NMI Holdings, Inc 10-K for FY2025
NMI Holdings, Inc. (NMIH)
10-K
2026-02-12
For: 2025-12-31
View Original
Added on
April 12, 2026
About this 10-K
NMI Holdings, Inc filed this 10-K on February 12, 2026, covering the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (FY2025).
Headline figures
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, as reported in this filing, compared with the same period a year earlier where the filing states it.
- Revenue
- $706.44M
- up 8.5% from $650.97M a year earlier
- Net income
- $388.93M
- up 8.0% from net income of $360.11M a year earlier
- Diluted EPS
- $4.92
- up 11.1% from $4.43 a year earlier
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
| (Mark One) | ||||||||
| ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||||||
For the fiscal year ended | ||||||||
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to | |||||
Commission file number 001-36174
| (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) | ||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||||||||||||||||||
| , | , | |||||||||||||||||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | |||||||||||||||||||
(855 ) 530-6642
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
| Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: | ||||||||
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
| Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: | ||||||||
| None | ||||||||
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | ||||||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ||||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ||||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of June 30, 2025, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the calculated aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates was $2,710,628,478 .
The number of shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the registrant outstanding on February 6, 2026 was 76,032,627 shares.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms | ||||||||
| Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | ||||||||
| PART I | ||||||||
| Item 1. | ||||||||
| Item 1A. | ||||||||
| Item 1B. | ||||||||
Item 1C. | ||||||||
| Item 2. | ||||||||
| Item 3. | ||||||||
| Item 4. | ||||||||
| PART II | ||||||||
| Item 5. | ||||||||
| Item 6. | ||||||||
| Item 7. | ||||||||
| Item 7A. | ||||||||
| Item 8. | ||||||||
| Item 9. | ||||||||
| Item 9A. | ||||||||
| Item 9B. | ||||||||
| Item 9C. | ||||||||
| PART III | ||||||||
| Item 10. | ||||||||
| Item 11. | ||||||||
| Item 12. | ||||||||
| Item 13. | ||||||||
| Item 14. | ||||||||
| PART IV | ||||||||
| Item 15. | ||||||||
| Item 16. | ||||||||
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Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms
The following list defines various abbreviations and acronyms used throughout this report.
| ABS | Asset-backed securities | ||||
| AOCI | Accumulated other comprehensive income | ||||
ARMs | Adjustable-rate mortgages | ||||
| ASC | Accounting Standards Codification | ||||
| ASU | Accounting Standards Updated | ||||
ATR | Ability to repay | ||||
| BPMI | Borrower-paid mortgage insurance | ||||
CEO | Chief executive officer | ||||
CFPD | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau | ||||
CISO | Chief information security officer | ||||
CODM | Chief operating decision maker | ||||
COSO Criteria | Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission | ||||
CRT | Credit risk transfer | ||||
| DAC | Deferred policy acquisition costs | ||||
DAR | Delegated assurance review | ||||
DTI | Debt-to-income | ||||
| Dodd-Frank Act | Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 | ||||
| ECOA | The Equal Credit Opportunity Act | ||||
| EPS | Earnings per share | ||||
ERCF | Enterprise regulatory capital framework | ||||
| Fannie Mae | Federal National Mortgage Association | ||||
| FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board | ||||
| FCRA | The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970 | ||||
FDCPA | The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act | ||||
FEMA | The Federal Emergency Management Agency | ||||
| FHA | Federal Housing Administration | ||||
FHFA | Federal Housing Finance Agency | ||||
| FICO | Fair Isaac Corporation | ||||
| Freddie Mac | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation | ||||
FTC | U.S. Federal Trade Commission | ||||
| GAAP | Generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. | ||||
GCC | Group capital calculation | ||||
GLBA | The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 | ||||
GSAM | Goldman Sachs Asset Management | ||||
GSEs | Government-Sponsored Enterprises (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) | ||||
HOPA | Homeowners Protection Act of 1998 | ||||
HUD | U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development | ||||
| IBNR | Incurred but not reported | ||||
| IIF | Insurance-in-force | ||||
ILN | Insurance-linked notes | ||||
IRA | The Inflation Reduction Act | ||||
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IRC | Internal revenue code | ||||
IT | Information technology | ||||
| LTV | Loan-to-value | ||||
| LPMI | Lender-paid mortgage insurance | ||||
MI | Mortgage insurance | ||||
| NAIC | National Association of Insurance Commissioners | ||||
NIST | National Institute of Standards and Technology | ||||
| NIW | New insurance written | ||||
| NMIC | National Mortgage Insurance Corporation, a subsidiary of NMI Holdings, Inc. | ||||
NMIH | NMI Holdings, Inc. | ||||
| NMIS | National Mortgage Insurance Services, Inc., a subsidiary of NMI Holding, Inc. | ||||
PCAOB | Public Company Accounting Oversight Board | ||||
PMIERs | Private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements | ||||
PSPAs | Senior preferred stock purchase agreements | ||||
QC | Quality control | ||||
QM | Qualified mortgage | ||||
QSR | Quota share reinsurance | ||||
Rate card | A fixed schedule of mortgage insurance premium rates applied uniformly across defined loan categories | ||||
Rate GPS® | Our proprietary risk-based pricing platform | ||||
Re One | National Mortgage Reinsurance Inc. One | ||||
RESPA | Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 | ||||
RIF | Risk-in-force | ||||
RRP | Rescission relief principles | ||||
RSU | Restricted stock units | ||||
ROU | Right-of-use | ||||
RTC | Risk-to-capital | ||||
SAFE Act | Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008 | ||||
SAP | Statutory accounting principles | ||||
SEC | United States Securities and Exchange Commission | ||||
| SOFR | Secured Overnight Financing Rate | ||||
TCJA | Tax Cuts and Jobs Act | ||||
TCS | Tata Consultancy Services | ||||
TILA | The Truth in Lending Act | ||||
USDA | U.S. Department of Agriculture | ||||
USMI | U.S. Mortgage Insurers | ||||
USP | Underwriting service provider | ||||
VA | U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs | ||||
VIE | Variable interest entity | ||||
Wisconsin OCI | The Wisconsin Office of the Commissioner of Insurance | ||||
| XOL | Excess-of-loss | ||||
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), and the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any statements about our expectations, outlook, beliefs, plans, predictions, forecasts, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance are not historical facts and may be forward-looking. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “could,” “may,” “predict,” “assume,” “potential,” “should,” “will,” “estimate,” “perceive,” “plan,” “project,” “continuing,” “ongoing,” “expect,” “intend” or words of similar meaning and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the outlook for our future business and financial performance. All forward-looking statements are necessarily only estimates of future results, and actual results may differ materially from expectations. You are, therefore, cautioned not to place undue reliance on such statements, which should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included elsewhere in this report. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, operating results, business strategy and financial needs. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements including, but not limited to:
•changes in general economic, market and political conditions and policies (including changes in interest rates and inflation) and investment results or other conditions that affect the U.S. housing market or the U.S. markets for home mortgages, mortgage insurance, reinsurance and credit risk transfer markets, including the risk related to geopolitical instability, inflation, an economic downturn (including any decline in home prices) or recession, international trade policies in areas such as tariffs or other trade restrictions, and their impacts on our business, operations and personnel;
•changes in the charters, business practices, policy, pricing or priorities of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (collectively, the GSEs), which may include decisions that have the impact of decreasing or discontinuing the use of mortgage insurance as credit enhancement generally, or with first time homebuyers or on very high loan-to-value mortgages; or changes in the direction of housing policy objectives of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), such as the FHFA's priority to increase the accessibility to and affordability of homeownership for low-and-moderate income borrowers and underrepresented communities;
•our ability to remain an eligible mortgage insurer under the private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements (PMIERs) and other requirements imposed by the GSEs, which they may change at any time;
•retention of our existing certificates of authority in each state and the District of Columbia (D.C.) and our ability to remain a mortgage insurer in good standing in each state and D.C.;
•our future profitability, liquidity and capital resources;
•actions of existing competitors, including other private mortgage insurers and government mortgage insurers such as the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Rural Housing Service (USDA) and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) (collectively, government MIs), and potential market entry by new competitors or consolidation of existing competitors;
•adoption of new or changes to existing laws, rules and regulations that impact our business or financial condition directly or the mortgage insurance industry generally or their enforcement and implementation by regulators, including the implementation of the final rules defining and/or concerning “Qualified Mortgage” and “Qualified Residential Mortgage”;
•U.S. federal tax reform and other potential changes in tax law and their impact on us and our operations;
•legislative or regulatory changes to the GSEs' role in the secondary mortgage market or other changes that could affect the residential mortgage industry generally or mortgage insurance industry in particular;
•potential legal and regulatory claims, investigations, actions, audits or inquiries that could result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines or other reliefs that could require significant expenditures or have other negative effects on our business;
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•our ability to successfully execute and implement our capital plans, including our ability to access the equity, credit and reinsurance markets and to enter into, and receive approval of, reinsurance arrangements on terms and conditions that are acceptable to us, the GSEs and our regulators;
•lenders, the GSEs, or other market participants seeking alternatives to private mortgage insurance;
•our ability to implement our business strategy, including our ability to write mortgage insurance on high quality low down payment residential mortgage loans, implement successfully and on a timely basis, complex infrastructure, systems, procedures, and internal controls to support our business and regulatory and reporting requirements of the insurance industry;
•our ability to attract and retain a diverse customer base, including the largest mortgage originators;
•failure of risk management or pricing or investment strategies;
•decrease in the length of time our insurance policies are in force;
•emergence of unexpected claim and coverage issues, including claims exceeding our reserves or amounts we had expected to experience;
•potential adverse impacts arising from natural disasters including, with respect to affected areas, a decline in new business, adverse effects on home prices, and an increase in notices of default on insured mortgages;
•climate risk and efforts to manage or regulate climate risk by government agencies could affect our business and operations;
•potential adverse impacts arising from the occurrence of any man-made disasters or public health emergencies, including pandemics;
•the inability of our counter-parties, including third-party reinsurers, to meet their obligations to us;
•failure to maintain, improve and continue to develop necessary information technology (IT) systems or the failure of technology providers to perform;
•effectiveness and security of our information technology systems and digital products and services, including the risks these systems, products or services may fail to operate as expected or planned, or expose us to cybersecurity or third-party risks (including exposure of our confidential customer and other information); and
•ability to recruit, train and retain key personnel.
For further information regarding these risks and uncertainties as well as certain additional risks that we face, you should refer to the Risk Factors described in this report in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report, including the exhibits hereto.
Unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” “Company” and “NMI” in this document refer to NMI Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
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PART I
Item 1. Business
See the “Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms” for descriptions of terms used through this annual report.
General
We provide mortgage insurance (referred to as mortgage insurance or MI) through our wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries, NMIC and Re One. NMIC and Re One are domiciled in Wisconsin and principally regulated by the Wisconsin OCI. NMIC is our primary insurance subsidiary, and is approved as an MI provider by the GSEs and is licensed to write MI coverage in all 50 states and D.C. Our subsidiary, NMIS, provides outsourced loan review services to mortgage loan originators and our subsidiary, Re One, historically provided reinsurance coverage to NMIC in accordance with certain statutory risk retention requirements. Such requirements have been repealed and the reinsurance coverage provided by Re One to NMIC has been commuted. Re One remains a wholly-owned, licensed insurance subsidiary; however, it does not currently have active insurance exposures.
MI protects lenders and investors from default-related losses on a portion of the unpaid principal balance of a covered mortgage. MI plays a critical role in the U.S. housing market by mitigating mortgage credit risk and facilitating the secondary market sale of high-LTV (i.e., above 80%) residential loans to the GSEs, who are otherwise restricted by their charters from purchasing or guaranteeing high-LTV mortgages that are not covered by certain credit protections. Such credit protection and secondary market sales allow lenders to increase their capacity for mortgage commitments and expand financing access to existing and prospective homeowners.
NMIH, a Delaware corporation, was incorporated in May 2011, and we began start-up operations in 2012 and wrote our first MI policy in 2013. Since formation, we have sought to establish customer relationships with a broad group of mortgage lenders and build a diversified, high-quality insured portfolio. As of December 31, 2025, we had issued master policies with 2,193 customers, including national and regional mortgage banks, money center banks, credit unions, community banks, builder-owned mortgage lenders, internet-sourced lenders and other non-bank lenders. As of December 31, 2025, we had $221.4 billion of primary IIF and $59.3 billion of primary RIF. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we generated NIW of $48.9 billion. As of December 31, 2025, we had 225 full-time and part-time employees.
We believe that our success in acquiring a large and diverse group of lender customers and growing a portfolio of high-quality IIF traces to our founding principles, whereby we aim to help qualified borrowers achieve their homeownership goals, ensure that we remain a strong and credible counter-party, deliver a high-quality customer service experience, establish a differentiated risk management approach, utilize our proprietary Rate GPS® pricing platform to dynamically evaluate risk and price our policies, and foster a culture of collaboration and excellence that helps us attract and retain experienced industry leaders.
Our strategy is to continue to build on our position in the private MI market, expand our customer base and grow our insured portfolio of high-quality residential loans by focusing on long-term customer relationships, disciplined and proactive risk selection and pricing, fair and transparent claims payment practices, responsive customer service, and financial strength and profitability.
Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq under the symbol “NMIH.”
Overview of Residential Mortgage Finance and the Role of the Private MI Industry in the Current Operating Environment
U.S. Residential Mortgage Market
According to statistics published by the U.S. Federal Reserve, the U.S. residential mortgage market is one of the largest in the world, with approximately $14 trillion of mortgage debt outstanding as of December 31, 2025, and includes both primary and secondary components. The primary market consists of lenders originating home loans to borrowers and includes loans made in connection with home purchases, which are referred to as purchase originations, and loans made to refinance existing mortgages, which are referred to as refinancing originations. The secondary market includes institutions that buy and sell mortgages in the form of whole loans or securitized assets, such as mortgage-backed securities.
The U.S. residential mortgage market attracts and involves participation from a range of private and governmental institutions. Private industry participants include national and regional mortgage banks, money center banks, mortgage brokers, community banks, builder-owned mortgage lenders, internet-sourced lenders, commercial, regional and investment banks, savings institutions, credit unions, real estate investment trusts and other financial institutions. Government participants include
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government agencies such as the government MIs (e.g., FHA, USDA and VA) and Ginnie Mae, as well as government-sponsored enterprises, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
GSEs
The GSEs are the largest participants in the secondary mortgage market, buying residential mortgages from banks and other primary lenders in connection with their federal mandate to provide liquidity and promote stability in the U.S. housing finance system. The GSEs' charters prohibit them from purchasing or guaranteeing high-LTV loans unless such loans are covered by an authorized form of credit enhancement, including insurance from a GSE-approved MI company, retention by the mortgage seller of at least a 10% participation in the loan or agreement by the seller to repurchase or replace the loan in the event of a default. As the largest participants in the secondary mortgage market, the GSEs are the principal purchasers of mortgages insured by mortgage insurers, including NMIC. As a result, the private MI industry in the U.S. is driven in large part by the GSEs' demand for high-LTV loans, mortgage insurance requirements and business practices. See “Business - U.S. Mortgage Insurance Regulation - GSE Oversight,” below.
NMIC is approved to insure loans guaranteed by the GSEs and is subject to the PMIERs. As of December 31, 2025, our PMIERs available assets exceeded our risk-based required assets by 70% (the 'PMIERs sufficiency ratio'). See Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources" for additional information.
Mortgage Insurance
MI protects lenders and investors from default-related losses on a portion of the unpaid principal balance of a covered mortgage and plays a central role in the U.S. housing market. MI is provided by both government MIs and private MI companies, such as NMIC, and is primarily geared toward high-LTV loans where borrowers make a down-payment that is less than 20% of the value of a home. MI helps facilitate secondary market sales of such mortgages, primarily to the GSEs, and provides lenders and investors a means to diversify and mitigate their exposure to mortgage credit risk. Such credit protection and secondary market sales allow lenders to increase their capacity for mortgage commitments and expand financing access to existing and prospective homeowners.
Competition
Our competition includes other private mortgage insurers, government-run MI programs, and other alternatives designed to eliminate the need for MI, such as piggy-back loans or front-end risk sharing arrangements that do not require private MI on loans sold to the GSEs.
The private MI industry is highly competitive and currently consists of six approved participants, including us, Arch Capital Group Ltd., Essent Group Ltd. (Essent), Enact Holdings, Inc., MGIC Investment Corporation (MGIC), and Radian Group Inc. (Radian). Private mortgage insurers generally compete based on terms of coverage, underwriting guidelines, pricing, customer service (including speed of MI underwriting and decisioning), availability of ancillary products and services (including training and loan review services), financial strength, customer relationships, name recognition and reputation, the strength of management teams and sales organizations, the effective use of technology, and innovation in the delivery and servicing of insurance products. We expect the MI market to remain competitive, with pressure for industry participants to grow or maintain their market share.
We and other private mortgage insurers also compete with government-run MI programs, including those managed by the FHA, USDA or VA. A range of factors influence a lender or borrower’s decision to choose private MI over government-run MI alternatives, including, among others, GSE demand, policies and loan delivery pricing, mortgage insurance premium rates and other charges, loan eligibility requirements, cancelability, loan size limits and the relative ease of use of private MI products compared to government MI alternatives. Private MI and government-run MI programs are estimated to have accounted for 38% and 62% of total high-LTV loan origination volume in 2025, respectively.
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Products and Services
Primary Mortgage Insurance
We offer primary mortgage insurance, which provides default protection on individual mortgage loans at specified coverage percentages. Primary MI is typically written on a flow basis, whereby mortgages are insured on an individual, loan-by-loan basis at the time of origination. Primary MI can also be written on an aggregated basis, whereby each mortgage in a given loan portfolio is individually insured in a single transaction after the point of origination.
All of our primary insurance is written on first-lien mortgage loans, with nearly all secured by owner occupied single-family homes (defined as one-to-four family homes and condominiums). We also write a small amount of primary insurance on first-lien mortgages secured by vacation properties, second homes and investment properties, although we have formal risk policies in place to limit the amount of such business we underwrite.
Lenders select specific coverage levels for each loan insured on a primary basis. For loans sold to a GSE, the coverage level must comply with the requirements established by that GSE. For other loans, lenders determine their desired coverage levels.
IIF is the unpaid principal balance of all insured loans on a given date, and RIF is the product of the coverage percentages multiplied by the IIF on such date. We expect our RIF across all policies written to approximate 25% of primary IIF; however, coverage levels will vary on an individual loan basis between 6% and 35%. Higher coverage percentages generally result in greater amounts paid per claim relative to policies with lower coverage percentages. In general, our premium rates increase as coverage levels increase.
Our maximum obligation with respect to a claim is generally determined by multiplying the selected coverage percentage by the loss amount on an insured loan. The loss amount is defined in the applicable master mortgage insurance policy (together with any related endorsements, a Master Policy) and includes, subject to certain limitations, unpaid loan principal, delinquent interest and certain expenses associated with the default and subsequent foreclosure or sale of the property securing the insured loan. See “Business - Defaults and Claims; Loss Mitigation - Defaults and Claims,” below for a description of our claim settlement processes.
The terms of our primary mortgage insurance coverage are governed by the applicable Master Policy, which we issue to each approved lender with which we do business. The Master Policy sets forth the terms and conditions of our MI coverage, including, among others, loan eligibility requirements, coverage terms, premium payment obligations, exclusions or reductions in coverage, rescission and rescission relief provisions, policy administration requirements, conditions precedent to payment of a claim and loss payment procedures. In March 2020, we introduced our current Master Policy (the 2020 Master Policy), which replaced our previous form (the 2014 Master Policy) for MI applications received on and after March 1, 2020. We implemented the 2020 Master Policy, in part, to provide terms of coverage that conform to the requirements of the GSEs' 2018 revised Amended and Restated RRPs. The 2020 Master Policy governs the terms of coverage for NIW associated with applications received on or after March 1, 2020. NIW associated with applications received before March 1, 2020 continues to be covered under the 2014 Master Policy. The 2014 Master Policy and 2020 Master Policy (taken together, the Master Policies) are publicly available on our website.
Upon receipt of an insurable loan, we issue a certificate of insurance that extends coverage for such loan under the applicable Master Policy. See “Business - Underwriting,” below for a description of our underwriting processes. Our MI coverage attaches at a loan level and remains in effect whether a mortgage is retained by the originating lender or sold, assigned or otherwise transferred in the secondary market. We generally consider the original lender or any subsequent servicer of an insured loan to be our insured or, with respect to subsequent owners and the GSEs, third-party beneficiaries under our Master Policies.
Premium payments for primary MI are the contractual responsibility of our insureds; however, depending on how the loan is structured, the premium payments may be paid by either the lender or the borrower, notwithstanding that the borrower is not a beneficiary under the terms of the policy. Policies with premium payments made by the borrower are referred to as BPMI and those with premium payments made by the lender are referred to as LPMI. Lenders may structure loans to recover LPMI premiums from borrowers, including through increases in mortgage note rates or higher origination fees.
