net favorable tariffs; (4) increased other employee related costs of $0.3 billion; (5) increased engineering costs of $0.3 billion; (6) increased parts and accessories costs of $0.3 billion; and (7) increased manufacturing costs of $0.2 billion; partially offset by (8) decreased warranty-related costs of $1.7 billion; (9) decreased net realizable value inventory adjustments, primarily EV-related, of $1.3 billion; (10) decreased emissions costs of $0.5 billion; and (11) the absence of charges related to the former OnStar Smart Driver program of $0.3 billion. In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, unfavorable Other was primarily due to net foreign currency changes in the Mexican peso.
Refer to the regional sections of this MD&A for additional information on Volume and Mix.
Automotive and Other Selling, General, and Administrative Expense
| Three Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | Nine Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | % | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive and other selling, general, and administrative expense | $ | 2,027 | $ | 2,037 | $ | 10 | 0.5 | % | $ | 6,293 | $ | 6,161 | $ | (132) | (2.1) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest Income and Other Non-operating Income, net
| Three Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | Nine Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | % | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income and other non-operating income, net | $ | 274 | $ | 475 | $ | (202) | (42.4) | % | $ | 803 | $ | 1,151 | $ | (348) | (30.2) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In the three months ended September 30, 2026, Interest income and other non-operating income, net decreased primarily due to $0.2 billion in losses related to revaluation of investments.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, Interest income and other non-operating income, net decreased primarily due to: (1) $0.2 billion in losses related to revaluation of investments; and (2) $0.1 billion decrease in interest income.
Income Tax Expense
| Three Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | Nine Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | % | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | $ | 565 | $ | 127 | $ | (439) | n.m. | $ | 1,422 | $ | 1,326 | $ | (96) | (7.2) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
n.m. = not meaningful
In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, Income tax expense increased primarily due to higher pre-tax income.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, our effective tax rate was 14.3% and 16.1% and our effective tax rate-adjusted (ETR-adjusted) was 19.9% and 18.9%. We expect our ETR-adjusted to be between 20% and 21% for the year ending December 31, 2026. Refer to the "Non-GAAP Measures" section of this MD&A for additional information.
35
GM North America
| Three Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | % | Variance Due To | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | Volume | Mix | Price | Cost | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in billions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales and revenue | $ | 41,419 | $ | 40,551 | $ | 868 | 2.1 | % | $ | 1.3 | $ | (0.3) | $ | (0.2) | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted | $ | 3,592 | $ | 2,506 | $ | 1,087 | 43.4 | % | $ | 0.4 | $ | 0.2 | $ | (0.2) | $ | 0.6 | $ | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted margin | 8.7 | % | 6.2 | % | 2.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Vehicles in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wholesale vehicle sales | 870 | 840 | 30 | 3.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nine Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | % | Variance Due To | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | Volume | Mix | Price | Cost | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in billions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total net sales and revenue | $ | 117,732 | $ | 117,424 | $ | 307 | 0.3 | % | $ | (0.1) | $ | (0.9) | $ | 0.4 | $ | 0.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted | $ | 10,699 | $ | 8,207 | $ | 2,492 | 30.4 | % | $ | — | $ | 0.6 | $ | 0.4 | $ | 1.3 | $ | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted margin | 9.1 | % | 7.0 | % | 2.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Vehicles in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wholesale vehicle sales | 2,511 | 2,516 | (5) | (0.2) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GMNA Total Net Sales and Revenue In the three months ended September 30, 2026, Total net sales and revenue increased primarily due to: (1) increased net wholesale volumes due to increased sales of full-size pickup trucks and crossover vehicles, partially offset by decreased sales of mid-size pickup trucks and vans; partially offset by (2) unfavorable Mix associated with increased sales of crossover vehicles, partially offset by increased sales of full-size pickup trucks and decreased sales of mid-size pickup trucks and vans; and (3) unfavorable Price due to timing of model year introductions.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, Total net sales and revenue increased primarily due to: (1) favorable Other due to net foreign currency changes and increased revenue of software-enabled services and subscriptions; and (2) favorable Price as a result of lean dealer inventory levels due to strong demand for our products; partially offset by (3) unfavorable Mix associated with decreased sales of crossover vehicles and full-size SUVs; and (4) decreased net wholesale volumes due to decreased sales of mid-size pickup trucks and vans, crossover vehicles, and full-size SUVs, partially offset by increased sales of full-size pickup trucks and cars.
GMNA EBIT-Adjusted In the three months ended September 30, 2026, EBIT-adjusted increased primarily due to: (1) favorable Cost primarily due to decreased warranty-related costs of $0.9 billion and decreased net realizable value inventory adjustments, primarily EV-related, of $0.4 billion, partially offset by decreased Ultium Cells Holdings LLC equity earnings of $0.2 billion, increased engineering costs of $0.2 billion, increased employee-related costs of $0.1 billion, and increased manufacturing costs of $0.1 billion; (2) increased net wholesale volumes; and (3) favorable Mix associated with increased sales of full-size pickup trucks, partially offset by increased sales of crossover vehicles; partially offset by (4) unfavorable Price.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, EBIT-adjusted increased primarily due to: (1) favorable Cost primarily due to decreased warranty-related costs of $1.7 billion, decreased net realizable value inventory adjustments, primarily EV-related, of $1.3 billion, and decreased emissions costs of $0.5 billion, partially offset by decreased Ultium Cells Holdings LLC equity earnings of $1.0 billion, increased engineering costs of $0.5 billion, increased employee-related costs of $0.3 billion, increased parts and accessories costs of $0.3 billion, and increased material and freight costs of $0.2 billion, including $0.5 billion net favorable tariffs; (2) favorable Mix associated with increased sales of full-size pickup trucks and decreased sales of crossover vehicles; (3) favorable Price; and (4) favorable Other due to investment gains.
