Good day, and thank you for standing by, and welcome to Interactive Brokers Group First Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speakers' presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Nancy Stuebe, Director of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us for our first quarter 2024 earnings call. Joining us today are Thomas Peterffy, our Founder and Chairman; Milan Galik, our President and CEO; and Paul Brody, our CFO. I will be presenting Milan's comments on the business, and all three will be available at our Q&A. As a reminder, today's call may include forward-looking statements, which represent the company's belief regarding future events, which by their nature are not certain and are outside of the company's control. Our actual results and financial condition may differ, possibly materially, from what is indicated in these forward-looking statements. We ask that you refer to the disclaimers in our press release. You should also review a description of risk factors contained in our financial reports filed with the SEC. This quarter, many of the same trends we saw in 2023 continued to play out. With market indexes on the rise worldwide and the popularity of investing growing, we see global interest from investors who increasingly want broad portfolios with some invested in securities in their home markets, but a more significant portion invested overseas, particularly in U.S. securities. Product-wise, industry options contract volumes, both individual securities and zero-day-to-expiration contracts, were up as the popularity continued. Since the pandemic, average daily volume in OCC options has more than doubled from about 20 million contracts a day in 2019 to 40 million in 2022 and now a record 47.5 million in the first quarter. CME futures volumes, though down slightly from last year when investors were trading actively in the direction of interest rates, are up versus last quarter and meaningfully above pre-pandemic levels. And on the equities front, nearly every stock market around the world was up this quarter, with the exception of Hong Kong and China. This is a similar pattern to what we saw in 2023. The popularity of the Magnificent Seven technology names continues, which has meant that many investors hold on to their positions and are distinctly not looking to make any changes like selling them and buying new names. The Magnificent Seven are not gripping the index quite as firmly as last year when they represented 75% of the S&P 500's first quarter performance versus 43% in this quarter, but their stock price strength means investors have not needed to look elsewhere for gains. And as happened in 2023, industry equities volumes are down again as a result. What all of the above has meant for our business starts with strong account growth as we add more investors to our platform, both institutional and individual. In the first quarter, we added 184,000 new accounts, second only to the meme stock days of the first quarter 2021. We added in this one quarter twice the number of accounts we added in all of 2019. New accounts meant more cash in those accounts, which helped raise our client credit balances to a record $104.9 billion. Our client equity was up 36% to $466 billion, meaning we are approaching $0.5 trillion of client assets. Volume-wise, we saw strong contract volumes in options, up 24% in the quarter and significantly ahead of the industry, and slightly weaker volumes in futures and equities, similar to the industry. However, rising equity markets have led clients to feel more comfortable with taking on risk, so they took on more assertive positions, which increased our exposure fee revenue, and took on more leverage to bolster their positions, increasing our margin loans, which exceeded $50 billion for the first time since 2021, and our margin interest income. This translated to strong financial results. Commission revenue was second only to the meme stock spike of the first quarter of 2021 and net interest income reached a record as did total revenues. We always focus on our expenses, meaning our pre-tax income also reached a record and our pre-tax profit margin remained at an industry leading 72%. In recognition of this and as a sign of our confidence in our business model and growth potential, we revisited the amount of dividend we pay and decided to increase it to $0.25 a quarter. We recognized that the dividend was unchanged since we initiated it at $0.10 in 2011, a time when we had 170,000 accounts, quarterly earnings of $222 million and capital of $4.4 billion. Today, we enjoy a strong capital position, which will allow us to be opportunistic in the M&A space should the right opportunity arise, but we would like to acknowledge our shareholders by returning some capital to them. In terms of how the business looked on the client front, our accounts and client equity grew fastest in Europe and Asia, similar to what I mentioned earlier, growing numbers of investors worldwide wanting access to international and particularly U.S. markets. Individuals saw the fastest account growth among our five client segments, with introducing brokers and proprietary traders close behind. On the client equity side, financial advisors grew the fastest, followed by individuals and introducing brokers. Proprietary traders had the fastest commission growth, while net interest growth was led by introducing brokers, followed by hedge funds and individuals. Speaking of introducing brokers, our pipeline of potential clients remains healthy. There are several of these opportunities, about a couple dozen of them, at various stages. Some are in the testing stage. Others have started onboarding so-called friends and family accounts where they test the waters and make sure that everything is working, while others are in the prospect stage to figure out what the optimal way for them to interface with us is. This can take time since we offer a variety of ways for an introducing broker to come onto our platform. On the one hand, it can be as simple as a broker white-labeling our services, in which case the startup is very quick. On the other, it can be quite complex for introducing brokers who want to have their own client-facing user interfaces, so they take longer to integrate with us. In terms of new product introductions, we had a busy quarter. We are pleased to introduce our High Touch Prime Brokerage service, which we announced last week. Hedge funds in our High Touch program will have a dedicated relationship manager and direct access to subject matter experts as well as to an in-person Global Outsourced Trading Desk available 24/5. We consider the mission of the High Touch service to be 'find a way to yes' for our clients' requests. For those hedge funds listening, I'm sure there’s a piece of your portfolio you could consider allocating to us. Regarding our platforms, we introduced IBKR Desktop, a streamlined, simpler-to-use, next-generation desktop trading application for Windows and Mac. IBKR Desktop is now sufficiently resource-rich, stable and available to our clients. We've added MultiSort Screeners, Option Analysis and other enhancements to name a few. For our flagship Trader Workstation, we added a multi-stock tax loss harvesting tool. And for IBKR Mobile, we engineered information architecture and navigation from the ground up. Our registered investment advisor clients got a host of new tools this quarter, including an improved Message Center, a reworked Advisor Portal menu with new features for managing contacts, accounts, and portfolios, and ways for the platform to assist with filing their Form ADVs. Automating substantial parts of the brokerage business for client success is the heart of what we do. There is much we are looking forward to and much work to be done, as there always is and as every software developer will tell you. We are as busy as we've ever been and continue to see global demand for access to all markets. This trend and our ability to serve it with a much lower cost structure and a much broader product and toolset is what sets us apart and we'll continue to do so in the years ahead. With that, I will turn the call over to Paul Brody. Paul?