Our premiums are based on statutory rating rules and rates that we file with various state insurance departments. We establish our premium rates based on models that assess risk across a spectrum of variables, including coverage percentages, LTV ratios, loan and property attributes, borrower DTI and credit score profiles, and market and macroeconomic conditions. We have discretion under our rates and rating rules to flex our premium rates to a limited degree, and we may choose to do so for lenders or programs that meet certain criteria. We generally cannot change premium rates on insured loans after coverage is established.
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In general, premiums are calculated as a percentage of the original principal balance of an insured loan. We have four premium plans:
•single — entire premium is paid upfront at the time the coverage is placed;
•annual — premiums are paid in advance for a subsequent twelve-month period over the life of a policy;
•monthly — premiums are paid in advance on a monthly basis over the life of the policy; and
•Monthly Advantage® — premiums are billed upon our receipt of notice of a mortgage close and then paid in arrears on a monthly basis over the life of the policy.
In general, we may not terminate MI coverage except when an insured fails to pay premiums as due or for certain material violations of our Master Policies; although, as discussed below in “Business - Underwriting - Independent Validation and Rescission Relief,” the terms of our Master Policies restrict our ability to rescind coverage when certain criteria are met. Insureds may cancel coverage on a loan at any time at their option or upon mortgage repayment, which may be accelerated because a borrower refinances a mortgage or sells the underlying property. GSE guidelines generally provide that a borrower on a GSE-owned or guaranteed loan meeting certain conditions may require their mortgage servicer to cancel BPMI upon the borrower's request when the principal balance of the loan is 80% or less of the property's current assessed value. HOPA also requires the automatic termination of BPMI on most current loans when the LTV ratio (based on the original value of the underlying property and original amortization schedule of the loan) is first scheduled to reach 78%. The HOPA also provides for cancellation of BPMI upon a borrower's request when the LTV ratio (based on the original value of the underlying property and original amortization schedule of the loan) is first scheduled to reach or, based on actual payments, reaches 80%, upon satisfaction of the conditions set forth in the HOPA, including that the loan be current at the time. In addition, some states impose their own MI notice and cancellation requirements on mortgage loan servicers.
Loan Review Services
We offer outsourced loan review services to mortgage originators through NMIS. In connection with these services, NMIS reviews loan data and documentation and assesses whether individual loan applications comply with the originator's and/or GSEs' underwriting guidelines. We provide loan review services for mortgages that require MI and those that do not. Under the terms of its loan review agreements, NMIS provides customers with limited indemnification against losses for certain material loan review errors. The indemnification may be in the form of monetary or other remedies, subject to per loan and annual limits. NMIS utilizes third-party service providers to conduct individual loan reviews. NMIS third parties have represented and warranted to NMIS that they comply with the requirements of the SAFE Act in all applicable jurisdictions. See “Business - U.S. Mortgage Insurance Regulation - Other U.S. Regulation - SAFE Act,” below.
Customers
Since our inception, we have sought to establish customer relationships with a broad group of mortgage lenders. As of December 31, 2025, we had issued Master Policies with 2,193 customers. We classify our customers into two primary categories, which we refer to as “National Accounts” and “Regional Accounts.” We consider National Accounts to be the most significant residential mortgage originators as determined by the combined volume of their own “retail” originations and insured business they acquire from “correspondents,” or other smaller mortgage originators. National Account lenders primarily sell their loans to the GSEs or, less frequently, to private label secondary markets. National Account lenders may also retain loans they originate or purchase in their portfolios. Regional Account lenders typically originate loans on a local or regional level. Some Regional Account lenders have origination platforms that span multiple regions; however, their primary lending focus is local. Regional Account lenders sell the majority of their origination volume to National Accounts; however, they may also retain loans in their portfolios or sell portions of their production directly to the GSEs.
We further define customers as “centralized” or “decentralized” based on how they manage their mortgage insurance purchasing decisions across each of their MI providers. Centralized lenders make decisions about the placement and choice of private mortgage insurance at a centralized, corporate level. Decentralized lenders make decisions about the placement and choice of private mortgage insurance at a loan level by loan production personnel, such as loan officers, processors, and underwriters. National Account lenders primarily utilize the centralized decision model and Regional Account lenders primarily utilize the decentralized decision model. There are, however, a number of National Account lenders who opt for a decentralized approach and a number of Regional Account lenders who opt for a centralized approach.
The GSEs, as major purchasers of conventional mortgage loans in the U.S., are the primary beneficiaries of our mortgage insurance coverage. Revenues from our customers have been generated in the U.S. only.
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Customers exceeding 10% of consolidated revenues
No individual customer accounted for greater than 10% of our consolidated revenues in 2025.
Sales and Marketing
Our sales and marketing efforts are designed to help us establish and maintain high-quality customer relationships. Our sales force consists of qualified mortgage professionals that generally have well-established relationships with industry leading lenders and significant experience in both MI and mortgage lending. We structure our sales force into National Accounts that focus on relationships with national or large regional lenders, and Regional Accounts that focus on relationships with regional lenders, such as community banks, credit unions and mortgage bankers. We also maintain a dedicated customer service team, which we refer to as the Solution Center, which offers support in loan submission and underwriting services as well as risk management and technology to support our sales efforts.
We also have a product development and marketing department that has primary responsibility for the creation, launch and management of our MI products and technological offerings, and coordination of our marketing strategy. Our marketing efforts seek to raise brand awareness through advertising and marketing campaigns, customer training programs, sponsorship of industry and educational events, and our web-based presence and proprietary mobile technology.
Underwriting
We have established underwriting and risk management guidelines based on what we believe to be the major factors that influence the performance of mortgage credit. Our underwriting guidelines incorporate credit eligibility requirements that, among other things, restrict our coverage to mortgages that meet our thresholds with respect to borrower credit scores (FICO), maximum DTI levels, maximum LTVs and documentation requirements. Our underwriting guidelines also limit the coverage we provide for certain higher-risk mortgages, including those for cash-out refinancings, second homes or investment properties.
We gather extensive data, perform detailed loan-level risk analysis and continuously monitor and assess trends in key macroeconomic factors such as housing prices, interest rates and employment, to refine and adapt our underwriting guidelines and pricing assumptions within the context of the current risk environment.
We evaluate loans and issue policies through two underwriting platforms:
•Non-Delegated: Customers submit loan information and documentation to us so that we may individually underwrite each application to reach a decision as to whether we will insure a loan. On receipt of a non-delegated submission, we review the information, documentation and data provided by the lender to underwrite the MI application.
•Delegated: We provide eligible customers who have been vetted and approved, and comply with a defined set of delegated underwriting program requirements with the ability to directly underwrite our policies and bind our coverage based on pre-established eligibility rules, approved underwriting guidelines and according to the terms of our Master Policy. We offer delegated underwriting to lenders that have a track record of originating quality mortgage loans and meet our delegated authority approval requirements. To complete the underwriting process and bind coverage, delegated lenders are required to provide us with certain loan characteristics to demonstrate such loans meet our threshold eligibility rules. Our delegated eligibility rules are programmed into our insurance management system, which provides us the ability to automatically reject policies that fail to meet threshold requirements.
Lenders elect whether to be non-delegated or delegated customers at the time they apply to become Master Policy holders. Non-delegated lenders deliver all MI applications to us on a non-delegated basis. Certain delegated lenders may choose to deliver some or all of their MI applications to us on a non-delegated basis, but retain their authority to underwrite our MI on a delegated basis.
We employ a team of experienced underwriters who review and evaluate our non-delegated loan submissions. Our underwriters are located remotely, providing us the ability to efficiently service our customers nationwide across different time zones. We also engage third-party USPs who provide us with incremental underwriting capacity. We train and require our USPs to follow the same processes and underwriting guidelines that our own employees follow when rendering insurance decisions.
We have processes in place to manage the risk associated with outsourcing a component of our underwriting function. In collaboration with our USPs' management teams, we monitor our USPs' day-to-day underwriting performance and MI decisioning. We also review the qualifications of each individual underwriter assigned by our USPs to service our account and
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provide them with NMI specific systems and guideline training to ensure they have the necessary training to render underwriting decisions consistent with our underwriting guidelines and credit policies. Our outsourcing agreements require our USPs to perform and provide us with the results of internal quality control reviews on a periodic basis. Individual underwriters with unacceptable performance records are monitored and generally subject to replacement with 30 days' notice. We also perform quarterly quality control reviews of a statistically relevant sample of our non-delegated underwriting decisions, including those made by our USPs.
Our business has been subject to seasonality in NIW production. Consistent with the seasonality of home sales, purchase origination volumes typically increase in late spring and peak during the summer months, leading to a rise in NIW volume during the second and third quarters of a given year. Refinancing volume, however, does not follow a set seasonal trend and instead is primarily influenced by mortgage rates. Fluctuations in refinancing volume (driven by changes in prevailing mortgage rates) may serve to mute or magnify the seasonal effect of home purchase patterns on mortgage insurance NIW.
Independent Validation and Rescission Relief
We offer post-close underwriting reviews, which we refer to as “independent validations,” for both non-delegated and delegated loans, as described below. Upon satisfactory completion of an independent validation, which involves reviewing certain post-close documentation to confirm our original assessment of non-delegated loans and performing a comprehensive full-file review for delegated loans, we agree – on an accelerated basis – that we will not rescind coverage under most circumstances. We refer to such accelerated agreement as “early rescission relief.”
Our Master Policies generally provide us with the ability to rescind coverage of a loan if there are material misrepresentations, significant underwriting defects and/or fraud later identified in the origination process of such loan. When we rescind coverage of a loan, we cancel the certificate as of the original certificate effective date and return all premiums received related to the impacted loan. Rescission relief generally limits our ability to pursue rescission rights, except under certain life-of-coverage exclusions, such as fraud and pattern activity. Rescission relief also limits our ability to initiate certain investigations or to request information from our insureds.
In September 2018, the GSEs issued revised RRPs that outline the rescission relief provisions that are generally required to be included in the master policies of GSE-approved mortgage insurers. Under our 2020 Master Policy, which incorporates the revised RRPs, a loan may be eligible for early rescission relief following our satisfactory completion of an independent validation, with no set requirement for a minimum number of timely mortgage payments by the borrower.
Insured loans that do not qualify for early rescission relief may still achieve rescission relief based on a borrower's payment history at the 36th or 60th month, provided that certain conditions outlined in the 2020 Master Policy are satisfied. Under the 2020 Master Policy, if a lender has elected not to pursue independent validation and early rescission relief, a policy is still eligible for rescission relief if the insured loan is current at the 36-month anniversary of the inception of coverage and the borrower has had no more than two 30-day delinquencies and no 60-day or greater delinquencies during such 36-month period. The 2020 Master Policy further provides for rescission relief on or after the 60-month anniversary of the inception of coverage, provided such loan is then current and all payments due on the loan have been made with a borrower's own funds.
Lenders have the ability to select whether or not to pursue early rescission relief and subject their insured loans to our post-close independent validation processes. Non-delegated lenders who pursue independent validation are required to submit additional loan documentation post-close that allows us to independently validate such loans, including a loan's closing disclosures, note, executed mortgage, borrower authorization form and title insurance commitment. Our 2020 Master Policy provides for a “closing document exception,” which permits eligible non-delegated lenders to obtain early rescission relief without post-close independent validations of qualifying loans, if the borrower makes the first 12 mortgage payments from their own funds in a timely manner. Loans from non-delegated lenders who do not pursue or submit the documentation necessary for us to complete our independent validation, and are not eligible for a closing document exception, remain eligible for 36- or 60-month rescission relief in accordance with the terms of the applicable Master Policy.
Delegated lenders who pursue early rescission relief and subject their insured loans to our post-close independent validation process are required to submit a full file (which contains all the underwriting information and documentation otherwise required by us for a non-delegated underwrite and the above-referenced post-close documentation) after a loan's coverage effective date. We refer to our independent validation of delegated loans as our “DAR” process. Through DAR, we assess and validate the MI underwriting process and decisions made by our delegated customers on an individual loan level basis. Loans from delegated lenders who do not pursue or submit the documentation necessary for us to complete our DAR process remain eligible for 36- or 60-month rescission relief in accordance with the terms of the applicable Master Policy.
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All loans, whether included in our post-close validation processes or not, are eligible for review under our QC process, and such QC reviews qualify as independent validations for such loans, making them eligible for early rescission relief.
We engage USPs to perform the majority of our delegated independent validation work and periodically assist with our non-delegated independent validation work. As with our non-delegated USPs, we review the qualifications of each individual underwriter engaged by our USPs to service our account and provide them with NMI specific systems and guideline training to ensure they have the necessary training to render independent validation decisions consistent with our underwriting guidelines and credit policies.
Policy Pricing
We utilize a proprietary risk-based pricing platform, which we refer to as Rate GPS®, to establish individualized premium rates for most new loans that we insure based on our modeled view of the relative risk and anticipated performance of each loan. Rate GPS® considers a broad range of individual and layered risk variables, including borrower credit, loan-level, product and lender attributes, as well as market and geographic factors, and provides us with the ability to set and charge premium rates commensurate with the underlying risk of each loan that we insure. We also offer a rate card pricing option to a limited number of lender customers when required for business process reasons.
Our pricing approach targets through-the-cycle returns that exceed our cost of capital. We believe that Rate GPS® provides us with a more granular and analytical approach to evaluating and pricing risk, and that it enhances our ability to continue building a high-quality mortgage insurance portfolio and delivering attractive risk-adjusted returns.
We maintain documented model governance and fair-lending controls over Rate GPS®, including periodic validation and outcome monitoring, to help ensure consistent, risk-appropriate pricing.
Policy Servicing
Our Policy Servicing Department is responsible for various servicing activities related to our Master Policies and certificate administration, premium billing and payment processing. Our Policy Servicing Department primarily interfaces with our insureds' mortgage loan servicers. Some insureds retain the servicing rights and responsibilities for their own loan originations, while others transfer such rights and responsibilities to third-party servicers. A residential mortgage loan servicer handles the day-to-day tasks of managing a lender's loan portfolio, including processing borrowers' loan payments, paying MI premiums to the mortgage insurer, responding to borrower inquiries, keeping track of principal and interest payments, managing escrow accounts and initiating loss mitigation and foreclosure activities. We assign servicing specialists to our servicers to assist with day-to-day transactions and monitoring of insured loans.
Over time, a servicer may change on an insured loan if the related servicing rights are transferred to a different servicer during the life of such loan. Servicing rights and responsibilities related to an insured loan may be sold, assigned or transferred, subject to all of the terms and conditions of the applicable Master Policy. Under the Master Policies, if the servicing rights for an insured loan are sold, assigned or transferred to a servicer we approve, coverage of the loan will continue. We have the right under our Master Policies to revoke approval of a servicer; if the impacted insureds wish to maintain coverage of insured loans serviced by the disapproved provider, such insureds must find another servicer that we approve.
Our policies and procedures accommodate various methods for servicers to communicate loan and certificate information to us. Our Master Policies require our insureds, typically through their servicers, to regularly provide us with reports regarding the statuses of their insured loans, including information on both current and delinquent loans. Generally, servicers submit reports to us on a monthly basis. We are currently integrated with the two largest third-party mortgage servicing systems, ICE Mortgage Technology and FiServ. We are also integrated directly with certain lender customers who manage their own servicing systems. These parties' servicing platforms are used by the majority of our larger servicing accounts to exchange billing, payment and certificate level information on a daily or monthly basis. Servicers may also use our own external facing servicing website to process their servicing transactions.
Defaults and Claims; Loss Mitigation
Defaults and Claims
The MI claim cycle begins with the receipt of a default notice for an insured loan from a loan servicer. Generally, our Master Policies require our insureds to notify us after a loan is two payments in arrears. We include a loan in our default population and establish claim reserves on such loan when we have received notice from the servicer that as of a particular payment date, the borrower has missed the preceding two or more consecutive monthly payments. The incidence of default is
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affected by a variety of factors, many of which are unforeseen, including a borrowers' loss of income, unemployment, divorce, illness or death. Defaults that are not cured result in a claim to us. A default may be cured by a borrower remitting all delinquent loan payments, achieving a modification of loan terms, or refinancing the loan or selling the property and satisfying all amounts due under the loan.
Claims result from foreclosures following uncured defaults, losses on approved pre-foreclosure short sales (short sales) or borrowers surrendering their property deeds to their lenders in lieu of foreclosure (deeds-in-lieu). A range of factors impact the frequency and severity of claims, including the macroeconomic environment, local housing prices, loan and borrower level risk profiles and the size and coverage level of a loan. If a default is not cured and we receive a claim, we refund any unearned premium collected between the date of default and the date of the claim payment.
Our claim exposure includes, subject to certain limitations, the covered portion of unpaid loan principal, delinquent interest (subject to a three-year limit) and certain expenses incurred in connection with the default and subsequent foreclosure or sale of the property securing the insured loan.
Under the terms of our Master Policies, our insureds are generally required to file claims within 60 days of the transfer of the title to a property securing an insured loan (typically through foreclosure). In the years following the 2008 financial crisis, foreclosure timelines and the average time from initial default by a borrower to MI claim submission extended due to legislation and GSE programs requiring mortgage servicers to mitigate losses by offering forbearance and loan modifications prior to pursuing foreclosure on delinquent loans.
When we approve a claim, our Master Policies give us the option to pay (i) the coverage percentage specified for a loan, with the insured retaining title to the underlying property and receiving all proceeds from an eventual sale of the property (the percentage option), (ii) the actual loss incurred by the insured upon sale of the property to a third party, if less than the percentage option, (iii) the loss an insured is reasonably expected to experience upon a future sale of the property to a third party, or (iv) the insured's claim amount (as calculated in the applicable Master Policy) in exchange for the insured's conveyance of good and marketable title to the property to us. If we elect to receive title to a property, we will market and sell the acquired property and retain all proceeds.
Loss Mitigation
Before paying a claim, we review loan and servicing files to determine the appropriateness of the claim submission and claim amount, and to ensure we only pay for expenses covered under the applicable Master Policy. We periodically receive claims submissions that include costs and expenses not covered by our Master Policies, such as mortgage insurance premiums, hazard insurance premiums for periods after the claim date and losses resulting from property damage that has not been repaired, and deny coverage for such items. Our Master Policies also provide us with the ability to reduce or deny a claim if the servicer did not comply with its obligations, including a requirement to pursue reasonable loss mitigation efforts. Such efforts may include pursuing foreclosure or bankruptcy relief in a timely and diligent manner. We deem a reduction in the claim amount to be a “curtailment.”
Under our Master Policies, insureds, typically through their servicers, must obtain prior approval from us before executing a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, short sale or loan modification. Our right to pre-approve these transactions provides us the ability to mitigate actual or potential loss on an insured loan by ensuring that properties are being marketed and sold at reasonable values and that, in appropriate cases, borrowers are offered modified loan terms that are structured to help them sustain their mortgage payments. Proceeds from approved third-party sales occurring before we settle a claim are factored into the claim settlement and can often mitigate the size of the insurance benefit we are responsible to pay. In connection with our approval rights for short sales or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure transactions, our Master Policies also provide us the right to obtain a contribution from borrowers with appropriate financial capacity, either in the form of cash or promissory notes, to cover a portion of our claim payments. We have entered into delegation agreements with the GSEs that provide them and their designated servicers the right to approve certain transactions on our behalf including pre-foreclosure sales, deeds-in-lieu and loan modifications for most GSE-owned loans that we insure.
Reinsurance
Third-Party Reinsurance
We utilize third-party reinsurance to actively manage our risk, ensure compliance with PMIERs, state regulatory and other applicable capital requirements, and support the growth of our business. We currently have both quota share and excess of loss reinsurance agreements in place.
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Since 2016, we have entered into the following types of reinsurance transactions which provide risk protection on both a retrospective and prospective basis:
•QSR arrangements in which third-party reinsurers agree to prospectively reinsure a portion of the risk on mortgage insurance policies that we write;
•XOL reinsurance arrangements with third-party reinsurers on mortgage insurance policies that we have already issued; and
•fully collateralized ILN coverage on mortgage insurance policies that we have already issued with special purpose insurers funding such reinsurance obligations through the issuance of insurance-linked notes.
We believe that our reinsurance programs offer us a number of benefits, including:
•hedging against adverse losses in times of stress and mitigation of portfolio risk and volatility through the housing and economic cycle;
•providing capital relief under the various state insurance risk to capital framework, rating agency capital requirements and GSE PMIERs available asset requirements;
•providing a diversified source of capital to support and grow our business; and
•enhancing our counterparty strength and improving the sustainability of our franchise.
For further information, see Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 6, Reinsurance.”