36
GM International
| Three Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | Variance Due To | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | % | Volume | Mix | Price | Cost | Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in billions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales and revenue | $ | 4,085 | $ | 3,645 | $ | 440 | 12.1 | % | $ | 0.5 | $ | (0.2) | $ | — | $ | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted | $ | 28 | $ | 226 | $ | (198) | (87.7) | % | $ | 0.1 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (0.3) | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted margin | 0.7 | % | 6.2 | % | (5.5) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity income (loss) — Automotive China | $ | 32 | $ | 80 | $ | (48) | (60.3) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted — excluding Equity income (loss) | $ | (4) | $ | 146 | $ | (150) | n.m. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Vehicles in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wholesale vehicle sales | 159 | 137 | 22 | 16.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
n.m. = not meaningful
| Nine Months Ended | Favorable/ (Unfavorable) | Variance Due To | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | % | Volume | Mix | Price | Cost | Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in billions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales and revenue | $ | 10,635 | $ | 9,398 | $ | 1,237 | 13.2 | % | $ | 1.3 | $ | (0.6) | $ | 0.2 | $ | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted | $ | 342 | $ | 460 | $ | (118) | (25.7) | % | $ | 0.3 | $ | (0.2) | $ | 0.2 | $ | (0.4) | $ | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted margin | 3.2 | % | 4.9 | % | (1.7) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity income (loss) — Automotive China | $ | 280 | $ | 197 | $ | 83 | 42.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted — excluding Equity income (loss)(a) | $ | 140 | $ | 266 | $ | (127) | (47.5) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Vehicles in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wholesale vehicle sales | 407 | 346 | 61 | 17.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Excludes adjustments related to Automotive China JVs restructuring recorded in GMI.
The vehicle sales of our Automotive China JVs are not recorded in Total net sales and revenue. The results of our joint ventures are recorded in Equity income (loss), which is included in EBIT-adjusted above.
GMI Total Net Sales and Revenue In the three months ended September 30, 2026, Total net sales and revenue increased primarily due to: (1) increased net wholesale volumes in South America primarily due to increased sales of crossovers and passenger cars in Brazil; and (2) favorable Other primarily due to net foreign currency changes in the Brazilian real and Colombian peso, partially offset by changes in the Argentine peso; partially offset by (3) unfavorable Mix in Brazil and the Middle East.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, Total net sales and revenue increased primarily due to: (1) increased net wholesale volumes in South America primarily due to increased sales of crossovers and passenger cars in Brazil, partially offset by decreased volumes in the Middle East; (2) favorable Price across multiple vehicle lines in Argentina and the Middle East; and (3) favorable Other primarily due to net foreign currency changes in the Brazilian real and Colombian peso, partially offset by changes in the Argentine peso; partially offset by (4) unfavorable Mix in Brazil and the Middle East.
GMI EBIT-Adjusted In the three months ended September 30, 2026, EBIT-adjusted decreased primarily due to: (1) unfavorable Cost primarily due to increased material, logistics, and manufacturing costs; partially offset by (2) increased net wholesale volumes.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, EBIT-adjusted decreased primarily due to: (1) unfavorable Cost primarily due to increased material, logistics, and manufacturing costs; and (2) unfavorable Mix; partially offset by (3) increased net wholesale volumes; (4) favorable Price; and (5) favorable Other primarily due to net foreign currency changes in the Brazilian
37
real, Colombian peso, and the Australian dollar, partially offset by net foreign currency changes in the Argentine peso and losses related to the revaluation of investments.
The following table summarizes certain key operational and financial data for the Automotive China JVs (vehicles in thousands):
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Wholesale vehicle sales, including vehicles exported to markets outside of China | 446 | 519 | 1,311 | 1,494 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales and revenue | $ | 6,649 | $ | 6,121 | $ | 18,548 | $ | 17,270 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 141 | $ | 144 | $ | 732 | $ | 341 | |||||||||||||||
GM Financial
| Three Months Ended | Increase/ (Decrease) | % | Nine Months Ended | Increase/ (Decrease) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 4,312 | $ | 4,337 | $ | (25) | (0.6) | % | $ | 12,855 | $ | 12,756 | $ | 99 | 0.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for loan losses | $ | 340 | $ | 244 | $ | 96 | 39.4 | % | $ | 996 | $ | 926 | $ | 70 | 7.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBT-adjusted | $ | 668 | $ | 804 | $ | (136) | (16.9) | % | $ | 1,962 | $ | 2,193 | $ | (231) | (10.5) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average debt outstanding (dollars in billions) | $ | 113.0 | $ | 117.6 | $ | (4.6) | (3.9) | % | $ | 113.6 | $ | 116.9 | $ | (3.3) | (2.8) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effective rate of interest paid | 5.5 | % | 5.6 | % | (0.1) | % | 5.5 | % | 5.6 | % | (0.1) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GM Financial Revenue In the three months ended September 30, 2026, total revenue decreased by an insignificant amount.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, total revenue increased primarily due to: (1) increased other income of $0.1 billion primarily due to growth in the insurance and vehicle protection businesses, partially offset by lower investment income resulting from a decrease in the average investment balance; and (2) increased leased vehicle income of $0.1 billion primarily due to an increase in the average balance of the leased vehicles portfolio; partially offset by (3) decreased finance charge income of $0.1 billion primarily due to a decrease in the average balance of the finance receivables portfolio.