Thank you, Nancy. Good afternoon, everyone. I will review the first quarter results and then, of course, we'll open it up for questions. Starting with our revenue items on Page 3 of the release, we're pleased with our financial results this quarter as we again produced record net revenues and pre-tax income. Commissions rose versus last year's first quarter, reaching $379 million. This quarter, we saw higher trading volumes from our growing base of active customers, particularly in options, which set a new quarterly volume record. Net interest income also reached a quarterly record of $747 million, reflecting a risk-on environment in the quarter versus last year that led to more margin borrowing as well as higher yields on our margin loans and segregated cash portfolio. These are partially offset by the higher interest paid to our customers on their cash balances. Interactive Brokers passes through to them all rate hikes above the first 50 basis points on their qualified funds, which makes us attractive compared to other brokers and banks and competitive with money market funds. Other fees and services generated $59 million, up 37% from the prior year, driven by the risk-on positioning of customers in the quarter. As we report in the financial highlights on Page 1 of our earnings release, the primary factor was an increase in risk exposure fees with a contribution from FDIC sweep fees as well. Other income includes gains and losses on our investments, our currency diversification strategy and principal transactions. Note that many of these non-core items are excluded in our adjusted earnings. Without these excluded items, other income was $31 million for the quarter. Turning to expenses, execution, clearing and distribution costs were $101 million in the quarter, up 6% over the year-ago quarter on higher volumes in options, which carry higher fees. As a percent of commission revenues, execution and clearing costs were 21% in the first quarter for a gross transactional profit margin of 79%. We calculate this by excluding from execution, clearing and distribution $21 million of non-transaction based costs, predominantly market data, which do not have a direct commission revenue component. Compensation and benefits expense was $145 million for the quarter, for a ratio of compensation expense to adjusted net revenues of 12%, down slightly from last year's quarter. We remain focused on expense discipline as reflected in our slowing the staff increase to 3% over the prior year. Our headcount at March 31 was 2,956. G&A expenses were $50 million, up from the year-ago quarter on higher advertising and legal expenses. Our pre-tax margin was 72% for the quarter. Income taxes of $71 million reflects the sum of the public company's $36 million and the operating company's $35 million. The public company's adjusted effective tax rate was 17.2%, within its usual range and similar to the prior year. Moving to our balance sheet on Page 5 of the release, the consistent strength of our business and our healthy balance sheet supports our raising the dividend from $0.40 per year to $1, returning capital to shareholders while still maintaining an ample capital base for the current business and future opportunities. Our total assets ended the quarter 11% higher at $132 billion with growth driven by margin lending to both new and existing customers. We continue to have no long-term debt. We maintain a balance sheet geared towards supporting growth in our existing business and helping us win new business by demonstrating our strength to prospective clients and partners. In our operating data, on Pages 6 and 7, our contract volumes in options for all customers rose 24% over the prior-year quarter, well above industry growth. Futures contract volumes and stock share volumes declined as they did across the industry. The decrease in stock share volume occurred in tandem with clients gravitating to larger, higher quality names with lower trading and pink sheet and other very low-priced stocks. In fact, despite the decline in share volume, the total notional value of brokerage shares traded was up in many markets, particularly in the U.S. On Page 7, you can see that total customer DARTs were 2.4 million trades per day, up 14% from the prior year, and especially strong in options followed by stocks and foreign exchange. Commission per cleared commissionable order of $2.93 was down from last year due to a mix of smaller average order sizes in stocks and options and larger in futures. Stocks and options contributed higher overall volumes but smaller average order sizes, while futures contributed lower volume with larger average order size. Page 8 shows