Enterprise Risk Management
We have established enterprise wide policies, procedures and processes to allow us to identify, assess, monitor and manage credit market and operational risks in our business, as well as other risks discussed below in Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” Management of these risks is an interdepartmental endeavor including specific operational responsibilities and ongoing senior management and compliance personnel oversight. The Risk Committee of our Board of Directors (Board) has responsibility for oversight and review of our enterprise risk management approach and is supported by a management enterprise risk committee comprised of senior members of our management team and led by our Head of Internal Audit and Enterprise Risk. Our internal audit function, which reports to the Audit Committee of our Board, provides independent ongoing assessments of our management of certain enterprise risks and reports its findings to our Board's Risk Committee. Our internal audit function also engages external resources to assist in the assessment of enterprise risks and our related control and monitoring processes.
Credit Market Risk
We have implemented a complementary range of strategies to actively monitor and manage the credit performance of our insured portfolio, including:
•establishing prudential underwriting standards and loan-level eligibility matrices which describe the maximum LTV, minimum FICO, maximum borrower DTI ratio, maximum loan size, property type and occupancy status of loans that we will insure, and memorializing these standards and eligibility matrices in our underwriting guidelines;
•conducting diligence of our lender customers before and after we formally engage with them to ensure they have appropriate financial resources, operational capabilities, management experience and a track record of strong origination quality, and subjecting them to well-defined parameters regarding underwriting delegation status, credit guideline requirements and, on a more limited basis, variances;
•implementing a quality control process to ensure ongoing adherence with our underwriting guidelines and eligibility criteria, under which our quality control group performs audits of insured loans identified on a random, high risk and targeted basis to measure the quality of the underwriting decision and loan closing process, and specifically assess the accuracy and adequacy of the information and documentation used to underwrite our MI;
•setting concentration limits to regulate the aggregation of loan-level risks in our overall portfolio and manage our overall portfolio exposure to certain risk classes that typically experience greater volatility and loss during periods of economic and housing market downturns, such as higher LTV loans, loans with higher borrower DTIs, investor loans, cash-out refinances, certain state concentration levels and several other borrower or loan attributes;
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•individually underwriting the majority of the loans we insure through our non-delegated platform and DAR validation process, in order to evaluate borrower and loan-level risk characteristics on an individual policy level, and monitor and assess the manufacturing capabilities of our lender customers in order to provide them feedback to help enhance their own production and control processes;
•designing, developing and deploying Rate GPS®, our proprietary risk-based pricing platform, to dynamically consider a granular set of risk attributes in our policy pricing process and assign individualized premium rates based on the relative risk and anticipated performance of each loan we insure;
•further utilizing Rate GPS® to actively manage the flow of business into our portfolio and target loans with higher-quality risk characteristics that typically experience lower volatility and loss across market cycles; and
•securing reinsurance coverage under quota share and excess-of-loss transactions that are structured to absorb losses in periods of economic and/or housing market stress and, in doing so, mitigate the impact of credit volatility on our financial results.
We view our comprehensive approach to credit risk management as a core competency and believe that it provides us with the ability to actively manage the aggregation of borrower default risk in our insured loan portfolio and mitigate the impact of such exposure under a range of macroeconomic scenarios.
Operational Risk
Operational risks are inherent in our daily business activities, and include, among others, the risk of damage to physical assets, reliance on outside vendors, continued access to qualified underwriting resources, cyber security threats, including breaches of our system or other compromises resulting in unauthorized access to confidential, private and proprietary information, reliance on a complex IT system and employee fraud or negligence. We seek to manage our operational exposures through a variety of standard risk management practices and procedures, such as purchasing hazard and cyber insurance coverage, maintaining oversight of third-party vendors, establishing IT system redundancy and security and disaster recovery practices, maintaining internal controls and ensuring appropriate segregation of duties.
Information Technology Systems and Intellectual Property
We rely on information technology to directly engage with our lender customers, receive MI applications and supporting documentation, streamline our underwriting and validation processes, deliver binding policy certificates, and facilitate post-close MI policy servicing. Our customers and regulators require us to provide and service our products in a secure manner, either electronically via our internet website or through direct electronic data transmissions.
We have invested in our infrastructure and technology through the design, development, integration and implementation of what we believe is an efficient, secure, scalable platform that supports our current business activities and provides capacity for significant future growth. We underwrite and service our MI portfolio within this proprietary insurance management platform, which we refer to as AXIS.
Since the initial development of AXIS, we have continued to upgrade and enhance our systems and technical capabilities, including:
•deploying technology that enables our customers to transact business faster and easier, whether via a secure internet connection or through a secure system-to-system interface;
•integrating our platform with third-party technology providers used by our customers in their loan origination process to price and order our MI and in their servicing processes for servicing and maintaining their MI policies;
•implementing advanced document and business process management software that focuses on improving our underwriting productivity and that may also be used to improve our quality assurance and loss management functions;
•launching our award-winning mobile applications, which enable customers to view and access information through mobile devices, including our premium rate calculators, guideline updates and other resources and information notices; and
•designing, developing and deploying Rate GPS®, our risk-based pricing platform, which allows us to dynamically consider a granular set of risk attributes in our policy pricing process and assign individualized rates based on the relative risk and anticipated performance of each loan we insure.
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We utilize and develop technology that enhances our current operating capabilities and supports future growth, while allowing us to realize current efficiencies. Effective April 1, 2025, we renewed and extended our existing seven-year IT service agreement with TCS, dated March 31, 2020, through March 31, 2032. Under the agreement, TCS provides IT services across such functions as application development and support, infrastructure support, and information security. Our engagement with TCS has enhanced our ability to provide innovative IT solutions for our internal and external constituents and has allowed us to realize cost efficiencies by leveraging TCS’s global platform.
We describe our cybersecurity risk management program and governance, including third-party risk oversight related to this platform, in Item 1C, “Cybersecurity.”
Investment Portfolio
Our primary objectives with respect to our investment portfolio are to preserve capital and generate investment income, while maintaining sufficient liquidity to cover our operating needs. We aim to achieve diversification as to type, quality, maturity, industry and issuer. At December 31, 2025, our investment portfolio was comprised of investment grade fixed maturity securities, including U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies, municipal debt securities, corporate debt securities, U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities, and asset-backed securities. We also hold short-term investments, such as U.S. Treasury Bills and commercial paper.
We have adopted an investment policy that defines, among other things, eligible and ineligible investments, concentration limits for asset types, industry sectors, single issuers, and certain credit ratings, and includes benchmarks for asset duration. Our investments are rated by one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. Our investment policies and strategies are subject to change depending upon regulatory, economic and market conditions, and our existing or anticipated financial condition and operating requirements.
We engage a third-party investment manager to assist with implementation of our investment policy and day-to-day management of our portfolio.
Human Capital Management
As of December 31, 2025, we had 225 full-time and part-time employees, and engaged third-party vendors to provide additional IT, underwriting and other support services.
Our ability to operate efficiently and profitably, to offer products and services that meet the expectations of our customers, and to maintain an effective risk management framework is highly dependent on the competence and integrity of our employees, as well as the employees of the third-party service providers, vendors and others whom we engage.
We prioritize our employees with the goal of attracting, retaining and developing a high-quality talent base and aim to foster a high-performing, employee-driven and collaborative work environment that emphasizes both organizational and personal success. We offer competitive salaries and a comprehensive benefits package that includes annual cash bonuses and equity grants, life, health and supplemental insurance coverage, paid time off, paid caregiver leave, emergency backup child and elder care, a 401(k) Savings Plan with employer matching contributions, and programs to support employee mental, physical and financial well-being. We grant equity to every one of our employees annually and offer mortgage assistance to support our employees who are first-time homebuyers. We encourage our employees to continue their educational and professional development, and support those who do with tuition reimbursement and student loan payback programs, as well as ongoing firm-wide training initiatives and access to third-party course materials.
We value collaboration as a company and believe that different perspectives promote innovation and are crucial to the long-term success of our business. As of December 31, 2025, 71% of our employee population identified as members of a diverse group, including 54% as women and 35% as racial/ethnic minorities. We recognize the valuable contributions of key leaders across our organization and engage in regular succession planning efforts in collaboration with our Board to ensure business continuity and provide ongoing employee development opportunities. In 2025, we continued to focus on our talented, innovative and dedicated people, investing in our culture with a focus on collaboration, performance and employee education.
In 2025, we were recognized as a Great Place to Work® for the tenth consecutive year. Great Place to Work® is a global authority on workplace culture, employee experience and leadership, and partners with FORTUNE magazine to produce the annual FORTUNE “100 Best Companies to Work For” list.
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Available Information
Our principal office is located at 2100 Powell Street, 12th floor, Emeryville, CA 94608. Our main telephone number is (855) 530 - NMIC (6642), and our website address is www.nationalmi.com. Copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC, and can be viewed at sec.gov. In addition, a written copy of the Company's Business Conduct and Ethics Policy, containing our code of ethics that is applicable to all of our directors, officers, employees and third-party vendor contractors, is available on our website. Information contained or referenced on our website is not incorporated by reference into, and does not form a part of, this report.
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U.S. MORTGAGE INSURANCE REGULATION
As discussed below, private mortgage insurers operating in the U.S. are subject to comprehensive state and federal regulation and to significant oversight by the GSEs, the primary beneficiaries of our insurance coverage. NMIC and Re One are principally regulated by our domiciliary and primary regulator, the Wisconsin OCI and by state insurance departments in each state in which these companies are licensed. We are also significantly impacted and, in some cases, directly regulated by federal laws and regulations affecting the housing finance system.
We believe that a strong, viable private MI market is a critical component of the U.S. housing finance system. We routinely meet with regulatory agencies, including our state insurance regulators and the FHFA, the GSEs, our customers and other industry participants to promote the role and value of private MI and exchange views on the U.S. housing finance system. We believe we have an open dialogue with the Wisconsin OCI and often share our views on current matters regarding the MI industry. We actively participate in industry discussions regarding potential changes to the laws impacting private mortgage insurers and the regulatory environment. We intend to continue to promote legislative and regulatory policies that support a viable and competitive private MI industry and a well-functioning U.S. housing finance system. We are a member of USMI®, an organization formed to promote the use of private MI as a credit risk mitigant in the U.S. residential mortgage market.
GSE Oversight
The GSEs are the principal purchasers of mortgages insured by private mortgage insurers. As a result, the nature of the private MI industry in the U.S. is driven in large part by the requirements and practices of the GSEs, which include, among others:
•the PMIERs, including operational, business and remedial requirements and minimum capital levels applicable to GSE-qualified MI providers;
•the terms that the GSEs require to be included in MI policies for loans that they purchase, including terms governing rescission relief;
•the underwriting standards and loan amount limits that determine what loans are eligible for purchase by the GSEs, which affect the quality of the risk insured by the mortgage insurer and the availability of mortgage loans;
•the level of MI coverage, subject to the requirements of the GSEs' charters, when MI is used as the required credit enhancement on high-LTV mortgages;
•the circumstances in which MI coverage can be canceled before reaching the cancellation thresholds established by law, including under the HOPA;
•the amount of loan level delivery fees (which result in higher costs to borrowers) that the GSEs assess on loans that require private MI, which impacts private MI providers' ability to compete with government MIs and other forms of credit enhancement used by the GSEs in lieu of private MI;
•the terms on which the GSEs offer lenders relief on their representations and warranties made to a GSE at the time of sale of a loan to a GSE, which creates pressure on private mortgage insurers to alter their rescission rights to conform to the GSE relief;
•the use of data provided by the GSE and the consequences for any unintended disclosure of such information;
•loss mitigation programs established by the GSEs that impact insured mortgages and the circumstances under which servicers must implement such programs; and
•the availability and scope of different loan purchase programs, including first time home buyer and affordable lending initiatives, from the GSEs that allow different levels of MI coverage.
In January 2013, the GSEs approved NMIC as a qualified mortgage insurer (as defined in the PMIERs, an approved insurer). (Italicized terms have the same meaning that such terms have in the PMIERs.) As an approved insurer, NMIC is subject to ongoing compliance with the PMIERs. The PMIERs establish operational, business, remedial and financial requirements applicable to approved insurers, and are updated from time to time by the GSEs. The GSEs have significant discretion under the PMIERs as well as a broad range of consent rights and notice requirements with respect to various actions of an approved insurer. The PMIERs financial requirements prescribe a risk-based methodology whereby the amount of assets required to be held against each insured loan is determined based on certain risk characteristics, such as credit score, vintage (year of origination), performing vs. non-performing (i.e., current vs. delinquent), LTV and other risk features. An asset charge is calculated for each insured loan based on its risk profile. In general, higher-quality loans carry lower charges.
Under the PMIERs, approved insurers must maintain available assets that equal or exceed minimum required assets,
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which is an amount equal to the greater of (i) $400 million or (ii) a total risk-based required asset amount. The risk-based required asset amount is a function of the risk profile of an approved insurer's RIF, assessed on a loan-by-loan basis and considered against certain risk-based factors derived from tables set out in the PMIERs to gross RIF, which is then adjusted on an aggregate basis for reinsurance transactions approved by the GSEs, such as with respect to our QSR Transactions, XOL Transactions and ILN Transactions. The risk-based required asset amount for performing, primary insurance is subject to a floor of 5.6% of performing primary adjusted RIF, and the risk-based required asset amount for pool insurance considers both factors in the PMIERs tables and the net remaining stop loss for each pool insurance policy. The PMIERs include a comprehensive reinsurance counter-party grading framework, which includes a modest haircut (based on the credit rating of the reinsurer) to the capital credit available to an approved insurer for any un-collateralized reinsurance coverage.
By April 15th of each year, NMIC must certify that it met all PMIERs requirements as of December 31st of the prior year. We certified to the GSEs by April 15, 2025 that NMIC was in full compliance with the PMIERs as of December 31, 2024. NMIC also has an ongoing obligation to immediately notify the GSEs in writing upon discovery of a failure to meet one or more PMIERs requirements. We continuously monitor NMIC's compliance with the PMIERs.
State Mortgage Insurance Regulation
Certificates of Authority
NMIC holds a certificate of authority, or insurance license, in all 50 states and D.C. As a licensed insurer in these jurisdictions, NMIC is subject to ongoing financial reporting, examination and disclosure requirements relating to its business, operations, management and affiliate arrangements.
State Insurance Laws
Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to comprehensive regulation by state insurance departments. As mandated by certain state insurance laws, private MI companies are restricted to writing only MI business. We understand that the primary purpose underlying this restriction, which is referred to in the industry as a “monoline” requirement, is to make it easier for regulators to assess the overall risk in a mortgage insurer's insurance portfolio, to determine its capital adequacy under varying economic scenarios and to prevent the depletion of capital due to the diversion of financial resources in support of non-MI lines of business. State insurance laws and regulations are principally designed for the protection of insured policyholders rather than for the benefit of investors. Although their scope varies, state insurance laws generally grant broad supervisory powers to insurance regulatory officials to examine insurance companies and interpret and/or enforce rules or exercise discretion affecting almost every significant aspect of their insurance business.
In general, state insurance regulation of our business relates to:
•licenses to transact business;
•producer licensing;
•policy forms;
•premium rates;
•insurable loans;
•annual and quarterly financial reports prepared in accordance with statutory accounting principles;
•determination of loss, unearned premium and contingency reserves;
•minimum capital levels and adequacy ratios;
•affiliate transactions;
•reinsurance transactions and related requirements;
•limitations on the types of investment instruments which may be held in an investment portfolio;
•the size of risks and limits on coverage of individual risks which may be insured;
•special deposits of securities;
•stockholder dividends;
•insurance policy sales practices;
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•privacy and cybersecurity;
•enterprise risk management;
•advertising compliance;
•restrictions on transactions that have the effect of inducing lenders to place business with NMIC; and
•claims handling.
As the ultimate controlling parent of an insurance holding company system, NMIH is registered with the Wisconsin OCI, which is NMIC and Re One's primary regulator, and must provide insurance holding company annual audited consolidated financial statements and other information to the Wisconsin OCI on an ongoing basis. We, as an insurance holding company, and each of our affiliates, are prohibited from engaging in certain transactions with our insurance subsidiaries without disclosure to, and in some instances, prior approval by, the Wisconsin OCI. Like all other states, Wisconsin regulates transactions between domestic insurance companies and their controlling stockholders or affiliates. Under Wisconsin law, all transactions involving us, or an affiliate, and an insurance subsidiary, must conform to certain standards, including that the transaction be “reasonable and fair” to the insurance subsidiary. Wisconsin law also provides that disclosure of certain affiliate transactions must be filed with the Wisconsin OCI at least 30 days before the transaction is entered into and that these transactions may be disapproved by the Wisconsin OCI within that period.
Under Wisconsin law, domestic insurers, such as NMIC, are required to submit and obtain prior Wisconsin OCI approval on all reinsurance agreements with non-affiliate reinsurers. In addition, the Wisconsin OCI requires that reinsurance agreements with non-authorized and non-accredited reinsurers be collateralized through letters of credit and/or trust accounts in order for a domestic insurer to take credit for reinsurance on its statutory balance sheet.
Wisconsin's insurance regulations generally provide that no person may merge with or acquire control (which is defined as possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, by common management or otherwise) of us or our insurance subsidiaries unless the merger or transaction in which control is acquired has been approved by the Wisconsin OCI. Wisconsin law provides for a rebuttable presumption of control when a person owns or has the right to vote, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the voting securities of a company. Pursuant to applicable Wisconsin regulations, voting securities include securities convertible into or evidencing the right to acquire securities with the right to vote. For purposes of determining whether control exists, the Wisconsin OCI may aggregate the direct or indirect ownership of us by entities under common control with one another. Notwithstanding the presumption of control, any person or persons acting in concert or whose shares may be aggregated for purposes of determining control, may file a disclaimer of affiliation with the Wisconsin OCI if they do not intend to control or direct or influence the management of a domestic insurer. Such disclaimer will become effective unless it is expressly “disapproved” by the Wisconsin OCI within 30 days of the date filed. In addition, the insurance regulations of certain states require prior notification to the state's insurance department before a person acquires control of an insurance company licensed in such state. An insurance company's licenses to conduct business in those states could be affected by any such change in control. As of the date of this report, we are aware of one NMIH stockholder that owns more than 10% of our shares of common stock. We understand that this stockholder has filed a disclaimer of control with the Wisconsin OCI in connection therewith, which has not been disapproved.
Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to Wisconsin statutory requirements as to maintenance of minimum policyholders' surplus and payment of dividends or distributions to stockholders. Under Wisconsin law, our insurance subsidiaries may pay “ordinary” stockholder dividends with 30 days' prior notice to the Wisconsin OCI. Ordinary dividends are defined as payments or distributions to stockholders in any twelve-month period that do not exceed the lesser of (i) 10% of statutory policyholders' surplus as of the preceding calendar year end or (ii) adjusted statutory net income. Adjusted statutory net income is defined for this purpose to be the greater of the following:
a.The net income of the insurer for the calendar year preceding the date of the dividend or distribution, minus realized capital gains for that calendar year; or
b.The aggregate of the net income of the insurer for the 3 calendar years preceding the date of the dividend or distribution, minus realized capital gains for those calendar years and minus dividends paid or credited and distributions made within the first 2 of the preceding 3 calendar years.
The Wisconsin OCI may prohibit the payment of ordinary dividends or other payments by our insurance subsidiaries to us if they determine that such payments could be adverse to policyholders. In addition, our insurance subsidiaries may make or pay “extraordinary” stockholder dividends (i.e., amounts in excess of ordinary dividends) only with the prior approval of the Wisconsin OCI.
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In addition to Wisconsin, other states may limit or restrict our insurance subsidiaries' ability to pay stockholder dividends. For example, in California and New York, mortgage insurers licensed in such states are prohibited from declaring dividends except from undivided profits remaining above the aggregate of their paid-in capital, paid-in surplus and contingency reserves. In addition, Florida requires mortgage insurers to hold surplus of not less than the lesser of (i) 10% of its total liabilities, or (ii) $100 million. It is possible that Wisconsin, or other states, will adopt revised statutory provisions or interpretations of existing statutory provisions that will be more or less restrictive than those described above or will otherwise take actions that may further restrict the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions or returns of capital.
Wisconsin has adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Act, which requires, among other things, that we conduct an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment at least annually to assess the material risks associated with our business and our current and estimated projected future solvency position, and maintain a risk management framework to assess, monitor, manage, and report on material risks. Additionally, Wisconsin has also adopted the annual enterprise risk reporting and “Corporate Governance Annual Disclosure” requirements of the NAIC model laws.
Wisconsin has adopted the NAIC’s amendments to the model holding company act that implement the filing requirement for the GCC. The GCC uses a risk-based capital aggregation methodology for all entities in an insurance holding company system. It is a tool that provides insurance regulators with a method to aggregate the available capital and the minimum capital of each entity in a group in a way that applies to all companies regardless of their structure. Under Wisconsin law, the ultimate controlling person of our insurance subsidiaries must file the GCC with the Wisconsin OCI.
Mortgage insurers licensed in Wisconsin are required to establish a contingency loss reserve for purposes of statutory accounting, with annual contributions equal to the greater of (i) 50% of net earned premiums for such year or (ii) the minimum policyholders' position (as described below) relating to NIW in the period, divided by 7. These additions to contingency reserves cannot be withdrawn for a period of 10 years, except as permitted by insurance regulations. With prior approval from the Wisconsin OCI, an MI company may make early withdrawals from the contingency reserve when incurred losses and incurred loss expenses for a calendar quarter exceed the greater of either (i) 35% of net premiums earned in a calendar year or (ii) 70% of the annual amount contributed to the contingency loss reserve.