GM Financial EBT-Adjusted In the three months ended September 30, 2026, EBT-adjusted decreased primarily due to: (1) increased operating expenses of $0.1 billion primarily due to growth in the insurance and vehicle protection businesses and related claims losses; (2) increased provision for loan losses of $0.1 billion primarily due to an increase in loan origination volume as well as the reversal of the allowance for loan losses on finance receivables reclassified to held-for-sale during the three months ended September 30, 2025; partially offset by (3) decreased interest expense of $0.1 billion primarily due to a decrease in the average debt outstanding and a lower effective rate of interest on GM Financial debt.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, EBT-adjusted decreased primarily due to: (1) increased operating expenses of $0.3 billion primarily due to growth in the insurance and vehicle protection businesses and related claims losses; (2) increased leased vehicle expenses of $0.3 billion primarily due to increased depreciation expense on EVs; (3) decreased finance charge income of $0.1 billion primarily due to a decrease in the average balance of the finance receivables portfolio; and (4) increased provision for loan losses of $0.1 billion primarily due to the reversal of the allowance for loan losses on finance receivables reclassified to held-for-sale during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as well as credit mix of loan originations; partially offset by (5) decreased interest expense of $0.2 billion primarily due to a decrease in the average debt outstanding and a lower effective rate of interest on GM Financial debt; (6) increased other income of $0.1 billion primarily due to growth in the insurance and vehicle protection businesses, partially offset by lower investment income resulting from a decrease in the average investment balance; and (7) increased leased vehicle income of $0.1 billion primarily due to an increase in the average balance of the leased vehicles portfolio.
Liquidity and Capital Resources We believe our current levels of cash, cash equivalents, marketable debt securities, available borrowing capacity under our credit facilities, and other liquidity actions currently available to us are sufficient to
38
meet our liquidity requirements in the short- and long-term. We also maintain access to the capital markets and may issue debt or equity securities, which may provide an additional source of liquidity. We have substantial cash requirements going forward, which we plan to fund through our total available liquidity, cash flows from operating activities, and additional liquidity measures, if determined to be necessary.
Our known current material uses of cash include, among other possible demands: (1) capital spending and our investments in our battery cell manufacturing joint ventures of approximately $10.0 billion to $12.0 billion in 2026; (2) payments for engineering and product development activities, including the development of AV technology and software-enabled services; (3) payments associated with previously announced EV-related cash charges, warranty claims, vehicle recalls, and any other recall-related contingencies; (4) payments to service debt and other long-term obligations, including discretionary and mandatory contributions to our pension plans; (5) dividend payments on our common stock that are declared by our Board of Directors; and (6) payments to purchase shares of our common stock authorized by our Board of Directors. Our material future uses of cash, which may vary from time to time based on market conditions and other factors, are focused on the three objectives of our capital allocation program: (1) grow our business at an average target return on invested capital-adjusted (ROIC-adjusted) rate of 20% or greater; (2) maintain a strong investment-grade balance sheet, including a target average automotive cash balance of $18.0 billion; and (3) after the first two objectives are met, return available cash to stockholders. Our senior management evaluates our capital allocation program on an ongoing basis and recommends any modifications to the program to our Board of Directors not less than once annually.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded charges of $7.9 billion in GMNA related to our EV strategic realignment. These charges included non-cash impairment and other charges of $3.2 billion and cash related charges of $4.7 billion that will have a cash impact when paid. We incurred cash outflows of $0.4 billion related to these charges in the year ended December 31, 2025. In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, we recorded additional net charges of $3.6 billion of which $2.7 billion will have a cash impact when paid. We incurred cash outflows of $4.2 billion related to these charges in the nine months ended September 30, 2026. We expect to recognize additional charges in the year ending December 31, 2026, and while circumstances may change in the future, we believe we have substantially completed the recognition of material cash charges related to our EV strategic realignment.
We have entered into offtake agreements and inventory banking arrangements that generally obligate us to purchase defined quantities of output and, if financed by the Inventory Banking Facility, repay the financed amounts. These arrangements could result in an adverse impact on our cash and excess inventory if our commitments exceed forecasted demand. We also continue to monitor and evaluate opportunities to strengthen our competitive position over the long term while maintaining a strong investment-grade balance sheet. These actions may include opportunistic payments to reduce our long-term obligations, and the possibility of acquisitions, dispositions, and investments with joint venture partners, as well as strategic alliances that we believe would generate significant advantages and substantially strengthen our business.
Our liquidity plans are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those described in the "Forward-Looking Statements" section of this MD&A, Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2025 Form 10-K, and Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2026, some of which are outside of our control.
In January 2026, our Board of Directors increased the capacity under our existing share repurchase program by $6.0 billion to an aggregate of $6.3 billion, which we fully utilized in October 2026. In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, we repurchased 65 million outstanding shares of our common stock for $5.3 billion. In October 2026, our Board of Directors authorized $20.0 billion of additional repurchases under our existing share repurchase program, with no expiration date.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, we paid dividends of $0.5 billion to holders of our common stock. In January 2026, our Board of Directors approved an increase in the quarterly common stock dividend of $0.03 to $0.18 per share beginning with the quarterly dividend declared in January 2026.
Cash flows that occur amongst our Automotive, Cruise, and GM Financial operations are eliminated when we consolidate our cash flows. Such eliminations include, among other things, collections by Automotive on wholesale accounts receivables financed by dealers through GM Financial, payments between Automotive and GM Financial for accounts receivables transferred by Automotive to GM Financial, loans to Automotive and Cruise from GM Financial, dividends issued by GM Financial to Automotive, tax payments by GM Financial to Automotive, and Automotive cash expenditures related to Cruise. The presentation of Automotive liquidity and GM Financial liquidity presented below includes the impact of cash transactions amongst the sectors that are ultimately eliminated in consolidation. The Cruise restructuring activities were substantially complete as of December 31, 2025. Net cash used in operating activities by Cruise was $0.8 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
39
Automotive Liquidity Total available liquidity includes cash, cash equivalents, marketable debt securities, and funds available under credit facilities. The amount of available liquidity is subject to seasonal fluctuations and includes balances held by various business units and subsidiaries worldwide that are needed to fund their operations. We have not significantly changed the management of our liquidity, including our allocation of available liquidity, our portfolio composition, and our investment guidelines since December 31, 2025. Refer to Part II, Item 7. MD&A of our 2025 Form 10-K.
In March 2026, we renewed our 364-day, $2.0 billion revolving credit facility allocated for the exclusive use of GM Financial, which now matures on March 22, 2027.