our net interest margin numbers. Total GAAP net interest income was $747 million for the quarter, up 17%, while our NIM net interest income was $762 million, or $15 million higher. In the NIM computation, we include some income that for GAAP purposes is classified as other fees or other income, but we believe it's more appropriately considered interest. Our net interest income reflects strength in margin loan and segregated cash interest, partially offset by higher interest expense on customer cash balances. Most central banks around the world, including the Federal Reserve, held interest rates steady this quarter. Exceptions included a rate rise in Japan from negative 10 basis points to zero to positive 10 basis points, and a 25 basis point rate cut in the Swiss franc benchmark. Reflecting the rise in benchmark rates over the year, our segregated cash interest income rose 26% on a 2% increase in average balances, while margin loan interest rose by 42% on a 19% increase in average balances. The average duration of our portfolio remained at less than 30 days. With the U.S. dollar yield curve continuing to be inverted, we have been maximizing what we earn by focusing on higher short-term yields rather than accept the significantly lower yields of longer maturities. This strategy allows us to maintain a relatively tight maturity match between our assets and liabilities. Securities lending net interest has not been as strong as in prior quarters for three main reasons. First, throughout the industry, overall demand for shorting stocks has fallen. An extremely strong stock market, up in the U.S. nearly 30% in the past year and 10% in the first quarter alone means fewer people are looking to put on shorts when the overall market trend is so soundly upward. Second, there are fewer hard-to-borrow names industry-wide, not only because the overall market is rising sharply, but also due to weakness in some of the drivers relevant to securities lending, including significantly fewer IPOs, low market volatility, and less merger and acquisition activity. Finally, as noted on previous calls, higher average interest rates versus prior-year periods means more of what we earn from securities lending is classified as interest on segregated cash. To more accurately compare our securities lending revenue with last year, we estimate that if the additional interest earned on cash collateral were reported under securities borrowed and loaned, it would have been $12 million higher or $38 million. Interest on customer credit balances, the interest we pay to our customers on the cash in their account, rose on both higher rates in nearly all currencies and higher balances from new account growth. As we have noted many times in the past, the high interest rates we pay on customer cash, currently 4.83% on qualified U.S. dollar balances, is a significant driver of new customers. Fully rate-sensitive customer balances were about $18.5 billion this quarter versus $17.2 billion in the year-ago quarter, and firm equity, most of which consists of interest-earning assets, increased 20% over the prior year. Now, for our estimates of the impact of changes in rates. Given market expectations of rate cuts sometime in 2024, we estimate the effect of a 25 basis point decrease in the benchmark Fed funds rate to be a $58 million reduction in annual net interest income. Note that our starting point for this estimate is March 31, with the Fed fund's effective rate at 5.33% and balances as of that date. Any growth in our balance sheet and interest-earning assets would reduce this impact. About 25% of our customer cash balances is not in U.S. dollars, so estimates of a U.S. rate change exclude those currencies. We estimate the effective decreases in all of the relevant non-USD benchmark rates would reduce annual net interest income by $18 million for each 25 basis point decrease in those benchmarks. At a high level, a full 1% decrease in all the benchmark rates would decrease our annual net interest income by about $304 million. This takes into account rate-sensitive customer balances and firm equity. In conclusion, we started the year with another financially strong quarter in net revenues and pre-tax margin, reflecting our continued ability to grow our customer base and deliver on our core value proposition to customers while scaling the business. We raised our dividend in recognition of our financial strength. Our business strategy continues to be effective, automating as much of the brokerage business as possible and expanding what we offer while minimizing what we charge. With that, I'll turn it over to the moderator, and we'll open up the line for questions.