Under applicable Wisconsin law and the laws of 15 other states, a mortgage insurer must maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to its RIF in order for the mortgage insurer to continue to write new business. These are typically referred to as “RTC requirements.” While formulations of minimum capital may vary in certain jurisdictions, the most common measure applied allows for a maximum permitted RTC ratio of 25:1. Wisconsin has formula-based limits that generally result in RTC limits slightly higher than the 25:1 ratio.
We compute the RTC ratio for NMIC. The RTC ratio is our net RIF divided by our statutory capital. Our net RIF includes both direct and assumed primary and pool RIF, less risk ceded and excluding risk on policies that are currently in default and for which loss reserves have been established. Wisconsin requires a mortgage insurer to maintain a “minimum policyholders' position” as calculated in accordance with the applicable regulations. Policyholders' position, which is also known as statutory capital, is generally the sum of statutory policyholders' surplus (which increases as a result of statutory net income and capital contributions, and decreases as a result of statutory net loss and capital distributions), plus the statutory contingency reserve. Under statutory accounting rules, the contingency reserve is reported as a liability on the statutory balance sheet; however, for purposes of statutory capital and RTC ratio calculations, it is included in capital.
State insurance regulators also have the authority to make changes to current regulations governing mortgage insurance, including, among other things, capital requirements, underwriting standards, claims practices and market conduct regulation. The NAIC formed a working group within its Financial Condition (E) Committee, the Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Working Group, to discuss, develop and recommend changes to the solvency and market practices regulation of mortgage insurers, including changes to the Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act #630 (Model Act). These efforts culminated in amendments to the Model Act, which were adopted by the NAIC Financial Condition and Executive Committees in 2023. Wisconsin has begun the process of adopting the revised Model Act, and other states may also consider adoption as well.
Most states, including Wisconsin, have enacted anti-inducement and anti-rebate laws applicable to mortgage insurers, which prohibit mortgage insurers from inducing lenders to enter into insurance contracts by offering benefits not specified in the policy, including rebates of insurance premiums. For example, Wisconsin prohibits mortgage insurers from allowing any commission, fee, remuneration, or other compensation to be paid to, or received by, any insured lender, including any subsidiary or affiliate, officer, director, or employee of any insured, any member of their immediate family, any corporation, partnership, trust, trade association in which any insured is a member, or other entity in which any insured or any such officer, director, or employee or any member of their immediate family has a financial interest.
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MI premium rates are subject to prior approval in certain states, which requirement is designed to protect policyholders against rates that are excessive, inadequate or unfairly discriminatory. In these states, any change in premium rates must be justified, generally on the basis of the insurer's loss experience, expenses and future trend analysis. Trends in mortgage default rates are also considered.
State insurance receivership law, not federal bankruptcy law, would govern any insolvency or financially hazardous condition of our insurance subsidiaries. The Wisconsin OCI has substantial authority to issue orders or seek to control a state insurance receivership proceeding to address the insolvency or financially hazardous condition of an insurance company that it regulates. Under Wisconsin law, the Wisconsin OCI has substantial flexibility to restructure an insurance company in a receivership proceeding. The Wisconsin OCI is obligated to maximize the value of an insolvent insurer's estate for the benefit of its policyholders. In all insurance receiverships under state insurance law, policyholder claims are prioritized relative to the claims of stockholders.
Other U.S. Regulation
Federal laws and regulations applicable to participants in the housing finance industry, including mortgage originators and servicers, purchasers of mortgage loans, such as the GSEs, and the government MIs directly and indirectly impact private mortgage insurers. Changes in federal housing legislation may have significant effects on the demand for private MI and, therefore, may materially affect our business.
We may also be impacted by federal regulation of residential mortgage transactions. Mortgage origination and servicing transactions are subject to compliance with various federal and state consumer protection laws, including the RESPA, the TILA, the ECOA, the Fair Housing Act, the HOPA, the FCRA, the FDCPA, the GLBA and others. Among other things, these laws and their implementing regulations prohibit payments for referrals of real estate settlement service business, require fairness and non-discrimination in granting or facilitating the granting of credit, govern the circumstances under which companies may obtain and use consumer credit information, establish standards for cancellation of BPMI, define the manner in which companies may pursue collection activities, require disclosures of the cost of credit and provide for other consumer protections.
Housing Finance Reform
The federal government currently plays a dominant role in the U.S. housing finance system through the GSEs and government MIs (i.e., the FHA, USDA and VA) and Ginnie Mae. There is broad policy consensus toward the need for continued and consistent private capital participation in the U.S. housing finance system.
On September 6, 2008, the FHFA used its authority to place the GSEs into conservatorship. As the GSEs' conservator, the FHFA has the authority to control and direct the GSEs' operations, and the FHFA's policy objectives can result in changes to the GSEs' requirements and practices. While in conservatorship, each GSE has been subject to the terms of Senior PSPAs, as amended, with the Treasury Department. Pursuant to the PSPAs, the Treasury Department committed to invest in the GSEs to the extent required for each to maintain a positive net worth. In exchange for its investment, the Treasury Department received shares of the GSEs' senior preferred stock and warrants to purchase 79.9% of the GSEs' common stock. The PSPAs have also historically required the GSEs to, among other things, make quarterly dividend payments to the Treasury Department, and also provide the Treasury Department with a liquidation preference.
On January 14, 2021, the FHFA announced that it had agreed with the Treasury Department to amend the PSPAs. Among other things, these amendments increased the GSEs' permissible capital retention to approximately $283 billion, continued the suspension of quarterly dividend payments in favor of dollar-for-dollar increases in the Treasury Department's liquidation preference, and allowed each GSE to issue up to $70 billion in new stock. The amendments also imposed specific conditions required for the GSEs to exit conservatorship, including the resolution or settlement of all material litigation relating to the conservatorship, and each GSE achieving common equity tier 1 capital of at least 3% of its total assets.
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On September 14, 2021, the FHFA together with the Treasury Department announced the suspension of certain portions of the 2021 PSPA amendments, specifically those limiting certain GSE lending activities, and that would, among other things, reduce the amount of capital the GSEs are required to hold. On March 16, 2022, the FHFA adopted the final rule (effective May 16, 2022) (2022 ERCF amendment) that amended the enterprise regulatory capital framework by refining the prescribed leverage buffer amount and CRT securitization framework for the GSEs, which reduced the amount of capital the GSEs are required to hold, including by increasing the capital credit the GSEs receive for the credit risk that they distribute. On January 2, 2025, the FHFA together with the Treasury Department announced further amendments to the PSPAs to help ensure that the eventual release of the GSEs from conservatorship will be orderly and to reflect certain existing practices. Among other things, the amendments restore the Treasury Department’s right to consent to a release of the GSEs from conservatorship. In addition, under a separate side letter from the FHFA to the Treasury Department, the FHFA will solicit public input, before releasing a GSE from conservatorship, regarding the potential impacts on the housing market and the GSEs.
On April 28, 2023, the FHFA’s rule requiring the GSEs to provide advance notice to the FHFA of new activities and obtain prior approval before launching new products became effective. The rule establishes revised criteria for determining whether new activity requires notice to the FHFA and for determining if that activity is a new product that merits public notice and comment. The rule also outlines the process for the FHFA's review of any new activity and the timelines for approving a new product, including issuing a public notice and requesting public comment about a new product.
With the GSEs in a prolonged conservatorship, there has been ongoing debate over the future role and purpose of the GSEs in the U.S. housing market. Since 2011, there have been numerous legislative proposals intended to incrementally scale back or eliminate the GSEs (such as a statutory mandate for the GSEs to transfer mortgage credit risk to the private sector) or to completely reform the housing finance system. Congress, however, has not enacted any legislation to date.
Under the first Trump administration, there was increased focus on the possibility of administrative reform that the White House and Treasury Department, in collaboration with the previous Director of the FHFA, may pursue independent of any legislative action. In September 2019, the Treasury Department released a Housing Reform Plan that included a compilation of legislative and administrative recommendations for reforms to achieve various goals, including the goals of ending the conservatorships of the GSEs and setting regulations for the GSEs that provide for their safety and soundness. In December 2020, the FHFA finalized a rule establishing a new regulatory capital framework for the GSEs, noting that the rule was another step toward ending the conservatorships of the GSEs.
On June 23, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the President could remove the FHFA Director other than for cause. Subsequently, President Biden removed the FHFA Director and appointed a new Director to lead the FHFA. FHFA leadership changes add uncertainty to what role the GSEs, FHA and private capital, including private mortgage insurance, will play in the residential housing finance system in the future. In anticipation of expected Presidential dismissal as a result of Trump’s second term inauguration, on January 19, 2025, the sitting FHFA Director exited the role. President Trump nominated a new FHFA Director who was confirmed and sworn in on March 14, 2025.
The passage and timing of comprehensive GSE reform or incremental change (whether legislative or administrative in nature) is uncertain, making the actual impact on us and our industry difficult to predict. Any such changes that come to pass could have a significant impact on our business. In addition, while the GSEs remain in conservatorship, the current leadership of the FHFA may exercise their oversight authority over the GSEs differently than previous Directors and/or have different objectives with regard to the GSEs' operations. Any such changes in how the FHFA engages with and influences the GSEs could have a significant impact on our business.
FHA Reform
We compete with the single-family MI programs of the FHA, which is part of the HUD. During the financial crisis, the FHA captured an increasing share of the high-LTV MI market as incumbent private MIs came under significant financial stress. Previous FHA rate actions and product introductions continue to impact its market share and, by extension, the private MI market. On February 22, 2023, FHA announced a rate reduction to the annual mortgage insurance premiums charged to homebuyers who obtain an FHA-insured mortgage.
The FHA's role in the mortgage insurance industry is significantly dependent upon regulatory developments. Since 2012, there have been several legislative proposals intended to reform the FHA; however, no legislation has been enacted to date. The passage of FHA reform legislation in either the House or Senate, and how differences in proposed reforms between the House and Senate might be resolved in any final legislation, remain uncertain.
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The Dodd-Frank Act
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act) amended certain provisions of TILA, RESPA and other statutes that have had a significant impact on our business and the residential mortgage market. The Dodd-Frank Act created the CFPB, a federal agency with responsibility for regulating and enforcing the offering and provision of consumer financial products and services under the federal consumer financial laws. Actions taken or rules implemented by the CFPB have the potential to impact the overall housing finance market, and by extension the private MI industry and our business. Leadership at the CFPB changes from time to time. Given that the Director of the CFPB is removable by the President at will, the agency's agenda, policies and actions likely will be significantly influenced by the then current administration. Accordingly, it is difficult to predict whether or how the CFPB might seek to implement these laws beyond the current administration's term.
Ability-to-Repay and Qualified Mortgage Rules
The CFPB issued final regulations, effective in 2014 and subsequently revised, requiring a residential mortgage loan originator to make a good faith determination, at the time a loan is originated, that the consumer has a reasonable ATR the loan. The ATR rule does not provide comprehensive underwriting standards but does set forth certain factors that a creditor must consider. The Dodd-Frank Act provides for a statutory presumption that a borrower will have the ability to repay a loan if the loan has the characteristics of a QM as defined in the CFPB’s regulations, which has defined several types of QMs. The CFPB’s definition of a “General QM” places limits on points and fees, prohibits or restricts certain mortgage features, and generally limits a QM’s annual percentage rate to 2.25 percentage points above the average prime offer rate for comparable loans. If a General QM is a higher-priced loan, as defined by the CFPB, it obtains a rebuttable presumption of ATR compliance for that loan. If a General QM is not a higher-priced loan, it obtains a conclusive presumption of ATR compliance for that loan.
The Dodd-Frank Act also gave statutory authority to HUD, the VA, and the USDA to develop their own definitions of QM. The ATR rule does not affect the QM definitions adopted by these agencies. To the extent lenders find that these agencies' definitions of QM are more favorable to certain segments of their borrowers, they may choose government MI products over private MI products. We, along with other industry participants, have observed that the significant majority of covered loans made after the effective date of the CFPB's ATR rule have been QMs. We expect that most lenders will continue to be reluctant to make loans that do not qualify as QMs because, absent full compliance with the ATR rule, such loans will not be entitled to a “safe-harbor” presumption of compliance with the ability-to-pay requirements.
Basel Rules
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (Basel Committee), which consists of a group of central banks and banking regulators including the United States, developed the Basel Capital Accord in 1988 to set out international benchmarks for assessing banks' capital adequacy requirements. The capital adequacy requirements, among other factors, govern the capital treatment of MI purchased and held on balance sheet by domestic and international banks in respect of their residential mortgage loan origination and securitization activities. In July 2013, U.S. banking regulators promulgated regulations to implement significant elements of the Basel framework, which we refer to as Basel III.
In December 2017, the Basel Committee published final revisions to Basel III (informally known as “Basel IV”) with target implementation by each participating country by January 1, 2022, later extended to January 1, 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Implementation of Basel IV reforms requires national legislation and, therefore, the final rules and the timetable for their implementation in each participating country may be subject to some level of national variation. As an example, the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU) have each announced delays for their rules implementing the Basel IV reforms until 2027 and 2026, respectively, with further transitional arrangements being in place until 2030 and 2032, respectively. Under Basel IV, banks using the standardized approach to determine their credit risk may consider mortgage insurance in calculating the exposure amount for real estate. However, such banks will need to determine the risk-weight for residential mortgages based on the LTV ratio at loan origination, without factoring in mortgage insurance. Under the standardized approach, after the appropriate risk-weight is determined, the existence of mortgage insurance could be considered, but only if the company issuing the insurance has a lower risk-weight than the underlying exposure. Mortgage insurance issued by private companies would not meet this test. Therefore, under Basel IV, mortgage insurance could not mitigate credit and lower the capital charge under the standardized approach.
The Basel Committee previously proposed rules that would further reduce the benefit of private MI by not taking into consideration any credit enhancement, including private MI; however, those revisions were not implemented, retaining the treatment of mortgage insurance. On September 9, 2022, the U.S. banking regulators announced their intent to revise U.S. regulatory capital requirements to align them with Basel IV. On July 27, 2023, the U.S. banking regulators jointly issued a
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proposed rule that would revise large bank capital requirements. On September 18, 2023, the U.S. banking regulators announced this proposed rule would increase risk-based capital requirements for banks with total assets of $100 billion or more. This proposal increases the risk weights for LTVs that are above 80% and eliminates the current capital relief credit that is given to these loans if they are covered by mortgage insurance. Accordingly, as proposed, the revised standards would mean mortgage insurance would not lower the LTV ratio of residential loans for capital purposes for these large banks, and therefore may decrease their demand for mortgage insurance. These large banks may also retreat from high LTV lending if the proposal, as drafted, were passed. It is expected that the prior proposed rule will not be approved, and that a new proposed rule will be issued. The full Basel Committee has yet to finalize next steps on a future path forward. Accordingly, we do not have clarity on whether or when we can expect any revised or final proposal or how much time will be provided for banking organizations to implement any final rule once it has been issued. The timing, scope, and content of any further proposed or final rulemaking and any potential impact it may have remain uncertain.
We believe the existing U.S. implementation of the Basel IV capital framework supports continued use of private MI by portfolio lenders as a risk and capital management tool; however, with the ongoing implementation of Basel IV and the continued evolution of the Basel framework, it is difficult to predict the extent of the impact, if any, on the MI industry and the ultimate form of any potential future modifications to the regulations by federal banking regulators. If the Basel Committee revises the Basel IV framework to reduce or eliminate the capital benefit banks receive from insuring low down payment loans with private MI, our current and future business may be adversely affected.
Mortgage Servicing Rules
Residential mortgage servicing rules under RESPA and TILA, promulgated by the CFPB include servicer requirements for handling escrow accounts, responding to borrower assertions of error and inquiries from borrowers, special handling of loans that are in default and loss mitigation when borrowers default, along with other provisions. A provision of the required loss mitigation procedures prohibits the servicer from commencing foreclosure until 120 days after a borrower defaults. Additional servicing regulations became effective in October 2017, providing some borrowers with foreclosure protections more than once over the life of the loan, imposing specific timing requirements for loss mitigation activities when servicing rights are transferred, and requiring that loss mitigation applications be properly dispositioned before allowing pursuit of a foreclosure action, among other requirements. Violation of these loss mitigation rules, which mandate special notices, handling and processing procedures (with deadlines) based on borrower submissions, may subject the servicer to private rights of action under consumer protection laws. Such actions or threats of such actions could cause delays in and increase costs and expenses associated with default servicing, including foreclosure. As to servicing of delinquent mortgage loans covered by our insurance policies, these rules could contribute to delays in and increased costs associated with foreclosure proceedings and have a negative impact on the cost and resolution of claims.
Homeowners Protection Act of 1998 (HOPA)
HOPA provides for the automatic termination, or cancellation upon a borrower's request, of BPMI, as defined in HOPA, upon satisfaction of certain conditions. HOPA requires that lenders give borrowers certain notices with regard to the automatic termination or cancellation of BPMI. These provisions apply to BPMI for purchase money, refinance and construction loans secured by the borrower's principal dwelling. Loans insured by government MIs are not covered by HOPA. Under HOPA, automatic termination of BPMI would generally occur when the mortgage is first scheduled to reach an LTV of 78% of the home's original value, assuming that the borrower is current on the required mortgage payments. A borrower who has a “good payment history,” as defined by HOPA, may generally request cancellation of BPMI when the LTV is first scheduled to reach 80% of the home's original value or when actual payments reduce the loan balance to 80% of the home's original value, whichever occurs earlier. If BPMI coverage is not canceled at the borrower's request or by the automatic termination provision, the mortgage servicer must terminate such BPMI coverage by the first day of the month following the date that is the midpoint of the loan's amortization, assuming the borrower is current on the required mortgage payments.
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Section 8 of RESPA
Section 8 of RESPA applies to most residential mortgages insured by us. Subject to limited exceptions, Section 8 of RESPA prohibits persons from giving or accepting anything of value pursuant to an agreement or understanding to refer a “settlement service.” MI generally may be considered to be a “settlement service” for purposes of Section 8 of RESPA under applicable regulations. Section 8 of RESPA affects how we structure ancillary services that we may provide to our customers, if any, including loan review services, risk-share arrangements and customer training programs. RESPA authorizes the CFPB and other regulators to bring civil enforcement actions and also provides for criminal penalties and private rights of action. The CFPB has brought a number of enforcement actions under Section 8 of RESPA, including settlements with several private mortgage insurers. Enforcement of Section 8 of RESPA presents regulatory risk for many providers of “settlement services,” including private mortgage insurers.
Mortgage Insurance Tax Deduction
In 2006, Congress enacted a private mortgage insurance tax deduction on a temporary basis through the end of 2011. Upon expiration in 2011, Congress temporarily extended the deduction for each tax year from 2012 through 2021. Congress did not extend the deduction to the 2022 to 2025 tax years. The deduction has now been reinstated permanently, starting with the 2026 tax year.
SAFE Act
The federal SAFE Act, enacted by Congress in 2008, establishes minimum standards for the licensing and registration of state-licensed “mortgage loan originators,” as defined under state law. The SAFE Act also requires the establishment of a nationwide mortgage licensing system and registry for the residential mortgage industry and certain of its employees. As part of this licensing and registration process, loan originators who are employees of certain covered institutions must generally be licensed under the SAFE Act guidelines enacted by each state in which they engage in loan originator activities and registered with the registry. The CFPB administers and enforces the SAFE Act. Employees of NMIC are not required to be licensed and/or registered under the SAFE Act as NMIC does not originate, process or underwrite mortgage loans. NMIS currently offers loan review services that are performed by SAFE Act-licensed third-party service providers, which have represented and warranted to NMIS that they comply with SAFE Act requirements in all applicable jurisdictions.
Privacy and Information Security
We provide mortgage insurance products and services to financial institutions with which we have business relationships. In the normal course of providing our products and services, we may receive non-public personal information regarding such financial institutions' customers. The GLBA and related state and federal regulations implementing its privacy and safeguarding provisions impose privacy and information security requirements on financial institutions, including obligations to protect and safeguard consumers' non-public personal information. GLBA and its implementing regulations are enforced by state insurance regulators and state attorneys general, and by the FTC and the CFPB.
In addition, many states have enacted privacy and data security laws which impose compliance obligations beyond GLBA. These state laws obligate us to protect social security numbers, make disclosures regarding our privacy practices, limit the manner in which we share personal information, honor some requests for the deletion of personal data, submit annual compliance certifications regarding such programs (or an exemption thereto) and notify insurance regulators if a security breach results in a reasonable belief that unauthorized persons may have obtained access to consumer non-public personal information. For example, New York’s cybersecurity regulation establishes requirements for insurance entities under the New York Department of Financial Services’ jurisdiction, such as NMIC. The NAIC adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law (Cybersecurity Model Law) for entities licensed under the relevant state’s insurance laws. The Cybersecurity Model Law requires such entities to develop and maintain a risk-based information security program, among other requirements. Several states, including Wisconsin, have adopted the Cybersecurity Model Law. State consumer privacy protection laws have also created new rights for their residents regarding certain personal information an organization collects and/or uses about them. We have adopted certain policies and procedures, and risk management and security practices designed to facilitate our compliance with these federal and state privacy and information security laws.