We use credit facilities as a mechanism to provide additional flexibility in managing our global liquidity. Our Automotive borrowing capacity under credit facilities totaled $14.4 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, which consisted primarily of two credit facilities. Total Automotive borrowing capacity under our credit facilities does not include our 364-day, $2.0 billion facility allocated for exclusive use of GM Financial or our $4.5 billion Inventory Banking Facility. We did not have any borrowings against our primary facilities, but had letters of credit outstanding under our sub-facility of $0.4 billion and $0.5 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
If available capacity permits, GM Financial continues to have access to our automotive credit facilities. GM Financial did not have borrowings outstanding against any of these facilities at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. We had intercompany loans from GM Financial of $0.4 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, which primarily consisted of commercial loans to dealers we consolidate. We did not have intercompany loans to GM Financial at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
Several of our loan facilities, including our credit facilities, require compliance with certain financial and operational covenants as well as regular reporting to lenders. We have reviewed our covenants in effect as of September 30, 2026 and determined we are in compliance and expect to remain in compliance in the future.
GM Financial's Board of Directors declared and paid dividends of $1.2 billion on its common stock in the nine months ended September 30, 2026. Future dividends from GM Financial will depend on several factors including business and economic conditions, its financial condition, earnings, liquidity requirements, and leverage ratio.
The following table summarizes our Automotive available liquidity (dollars in billions):
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Automotive cash and cash equivalents | $ | 18.8 | $ | 15.1 | |||||||
| Marketable debt securities | 4.4 | 6.7 | |||||||||
| Automotive cash, cash equivalents, and marketable debt securities | 23.1 | 21.7 | |||||||||
| Available under credit facilities(a) | 14.0 | 13.9 | |||||||||
| Total Automotive available liquidity(b) | $ | 37.1 | $ | 35.7 | |||||||
__________
(a)We had letters of credit outstanding under our sub-facility of $0.4 billion and $0.5 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
(b)Excludes equity securities with a fair value of $0.5 billion and $0.7 billion at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.
The following table summarizes the changes in our Automotive available liquidity (dollars in billions):
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2026 | |||||
| Operating cash flow | $ | 13.7 | |||
| Capital expenditures | (5.8) | ||||
| Shares repurchased and dividends paid | (6.2) | ||||
| Financing lease purchase option | (0.2) | ||||
| Increase in available credit facilities | 0.1 | ||||
| Other non-operating | (0.1) | ||||
| Total change in Automotive available liquidity | $ | 1.5 | |||
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Automotive Cash Flow (dollars in billions)
| Nine Months Ended | Change | ||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| Operating Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 6.0 | $ | 4.7 | $ | 1.3 | |||||||||||
| Depreciation, amortization, and impairment charges | 5.1 | 6.4 | (1.3) | ||||||||||||||
| Pension and OPEB activities | (0.6) | (0.4) | (0.2) | ||||||||||||||
| Working capital | (0.4) | (2.2) | 1.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Accrued and other liabilities and income taxes | 1.8 | 2.1 | (0.3) | ||||||||||||||
| Other(a) | 1.8 | 2.6 | (0.8) | ||||||||||||||
| Net automotive cash provided by (used in) operating activities(b) | $ | 13.7 | $ | 13.1 | $ | 0.5 | |||||||||||
__________
(a)Includes $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion in dividends received from GM Financial in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025; $1.1 billion in dividends received from our nonconsolidated affiliates in the nine months ended September 30, 2025; and changes in other assets and liabilities in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025.
(b)Includes $2.0 billion and $(1.7) billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, which are eliminated within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Amounts eliminated primarily relate to purchases of, and collections on, wholesale finance receivables provided by GM Financial to our dealers and dividends issued by GM Financial to us.
| Nine Months Ended | Change | ||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| Investing Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures | $ | (5.8) | $ | (6.1) | $ | 0.3 | |||||||||||
| Acquisitions and liquidations of marketable securities, net | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Other(a) | 0.2 | (3.4) | 3.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Net automotive cash provided by (used in) investing activities(b) | $ | (3.2) | $ | (8.8) | $ | 5.5 | |||||||||||
__________
(a)Includes $0.2 billion and $0.1 billion loan repayments from Ultium Cells LLC in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025; and $(1.8) billion term loan to Ultium Cells LLC, $(1.0) billion of funding to wind down Cruise robotaxi operations, and $(0.6) billion of GM's investment in nonconsolidated affiliates in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
(b)Includes $(1.0) billion of funding to wind down Cruise robotaxi operations in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which is eliminated within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
| Nine Months Ended | Change | ||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| Financing Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net proceeds (payments) from short-term debt | $ | (0.1) | $ | (1.8) | $ | 1.7 | |||||||||||
| Issuance of senior unsecured notes | — | 2.0 | (2.0) | ||||||||||||||
| Other(a) | (6.7) | (4.1) | (2.6) | ||||||||||||||
| Net automotive cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | (6.8) | $ | (3.9) | $ | (2.8) | |||||||||||
__________
(a)Includes $(5.3) billion and $(1.5) billion for payments to purchase common stock in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025; $(0.5) billion and $(0.4) billion for dividends paid in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025; $(0.4) billion for dividends to noncontrolling interests in the nine months ended September 30, 2026; and $(2.0) billion in payments related to the ASR in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
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Adjusted Automotive Free Cash Flow We measure adjusted automotive free cash flow starting with automotive operating cash flow from operations. We subtract capital expenditures, add the imputed cash effects of third-party payments made on our behalf for inventory banking, and subtract the cash effects when the banked inventory is consumed. The result is then adjusted for management actions, which can include voluntary events such as discretionary contributions to employee benefit plans or nonrecurring specific events such as a closure of a facility that are considered special for EBIT-adjusted purposes. In the nine months ended September 30, 2026, net automotive cash provided by operating activities was $13.7 billion, capital expenditures were $5.8 billion, imputed inventory banking costs were insignificant, and adjustments for management actions were $4.2 billion. In the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net automotive cash provided by operating activities was $13.1 billion, capital expenditures were $6.1 billion, and adjustments for management actions were $0.8 billion.