Thank you. One moment for our first question. And our first question comes from Craig Siegenthaler from Bank of America. Your line is now open.

Thanks. Good evening, everyone. I wanted to start with capital management with the dividend hike. The dividend payout is still just 15% of profits and you have upwards of $15 billion of equity capital and this is growing each quarter. So, what should our read-through be on the increase? Should we expect additional increases as profits grow each year? And is this somewhat related to a lack of M&A opportunities following the two deals that broke down that you highlighted on the fourth-quarter call in January?

Thanks for the question. So, of the $15 billion equity, what you have to take into consideration is that a lot of that capital is needed to run the business. So, what remains as usable for M&A is significantly smaller. Now for the dividend, we are happy with the number that we came up with. It's approximately a 15% payout ratio of the earnings and we believe that this amount of dividend is sustainable, yet it allows us to continue to build the capital that we enjoy to have for the potential M&A opportunities.

Thanks, Milan. And just as my follow-up, I wanted to get your perspective on the improving retail engagement backdrop. And we're seeing this at company and other companies across multiple metrics, margin loan growth, activity rates and trading, organic growth with the account growth deceleration. So, I'm just wondering how much upside do you expect from the individual investor business if markets continue to recover here. And we assume 2021 is not repeatable again, but 2024 was likely a floor. So, any reference points or color on that would be helpful.

It's very hard for me to speculate as to how it's going to continue. What we see is increasing engagement of what you would call retail traders in the options markets. They become more comfortable with the options. They recognize how flexible a financial instrument an option is. You can use it to trade on leverage, you can use it to generate income, you can use it to speculate. And as Paul had mentioned a little earlier, we have seen significant growth in the options volume. So that, I think, is going to continue, and the public will get more and more comfortable with the financial instrument. As to are we going to see the same levels of volume and account growth as we've seen at the beginning of the pandemic? Probably not. If you remember, that was a very different world. For a few months, the markets dropped very significantly. There was a lot of volatility in the market. Everybody was closed at home. There was not that much to do other than watching Netflix shows and opening brokerage accounts and starting trading, which was then followed by the meme stock mania. So, I do not expect something like this to happen anytime soon.

Thank you, Milan.

And thank you. And one moment for our next question. And our next question comes from Benjamin Budish from Barclays. Your line is now open.

Hi. Good evening, and thanks for taking the question. Maybe one for Paul. You mentioned in your prepared remarks that you were sort of leaning into the shorter end of the curve, given the inversion in the yield curve. I just wanted to check that sounds pretty consistent with your previously communicated approach to risk management. But is there anything to read there, like if the yield curve were to invert and maybe given the knowledge you have of your customer base or the behavior you've observed, does that suggest that at some point in the future, you might be comfortable sort of extending the duration? Or should we assume maybe a more consistent, very, very low-risk management approach to the balance sheet?

I'm responsible for the investment of these funds. As long as the yield curve remains inverted, we will maintain our current profile. When that changes, we will consider extending our maturity based on the circumstances.

Thank you for your question. I understand there’s a lot of focus on mergers and acquisitions. If nothing were to happen in that regard, would you consider increasing the dividend in the future, or are you more optimistic about M&A opportunities? I’m curious about how you see the potential scenarios playing out. It seems that the $0.25 dividend is more stable rather than tied to a 15% payout ratio, but I'm wondering if that might change at some point down the line. Thank you.