Fair Credit Reporting Act
FCRA imposes restrictions on the permissible use of credit report information. The CFPB and FTC each have authority to enforce FCRA. FCRA has been interpreted by some FTC staff and federal courts to require mortgage insurers to provide “adverse action” notices to consumers if an application for mortgage insurance is declined or offered at higher than the best
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available rate for the program applied for on the basis of a review of the consumer's credit. We provide such notices when required.
Anti-Discrimination Laws
ECOA requires creditors and insurers to handle applications for credit and for insurance in accordance with specified requirements and prohibits discrimination in lending or insurance based on prohibited factors such as gender, race, ethnicity, age and familial status. The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, gender and other prohibited bases in connection with housing-secured credit transactions.
Artificial Intelligence Laws
We are subject to an evolving regulatory framework governing the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) at both the federal and state levels.
In December 2023, the NAIC published a Model Bulletin on the Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems by Insurers which has since been adopted by more than 20 state insurance regulators, including the Wisconsin OCI, and other state insurance regulators have adopted their own insurance-specific AI regulations or guidance. Several states have also passed, or are currently considering, generally-applicable laws and regulations related to the development and use of AI systems.
These laws, regulations and guidance generally clarify that existing laws apply to AI systems, including consumer protection, civil rights, competition, data privacy, and insurance laws. In addition, they may in some cases require disclosures, consumer “opt-out” rights, and the development of model governance, risk assessments and other compliance processes.
In December 2025, President Trump issued an executive order articulating a federal policy favoring U.S. leadership in artificial intelligence through a minimally burdensome national regulatory framework. The executive order does not establish a comprehensive federal AI statute or directly preempt existing state laws, but directs federal agencies to evaluate state AI regulations, establish a litigation task force to challenge state laws deemed inconsistent with federal policy, consider federal AI reporting or disclosure standards, and develop potential legislative recommendations. The evolving interaction between federal and state AI regulation and any potential impact remain uncertain.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as all other information contained in this report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto, before deciding to invest in our common stock. The occurrence of any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flow. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose some or all of your investment.
This report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” on page 3 of this report. Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, including any such statements made in Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Risk Factors Summary
The following is a summary of the principal risks that could materially adversely affect our business operations, industry, and financial results. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor that immediately follows this summary.
•We face intense competition for business in our industry, and if we are unable to compete effectively, we may not be able to achieve our business goals, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
•Our NIW volumes could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private MI.
•If we are unable to continue to attract and retain the most significant mortgage originators as customers, our ability to achieve our business goals could be negatively impacted.
•If the volume of high-LTV loan originations declines, our NIW volume could decline, which would reduce our revenues.
•Our underwriting and credit risk management policies and practices may not anticipate all risks and/or the magnitude of potential for loss as the result of unforeseen risks.
•Unexpected material increases in borrower defaults could cause our actual losses to materially exceed our expected loss rates, including in certain geographic regions in which our business may be concentrated and more susceptible to downturns.
•The premiums we charge may be insufficient to cover claim payments and our operating costs.
•Changes in factors that impact the length of time that our policies remain in force may adversely affect our future revenues and claims experience.
•Changes in inflation, interest rates and mortgage interest rates may have an adverse impact on our business, future revenue and financial condition.
•We outsource the underwriting of our mortgage insurance on certain loans to third-party USPs. If these USPs fail to adequately perform their underwriting services or place our coverage on loans we would deem ineligible, we could experience increased claims on loans underwritten by them, and our customer relationships could be negatively impacted.
•Our Master Policies contain restrictions on our ability to rescind coverage for certain material misrepresentations (including fraud) and underwriting defects, and if we were to fail to timely discover any such misrepresentations or underwriting defects, our rights of rescission would be significantly limited, and we could suffer increased losses as a result of paying claims on loans with unacceptable risk characteristics.
•The mix of business we write affects our revenue stream and the likelihood of losses occurring.
•We expect our claims to increase as our insured loan portfolio grows and matures.
•Our business depends, in part, on effective and reliable loan servicing.
•If the estimates we use in establishing claims reserves are incorrect, the actual claim payments we make may materially exceed the amount of our corresponding claims reserves, resulting in unexpected charges to income, which could be material and adversely affect our results of operations.
•The occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or pandemics could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
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•Climate risk and efforts to manage or regulate climate risk by government agencies could affect our business and operations.
•We are exposed to certain risks associated with our third-party reinsurance transactions, including the possibility that our reinsurers will fail to perform their obligations or that we will lose the capital credit we expected to receive when we entered into the transactions as a result of future GSE or Wisconsin OCI action or if any of our reinsurers experiences a downgrade or other adverse business event.
•Our operating results depend in large part on our ability to manage the risks related to the growth of our business and on maintaining and enhancing effective operating procedures and internal controls.
•We are exposed to operational risk from fraud, malfeasance or error by borrowers, employees and third-party service providers, and any such fraud, malfeasance or error could materially and adversely affect us.
•If we do not maintain connectivity with or otherwise meet the technological demands of our customers or are unable to develop, enhance and maintain our proprietary technology platform, our business and financial performance could be adversely affected.
•We may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or misuse of confidential, personal or proprietary information.
•Adverse investment performance may affect our financial results and ability to conduct business.
•We face regulatory and litigation risks associated with offering loan review services.
•There can be no assurance that the GSEs will continue to treat us as an approved insurer in the future, and changes to, or our failure to maintain compliance with, the GSEs' PMIERs, could adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results.
•Changes in the business practices of the GSEs, including a decision to decrease or discontinue the use of private MI, or changes in the terms on which mortgage insurance coverage may be canceled, federal legislation that changes their charters or a restructuring of the GSEs or changes in loan delivery pricing imposed by the GSEs could reduce the private MI market opportunity, reduce our revenues or increase our losses.
•We are subject to comprehensive state insurance regulations and capital adequacy requirements, which we must satisfy to continue to operate our MI business.
•The private MI industry is, and as a participant we are, subject to litigation and regulatory enforcement risk generally.
•Our business prospects and operating results could be adversely impacted if, and to the extent that, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's ATR Rules defining a QM negatively impact the size of the origination market.
•The implementation of the Basel rules may discourage the use of mortgage insurance.
•Our holding company structure and certain regulatory and other constraints could affect our ability to satisfy our obligations and potentially require us to raise more capital.
•Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition.
•Our existing, and any future, variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our annual debt service obligations to increase significantly.
•Despite our substantial level of debt, we may incur more debt, which could exacerbate any or all of the risks described above.
•Our current credit ratings may adversely affect our ability to access capital and the cost of such capital, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
•We do not currently pay any dividends on our common stock and may not do so in the future, and payment of any declared dividends may be delayed.
•The market price of our common stock may be volatile, which could cause the value of an investment in our common stock to decline.
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•The market price of our common stock could decline due to the large number of outstanding shares of our common stock eligible for future sale, and future issuances of our common stock may depress our share price and dilute the book value of our common stock.
•Future issuance of debt or preferred stock, which would rank senior to our common stock upon our liquidation, may adversely affect the market value of our common stock.
•Provisions contained in our organizational documents, as well as provisions of Delaware law and Wisconsin insurance law, could delay or prevent a change of control of us, which could adversely affect the price of shares of our common stock.
Risks Related to Our Business Operations
We face intense competition for business in our industry, and if we are unable to compete effectively, we may not be able to achieve our business goals, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
The MI industry is highly competitive. With six private MI companies actively competing for business from the same residential mortgage originators, it is important that we continue to differentiate ourselves from the other mortgage insurers, each of which sells substantially similar products to ours. We may experience increased competition due to consolidation among our existing competitors or the emergence of new private MI companies. One or more of our competitors may seek to capture increased market share from the government MIs or from other private mortgage insurers. They may do that by reducing prices, offering alternative coverage and product options, including offerings for loans not intended to be sold to the GSEs, loosening their underwriting guidelines or relaxing risk management policies. Such behavior could, in turn, improve their competitive positions in the industry and negatively impact our ability to achieve our business goals. Competition within the private mortgage insurance industry could result in our loss of customers, lower premiums, riskier credit guidelines and other changes that could lower our revenues or increase our expenses. If our IT systems are inferior to our competitors', existing and potential customers may choose our competitors' products over ours. If we are unable to compete effectively against our competitors and attract and retain customers, our revenue may be adversely impacted, which could adversely impact our growth and profitability.
In addition, we and most of our competitors, either directly or indirectly, offer certain ancillary services to mortgage lenders with which we also conduct MI business, including loan review, training and other services. For various reasons, including those related to resources or compliance, we may choose not to offer some or all of these services or not to offer them in a form or to the extent that is similar to the prevailing offerings of our competitors. If we choose not to offer these services, or if we were to offer ancillary services that are not well-received by the market and fail to perform as anticipated, we could be at a competitive disadvantage which could adversely impact our profitability.
Certain of our competitors are subsidiaries of larger and more diversified corporations that may have access to greater amounts of capital and financial resources, or a lower cost of capital than we do. Some may have better financial strength ratings than we have. As a result, they may be better positioned to compete in and outside of the traditional MI market, including when the GSEs pursue alternative forms of credit enhancement or credit risk transfer other than private MI.
Our financial strength ratings are important for our customers to maintain confidence in our products and our competitive position. PMIERs require all approved insurers, except newly-approved insurers, to maintain at least one rating with a rating agency acceptable to the GSEs. A downgrade in NMIC's ratings or ratings outlook, or our failure to maintain a rating acceptable to one or both of the GSEs, could have an adverse effect on our business, including (i) potentially impacting our eligibility as an approved insurer, (ii) increased scrutiny of our financial condition by our customers, resulting in potential reduction in our NIW, or (iii) negative impacts to our ability to conduct business in the non-GSE mortgage market, where financial strength ratings may be a more important counter-party consideration for lenders.
Our NIW volumes could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private MI.
If lenders and investors select alternatives to private MI on high-LTV loans, our business could be adversely affected. Among others, alternatives to private MI include, but are not limited to:
•lenders using government mortgage insurance programs, including those of the FHA, USDA and VA, and state-supported mortgage insurance funds in several states, including Massachusetts and California;
•lenders and other investors holding mortgages in their portfolios and self-insuring;
•GSEs and other investors using credit enhancements other than MI (including alternative forms of credit risk transfer such as the suspended IMAGIN and EPMI programs that could be relaunched in the future), using other credit enhancements in conjunction with reduced levels of MI coverage, or accepting credit risk without credit enhancement;
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•lenders originating mortgages using “piggy-back” or other structures to avoid MI, such as a first mortgage with an 80% LTV and a second mortgage with a 10%, 15% or 20% LTV (referred to as 80-10-10, 80-15-5 or 80-20 loans, respectively) rather than a first mortgage with an LTV above 80% that has MI;
•lender retention program; and
•borrowers paying cash or making large down payments versus securing mortgage financing.
Any of these alternatives to private MI could reduce or eliminate the need for our products, cause us to lose existing business and/or limit our ability to attract the new business that we may prefer to insure.
Further, at the direction of the FHFA, the GSEs have expanded their credit and mortgage risk transfer programs. These programs have included the use of structured finance vehicles, obtaining insurance from non-mortgage insurers, including off-shore reinsurance, engaging in credit-linked note transactions in the capital markets, or using other forms of debt issuances or securitizations that transfer credit risk directly to other investors. If any of these programs successfully grow in comparison to private MI, it may create increased competition for private MI on loans traditionally sold to the GSEs with private MI.
During the 2008 financial crisis, the government MIs, principally the FHA and VA, captured an increasing share of the high-LTV MI market. While declining from peak market share, government MIs' market share remains substantially above their historical levels. Government mortgage insurance programs are not subject to the same capital requirements, costs of capital, risk tolerance or business objectives that we and other private mortgage insurers are. Therefore, the government MIs generally have greater financial flexibility in setting their pricing, guidelines, policy terms and capacity. That may put us at a competitive disadvantage. Although there has been broad policy consensus toward the need for private capital to play a continued and consistent role in the U.S. housing finance system, it remains difficult to predict whether the combined market share of the government MIs will recede to pre-2008 levels. Government MIs may continue to maintain a strong combined market position and could increase their market share in the future.
If the government MIs maintain or increase their share of the mortgage insurance market, our business and industry could be negatively affected. Factors that could cause government MIs to remain significant include, among others:
•change to federal housing policy and/or priorities, including government MIs reducing their premiums, which may be more likely under the current Presidential administration, or loosening their underwriting guidelines;
•increase in premium rates or tightening of underwriting guidelines by private mortgage insurers;
•capital constraints in the private MI industry;
•increase in capital requirements imposed on private mortgage insurers by the GSEs or states;
•continuation of increases to or imposition of new GSE loan delivery fees on loans that require MI, which may result in higher borrower costs for MI loans compared to loans insured by government MIs;
•loans insured under federal government-supported mortgage insurance programs are eligible for securitization in Ginnie Mae securities, which may be viewed by investors as more desirable than GSE securities due to the explicit backing of Ginnie Mae securities by the full faith and credit of the U.S. federal government;
•difference in the spread between GSE mortgage-backed securities and Ginnie Mae mortgage-backed securities;
•increase in government MIs' loan limits above GSE loan limits;
•change in GSEs' demand to participate in the high-LTV or first-time homebuyer origination market; and
•perceived operational ease of using insurance from government MIs compared to private MI.
The degree to which lenders or borrowers may select these alternatives now, or in the future, is difficult to predict. As one or more of the alternatives described above, or new alternatives that may enter the market, are chosen over MI, our revenues could be adversely impacted. The loss of business in general or the specific loss of more profitable business could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and operating results.
If we are unable to continue to attract and retain the most significant mortgage originators as customers, our ability to achieve our business goals could be negatively impacted.
The success of our mortgage insurance business is highly dependent on our ability to attract and retain as customers the most significant mortgage lenders in the U.S., measured through the combined volume of their retail originations and/or the insured loans they may acquire from other originators. As a result of their size and market share, these entities originate a
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significant majority of high-LTV mortgages in the U.S. and, therefore, influence the size and pricing of the MI market. We are currently doing business with a majority of these lenders. However, there is no assurance we will receive approvals from each of the remaining lenders to transact MI business with them or that those lenders who have approved us will continue to maintain business relationship with us. If we are unable to maintain our approved status with one or more of these mortgage lenders, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely impacted.
We cannot be certain that any loss of business from one or more of our lender customers would be offset or replaced by other new or existing lender customers. Some lenders may decide to write business only with certain mortgage insurers based on their views with respect to an insurer's pricing, price delivery system, service levels, underwriting guidelines, servicing and loss mitigation practices, financial strength or other factors. Our customers may choose to diversify the mortgage insurers with which they do business, which could negatively affect our level of NIW and our market share. In addition, our Master Policies do not require our customers to do business with us. Loss of business from significant customers, if not offset or replaced by additional business from other customers, could have an adverse effect on the amount of new business we are able to write and, consequently, our financial condition and operating results.
If the volume of high-LTV loan originations declines, our NIW volume could decline, which would reduce our revenues.
Our NIW volume and revenues, in part, depend on the volume of high-LTV loan originations and may be negatively affected if the volume of high-LTV loan origination declines. The factors that affect the volume of high-LTV loan originations include, among others:
•the level of loan interest rates. Higher interest rates may increase the potential housing costs for consumers hoping to purchase homes, which may have the effect of reducing the pool of potential borrowers available to purchase homes;
•restrictions on mortgage credit due to more stringent underwriting standards, more restrictive regulatory and capital requirements and lender liquidity issues;
•the health of the real estate industry and the national economy and conditions in regional and local economies, which may be impacted by inflation and the related Federal Reserve measures, which may cause potential economic downturn;
•housing affordability;
•housing supply;
•population trends, including the rate of household formation, preferences of potential mortgage borrowers and cultural shifts;
•the rate and anticipated path of home price appreciation, which in times of heavy refinancing can affect whether refinance loans have LTVs that require MI;
•deductibility of mortgage interest or other changes in tax policy, which may have an effect on the residential housing market;
•U.S. government housing policy encouraging loans to first-time homebuyers;
•GSEs' demand to participate in the high-LTV or first-time homebuyer origination market; and
•the extent to which the GSEs' guaranty and other fees, credit underwriting guidelines and other business terms affect lenders' willingness to extend credit for high-LTV mortgages.
A decline in the volume of high-LTV loan originations could decrease demand for MI, decrease our NIW and therefore reduce our revenues and have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
Our underwriting and credit risk management policies and practices may not anticipate all risks and/or the magnitude of potential for loss as the result of unforeseen risks.
We have established underwriting and credit risk management policies and practices that seek to mitigate our exposure to borrower default risk in our insured loan portfolio by anticipating future risks and their magnitude. Our underwriting and credit risk management guidelines are based on what we believe to be the major factors that influence the performance of mortgage credit. These factors include, among others, borrower and loan-level risk characteristics, lender origination practices and macroeconomic variables that influence the housing market. The presence of multiple higher-risk characteristics (i.e., layered
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risk) in a loan materially increases the likelihood of a default on such a loan unless, and to the extent, there are other characteristics to mitigate the layered risk.
The frequency and severity of claims we incur is uncertain and depends largely on general economic conditions, including unemployment rate, interest rates, inflation and the effect of the Federal Reserve's action to control inflation (which could lead to potential economic downturn), and trends in home prices. To the extent that certain risks are unforeseen, or if we have underestimated the frequency and/or severity of loss of certain risks, our underwriting and credit risk management policies and practices may not be sufficient to mitigate the effects of these risks. If these policies and practices do not correctly anticipate risk or the potential for loss, we may underwrite business for which we have not charged premium commensurate with the risk, which could result in material adverse effects on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Unexpected material increases in borrower defaults could cause our actual losses to materially exceed our expected loss rates, including in certain geographic regions in which our business may be concentrated and more susceptible to downturns.
Our losses result from events that reduce a borrower's ability or willingness to continue to make mortgage payments. These events include borrower-specific factors, such as job loss, illness, death, divorce, and existing federal supported forbearance programs. These events also include macroeconomic factors, such as rising unemployment, market deterioration, rising interest rates and home price depreciation. Borrowers with high-LTV mortgages often have more difficulty (compared to borrowers with lower LTV mortgages) weathering personal financial hardships caused by unforeseen events, because they may not have sufficient personal savings or available credit to structure viable workout solutions. Rising unemployment rates and deterioration in economic conditions for extended periods of time, across the U.S. or in specific regional economies, generally increases the likelihood of borrower defaults.
As inflation has lowered housing affordability, the use of ARMs and interest rate buydown transactions have become more common. Interest rate buydown happens when the builder or seller, to increase the chances of selling a home, contributes funds that subsidizes the buyer's mortgage loan interest rate during a certain period of time, resulting in a lower monthly payment on the mortgage for the buyer. However, once the buydown rate ends, the buyer’s monthly payment increases. Increasing interest rates typically also lead to higher monthly payments for borrowers with existing ARMs and could materially impact the cost and availability of refinance options for borrowers. A decline in home values typically makes it more difficult for borrowers to sell or refinance their homes, generally increasing the likelihood of a default followed by a claim when borrowers are impacted by events that reduce their incomes or increase their expenses. In addition, home price depreciation may also decrease the willingness of borrowers with sufficient resources to make mortgage payments when their mortgage balances exceed the values of their homes. Declines in home values typically increase the severity of any claims we may pay. Home values may decline even absent deterioration in economic conditions due to declines in demand for homes, which may result from changes in buyers' perceptions of the potential for future home price appreciation, rising interest rates or availability of mortgage credit. The ending of any widely embraced forbearance programs may also increase the realization of losses related to borrower defaults. If our default and loss projections are materially inaccurate, our actual losses could materially exceed our expectations and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
Additionally, while we seek to diversify our insured loan portfolio geographically, the availability of business might lead to concentrations in specific regions in the U.S., which could make our business more susceptible to economic downturns in these regions. Certain regions of the U.S., from time to time, will experience weaker economic conditions, higher unemployment, lower property values or weaker housing markets. Consequently, loans in these regions will experience higher rates of default, foreclosure and loss than on loans nationally, and struggling borrowers in regions with an oversupply of homes may be unable to sell their homes as a means to avoid foreclosure. Any deterioration in housing prices, housing markets or economic conditions in regions in which we have a significant concentration of IIF and which adversely affects the ability of borrowers to make payments on their insured loans may increase the likelihood and severity of our losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.
The premiums we charge may be insufficient to cover claim payments and our operating costs.