Status of Credit Ratings We receive ratings from four independent credit rating agencies: DBRS Limited, Fitch Ratings, Moody's Investors Service, and Standard & Poor's. All four credit rating agencies currently rate our corporate credit at investment grade. As of October 14, 2026, all credit ratings remained unchanged since December 31, 2025.
Automotive Financing – GM Financial Liquidity GM Financial's primary sources of cash are finance charge income, leasing income and proceeds from the sale of terminated leased vehicles, net proceeds from credit facilities, securitizations, secured and unsecured borrowings, and collections and recoveries on finance receivables. GM Financial's primary uses of cash are purchases and funding of finance receivables and leased vehicles, repayment or repurchases of secured and unsecured debt, funding credit enhancement requirements in connection with securitizations and secured credit facilities, interest costs, operating expenses, income taxes, and dividend payments. GM Financial continues to monitor and evaluate opportunities to optimize its liquidity position and the mix of its debt between secured and unsecured debt.
The following table summarizes GM Financial's available liquidity (dollars in billions):
| September 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable debt securities | $ | 4.7 | $ | 5.9 | |||||||
| Available capacity under secured credit facilities | 19.1 | 25.9 | |||||||||
| Available under committed unsecured credit facilities | 1.2 | 1.0 | |||||||||
| Available under revolving credit facility, exclusive to GM Financial | 2.0 | 2.0 | |||||||||
| Total GM Financial available liquidity | $ | 27.0 | $ | 34.8 | |||||||
GM Financial's available liquidity varies quarterly based on factors including near-term debt issuances and maturities, as well as changes in its earning assets. At September 30, 2026, GM Financial's available liquidity decreased from December 31, 2025, primarily due to increased utilization of its secured credit facilities and a decrease in cash and cash equivalents. GM Financial generally targets liquidity levels to support at least six months of GM Financial's expected net cash outflows, including new originations, without access to new debt financing transactions or other capital markets activity. At September 30, 2026, available liquidity exceeded GM Financial's liquidity targets.
GM Financial Cash Flow (dollars in billions)
| Nine Months Ended | Change | ||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 4.9 | $ | 6.1 | $ | (1.1) | |||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(a) | $ | (4.2) | $ | (1.6) | $ | (2.6) | |||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(b) | $ | (1.7) | $ | (1.7) | $ | — | |||||||||||
__________
(a)Includes $(0.9) billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 primarily related to purchases of, and collections on, wholesale finance receivables and $3.1 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 primarily related to purchases of, and collections on, wholesale finance receivables, and collection of intercompany loans to Cruise, which are eliminated within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
(b)Includes $(1.2) billion and $(1.1) billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025 for dividends to GM, which are eliminated within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
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| Nine Months Ended | Change | ||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||
| Operating Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 1.4 | $ | 1.6 | $ | (0.2) | |||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 4.1 | 4.0 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Accretion and amortization of loan and leasing fees | (1.1) | (1.2) | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for loan losses | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Other non-cash income | (0.4) | (0.7) | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Changes in assets and liabilities | (0.3) | 1.3 | (1.5) | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | 0.2 | 0.2 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 4.9 | $ | 6.1 | $ | (1.1) | |||||||||||
Credit Facilities In the normal course of business, in addition to using its available cash, GM Financial utilizes borrowings under its credit facilities, which may be secured or unsecured, and GM Financial repays these borrowings as appropriate under its cash management strategy. At September 30, 2026, secured and unsecured credit facilities totaled $28.2 billion and $4.0 billion, with advances outstanding of $9.0 billion and $2.7 billion.
GM Financial did not have any borrowings outstanding against our credit facility designated for their exclusive use or the remainder of our revolving credit facilities at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Refer to the "Automotive Liquidity" section of this MD&A for additional details.
Critical Accounting Estimates The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires the use of estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the periods presented. We believe the accounting estimates employed are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in developing estimates, actual results could differ from the original estimates, requiring adjustments to these balances in future periods. The critical accounting estimates that affect the condensed consolidated financial statements and the judgments and assumptions used are consistent with those described in the MD&A in our 2025 Form 10-K.
Non-GAAP Measures We use both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures for operational and financial decision making, and to assess Company and segment business performance. Our non-GAAP measures include: EBIT-adjusted, presented net of noncontrolling interests; EBT-adjusted for our GM Financial segment; EPS-diluted-adjusted; ETR-adjusted; ROIC-adjusted; and adjusted automotive free cash flow. Our calculation of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential differences between companies in the method of calculation. As a result, the use of these non-GAAP measures has limitations and should not be considered superior to, in isolation from, or as a substitute for, related U.S. GAAP measures.
These non-GAAP measures allow management and investors to view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons, and benchmark performance between periods and among geographic regions to understand operating performance without regard to items we do not consider a component of our core operating performance. Furthermore, these non-GAAP measures allow investors the opportunity to measure and monitor our performance against our externally communicated targets and evaluate the investment decisions being made by management to improve ROIC-adjusted. Management uses these measures in its financial, investment, and operational decision-making processes, for internal reporting, and as part of its forecasting and budgeting processes. Further, our Board of Directors uses certain of these and other measures as key metrics to determine management performance under our performance-based compensation plans. For these reasons, we believe these non-GAAP measures are useful for our investors.
EBIT-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Net income attributable to stockholders) EBIT-adjusted is presented net of noncontrolling interests and is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated operating results because it excludes automotive interest income, automotive interest expense, and income taxes as well as certain additional adjustments that are not considered part of our core operations. Examples of adjustments to EBIT include, but are not limited to, impairment charges on long-lived assets and other exit costs resulting from strategic shifts in our operations or discrete market and business conditions, and certain costs arising from legal matters. For EBIT-adjusted and our other non-GAAP measures, once we have made an adjustment in the current period for an item, we will also adjust the related non-GAAP
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measure in any future periods in which there is an impact from the item. Our corresponding measure for our GM Financial segment is EBT-adjusted because interest income and interest expense are an integral part of its financial performance.