So, if you look, it took us a number of years to raise the dividend from $0.10 to $0.25. So, I'm not saying that it's going to take us another decade to do the same, but we will remain nimble. Capital situation is very important to us. The fortress balance sheet is something that we really enjoy. We believe that it attracts the institutional clients. They see a healthy company, despite that, we do not have a 150-year-long history like some of our big competitors in the hedge fund space, we believe that this rock-solid capital position is attractive to the investors and clients. So, we would like to maintain it. So, this $1 per year dividend, I think strikes a good balance. So for now, I think this is it.

All right. I appreciate that very much. Thank you so much.

And thank you. And one moment for our next question. And our next question comes from James Yaro from Goldman Sachs. Your line is now open.

Good afternoon, and thanks for taking my question. My first one is on account growth. Accounts grew 25% year-on-year in the first quarter. And I found the comments on the fact that you're working with a number of introducing brokers to potentially add the platform over time quite interesting. In light of this, maybe you could just comment on how sustainable you view this recent account growth. And maybe if not, could you just break down what customer types or geographies are driving the stronger growth versus a few quarters ago?

The strongest segment in terms of number of new accounts was the individual accounts, just like it happened in the last quarter of last year. After that, it was the introducing brokers. Now introducing brokers are a very important segment because they help us attract accounts in their local jurisdictions that may be less sophisticated accounts than the ones that come to us directly. We think this is very sustainable. We continue to add tools to our platform. We have a pipeline of introducing brokers that has around two dozen to three dozen different companies integrating with us as we speak. We have been talking about the two larger introducing brokers for a while, so we have already announced that the first one of them has been with us and is happily trading. And the second one has finally started operations. They are starting slowly with one single geographical location in the Middle East. They have opened a few dozen accounts so far. They are in the so-called friends and family mode, but they're going to be ramping it up. And what we are hoping to do with this global bank, one of the top 10 global banks out there, what we're hoping to do is we are hoping to integrate with them fast going forward, so the new countries can be added. Now, what I have to do here is manage your expectations somewhat. We are dealing with a wealth management branch of a multinational bank that is basically starting a new business of attracting self-traders. So, we are not talking about migrating a large number of accounts, but what we are hoping for is a healthy new business for this global bank that is going to be then gradually onboarding new accounts to us.

Okay. That's very clear. Maybe just on securities lending, activity there continues to be somewhat subdued across the industry as well as for you. Maybe just your views on what gets this part of the business going.

Paul, would you like to take this one?

Yeah, sure. So, as usual, there's a baseline that grows as our customer base grows. Having said that, that baseline on the short side has been retreating over the last quite a number of months now across the industry, less interest in shorting stocks. So, that's on the one side. And then on the other, really, where we do quite well in lending stocks that are in great demand, the shorts drive that as well because we can only lend it to other people who are going short, so that tends to go down. And we've built great tools for recognizing what the rate should be and taking advantage of them to the best we can. But there are only so many opportunities out there in the market and there really haven't been any extremely hot stocks, if you will, very high, hard-to-borrow rate stocks, and that drives the business as well. So, those will come and go. And when they show up, we have the tools to make the most of it.

That makes a lot of sense. Thanks a lot.

And thank you. And one moment for our next question. And our next question comes from Dan Fannon from Jefferies LLC. Your line is now open.

Thanks. I was wondering how many introducing brokers were added to the platform this quarter. Also, could you provide details about the two to three dozen you mentioned? You noted some large global banks, so perhaps you could share the average size as we consider the current opportunities in the pipeline?

So, the two or three dozen are integrations, in general. They may be large financial advisers who have decided to interface with us electronically or they could be introducing brokers. The sizes vary. We typically get introducing brokers that are just starting off. And from time to time, we get an introducing broker that decided to change the prime brokers. In Asia, we have just gotten online a couple of virtual banks. We have finished the integration of the large global bank that I mentioned a few minutes ago. We have a SEC registered advisor that integrated with us and went online. And then, we have many in the funnel at various stages. Some of them are still trying to figure out what the best way for them to integrate with us is, while others are busy integrating and then the third group is already doing some test rates.

Just for more clarity, if I may add, many of these brokers open omnibus accounts, so it doesn't necessarily show up as a large number of new accounts because an omnibus broker basically gives us one account, while he may have hundreds or thousands or tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands accounts on his end. But we obviously get all the trading volume.