Our mortgage insurance premiums may not be adequate to cover our future claim payments. We set premiums at the time a policy is issued based on our expectations regarding likely performance over the term of the policy. Our premium rates are developed based on certain expectations that may ultimately prove to be inaccurate. Our premiums are subject to approval by certain state insurance regulators, which can delay or limit our ability to increase our premiums. Generally, we will not be able to cancel the MI coverage or adjust renewal premiums during the life of an MI policy to mitigate adverse development. As a result, when facing higher than anticipated claims, we generally will not be able to offset it by increasing premiums on policies in force, or mitigate it by not renewing or cancelling any coverage. While we believe our capital, premiums and investment earnings will provide a pool of resources sufficient to cover expected loss payments and we have made estimates regarding loss payments and
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potential claims, we cannot predict with certainty the ultimate number and magnitude of claims we experience. Therefore, the actual premiums (along with investment earnings) may not be sufficient to cover losses and/or our operating costs. An increase in the number or size of claims, compared to what we anticipate, could adversely affect our operating results or financial condition. We may not be able to achieve the results that we expect, and there can be no assurance that losses will not exceed our total resources.
Changes in factors that impact the length of time that our policies remain in force may adversely affect our future revenues and claims experience.
We set premiums at the time our policies are issued based on a broad range of variables, including property, loan, borrower, lender and market (e.g., tax reform) factors to target through-the-cycle returns that exceed our cost of capital. The premium from a single premium policy is collected up front and generally earned over the estimated life of the policy. In contrast, premiums from a monthly premium policy are received and earned each month over the life of the policy and generally cannot be adjusted after coverage is placed. Each year, most of our premiums will be from insurance that has been written in prior years. As a result, the length of time insurance remains in force, which is also generally referred to as persistency, is a primary determinant of our future revenues and claims paying resources.
A lower level of persistency could reduce our future revenues from our monthly-paid premium products, which constituted about 93% of our primary IIF at year-end 2025. Higher than expected persistency rates could negatively impact our future profitability on monthly premium policies if market and economic conditions change significantly from those we expected when we established the premium rates. In addition, a higher than expected persistency rate will decrease the profitability from single premium policies if they remain in force longer than was estimated when the policies were written.
The factors affecting persistency may include, among others, the following:
•servicing guidelines and other policies of the GSEs and other mortgage investors determining the timing and rationale for cancelling mortgage insurance;
•the level of current mortgage interest rates compared to the mortgage rates on the IIF, which affects the sensitivity of the IIF to refinancings (i.e., lower current interest rates make it more attractive for borrowers to refinance and receive a lower interest rate);
•amount of equity in a home, as homeowners with more equity in their homes can more readily move to a new residence or refinance their existing mortgage;
•changes in rates of home price appreciation or depreciation;
•economic conditions that affect a borrower's decision to pay off a mortgage earlier than required;
•lenders' credit policies, which may make it more difficult for borrowers to refinance their loans;
•efforts of lenders to solicit borrower refinancing; and
•cancellation of BPMI mandated by the HOPA, with the time-frames for HOPA-required cancellations generally accelerating in a lower interest rate environment relative to a higher interest rate environment.
Mortgage interest rates tend to follow the 10-year Treasury yield, which rises and falls based on several factors, including but not limited to expectations for the benchmark rate set by the Federal Reserve, inflation trends, economic conditions and investor sentiment. In the years leading up to 2022, mortgage interest rates had been at historical lows, primarily as a result of monetary policy by the Federal Reserve which kept the federal funds rate at historical lows. Starting in 2022, in an attempt to curb rising inflation, the Federal Reserve repeatedly and rapidly increased the federal funds rate which, in July 2023, hit its highest levels in 22 years, and led to rising interest rates and mortgage interest rates in 2022 and 2023. As a result of the higher mortgage interest rates in 2022 and 2023, we observed lower refinancing activities in the mortgage market compared to what we had observed in recent years prior to 2022, and therefore decreased turnover in our IIF. Despite the Federal Reserve lowering interest rates in 2024, the 10-year Treasury yield and 30-year fixed rate mortgage interest rates remained elevated.
However, if mortgage interest rates decline in the future, we expect any such decline to drive higher levels of refinancing in the mortgage market, including with respect to loans we insure which may have interest rates that are higher than the future prevailing rates. A lower interest environment could subsequently lead to an increased turnover in our IIF, which could negatively impact our future revenues. We are unsure, however, what the ultimate impact on our revenues will be as insured mortgages are refinanced, because the number of policies we write for replacement mortgages may be more or less than the terminated policies associated with the refinanced mortgages and could be written at lower premium rates. In addition, the GSEs and other mortgage investors who hold the mortgages on which we write mortgage insurance largely control the decision on whether to maintain mortgage insurance. If the GSEs and other mortgage investors change their view on the timing of cancellation of mortgage
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insurance due to house price appreciation, policy goals, other risk appetite decisions or otherwise, we could experience increased and unexpected turnover in our IIF, which could negatively impact our future revenues.
Changes in inflation, interest rates and mortgage interest rates may have an adverse impact on our business, future revenue and financial condition.
Periods of rising inflation may negatively impact our expense base by increasing the costs (including for services) we have to pay contractors, employees, service providers and vendors. Higher inflation also puts a strain on consumer spending. As general costs for goods and services increase for consumers, their housing and mortgage affordability decrease. Inflation's adverse impact on housing and mortgage affordability may therefore lower overall housing demand, result in lower NIW volume and negatively impact our business, future revenue and financial condition.
To curb rising inflation, the Federal Reserve increased the federal funds rate in 2022 and 2023, which elevated interest rates and mortgage interest rates, before announcing a pause in September 2023. Despite the Federal Reserve lowering interest rates in 2024, the 10-year Treasury yield and 30-year fixed rate mortgage interest rates remained elevated. Higher interest rates and mortgage rates may have an adverse impact on the refinancing origination market and purchase origination market. Higher rates have an adverse impact on the refinancing origination market because higher mortgage interest rates lower the opportunity to refinance an existing loan at a lower mortgage interest rate. Higher rates also have an adverse impact on the purchase origination market because higher mortgage interest rates lower housing and mortgage affordability, and thus consumers' demand for homes. Affordability issues and increases in mortgage rates may also put downward pressure on home prices as buyers' demand for homes decreases. Falling housing demand may result in fewer mortgage originations and a lower price per transaction, reducing the overall size of the MI market. Falling home prices may also result in an increase in our default losses as borrowers' equity in their homes declines and thus decreases our future revenues and returns.
There can be no guarantee or assurance that markets will not adversely react to future interest rate decisions at the Federal Reserve or that such interest rate decisions will not trigger an economic downturn. Downturns in the domestic economy may result in more homeowners defaulting and our losses increasing, with a corresponding decrease in our returns. Therefore, the ultimate impact that higher inflation rates and the Federal Reserve's reaction thereto will have on the mortgage origination and mortgage insurance markets, and our loan delinquencies, is unknown, and changes in inflation, interest rates and mortgage interest rates may have an adverse impact on our business, future revenue and financial condition.
We outsource the underwriting of our mortgage insurance on certain loans to third-party USPs. If these USPs fail to adequately perform their underwriting services or place our coverage on loans we would deem ineligible, we could experience increased claims on loans underwritten by them, and our customer relationships could be negatively impacted.
If our USPs fail to adequately perform their underwriting services, such as mishandling of customer inquiries or an inability to underwrite a sufficient volume of applications per day, we may lose opportunities to place mortgage insurance coverage on particular loans. Our reputation may also suffer and customers may choose not to do business with us. In addition, if our USPs place our MI coverage on loans that are ineligible for coverage under our underwriting guidelines, our risk of claims will be increased on those loans or the premiums we charge may be inadequate for the corresponding risk. We do not have the right under our Master Policies to cancel coverage of an ineligible loan as a result of a USP making an incorrect decision. Further, other than being able to terminate our contracts with these USPs, we generally do not have express loan-level monetary contractual remedies against these USPs if we are obligated to pay claims on ineligible loans that they improperly agreed to insure on our behalf. If these USPs fail to perform their services as expected, we could experience increased claims on loans underwritten by them, and our customer relationships could be negatively impacted, which would have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Our Master Policies contain restrictions on our ability to rescind coverage for certain material misrepresentations (including fraud) and underwriting defects, and if we were to fail to timely discover any such misrepresentations or underwriting defects, our rights of rescission would be significantly limited, and we could suffer increased losses as a result of paying claims on loans with unacceptable risk characteristics.
Under our Master Policies' rescission relief provisions, we agree that we will not rescind coverage of an insured loan for material misrepresentation (including borrower fraud) or underwriting defects if the conditions for such relief are satisfied as specified in the applicable Master Policy. In addition, after a loan has achieved rescission relief, we have agreed to limitations on our ability to initiate certain investigations of fraud or misrepresentation by parties involved in the origination of an insured loan. Our earliest rescission relief on an insured loan is subject to our successful completion of an independent validation on such loan. The current processes we have in place to validate insured loans may be ineffective in detecting material misrepresentations and/or underwriting defects. After a loan meets the conditions for rescission relief, we are contractually prohibited from exercising our
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rights of rescission for material underwriting defects and certain misrepresentations (including borrower fraud) made in connection with the origination of the insured loan and placement of our mortgage insurance. In addition, after a loan attains rescission relief, our rights to conduct investigations of potential fraud or misrepresentation are significantly curtailed and the evidentiary standards we must meet to pursue rescission for fraud are more stringent. See Item 1, “Business - Underwriting - Independent Validation and Rescission Relief.” With these provisions in our Master Policies, we may be obligated to pay claims on certain loans with unacceptable risk characteristics or which failed to meet our underwriting guidelines at the time of origination. As a result, we could suffer unexpected losses, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results.
The mix of business we write affects our revenue stream and the likelihood of losses occurring.
Even when housing values are stable or rising, mortgages with certain characteristics have higher probabilities of claims. These characteristics include loans with LTVs over 95% (or in certain markets that have experienced declining housing values, over 90%), lower credit scores, with lower scores tending to have higher probabilities of claims, or higher total DTI ratios (i.e., DTIs greater than 45%). Loans with high LTVs leave the borrower with little, no or negative equity in the related property, which may result in increased defaults by such borrowers. In addition, depreciation in the values of properties underpinning our insured loans may increase the likelihood of default, and consequently the frequency or severity of losses. Loans with combinations of these risk factors have a higher degree of layered risk. In general, we charge higher premiums for loans with higher risk characteristics; however, there is no guarantee that our premiums will compensate us for any losses we incur on such loans. From time to time, in response to market conditions, we may change the types of loans that we insure and the guidelines under which we insure them, and in doing so, the concentration of insured loans with higher risk characteristics in our portfolio may increase. In addition, we may make programmatic or loan-by-loan exceptions to our underwriting guidelines, including for certain customer programs. We could incur greater than expected claims incidence and claim severity on insured loans that fall outside of our guidelines, which could negatively impact our revenues and operating results.
We expect our claims to increase as our insured loan portfolio grows and matures.
The actual claims we incur as our portfolio matures are difficult to predict and depend on the specific characteristics of our current in-force book (including the credit score and DTI ratio of the borrower, the LTV ratio of the mortgage and geographic concentrations, among others), as well as the risk profile of new business we write in the future. In addition, our claims experience is affected by macroeconomic factors such as housing prices, inflation, interest rates, mortgage rates, unemployment rates and other events, such as natural disasters, including earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes or pandemics, and any federal, state or local governmental response thereto. See Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Key Factors Affecting Our Results – Insurance Claims and Claim Expenses.” Incurred losses and claims may exceed our expectations in the event of general economic weakness or decreases in housing values. Even if our default rate remains the same, the total number of claims that we incur will increase as our portfolio continues to grow. An increase in the number or size of claims, compared to what we anticipate, could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
Our business depends, in part, on effective and reliable loan servicing.
We depend on reliable, consistent third-party servicing of the loans that we insure. Among other things, our Master Policies require our insureds and their servicers to timely submit premium and IIF and default reports, use commercially reasonable efforts to limit and mitigate loss when a loan is in default, and if loss mitigation efforts are unsuccessful, to pursue foreclosure of the underlying property in accordance with required timelines and practices, which are generally set by the GSEs. Servicers are required to comply with a multitude of legal, regulatory and GSE requirements, procedures and standards for servicing residential mortgage loans. If servicers of our insured loans fail to adhere to applicable requirements, procedures and standards, our losses may unexpectedly increase.
We have delegated the authority to implement certain loss mitigation options on loans we insure (e.g., modifications, short sales and deeds-in-lieu) to the GSEs, who have in turn delegated such authority to most of their approved servicers, pursuant to the delegation agreements. Servicers who service GSE-owned loans are required to operate under the GSEs' required standards in accepting certain loss mitigation alternatives. We are dependent on these servicers to appropriately make these decisions under their delegated authority to mitigate our exposure to loss. In some cases, loss mitigation decisions favorable to the GSEs may not be favorable to us and may increase the incidence of paid claims. Inappropriate delegation procedures or failure of servicers to adhere to required standards may increase the magnitude of our losses and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. Our delegation of loss management decisions to the GSEs is subject to cancellation; however, exercise of these rights may have an adverse effect on our relationship with the GSEs and servicers.
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The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that government actions in response to a national pandemic could create strains on servicers in connection with the remittance of premiums. We cannot estimate the impact of future pandemics and government actions in response to them could affect our servicers in the future. If one or more of our large servicers were to experience adverse effects to its business, such servicers could experience delays in meeting their reporting requirements, which could result in our inability to correctly record new loans as they are underwritten and/or properly recognize and establish loss reserves on loans when defaults exist or occur but are not reported timely or at all. Significant failures by large servicers or disruptions in the servicing of mortgage loans we insure would adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results.
If the estimates we use in establishing claims reserves are incorrect, the actual claim payments we make may materially exceed the amount of our corresponding claims reserves, resulting in unexpected charges to income, which could be material and adversely affect our results of operations.
We establish reserves for claims and claim expenses for insured mortgage loans that are in default. A loan is considered to be in default as of the payment date at which a borrower has missed the preceding two or more consecutive monthly payments. We establish reserves for loans that have been reported to us as in default by servicers, referred to as case reserves, and additional loans that we estimate (based on actuarial review and other factors) to be in default that have not yet been reported to us by servicers, referred to as “IBNR.” We also establish reserves for claim expenses, which represent the estimated cost of the claim administration process, including legal and other fees and other general expenses of administering the claim settlement process.
Reserves are established by estimating the number of loans in default that will result in a claim payment, referred to as claim frequency, and the amount of the claim payment expected to be paid on each such loan in default, referred to as claim severity. Claim frequency and severity estimates are established based on historical observed experience regarding certain loan factors, such as age of the default, cure rates, size of the loan and estimated change in property value.
The establishment of claims and IBNR reserves is subject to inherent uncertainty and requires significant judgment by management. Our estimates of claim frequency and severity are strongly influenced by prevailing economic conditions, including current rates or trends in unemployment, housing price appreciation and/or interest rates, the availability of forbearance, foreclosure moratorium, modification and other assistance programs available to defaulted borrowers, and our best judgments as to the future values or trends of these macroeconomic factors. These factors are outside of our control and difficult to predict. Further, our expectations regarding future claims may change significantly over time. If prevailing economic conditions deteriorate suddenly and/or unexpectedly, our estimates of loss reserves could be materially understated. Due to the inherent uncertainty and significant judgment involved in the numerous assumptions required to estimate our losses, our loss estimates may vary widely. Because claims and IBNR reserves are based on such estimates and judgments, there can be no assurance that even in a stable economic environment, actual claims paid by us will not be substantially different than the reserves we established for such claims. Our business, operating results and financial condition will be adversely impacted if, and to the extent, our actual losses are greater than our claims and IBNR reserves.
Further, consistent with industry practice, our reserving method does not take account of losses that could occur from insured loans that are not in default. Thus, future potential losses that may develop from loans not currently in default are not reflected in our financial statements, except in the case where we are required to establish a premium deficiency reserve. As a result, future losses on loans that are not currently in default may have a material impact on future results if, and when, such losses emerge.
The occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or pandemics could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
We are exposed to various risks arising out of natural disasters, including pandemics, earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes, floods, tornadoes and other events that could be related to and could be worsened by changing climatic conditions. We are also exposed to various risks arising out of man-made disasters, including acts of terrorism, and military actions. For example, a natural disaster event could lead to unexpected changes in persistency rates as policyholders and borrowers who are affected by the disaster may be unable to meet their contractual obligations, such as mortgage payments on loans we insure. The continued threat of terrorism may cause significant volatility in global financial markets, and a natural or man-made disaster or a pandemic could trigger an economic downturn in the areas directly or indirectly affected by the disaster. These consequences could, among other things, result in a decline in new business and increased claims from those areas, and adverse effects on home prices in those areas, which could result in unexpected loss experience in our business. These events also could disrupt public and private infrastructure, including communications and financial services, which could disrupt our normal business operations. In addition, the value of the assets in our investment portfolio could be adversely affected if such an event affects companies' ability to pay us principal or interest on their securities.
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We insure mortgages for homes in areas that have been impacted by natural disasters, including from earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes. Following such natural disasters, we and other MIs typically experience an increase in defaults on insured mortgages secured by homes in the impacted areas that negatively impact our incurred losses. Our ultimate claims exposure when we experience these events depends on the number of loans in default, proximate cause of each default and cure rate of the default population. Cure rates on loan defaults following natural disasters are influenced by the adequacy of homeowners and other hazard insurance carried on a related property, GSE-sponsored forbearance and other assistance programs, and a borrower's access to aid from government entities and private organizations, in addition to other factors which generally impact cure rates in unaffected areas. We have observed that loans in default in disaster zones typically cure at a higher rate than non-disaster related loans in default. As such, we historically have established lower reserves for these type of defaults than we otherwise do for similarly situated loans in default in non-disaster zones. Due to the inherent uncertainty and significant judgment involved in our assumptions, our loss estimates may turn out to be materially inaccurate, and we can provide no assurance that actual claims paid by us, if any, on defaulted loans in disaster zones will not be substantially different than the reserves we establish for such claims.
Climate risk and efforts to manage climate risk by government agencies could affect our business and operations.
We do not directly insure climate-related risks. Our insurance policies also generally exclude losses resulting from physical damage to the properties securing the loans we insure. While climate-related risks such as flood, wildfire, wind, and earthquake do not directly cause losses to our business, we are indirectly exposed to climate risks. A natural disaster event could lead to unexpected changes in persistency rates as policyholders and borrowers who are affected by the disaster may be unable to meet their contractual obligations, such as mortgage payments on loans we insure. A natural disaster could also trigger an economic downturn in the areas directly or indirectly affected by the natural disaster. These consequences could, among other things, result in a decline in new business and increased claims from those areas, and adverse effects on home prices in those areas, which could result in unexpected loss experience in our business. These events also could disrupt public and private infrastructure, including communications and financial services, which could disrupt normal business operations.
Since 2020, the FHFA has been increasingly vocal about climate and natural disasters and their impact on the GSEs and the Federal Home Loan Banks (together, the regulated entities) and the national housing market, and has designated climate risk as a priority concern and instructed the GSEs to actively consider its effects in their decision making. To that end, the FHFA established a new Conservatorship Scorecard which would hold the GSEs accountable for ensuring resiliency to climate and disaster risks, and also enhanced its monitoring and supervision of climate risk issues. In 2024, FHFA issued two Advisory Bulletins on climate-related risk management that established a GSE risk management framework to include: (1) governance; (2) risk identification and assessment, controls, and monitoring processes; (3) metrics and data; (4) scenario analysis; and (5) risk reporting and communication processes. The GSEs have also updated their disaster playbooks, implemented Green Bond products, and partnered with FHFA to develop additional tools and analysis. It is possible that efforts to manage climate risk by the FHFA, GSEs (including through GSE guideline or mortgage insurance policy changes) or others could materially impact the volume and characteristics of our NIW (including its policy terms), home prices in certain areas and defaults by borrowers in certain areas, as well as increase the costs to us of providing mortgage insurance in certain areas, and therefore may impact our business and operations.
We are exposed to certain risks associated with our third-party reinsurance transactions, including the possibility that our reinsurers will fail to perform their obligations or that we will lose the capital credit we expected to receive when we entered into the transactions as a result of future GSE or Wisconsin OCI action or if any of our reinsurers experiences a downgrade or other adverse business event.
We use third-party reinsurance, including the QSR Transactions, XOL Transactions, and ILN Transactions to actively manage our risk, ensure compliance with PMIERs, state regulatory and other applicable capital requirements and support the growth of our business. There is a risk that these transactions will not continue to provide the benefits we expected when we entered into them, including as a result of our counter-parties under the QSR Transactions and XOL Transactions (which are not fully collateralized like the ILN Transactions) not performing their obligations, the GSEs or the Wisconsin OCI not continuing to give us full capital credit as anticipated for the duration of the contracts, or if one or more reinsurers under any of the QSR Transactions or XOL Transactions experiences a downgrade or other adverse business event. Any of these events could have negative impacts on the credit for the risk transferred under the reinsurance agreements and, in turn, on our capital needs, PMIERs position and growth potential.