EPS-diluted-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Diluted earnings per common share) EPS-diluted-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated diluted EPS results on a consistent basis. EPS-diluted-adjusted is calculated as net income attributable to common stockholders-diluted less adjustments noted above for EBIT-adjusted and certain income tax adjustments divided by weighted-average common shares outstanding-diluted. Examples of income tax adjustments include the establishment or release of significant deferred tax asset valuation allowances.
ETR-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Effective tax rate) ETR-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review the consolidated effective tax rate for our core operations on a consistent basis. ETR-adjusted is calculated as Income tax expense less the income tax related to the adjustments noted above for EBIT-adjusted and the income tax adjustments noted above for EPS-diluted-adjusted divided by Income before income taxes less adjustments. When we provide an expected adjusted effective tax rate, we cannot provide an expected effective tax rate without unreasonable efforts because the U.S. GAAP measure may include significant adjustments that are difficult to predict.
ROIC-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Return on equity) ROIC-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our investment and capital allocation decisions. We define ROIC-adjusted as EBIT-adjusted for the trailing four quarters divided by ROIC-adjusted average net assets, which is the average equity balances adjusted for average automotive debt and interest liabilities, exclusive of finance leases; average automotive net pension and OPEB liabilities; and average automotive net income tax assets during the same period.
Adjusted automotive free cash flow (Most comparable GAAP measure: Net automotive cash provided by operating activities) Adjusted automotive free cash flow is used by management and can be used by investors to review the liquidity of our automotive operations and to measure and monitor our performance against our capital allocation program and evaluate our automotive liquidity against the substantial cash requirements of our automotive operations. We measure adjusted automotive free cash flow starting with automotive operating cash flow from operations. We subtract capital expenditures, add the imputed cash effects of third-party payments made on our behalf for inventory banking, and subtract the cash effects when the banked inventory is consumed. The result is then adjusted for management actions, which can include voluntary events such as discretionary contributions to employee benefit plans or nonrecurring specific events such as a closure of a facility that are considered special for EBIT-adjusted purposes. Refer to the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of this MD&A for additional information.
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The following table reconciles Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted:
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, | June 30, | March 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | 2026 | 2025 | 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 3,335 | $ | 1,327 | $ | 1,305 | $ | 1,895 | $ | 2,627 | $ | 2,784 | $ | (3,310) | $ | (2,961) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense (benefit) | 565 | 127 | 214 | 481 | 642 | 719 | (989) | 318 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest expense | 162 | 209 | 151 | 198 | 158 | 152 | 167 | 215 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive interest income | (195) | (220) | (183) | (200) | (173) | (191) | (242) | (279) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EV strategic realignment(a) | 238 | 1,592 | 2,279 | 330 | 1,077 | — | 5,992 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China restructuring actions(b) | — | — | 177 | 140 | (78) | — | 702 | 4,010 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Legal matters(c) | — | 300 | — | — | — | — | 357 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring and other strategic actions(d) | — | 41 | — | 193 | — | 26 | 166 | 1,207 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total adjustments | 238 | 1,933 | 2,456 | 663 | 999 | 26 | 7,217 | 5,217 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted | $ | 4,106 | $ | 3,376 | $ | 3,943 | $ | 3,037 | $ | 4,253 | $ | 3,490 | $ | 2,843 | $ | 2,509 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to our strategic realignment of our EV capacity and manufacturing footprint, including Ultium's strategic realignment.
(b)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to restructuring activities associated with our operations in China, including an other-than-temporary impairment and restructuring charges recorded in equity earnings associated with our Automotive China JVs.
(c)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to investigations and litigation associated with our former OnStar Smart Driver product and an indemnification charge for a European-wide Takata related recall.
(d)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to restructuring and strategic actions associated with employee separations, autonomous and assisted driving, manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador, Buick’s EV strategy, and the GM headquarters relocation.
The following table reconciles diluted earnings per common share to EPS-diluted-adjusted:
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amount | Per Share | Amount | Per Share | Amount | Per Share | Amount | Per Share | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 3,305 | $ | 3.73 | $ | 1,297 | $ | 1.35 | $ | 7,206 | $ | 7.94 | $ | 6,510 | $ | 6.64 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments(a) | 238 | 0.27 | 1,933 | 2.01 | 3,693 | 4.07 | 2,622 | 2.67 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax effect on adjustments(b) | (57) | (0.06) | (536) | (0.56) | (736) | (0.81) | (606) | (0.62) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax adjustments(c) | (208) | (0.23) | — | — | (208) | (0.23) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return from preferred shareholders(d) | — | — | — | — | — | — | (593) | (0.60) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EPS-diluted-adjusted | $ | 3,278 | $ | 3.70 | $ | 2,694 | $ | 2.80 | $ | 9,955 | $ | 10.97 | $ | 7,933 | $ | 8.09 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A for adjustment details.
(b)The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction to which the adjustment relates.
(c)These adjustments consist of tax benefits from a change to a subsidiary's legal entity tax classification.
(d)This adjustment consists of a return from the preferred shareholders related to the redemption of Cruise preferred shares from noncontrolling interest holders in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
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The following table reconciles our effective tax rate to ETR-adjusted:
| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | Income tax expense (benefit) | Effective tax rate | Income before income taxes | Income tax expense (benefit) | Effective tax rate | Income before income taxes | Income tax expense (benefit) | Effective tax rate | Income before income taxes | Income tax expense (benefit) | Effective tax rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effective tax rate | $ | 3,943 | $ | 565 | 14.3 | % | $ | 1,419 | $ | 127 | 8.9 | % | $ | 8,858 | $ | 1,422 | 16.1 | % | $ | 7,366 | $ | 1,326 | 18.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments(a) | 238 | 57 | 1,933 | 536 | 3,693 | 736 | 2,622 | 606 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax adjustments(b) | — | 208 | — | — | — | 208 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ETR-adjusted | $ | 4,181 | $ | 830 | 19.9 | % | $ | 3,352 | $ | 663 | 19.8 | % | $ | 12,551 | $ | 2,366 | 18.9 | % | $ | 9,988 | $ | 1,932 | 19.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A for adjustment details. These adjustments include Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests where applicable. The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction to which the adjustment relates.