Understood. As a follow-up, I'd like to ask another question regarding capital. You mentioned having excess capital. We recognize that there is regulatory capital and a buffer that you want to maintain for a strong balance sheet. Could you clarify what constitutes excess capital as we consider potential uses for it, such as dividends and mergers and acquisitions, as well as opportunities for inorganic growth or returning capital?

So, I would say around $6 billion of the capital is the excess that is not necessary to run the business. So, that gives you some idea of what the number is. Now, are we trying to go out there and spend it fast like a drunken sailor? Of course not. But we are carefully looking at the opportunities that come our way. And to tell you the truth, we find it difficult. The rule of thumb is that more than 70% of the acquisitions out there do not deliver the promised value. We do not have a lot of experience in the M&A space, so we are extra diligent. And although we were very close to do two very large acquisitions, in the end, we were not able to agree on a price. So, this trend can continue, but I am hopeful that we will be able to do an acquisition and speed up the organic growth of accounts.

Thank you.

And thank you. And one moment for our next question. And our next question comes from Patrick Moley from Piper Sandler. Your line is now open.

Yes, good evening. Thanks for taking the question. Thomas, I just caught your interview on CNBC before the call here. It sounded like you didn't think margin loans could really go much higher from here. It sounded like I think you said historically maybe the jump that we've seen recently might be an indication that balances are a little bit overextended. So, just hoping you could maybe just provide some more color there, how we should think about margin loan growth trajectory in the short term and whether those comments were any sort of indication that of what you'd seen in April?

Let me put it this way. I hope that they're not going much higher because I'm a nervous nelly. When margin loans shoot up, that always is followed by a quick collapse in the market. And that's my almost 50-year experience.

Okay. All right. No, that's helpful. And then, I guess just as a follow-up, you recently unveiled the IBKR Desktop offering. I was hoping you could talk just about what you think that platform offers and what it can mean for account growth going forward?

I can provide some background first. We created the broker to appeal to professional traders with sophisticated accounts. Over the past 20 years, we've rapidly enhanced our original desktop trading workstation. As a result, we now have a robust platform with extensive features suitable for various professional traders. We made this platform accessible to everyone because our systems can scale well, and we're happy to accommodate accounts of any size. However, we've realized that some clients find the platform too complex, so we've introduced a web platform and two types of mobile trading options—one more advanced and another simpler. Despite this, our flagship platform continues to thrive, although it is becoming somewhat dated after being online for over twenty years. Therefore, we decided to develop a brand new desktop platform that is more user-friendly with a streamlined functionality set tailored for active traders. This new Desktop Trader Workstation launched in the first quarter, and we are consistently adding new features while maintaining a disciplined approach to avoid cluttering it with rarely used functionalities. The client feedback has been positive as we routinely assess usability and ease of use. We are also receiving inquiries from professional accounts and introducing brokers about availability, which suggests demand is growing beyond our initial expectations. Overall, I’m pleased with the platform's performance so far.

All right. Thank you for that.

And thank you. And one moment for our next question. And our next question comes from Chris Allen from Citi. Your line is now open.

Yeah, good afternoon, everyone. Maybe wanted to touch on the hedge fund client base. You noted establishing a High Touch Prime Brokerage service. I'm just wondering, did that require additional hiring for that client segment? What kind of progress are you making in terms of moving up some of the tables you talked about in the past? And any additional areas of growth to further penetrate that client segment?

We have just introduced our new High Touch Prime Brokerage service, which we announced at the end of last week. We have informed about 30 hedge funds on our platform and invited them to take part in this service. Our aim is to attract larger hedge funds, specifically those with over $100 million in equity, and to retain smaller funds that have grown to a level where they could consider larger competitors. We have engaged in extensive discussions with hedge funds and professionals in the prime brokerage field to understand their expectations. The key expectation is high-touch, personalized service. This offering provides eligible hedge funds with a dedicated point of contact and enhanced service from Interactive Brokers. Additionally, we are setting up a 24/5 Global Outsourced Trading Desk for these clients, allowing them access to experts in areas like compliance, risk, funds, and securities finance. We believe this service will meet the standards typically expected from larger brokers, and this is our initial step in that direction. We will evaluate its effectiveness over time.