Reinsurance does not relieve us of our direct liability to our insureds to pay claims, even when there are reinsurance recoverables available to us under the QSR Transactions or XOL Transactions. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to such reinsurers. To mitigate this risk, there are certain contractual protections that establish sources from which we may directly obtain our reinsurance recoverables under the QSR Transactions or XOL Transactions. The ILN Transactions are fully
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collateralized with funds deposited into trust accounts to secure the obligations of the reinsurers to NMIC under the respective reinsurance agreement. See Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 6, Reinsurance,” below. To the extent the amounts in the QSR Transaction or XOL Transaction trust accounts are insufficient to cover loss recoveries and other amounts to which we are entitled under the QSR Transactions or XOL Transactions, we would attempt to recover such amounts directly from the reinsurers. One or more reinsurers may be unable or unwilling to pay reinsurance recoverables owed to us in the future, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.
If any reinsurer under the QSR Transactions or XOL Transactions experiences a ratings downgrade, the related reinsurance agreements obligate any such reinsurer, consistent with PMIERs requirements, to increase collateral in the related trust account. If the reinsurer breaches its collateral obligations, and fails to cure after notice, we may terminate the agreement with respect to such reinsurer. The QSR Transactions and XOL Transactions generally also give us the right to terminate the agreements in certain other circumstances, including, among other reasons, if a reinsurer becomes insolvent, has its license revoked or reinsures its entire liability under the relevant QSR Transaction or XOL Transaction with another entity. If we experience an early termination, we would be required to re-assume the risk ceded to the breaching reinsurer, and the PMIERs and statutory capital credit we received when we entered into the agreement would be reversed. Depending on the timing and severity, such an event could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, growth potential and future capital needs.
In addition, the GSEs and the Wisconsin OCI have the right periodically to review performance under our third-party reinsurance transactions, including the reinsurers' financial strength and other factors (which may be unknown to us) the GSEs and Wisconsin OCI may believe are important to an evaluation of the transactions. As a result of such reviews, the GSEs or the Wisconsin OCI could withdraw their approvals or continue their approvals, but grant less than full capital credit. If we do not continue to receive full capital credit in connection with these transactions, we would likely need to seek other sources of capital or reductions in RIF sooner than we would have expected with full capital credit under PMIERs and state insurance laws. Future sources of capital will depend on the cost, availability and terms and conditions that are acceptable to us, our regulators and the GSEs. We cannot be sure that we will be able to secure other sources of capital or substitute reductions in RIF in the amounts we require and on favorable terms, if at all.
Our operating results depend in large part on our ability to manage the risks related to the growth of our business and on maintaining and enhancing effective operating procedures and internal controls.
Our mortgage insurance business has been growing quickly. Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to successfully manage the continued growth of our business and the demands such growth places on our operations personnel and senior management team. The unexpected loss of key management and other personnel, or the inability to recruit, develop and retain qualified management talent in the future, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. If we are unable to manage future expansion in our operations, we may experience compliance and operational problems, be required to slow the pace of growth, or have to incur additional expenditures beyond current projections to support such growth, any one of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.
Our future operating results also depend on our ability to continue to implement and improve our operational, credit, financial, management and other disclosure and internal risk controls and procedures and our reporting systems and procedures. Our management does not expect that our disclosure and internal risk controls and procedures will prevent all potential errors and fraud. We may not successfully implement improvements to, or integrate, our controls and procedures in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing controls and procedures. There can be no guarantee that we will not experience flaws in our internal controls and procedures in the future.
The design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. If our controls are not effective or not properly implemented, we could suffer financial or other loss, disruption of our business, regulatory sanctions or damage to our reputation. Losses resulting from these failures can vary significantly in size, scope and scale and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
We are exposed to operational risk from fraud, malfeasance or error by borrowers, employees and third-party service providers, and any such fraud, malfeasance or error could materially and adversely affect us.
We are exposed to many types of operational risk, including the risk of fraud or malfeasance by borrowers, employees and outsiders, including third-party service providers, clerical record-keeping errors and transactional errors. Our business depends on our employees and third parties to process a large number of transactions. We could be materially and adversely affected if one of our employees or one of our systems causes a significant operational breakdown or failure, either as a result of human error or where an individual purposefully sabotages or fraudulently manipulates our operations or systems. Third parties
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with whom we do business also could be sources of operational risk to us, including breakdowns or failures of such parties' own systems or employees. Given our hybrid and remote work arrangements of our employees and staff, the effectiveness of our compliance programs and overall ability to prevent and detect fraud or malfeasance by our employees or contractors may be diminished. Any of these occurrences could result in a diminished ability to operate our business, potential liability to customers, reputational damage and regulatory intervention, which could result in a material adverse effect on our financial position and operating results.
If we do not maintain connectivity with or otherwise meet the technological demands of our customers or are unable to develop, enhance and maintain our proprietary technology platform, our business and financial performance could be adversely affected.
We primarily rely on e-commerce and other technologies to provide and distribute our MI products and services. Our customers require us to provide and service our MI products in a secure manner, including through our proprietary technology platform, our internet website or direct electronic data transmissions. To enhance our ability to provide innovative IT solutions for our internal and external constituents, we are party to an agreement with TCS, whereby TCS provides services across such functions as application development and support, infrastructure support (service desk, end user computing and engineering services) and information security functions. We underwrite and service our MI portfolio within a proprietary insurance management platform which has deployed technology that enables our customers to transact business in a secure manner. Our lender customers may choose to do business only with mortgage insurers with which they are already technologically compatible and may choose to retain existing MI providers rather than invest the time and resources to integrate with a new MI provider. Our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely impacted if we do not successfully establish and maintain these arrangements and relationships, or otherwise keep pace with the technological demands of customers.
The success of our business depends on our ability to timely and effectively resolve any significant issues that may arise with the operation of our technology platform. While we anticipate that our engagement with TCS will enhance our ability to further develop, deploy, and service our technology platform, any delays caused by the outsourcing of these functions, deterioration in our relationship with TCS, or termination of our engagement with TCS could lead to significant disruptions in our operations. If our technology platforms fail to perform in the manner we expect, our business, financial condition and operating results may be significantly harmed. Further, our business would be negatively impacted if we are unable to enhance our platform when necessary to support our primary business functions, including to match or exceed the technological capabilities of our competitors over time (including with respect to new and complex information technology such as artificial intelligence). We cannot predict with certainty the cost of maintaining and improving our platform, but failure to make necessary improvements and any significant shortfall in any technology enhancements or negative variance in the timeline in which system enhancements are delivered could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
We may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or misuse of confidential, personal or proprietary information.
Our IT systems process, transmit, store and protect large amounts of personal information of borrowers whose mortgages we insure, in addition to the confidential, proprietary, financial and other information that are critical to our business. See Item 1C, “Cybersecurity.” Our IT systems and networks, including those functions that we may outsource, are vulnerable to unauthorized access, interruptions or failures due to events that are often beyond our control, including cyber-attacks, natural disasters, theft, terrorist attacks and general technology failures. We may, from time to time, upgrade certain of our information systems, and transform and automate certain of our business processes. We also have outsourced certain technology and business functions to third parties, and may continue to do so in the future. If we fail to timely and successfully implement and integrate new technology systems or if the systems and/or transformed and automated business processes do not operate as expected, this may expose us to increased risk related to data and information security and unexpected service disruptions, which could result in monetary and reputational damage or harm to our competitive position. Our remote and hybrid working arrangements may also increase the risk of cyber-security attacks or data security incidents. In particular, in the current remote and hybrid working arrangements environment, our employees and vendors rely on the use of portable computers and mobile devices, which can be stolen, lost or misused, making information accessible through such devices more vulnerable to unauthorized access, including by employee malfeasance.
We have adopted information security procedures and controls to safeguard our systems and the information that we process, transmit and store, including multi-factor authentication and a new biometrics solution to authenticate employee login. Despite these efforts, we may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all cyber threats, or detect and contain a breach in a timely manner, including because employees or contractors may not follow the controls we have implemented, the invasive techniques used change frequently or are not recognized until launched, and because security attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources and methods. Further, the sophistication, availability and use of artificial intelligence by threat actors may present an increased level of risk. Our remote or hybrid working arrangements may exacerbate these risks. Our employees, contractors, customers or other users of our systems are, from time to time, subject to fraudulent inducements by
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parties attempting to gain access to our data or that of our customers. Although we seek to have appropriate information security policies and systems in place, there is no assurance that our information security policies and systems in place can prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of confidential information, including nonpublic personal information. Any compromise of the security of our IT systems may result in loss of personally identifiable information, financial losses, loss of customers and the inability to transact business; could be costly and time-consuming to address and resolve; could expose us to liability for further compromise, damages, harm our reputation; and may subject us to regulatory scrutiny and/or expose us to civil litigation or regulatory action. If any of these were to occur, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected. Further, the technology errors and omissions, and insurance coverage we maintain may be unavailable or inadequate to fully cover claims and/or costs associated with incidents that may occur in the future.
Adverse investment performance may affect our financial results and ability to conduct business.
Income from our investment portfolio provides a growing source of revenue and cash flow to support our operations and claim payments. If we improperly structure our investments to meet those future liabilities or have unexpected losses in our portfolio, including losses resulting from impairments or the forced liquidation of investments before their maturity, we may be unable to meet those obligations. NMIC's investments and investment policies are subject to state insurance laws and PMIERs, which results in our portfolio being predominantly limited to highly rated fixed income securities. Much of our investment portfolio has been established at a time of historically low interest rates. If market interest rates rise above the rates on our fixed income securities, it would increase unrealized losses on these securities and decrease the market value of our investment portfolio. If it was necessary to sell these securities while they are in an unrealized loss position, it would adversely impact our financial condition.
We may be required or find it advisable to change our investments or investment policies depending upon regulatory, economic, social and market requirements or conditions, or our existing or anticipated financial condition and operating requirements, including the tax position, of our business. Our investment objectives may not be achieved. The success of our investment activity is affected by general economic conditions, which may adversely affect the markets for credit and interest-rate-sensitive securities, including the extent and timing of investor participation in these markets, the level and volatility of interest rates and, consequently, the value of fixed income securities.
We face regulatory and litigation risks associated with offering loan review services.
NMIS offers loan review services for certain of our customers that are performed by SAFE Act-licensed third-party service providers, including on loans for which NMIC is not providing mortgage insurance. Under the terms of our service agreements and subject to such agreements' contractual limitations on liability, we provide limited indemnity rights for “material errors,” if such errors materially impair the saleability of a reviewed loan, results in a material reduction in the value of such loan or results in the customer being required to repurchase such loan. The indemnification may be in the form of monetary or other remedies, subject to per loan and annual limitations. Accordingly, we have assumed some credit risk in connection with providing these services. NMIS contracts with SAFE Act-licensed third-party service providers to provide loan review services, and we believe we have structured NMIS' operations so that it does not itself engage in any activities that would trigger licensure under the SAFE Act. However, the CFPB or other regulators could take a different position, thereby increasing the risk of regulatory scrutiny and potential enforcement action and/or litigation involving these loan review services. Any such scrutiny, enforcement action or litigation could result in a diminished ability to operate our business, potential liability to customers, reputational damage and regulatory intervention, which could in turn result in a material adverse effect on our financial position and operating results. See “The private MI industry is, and as a participant we are, subject to litigation and regulatory enforcement risk generally,” below.
Risks Related to Regulation of the Mortgage Insurance Industry
There can be no assurance that the GSEs will continue to treat us as an approved insurer in the future, and changes to, or our failure to maintain compliance with the GSEs' PMIERs, could adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results.
NMIC is a GSE-approved insurer, and the significant majority of insurance we write is on loans sold to the GSEs. The GSEs set their own counter-party standards for private mortgage insurers, known as PMIERs. (Italicized terms have the same meaning that such terms have in the PMIERs.) As a result, our compliance with the PMIERs is necessary to maintain NMIC's status as an approved insurer. The PMIERs establish operational, business, remedial and financial requirements applicable to approved insurers. By April 15th of each year, NMIC must certify it met all PMIERs requirements as of December 31st of the prior year. NMIC also has an ongoing obligation to immediately notify the GSEs in writing upon discovery of its failure to meet
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one or more of the PMIERs requirements, some of which do not have materiality thresholds. We certified to the GSEs by April 15, 2025 that NMIC was in full compliance with the PMIERs as of December 31, 2024.
There can be no assurance, however, that NMIC will continue to comply with the PMIERs financial requirements. If NMIC were to experience a material reduction to revenues or an unexpected, significant increase in losses, NMIC's available assets could fall below the minimum required assets mandated by the PMIERs financial requirements. In addition, as NMIC continues to grow its business and increase its net RIF, NMIC may need to raise additional capital or reduce its net RIF, including through the use of additional reinsurance, to remain in compliance with the PMIERs financial requirements and to continue to support new business writings. Any future growth capital may be in the form of debt, equity, or a combination of both. We can give no assurance that our efforts to raise capital, obtain additional reinsurance or otherwise reduce our RIF would be successful.
The PMIERs provide that the table of factors that determine minimum required assets will be updated every two years or more frequently to reflect macroeconomic conditions, loan performance or to address other issues the GSEs deem important. In addition, the GSEs may amend or clarify other aspects of the PMIERs at any time. There is no assurance NMIC will remain in compliance or that the GSEs will not make the PMIERs financial requirements more onerous in the future. If any future updates to the PMIERs would require NMIC to materially increase the amount of available assets to support its business writings, the amount of capital NMIC is required to hold will increase, which may have a negative effect on our returns. Any such effect could have a negative impact on our flexibility to meet our business plans and our future operating results.
Compliance with PMIERs requires us to seek the GSEs' prior approval before taking many actions, including implementing new products or services or entering into inter-company agreements among other actions. In addition, for an approved insurer to receive a reduction in its risk-based required asset amount for new or revised reinsurance transactions, the approved insurer must obtain the GSEs' written approval. PMIERs' approval requirements could prohibit, materially modify or delay us in our intended course of action. Further, the GSEs may modify or change their interpretation of terms they require us to include in our mortgage insurance policies for loans purchased by them, requiring us to modify our terms of coverage or operational procedures to remain an approved insurer, and such changes could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and operating results. For example, we and other approved insurers were required to implement new master policies to, among other things, include terms that conform to the GSEs' RRP. It is possible the GSEs could, in their own discretion, require additional limitations and/or conditions on certain of our activities and practices that are not currently in the PMIERs or otherwise required by the GSEs for us to remain an approved insurer. Additional requirements or conditions imposed by the GSEs could further limit our operating flexibility and the areas in which we may write new business.
If, in the future, NMIC fails to comply with the PMIERs, including the financial requirements, it may lose its approved insurer status from one or both GSEs, or may have to enter into a remediation plan (with the approval of the GSEs), curtail its business writings or cease transacting new business altogether. Any of these events would have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and future business prospects.
Changes in the business practices of the GSEs, including a decision to decrease or discontinue the use of private MI, or changes in the terms on which mortgage insurance coverage may be canceled, federal legislation that changes their charters or a restructuring of the GSEs or changes in loan delivery pricing imposed by the GSEs could reduce the private MI market opportunity, reduce our revenues or increase our losses.
The requirements and practices of the GSEs impact the operating results and financial performance of approved insurers, including NMIC. Changes in the charters or business practices of the GSEs could materially reduce the number of mortgages they purchase that are insured by us and consequently diminish our franchise value. The GSEs could be directed to make such changes by the FHFA, which was appointed as their conservator in September 2008 and has the authority to control and direct the operations of the GSEs.
With the GSEs in a prolonged conservatorship, there has been ongoing debate over the future role and purpose of the GSEs in the U.S. housing market. The U.S. Congress may legislate, or the administration may implement through administrative reform, structural and other changes to the GSEs and the functioning of the secondary mortgage market. Since 2011, there have been numerous legislative proposals intended to incrementally scale back the GSEs (such as a statutory mandate for the GSEs to transfer mortgage credit risk to the private sector) or to completely reform the housing finance system. Congress, however, has not enacted any legislation to date. The proposals vary with regard to the government's role in the housing market and, more specifically, with regard to the existence of an explicit or implicit government guarantee. Recently, there has been increased focus on and discussion of administrative reform independent of legislative action. The former director of FHFA leadership under the first Trump administration was more focused on preparing the GSEs to exit from conservatorship by increasing the GSEs’ overall capital levels and reducing their credit risk profile. In December 2020, the FHFA published a final rule (2020 ERCF rule) establishing a new enterprise regulatory capital framework (ERCF) for the GSEs, which included provisions governing the capital
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relief allowed to the GSEs for loans with private MI. The 2020 ERCF rule established that loans with private MI, as opposed to loans without private MI, provide more favorable capital relief to the GSEs. Additionally, while in conservatorship, each GSE has been subject to the terms of senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreements (PSPAs) establishing Treasury's ownership of senior preferred stock and warrants in the GSEs. The PSPAs, as amended by the Treasury Department in collaboration with the FHFA, also establish Treasury's right to consent to any GSE release from conservatorship, among other rights.
Leadership at the FHFA changes from time to time. Given that the Director of the FHFA is removable by the President at will, the agency's agenda, policies and actions likely will be significantly influenced by the then current administration. Accordingly, it is difficult to predict whether or how the FHFA might seek to implement GSE oversight beyond the current administration's term. Between the Director of the FHFA and the Treasury Department, they possess significant capacity to effect administrative GSE reforms. Subsequent to the adoption of the 2020 ERCF rule and the PSPAs, the Director of the FHFA, together with the Treasury Department, have adopted amendments to both the 2020 ERCF and the PSPAs to help facilitate the ultimate release of the GSEs from conservatorship and additional changes could be adopted. Further changes to the ERCF, the PSPAs, or the business practices of the GSEs, including any that increase the capital required to be held by us under PMIERs, could make our products less desirable or more expensive and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and future business prospects.
Other potential GSE reforms, whether through legislation or administrative action, could impact the current role of private mortgage insurance as credit enhancement, including its reduction or elimination, which would have an adverse effect on our revenue, operating results, prospects or financial condition. Some other examples of potential GSE reforms or policy changes that could impact our business may also include, but are not limited by, the following:
•Policies or requirements that may result in a reduction in the number of mortgages GSEs acquire;
•The national conforming loan limit for mortgages GSEs acquire;
•The level of mortgage insurance required;
•The terms on which mortgage insurance coverage may be canceled, including GSE requirements and programs that permit cancellation prior to reaching the cancellation thresholds and conditions established by law;
•The terms required to be included in master policies for the mortgage insurance policies GSEs acquire;
•The amount of loan level price adjustments or guarantee fees that the GSEs charge on loans that require mortgage insurance; and
•The degree of influence that the GSEs have over a mortgage lender’s selection of the mortgage insurer providing coverage.
As a result of these matters, it is uncertain what role private capital, including MI, will play in the domestic residential housing finance system in the future or the impact of any such changes on our business. Any changes to the charters or statutory authorities of the GSEs would require Congressional action to implement. Passage and timing of any comprehensive GSE reform or incremental change (legislative or administrative) is uncertain, making the actual impact on us and our industry difficult to predict. Any such changes that come to pass could have a significant impact on our business.
In recent years, the FHFA has set goals for the GSEs to transfer significant portions of the GSEs' mortgage credit risk to the private sector. To the extent any other current or potential credit risk products that may evolve in a manner that displace primary MI coverage, the amount of insurance we write may be reduced. It is difficult to predict the impact of any other current or potential alternative credit risk transfer products, if any, that are developed to meet the goals established by the FHFA.
We are subject to comprehensive state insurance regulations and capital adequacy requirements, which we must satisfy to continue to operate our MI business.
The U.S. MI industry and our insurance subsidiaries are subject to comprehensive state regulation in each jurisdiction in which they are licensed or authorized to do business. Regulatory scrutiny could lead to new legal precedents, new regulations or new practices, or regulatory actions or investigations, which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. Although their scope varies, state insurance laws generally grant broad supervisory powers to state insurance regulatory authorities to examine insurance companies and enforce rules or exercise discretion affecting almost every significant aspect of the insurance business, including premium rates, trade and claims practices, accounting methods, marketing practices, policy forms and capital adequacy. These state insurance regulatory authorities could take actions that could materially impact the types of products and services we and our industry are permitted to offer, including requiring us (and other MI companies) to modify
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current pricing and business practices. Further, failure to comply with the applicable regulations could lead to enforcement or disciplinary action, including the imposition of penalties and the revocation of our authorization to operate.