(b)Refer to the reconciliation of diluted earnings (loss) per common share to EPS-diluted adjusted within this section of MD&A for adjustment details.
We define return on equity (ROE) as Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders for the trailing four quarters divided by average equity for the same period. Management uses average equity to provide comparable amounts in the calculation of ROE. The following table summarizes the calculation of ROE (dollars in billions):
| Four Quarters Ended | ||||||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | |||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to stockholders | $ | 4.0 | $ | 3.0 | ||||||||||
| Average equity(a) | $ | 62.1 | $ | 65.2 | ||||||||||
| ROE | 6.4 | % | 4.7 | % | ||||||||||
__________
(a)Includes equity of noncontrolling interests where the corresponding earnings (loss) are included in Net income attributable to stockholders.
The following table summarizes the calculation of ROIC-adjusted (dollars in billions):
| Four Quarters Ended | |||||||||||
| September 30, 2026 | September 30, 2025 | ||||||||||
| EBIT-adjusted(a) | $ | 15.1 | $ | 12.4 | |||||||
| Average equity(b) | $ | 62.1 | $ | 65.2 | |||||||
| Add: Average automotive debt and interest liabilities (excluding finance leases) | 15.9 | 16.1 | |||||||||
| Add: Average automotive net pension and OPEB liability | 7.6 | 8.7 | |||||||||
| Less: Average automotive net income tax asset | (24.5) | (22.9) | |||||||||
| ROIC-adjusted average net assets | $ | 61.1 | $ | 67.1 | |||||||
| ROIC-adjusted | 24.8 | % | 18.5 | % | |||||||
__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted within this section of MD&A.
(b)Includes equity of noncontrolling interests where the corresponding earnings (loss) are included in EBIT-adjusted.
Forward-Looking Statements This report and the other reports filed by us with the SEC from time to time, as well as statements incorporated by reference herein and related comments by our management, may include "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the U.S. federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements are any statements other than statements of historical fact. Forward-looking statements represent our current judgment about possible future events and are often identified by words like “aim,” “anticipate,” “appears,” “approximately,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “designed,” “effect,” “estimate,” “evaluate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “initiative,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “outlook,” “plan,” “potential,” “priorities,” “project,” “pursue,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “when,” “will,” “would,” or the negative of any of those words or similar expressions. In making these statements, we rely on assumptions and analysis based on our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, and expected future developments as well as other factors we consider appropriate under the circumstances. We believe these judgments are reasonable, but these statements are not guarantees of any
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future events or financial results, and our actual results may differ materially due to a variety of important factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors, which may be revised or supplemented in subsequent reports we file with the SEC, include, among others, the following: (1) our ability to deliver new products, services, technologies, and customer experiences in response to increased competition and changing consumer needs and preferences; (2) our ability to attract and retain talented and highly skilled employees; (3) our ability to timely fund and introduce new and improved vehicle models, that are able to attract a sufficient number of consumers; (4) our ability to profitably deliver a strategic portfolio of EVs; (5) adoption of EVs by consumers; (6) the success of our current line of ICE vehicles, particularly our full-size ICE SUVs and full-size ICE pickup trucks; (7) our highly competitive industry, which has been historically characterized by excess manufacturing capacity and the use of incentives, and the introduction of new and improved vehicle models by our competitors; (8) the unique technological, operational, regulatory, and competitive risks related to our refocused AV strategy on personal vehicles; (9) risks associated with climate change, including evolving regulation of GHG emissions, changing consumer preferences and demand, and the potential increased impacts of severe weather events; (10) global automobile market sales volume, which can be volatile; (11) inflationary pressures and persistently high prices and uncertain availability of commodities, raw materials, and other inputs used by us and our suppliers, and instability in logistics and related costs; (12) our business in China, which is subject to unique operational, competitive, regulatory, and economic risks; (13) the success of our ongoing strategic business relationships, particularly with respect to facilitating access to raw materials necessary for the production of EVs, and of our joint ventures, which we cannot operate solely for our benefit and over which we may have limited control; (14) the international scale and footprint of our operations, which expose us to a variety of unique political, economic, competitive, and regulatory risks, including the risk of changes in government leadership and laws (including labor, trade, tax, and other laws), political uncertainty or instability and economic tensions between governments and changes in international trade policies, new barriers to entry and changes to or withdrawals from free trade agreements, introduction of new tariffs or changes to announced tariffs directly and indirectly applicable to our industry, changes in foreign exchange rates and interest rates, economic downturns in the countries in which we operate, differing local product preferences and product requirements, changes to and compliance with U.S. and foreign countries' export controls and economic sanctions, differing labor regulations, requirements, and union relationships, differing dealer and franchise regulations and relationships, difficulties in obtaining financing in foreign countries, and public health crises, including the occurrence of a contagious disease or illness; (15) any significant disruption, including any work stoppages, at any of our manufacturing facilities; (16) the ability of our suppliers to deliver parts, systems, components, and raw materials without disruption and at such times to allow us to meet production schedules; (17) pandemics, epidemics, disease outbreaks, and other public health crises; (18) the possibility that competitors may independently develop products and services similar to ours, or that our intellectual property rights are not sufficient to prevent competitors from developing or selling those products or services; (19) our ability to manage risks related to security breaches, cyberattacks, and other disruptions to our information technology systems and networked products, including connected vehicles; (20) our ability to manage security breaches and other disruptions to our in-vehicle systems; (21) our ability to comply with increasingly complex, restrictive, and punitive regulations relating to our enterprise data practices, including the collection, use, sharing, and security of the personal information of our customers, employees, or suppliers; (22) our ability to comply with extensive laws, regulations, and policies applicable to our industry, operations, and products, including those in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act and/or relating to fuel economy, emissions, and AVs; (23) costs and risks associated with litigation, governmental investigations, and other proceedings; (24) the costs and effect on our reputation of product safety recalls and alleged defects in products and services; (25) any additional tax expense or exposure or failure to fully realize available tax incentives; (26) our continued ability to develop captive financing capability through GM Financial; (27) any significant increase in our pension funding requirements; and (28) uncertainties regarding the IEEPA tariff refunds, including the timing and extent of these refunds. A further discussion of these risks, uncertainties, and other factors can be found in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2025 Form 10-K and our subsequent filings with the SEC.