Understood. I have one additional quick question. Last quarter, you mentioned exploring efficiency opportunities in areas like surveillance and customer service. Have you made any progress in those areas? Are there other areas where you can find efficiencies moving forward? Given your margins, you are already very efficient, so I understand it may be a lot to ask, but any insights on that would be appreciated.

We are continuously working on our electronic surveillance. As a broker, it is our obligation to surveil the trading activities and the movement of cash. We built our systems in-house, even though a lot of our competitors use third-party software. We looked at a few different third-party software packages that are available. We found them too expensive and not really suitable for us because our business is global. So that is why we decided a few years ago to build our own. And the system generates alerts, and the alerts are serviced by human operators which deem the alert either false positive or true positive. And if the alert points to a problem, then they either file a report with the regulator or they act according to the script that we have given to them. We have a significant number of operators that use this system and our goal is not to add more as the number of accounts increases, as the volumes increase, and as the cash moves increase. So that is the goal. And now, how we're going about it is continuously improving the platform, reducing the number of false positives, deploying some artificial intelligence techniques. So, that is what we have been doing for the past year or so. Similarly, on the customer service, our goal is not to have to grow the employees that work for the customer service department in proportion with the number of new accounts that we add. Now, how are we exactly accomplishing that is that we are making the service self-service. We are trying to reduce the number of phone calls our customer service department receives, the number of chats, the number of tickets, but by making it very easy or much easier for our clients to find self-help through the platform that we give them. And here again, we are using various techniques. Lately, we have dabbled into generative AI and we are seeing good results. But this is a process that will continue that we will always be working on.

Understood. Thank you.

And thank you. And one moment for our next question. And our next question comes from Kyle Voigt from KBW. Your line is now open.

Hi, good evening. Milan, I'd like to follow up on your previous comments about efficiency. You mentioned the potential use of AI in customer service. Can you provide any updates on whether you are implementing new generative AI bots? Will these bots assist your customer service representatives, or will they be available directly to retail users on the platform? Additionally, regarding revenue, are any of your clients currently using AI for trading or to implement trading strategies? I'm curious if you see a significant revenue opportunity in this area.

The first question was about who uses the AI capabilities that we have developed for customer service. It is both our customer service representatives as well as our clients. When they ask a question through our platform, we map the question that is in natural language into the most suitable set of documents that have the ability to answer that question. And then, we apply some generative AI algorithms to the set of documents that we find, and we return an answer to the client. And something similar happens inside when the customer service representatives of Interactive Brokers uses the system. Now, as far as the trading using the AI, we do not yet have anything available for our clients in terms of the platform utilizing the AI, but we have discussions in-house and we have some, I believe, good ideas that we're going to be working on going forward.

Understood. And then just a follow-up on the expenses as well. You noted the headcount has slowed partially due to what you kind of just laid out. It's only up 2% or 3% year-on-year. It sounds like you're going to try to hold that roughly flattish, or at least at a slower level looking forward. But when we think about compensation, it looks like that's up 10% in the first quarter, I think fixed expenses were up roughly 17% year-on-year. So, I guess given some of the new initiatives like this High Touch Prime Brokerage offering, should we expect this divergence in kind of fixed expense growth versus the headcount growth to persist at least over the next few quarters?

So, the headcount growth is easier to keep in check. In terms of the compensations, we have to deal with a couple of different factors. One of them is the inflation. Their lives are getting more expensive and we have to pay our employees more. And also the talent, the really good talent is getting more expensive. There are lots of tech and financial companies out there fighting for good talent, and we need to make sure that we keep the employees with Interactive Brokers and we are able to attract the new ones. And the recent historical trend has been such that the prices of the human resources have been going up.

Thank you.

And thank you. One moment for our next question. And our next question comes from Macrae Sykes from GAMCO. Your line is now open.

Good afternoon, everyone. I think Rich Repetto was a great addition to the Board, and I've long admired his work in the industry. My question is about the impact of zero-day options on the marketplace. I understand they provide good liquidity and choice, but could there be a risk of burning out investors due to the obvious churn?