We caution readers not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or other factors, except where we are expressly required to do so by law.
* * * * * * *
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no significant changes in our exposure to market risk since December 31, 2025. For further discussion on market risk, refer to Part II, Item 7A. of our 2025 Form 10-K.
* * * * * * *
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the specified time periods and accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2026 as required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15. Based on this evaluation, at a reasonable assurance level, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2026.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting We initiated actions to enhance our close, consolidation, planning, and reporting processes through a phased implementation of new systems and system architectures. In the three months ended September 30, 2026, we updated our close, consolidation, and financial reporting systems, processes, and related internal controls, inclusive of the discussion of our operating results in MD&A.
There have not been any other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2026 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
* * * * * * *
48
PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
SEC regulations require us to disclose certain information about environmental proceedings if a governmental authority is a party to such proceedings and such proceedings involve potential monetary sanctions that we reasonably believe will exceed a stated threshold. Pursuant to the SEC regulations, the Company will use a threshold of $1 million for purposes of determining whether disclosure of any such proceedings is required.
The discussion under Note 13 to our condensed consolidated financial statements is incorporated by reference into this Part II, Item 1.
* * * * * * *
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We face a number of significant risks and uncertainties in connection with our operations. Our business and the results of our operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected by these risk factors. There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors disclosed in our 2025 Form 10-K, other than as set forth in Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2026.
* * * * * * *
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Purchases of Equity Securities The following table summarizes our purchases of common stock in the three months ended September 30, 2026:
| Total Number of Shares Purchased(a) | Weighted-Average Price Paid per Share(b) | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs | ||||||||||||||||||||
| July 1, 2026 through July 31, 2026 | 2,446,720 | $ | 86.46 | 2,287,166 | $3.3 billion | ||||||||||||||||||
| August 1, 2026 through August 31, 2026 | 8,264,403 | $ | 86.90 | 8,258,280 | $2.6 billion | ||||||||||||||||||
| September 1, 2026 through September 30, 2026 | 18,753,811 | $ | 84.52 | 18,753,811 | $1.0 billion | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 29,464,934 | $ | 85.35 | 29,299,257 | |||||||||||||||||||
__________
(a)Shares purchased include shares delivered by employees or directors to us for the payment of taxes resulting from the issuance of common stock upon the vesting of RSUs relating to compensation plans. Refer to our 2025 Form 10-K for additional details on employee stock incentive plans.
(b)The weighted-average price paid per share excludes broker commissions.
* * * * * * *
Item 5. Other Information
During the three months ended September 30, 2026, the following directors or officers of the Company adopted a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K: (1) on August 5, 2026 , Rory V. Harvey , Executive Vice President and President, Global Markets , adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c) to sell up to 16,513 shares of GM common stock between November 4, 2026 and February 28, 2027 , subject to certain conditions; and (2) on August 19, 2026 , Paul A. Jacobson , Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer , adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c) to sell up to 150,000 shares of GM common stock between November 18, 2026 and February 5, 2027 , subject to certain conditions.
* * * * * * *
49
Item 6. Exhibits
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Name | |||||||||||||
| 3.1 | Incorporated by Reference | |||||||||||||
| 3.2 | Incorporated by Reference | |||||||||||||
| 10.1* | Incorporated by Reference | |||||||||||||
| 31.1 | Filed Herewith | |||||||||||||
| 31.2 | Filed Herewith | |||||||||||||
| 32 | Furnished with this Report | |||||||||||||
| 101 | The following financial information from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2026, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (Inline XBRL) includes: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Income Statements, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity, and (vi) Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Filed Herewith | ||||||||||||
| 104 | The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2026, formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101 | Filed Herewith | ||||||||||||
__________
* Schedules and similar attachments have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish a supplemental copy of any omitted schedule or attachment to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
* * * * * * *
50
SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY (Registrant) | |||||||||||||||||
| By: | /s/ CHRISTOPHER T. HATTO | ||||||||||||||||
| Christopher T. Hatto, Vice President, Global Business Solutions and Chief Accounting Officer | |||||||||||||||||
| Date: | October 20, 2026 | ||||||||||||||||
51
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION
I, Mary T. Barra, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of General Motors Company;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the Audit Committee of the registrant's Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.
| /s/ MARY T. BARRA | |||||||||||
| Mary T. Barra Chair and Chief Executive Officer | |||||||||||
| Date: | October 20, 2026 | ||||||||||
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION
I, Paul A. Jacobson, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of General Motors Company;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the Audit Committee of the registrant's Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.
| /s/ PAUL A. JACOBSON | |||||||||||
| Paul A. Jacobson Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | |||||||||||
| Date: | October 20, 2026 | ||||||||||
GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
Exhibit 32
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of General Motors Company (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2026 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of the undersigned officers of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of such officer's knowledge:
1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
| /s/ MARY T. BARRA | |||||||||||
| Mary T. Barra Chair and Chief Executive Officer | |||||||||||
| /s/ PAUL A. JACOBSON | |||||||||||
| Paul A. Jacobson Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | |||||||||||
| Date: | October 20, 2026 | ||||||||||