Well, every great tool can be misused and requires some amount of responsibility, if you will. The same can be said about one-day options. Now, what Thomas usually says when facing a question about zero-day options is that we have always had them. When you think back when only the monthly options were tradable on the expiration date, those options were zero-day options. Then the exchanges started listing weekly options, and then we had this event of an option becoming a zero-day option more frequently, and now we have them every day. So, it is not something that came out of nowhere. It's just there is a lot more of it available now. These options, CBOE has recently issued a document justifying their existence and reiterating the power and their use. And they have referred to the ability to hedge quickly, to ability to get into a position that is sensitive to a market move very quickly. So it is a good powerful tool. But as I have started in my paragraph, my answer, it can be misused.

Thank you. And on the prime brokerage revenue, I understand the balances, trading. Are there any ancillary kind of fee revenues that would go with this High Touch service or is it just bundled in terms of using the platform?

This is mostly about convenience, especially when you look at the Global Outsourced Trading Desk. We found that some hedge funds would like to take advantage of our ability to provide global products to them. They do not want to be up and trading at their desk 24 hours a day and they would welcome an opportunity to give us an order during the day, during the American day to work an order during Asian hours in Asian markets. That is what we are trying to outsource. So, obviously, we're going to charge a little more for that type of trading than the fully electronic self-trading. But it really is about the convenience. It is about attracting larger funds and keeping around the ones that started small, but grew big.

Great. Thank you.

And thank you. One moment for our next question. And our next question comes from Brennan Hawken from UBS. Your line is now open.

My questions have been asked. Thanks very much.

Thank you. And one moment for a follow-up question. And our follow-up question comes from Craig Siegenthaler from Bank of America. Your line is now open. Craig, if your line is on mute, could you please unmute it?

Sorry about that. Thanks for taking the follow-up. So, Kyle asked a similar question, but let me ask it a different way on AI. Do you think artificial intelligence could be a driver of the next leg of volume growth and potentially be a commission accelerator? And I'm curious how your clients are using AI to trade automatically today.

Can it serve as an accelerator? It definitely can in the long term. Currently, for an average investor, it takes time to determine what type of trade they want to make. There is often some research involved, whether it be fundamental or technical analysis. Imagine a future where you have access to an AI engine that can swiftly address your inquiries, conduct analyses for you, and even suggest opportunities that you typically consider. I believe this will hasten trading in the future. Regarding your other question about how our trading clients are utilizing AI right now, they may have their own tools, but we are not currently offering any AI-based trading tools. However, we plan to in the future.

Great. And I actually just have one more follow-up on 0DTE SPX. This became a really big product last year. I'm just wondering if you can talk about which of your client segments you're seeing the highest penetration rates of 0DTE?

To tell you the truth, we do not look at it from the point of view of which client segment trades them the most for a very simple reason, it does not make a lot of a difference to us. We charge our public transparent commission to all segments the same way. So, for that reason, we are not really focusing on that. But I would tell you that just from reading newspapers out there, the zero dated options, they became a phenomenon that is participated on by the retail clients. So, I would say it's both the professionals and the retail.

Milan, thank you very much. Have a good evening.

Thank you.

And thank you. One moment for another follow-up. And our follow-up is Kyle Voigt from KBW. Your line is open.

Thanks for taking my follow-up. Just a modeling follow-up for Paul. When we look on an adjusted basis, the other income line of $31 million came in higher than expected. Was that increase in that line specifically mostly driven by better market making activity? And then, in the footnotes, I also believe you disclosed there was roughly $9 million of interest-like income that flowed through that line specifically. That is included in your NII walk, but it ends up in other income bucket on the income statement. Is that just interest income on capital that's deployed for the market making business or is that being generated by something else?

Right. To the second question first, yes, it's a shift. Sometimes we invest our house capital in instruments that don't generate interest from a GAAP accounting standpoint and they end up being reported in other income. So, yes to that point. And also yes to trading activities produced a better result this year than certainly in last year's quarter and somewhat better than in the fourth quarter as well. So, we're not unhappy with our very small remaining market-making operations.

And is that operation mostly focused in the U.S. or internationally? Can you just remind us what that has kind of exposure for modeling?

Yeah. We operate in India and in Hong Kong.

Great. Thank you very much.

And thank you. And I'm showing no further questions. I would now like to turn the call back over to Nancy Stuebe for closing remarks.

Thank you everyone for participating today. As a reminder, this call will be available for replay on our website and we will also be posting a clean version of our transcript on the site tomorrow. Thank you again, and we will talk to you next quarter-end.

Thank you. This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.