NMIC's principal regulator is the Wisconsin OCI. Under applicable Wisconsin law, as well as that of 15 other states, a mortgage insurer must maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to its RIF for the mortgage insurer to continue to write new business. While formulations of minimum capital may vary in each jurisdiction that has such a requirement, the most common measure applied allows for a maximum permitted RTC ratio of 25:1. Wisconsin and certain other states, including California and Illinois, apply a substantially similar requirement referred to as minimum policyholders' position. If our business grows faster (i.e., our RIF grows faster than expected) or is less profitable than expected (i.e., our revenues do not generate the return we expect), our actual RTC ratios over the short to mid-term could exceed our expected RTC ratios and could begin to approach the limits to which we are subject, which could require us to enter into alternative arrangements to reduce our RIF, including through additional reinsurance or raising additional capital. If this were to occur, we can give no assurance that our efforts to obtain additional reinsurance or otherwise reduce our RIF, or to raise capital would be successful, and if such efforts are unsuccessful, we could exceed state-imposed capital requirements. Accordingly, if we fail to meet the capital adequacy requirements in one or more states, we could be required to suspend writing business in some or all of the states in which we do business.
The private MI industry is, and as a participant we are, subject to litigation and regulatory enforcement risk generally.
We operate in highly regulated industries that inherently pose a heightened risk of litigation and regulatory proceedings. As a result, the members of the MI industry, including NMIC, face litigation risk, including the risk of class action lawsuits, and administrative enforcement by federal regulators and state insurance agencies in the ordinary course of operations. In addition, the private MI industry, including NMIC, may be affected by changes in the laws and regulations to which we are subject or the way they are interpreted or applied. See “Item 1 - Business - U.S. Mortgage Insurance Regulation.”
In the past, other mortgage insurers (not including us) have been involved in litigation and regulatory enforcement actions alleging violations of Section 8 of RESPA. Among other things, Section 8 of RESPA generally precludes mortgage insurers from paying referral fees to mortgage lenders for the referral of MI business. This limitation also can prohibit providing services or products to mortgage lenders free of charge, charging fees for services that are lower than their reasonable or fair market value, and paying fees for services that mortgage lenders provide that are higher than their reasonable or fair market value, in exchange for the referral of MI business. Various regulators, including the CFPB, state insurance commissioners and state attorneys general, may bring actions seeking various forms of relief in connection with alleged violations of the referral fee limitations of RESPA, as can private litigants in class actions. In the years following the 2008 financial crisis, the CFPB pursued a higher volume of enforcement actions against mortgage industry participants, including mortgage insurers. In particular, the CFPB focused on challenging mortgage insurers' captive reinsurance arrangements under Section 8 of RESPA. The insurance law provisions of many states also prohibit paying for the referral of insurance business and provide various mechanisms to enforce this prohibition. Leadership change at the CFPB or the White House may also have an impact on future CFPB enforcement activity. The CFPB's interpretation and enforcement of Section 8 of RESPA presents regulatory risk for many providers of “settlement services,” including mortgage insurers.
We currently are not a party to any federal or state regulatory enforcement actions; however, such proceedings could arise in the future. The cost to defend, and the ultimate resolution of, any such action or proceeding could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results. Should we become a party to an action by any of these regulators, the ultimate outcome is difficult to predict, and it is possible that any outcome could be negative to us specifically or the industry in general, and such a negative outcome could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and operating results.
From time to time, we have been involved in certain legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. To date, we have not recognized a material liability related to any of our legal proceedings. However, the outcome of litigation and other legal and regulatory matters is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that one or more of any such matters in the future could have an unanticipated material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position and operating results.
Our business prospects and operating results could be adversely impacted if, and to the extent that, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's ATR Rules defining a QM negatively impact the size of the origination market.
In January 2014, the CFPB implemented the Dodd-Frank Act ATR mortgage provisions, which govern the obligation of lenders to determine a borrower's ability to pay when originating a mortgage loan covered by ATR. A subset of mortgages falling under the ATR that has certain low-risk characteristics are known as QMs. QMs that are deemed to have the lowest risk profiles are entitled to a safe-harbor presumption of compliance with the ability-to-pay requirements. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the CFPB released a series of final rules to (i) eliminate the temporary QM category, typically referred to as the “QM Patch”, (ii)
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amend the definition of a General QM, and (iii) provide for a new, Seasoned QM category. The General QM final rule was effective on March 1, 2021 with an extended mandatory compliance date of October 1, 2022. However, the GSEs announced on April 8, 2021 that, for loan applications received on or after July 1, 2021, they will only purchase loans satisfying the New General QM Definition. See “Item 1, “Business - U.S. Mortgage Insurance Regulation - Other U.S. Regulation - Housing Finance Reform” above for a summary of the GSEs final rules related to QMs. The long-term effects of the expiration of the QM Patch and implementation of the General QM and Seasoned QM final rules could affect the residential mortgage market and demand for private mortgage insurance.
The Dodd-Frank Act also gave statutory authority to the HUD, the VA, and the USDA to develop their own definitions of “QM,” which those agencies have completed. To the extent lenders find that the HUD definition of QM is more favorable to certain segments of their borrowers, they may choose FHA products over private MI products.
We, along with other industry participants, have observed that the significant majority of covered loans made after the effective date of the ATR rule have been QMs. We expect that most lenders will continue to be reluctant to make loans that do not qualify as QMs because, absent full compliance with the ATR rule, such loans will not be entitled to a safe-harbor presumption of compliance with the ability-to-pay requirements. As a result, we believe ATR regulations have given rise to a subset of borrowers who cannot meet the regulatory QM standards, thus restricting their access to mortgage credit and reducing the size of the residential mortgage market. It is unclear whether the expiration of the QM Patch or the revised General QM rule or the new Seasoned QM category will have any impact on access to mortgage credit or the size of the mortgage market. Our business prospects and operating results could be adversely impacted if, and to the extent that, the QM regulations or the CFPB's actions negatively impact the size of the origination market.
The implementation of the Basel rules may discourage the use of mortgage insurance.
The Basel Committee developed the Basel Capital Accord in 1988 to set out international benchmarks for assessing banks' capital adequacy requirements. See Item 1, “U.S. Mortgage Insurance Regulations - Basel Rules.” The capital adequacy requirements, among other factors, govern the capital treatment of MI purchased and held on balance sheet by domestic and international banks in respect of their residential mortgage loan origination and securitization activities. In July 2013, U.S. banking regulators promulgated regulations to implement significant elements of the Basel framework, which we refer to as Basel III. In December 2017, the Basel Committee published final revisions to Basel III (informally known as “Basel IV”). Under Basel IV, banks using the standardized approach to determine their credit risk may consider mortgage insurance in calculating the exposure amount for real estate. However, such banks will need to determine the risk-weight for residential mortgages based on the LTV ratio at loan origination, without factoring in mortgage insurance. Under the standardized approach, after the appropriate risk-weight is determined, the existence of mortgage insurance could be considered, but only if the company issuing the insurance has a lower risk-weight than the underlying exposure. Mortgage insurance issued by private companies would not meet this test. Therefore, under Basel IV, mortgage insurance could not mitigate credit and lower the capital charge under the standardized approach.
On September 9, 2022, the U.S. banking regulators announced their intent to revise U.S. regulatory capital requirements to align them with Basel IV. On July 27, 2023, the U.S. banking regulators jointly issued a proposed rule that would revise large bank capital requirements. On September 18, 2023, the U.S. banking regulators announced this proposed rule would increase risk-based capital requirements for banks with total assets of $100 billion or more. This proposal increases the risk weights for LTVs that are above 80% and eliminates the current capital relief credit that is given to these loans if they are covered by mortgage insurance. Accordingly, as proposed, the revised standards would mean mortgage insurance would not lower the LTV ratio of residential loans for capital purposes for these large banks, and therefore may decrease their demand for mortgage insurance. These large banks may also retreat from high LTV lending if the proposal, as drafted, is passed. However, as of July 10, 2024, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, as a member of the Basel Committee, made public remarks in favor of issuing a new proposed rule. The comment period for the proposal, originally scheduled to end on November 30, 2023, was extended to January 16, 2024. The full Basel Committee has yet to finalize next steps on a future path forward. Accordingly, we do not have clarity on when we can expect the final proposal or how much time will be provided for banking organizations to implement the final rule once it has been issued. Further, it is possible (but not mandated by Basel IV) that the U.S. banking regulators and the GSEs might likewise discontinue taking mortgage insurance into account when determining a mortgage’s LTV ratio for prudential (non-capital) purposes. We believe the existing U.S. implementation of the Basel IV capital framework supports continued use of private MI by portfolio lenders as a risk and capital management tool; however, with the ongoing implementation of Basel IV and the continued evolution of the Basel framework, it is difficult to predict the extent of the impact, if any, on the MI industry and the ultimate form of any potential future modifications to the regulations by federal banking regulators. If the Basel Committee revises the Basel IV framework to reduce or eliminate the capital benefit banks receive from insuring low down payment loans with private MI, our current and future business may be adversely affected.
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Risks Related to Our Holding Company and Capital Structure
Our holding company structure and certain regulatory and other constraints could affect our ability to satisfy our obligations and potentially require us to raise more capital.
NMIH serves as the holding company for our operating subsidiaries and does not have any significant operations of its own. NMIH's principal source of operating cash is investment income, and could in the future include dividends from NMIC and Re One, which currently does not have active insurance exposure. NMIC has the capacity to pay aggregate ordinary dividends of $101.0 million to NMIH during the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2026, without prior approval from the Wisconsin OCI. NMIH also has access to $250 million of undrawn revolving credit capacity under the senior unsecured credit facilities. In addition, NMIH currently receives cash from our insurance subsidiaries, consisting of payments made under our tax and expense-sharing arrangements. Among such agreements, the Wisconsin OCI has approved the allocation of interest expense on our $425 million aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes that mature on August 15, 2029 (the 2024 Notes) and senior unsecured credit facilities to NMIC to the extent proceeds from the 2024 Notes offering and facility are distributed to NMIC or used to repay, redeem or otherwise defease amounts raised by NMIC under prior credit arrangements that have previously been distributed to NMIC. The expense-sharing arrangements between us and our subsidiaries, as amended, have been approved by the Wisconsin OCI, but such approval may be revoked at any time. NMIH depends on these sources of liquidity to make principal and interest payments under its current debt arrangements and to pay certain corporate expenses and income taxes, among other things. If payments to NMIH were curtailed or limited, there is a risk that NMIH would be unable to satisfy its financial obligations.
NMIH's dividend income is limited to upstream dividend payments from our subsidiaries. With respect to our insurance subsidiaries, under Wisconsin law, dividends in excess of prescribed limits are deemed “extraordinary” and require approval of the Wisconsin OCI. Other states in which our insurance subsidiaries are licensed also limit or restrict their ability to pay dividends. It is possible that Wisconsin and other states that have dividend restrictions will adopt revised statutory provisions or interpretations of existing statutory provisions that could be more restrictive than those currently in effect or will otherwise take actions that may further restrict the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions or returns of capital. In addition, under the PMIERs, if an approved insurer fails to meet the PMIERs financial requirements, such approved insurer may not pay dividends without the prior written approval of the GSEs.
In addition, to support NMIC's future growth, we could be required to provide additional capital support for NMIC if additional capital is required by the GSEs or pursuant to insurance laws and regulations. If we were unable to meet our obligations, NMIC could lose GSE approval and/or be required to cease writing business in one or more states, which would adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results.
To the extent that the funds generated from investment income or by our ongoing operations and capitalization are insufficient to fund future operating requirements, we may need to raise additional funds through future financing activities, including through the issuance of additional debt, equity, or a combination of both, reduce our RIF, including through additional reinsurance, or curtail our growth and reduce our expenses. NMIH's future capital requirements depend on many factors, including NMIC's ability to successfully write new business, establish premium rates at levels sufficient to cover claims and operating costs and meet minimum required asset thresholds under the PMIERs. We can give no assurance that our efforts to raise capital, obtain additional reinsurance or otherwise reduce our RIF would be successful. If we cannot obtain adequate capital, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.
Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition.
We currently have and will continue to have a substantial amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2025 our debt totaled approximately $417.0 million.
Our indebtedness could have significant negative consequences for our business, financial condition and operating results, including:
•increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;
•limiting our ability to obtain additional financing;
•requiring the dedication of a substantial portion of the cash flow from our subsidiaries' operations to service our indebtedness, thereby reducing the amount of cash flow available for other purposes;
•making it more difficult for us to retain our existing ratings or to obtain investment-grade credit ratings in the future;
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•making it more difficult to conduct our business successfully or to grow our business, or limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business; and
•placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage with less leveraged competitors and competitors that may have better access to capital resources.
In addition, our senior unsecured credit facilities and the indenture governing our senior unsecured notes contain certain restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur additional indebtedness, make investments, incur liens, transfer or dispose of assets, merge with or acquire other companies and pay dividends. Our senior unsecured credit facilities require us to comply with certain financial and other maintenance covenants. A failure to comply with covenants or the other terms of our senior unsecured credit facilities and the indenture governing our senior unsecured notes could result in an event of default under such indebtedness, which, if not remedied, may trigger an event of default under certain other indebtedness.
If the lenders under our senior unsecured credit facilities terminate their commitments or we are unable to satisfy certain covenants or representations, we may not have access to funding in a timely manner, or at all, when we require it. If funding is not available under the senior unsecured credit facilities when we require it, our ability to continue our business practices or pursue our current strategy could be limited. If any indebtedness under the senior unsecured credit facilities or our senior notes is accelerated, we cannot assure you that our assets would be sufficient to repay such amounts in full, and the lenders and/or noteholders could foreclose on the collateral securing the obligations under the senior unsecured credit facilities and the senior notes, including, subject to regulatory approval, the stock of NMIC and Re One. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Our existing, and any future, variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our annual debt service obligations to increase significantly.
Any indebtedness we may incur under our senior unsecured credit facilities and our future indebtedness may be subject to variable rates of interest, exposing us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on such variable rate indebtedness would increase, resulting in a reduction of our net income that could be significant, even though the principal amount borrowed would remain the same.
Despite our substantial level of debt, we may incur more debt, which could exacerbate any or all of the risks described above.
We may incur substantial additional debt in the future, including up to $250 million in borrowings we may choose to make under our 2024 Revolving Credit Facility. Although the credit agreement governing our 2024 Revolving Credit Facility and the indenture governing our senior unsecured notes each limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to incur additional debt, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and, under certain circumstances, we may incur additional debt in compliance with these restrictions. In addition, our 2024 Revolving Credit Facility and indenture does not prevent us from incurring certain obligations that do not constitute “indebtedness” as defined therein. To the extent that we incur additional debt or such other obligations, the risks associated with our credit agreement and indenture described above, including our possible inability to service our debt or other obligations, would increase.
Our current credit ratings may adversely affect our ability to access capital and the cost of such capital, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Our current credit ratings, or any future negative actions the credit agencies may take, could affect our ability to access the reinsurance, credit and capital markets in the future and could lead to worsened trade terms, adversely affecting the cost. An inability to access reinsurance, capital and credit markets when needed to continue to grow our business, refinance our existing debt or raise new debt or equity could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and liquidity.
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Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
We do not currently pay any dividends on our common stock and may not pay any dividends on our common stock in the future, and payment of any declared dividends may be delayed.
We have not declared or paid dividends in the past, and we may not pay dividends in the future. As a result, until we otherwise declare and pay dividends on our common stock, only appreciation in the price of our common stock, which may not occur, will provide a return to investors. Any future declaration and payment of dividends by our Board will depend on many factors, including general economic and business conditions, our strategic plans, our financial results and condition, legal requirements and other factors that our Board deems relevant. In addition, we may enter into additional credit agreements or other debt arrangements in the future that could restrict our ability to declare or pay cash dividends on our common stock.
The market price of our common stock may be volatile, which could cause the value of an investment in our common stock to decline.
The market price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially and be highly volatile, which may make it difficult for stockholders to sell their shares of our common stock at the volume, prices and times desired. There are many factors that impact the market price of our common stock, including, without limitation:
•general market conditions, including price levels and volume and changes in interest rates and rising inflation;
•national, regional and local economic or business conditions;
•the effects of, and changes in, trade, tax, monetary and fiscal policies, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve;
•changes in U.S. housing and housing finance policy, including changes to the GSEs and the role of government MIs;
•our actual or projected financial condition, liquidity, operating results, cash flows and capital levels;
•changes in, or failure to meet, our publicly disclosed expectations as to our future financial and operating performance;
•publication of research reports about us, our competitors or the financial services industry generally, or changes in, or failure to meet, securities analysts' estimates of our financial and operating performance, or lack of research reports by industry analysts or ceasing of coverage;
•market valuations, as well as the financial and operating performance and prospects, of similar companies;
•future issuances or sales, or anticipated issuances or sales, of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our common stock;
•additional indebtedness we may incur in the future;
•expenses incurred in connection with changes in our stock price;
•the potential failure to establish and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting;
•additions or departures of key personnel and management;
•our failure to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq; and
•our failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
The stock markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These types of broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In the past, stockholders of certain companies other than NMIH have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against such companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. Any similar litigation against us could result in substantial costs, divert management's attention and resources and harm our business or operating results.
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The market price of our common stock could decline due to the large number of outstanding shares of our common stock eligible for future sale, and future issuances of our common stock may depress our share price and dilute the book value of our common stock.
As of December 31, 2025, we had 88,371,465 shares of our common stock issued and 76,285,242 shares outstanding. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market in the future, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. These sales could also make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future, at a time and place that we deem appropriate.
Our Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2014 Plan) has a total of 8,250,000 shares authorized for issuance. Any shares issued under our 2014 Plan, including as a result of the exercise of stock options, would dilute the percentage ownership held by investors who purchase our shares prior to such issuance.
We have the authority, without action or vote of our stockholders except as required under Nasdaq rules, to issue all or any part of our authorized but unissued shares of common stock, including shares that may be issued to satisfy our obligations under our stock incentive plans, and securities and instruments that are convertible into shares of our common stock. Such stock issuances could be made at a price that reflects a discount or a premium from the then-current trading price of our common stock and might dilute the book value of our common stock or result in a decrease in the per share price of our common stock.
Future issuance of debt or preferred stock, which would rank senior to our common stock upon our liquidation, may adversely affect the market value of our common stock.
Shares of our common stock are equity interests and do not constitute indebtedness of NMIH. In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by issuing additional debt, including bank debt, commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes or classes of shares of preferred stock. Our preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating distributions or a preference on dividend payments that would limit amounts available for distribution to holders of shares of our common stock. Accordingly, if we were liquidated, holders of our debt securities and preferred stock and lenders with respect to our 2024 Revolving Credit Facility or other future borrowings, if any, would receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of shares of our common stock. Any decision to issue debt or preferred stock in the future will depend on market conditions and other factors, some of which will be beyond our control. We cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of such future issuances. Holders of our common stock bear the risk of such future issuances of debt or preferred stock reducing the market value of our common stock.
Provisions contained in our organizational documents, as well as provisions of Delaware law and Wisconsin insurance law, could delay or prevent a change of control of us, which could adversely affect the price of shares of our common stock.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult or discouraging an acquisition deemed undesirable by our Board. Our corporate governance documents include, among others, provisions that:
•provide that special meetings of our stockholders generally can only be called by the chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer or by resolution of the Board;
•provide our Board the ability to issue undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and the shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval, and which may grant preferred holders voting, special approval, dividend or other rights or preferences superior to the rights of the holder of common stock;
•provide our Board the ability to issue common stock and warrants within the amount of authorized capital;
•provide that, subject to the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock with respect to such series of preferred stock, any action required or permitted to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of our stockholders and may not be effected by any consent in writing by such stockholders; and
•provide that stockholders seeking to bring business before our annual meeting of stockholders, or to nominate candidates for election as directors at our annual meeting of stockholders, generally must provide timely advance notice of their intent in writing and certain other information not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the first anniversary of the previous year's annual meeting.
These provisions, alone or together, could delay hostile takeovers and changes of control of the Company or changes in our management. Additionally, cumulative voting in the election of our directors is not allowed.
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As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which, subject to certain exceptions, prohibits a public Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination (as defined in such section) with an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of such corporation or any person affiliated with such person) for a period of three years following the time that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless (i) prior to such time, the board of such corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of such corporation at the time the transaction commenced (excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding (but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder) the voting stock owned by directors who are also officers or held in employee benefit plans in which the employees do not have a confidential right to tender or vote stock held by the plan); or (iii) on or subsequent to such time the business combination is approved by the board of such corporation and authorized at a meeting of stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock of such corporation not owned by the interested stockholder.
In addition, Wisconsin's insurance laws and regulations generally provide that no person may acquire control of us unless the transaction in which control is acquired has been approved by the Wisconsin OCI. The regulations provide for a rebuttable presumption of control when a person owns or has the right to vote more than 10% of our voting securities. In addition, the insurance laws and regulations of other states in which NMIC and/or Re One are licensed insurers require notification to the state's insurance department a specified period before a person acquires control of us. If regulators in these states disapprove the change of control, our licenses to conduct business in the disapproving states could be terminated.
Any provision of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws or Delaware law or under the Wisconsin insurance regulations that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for shares of our common stock.
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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
We integrate technology into many aspects of our business. We use technology to engage with our customers and employees, and to deliver our products and services. The business information and data managed and stored in our technology systems is used in many of our daily functions, including accounting processes, financial forecasting, pricing, underwriting, sales, compliance, and communications, among others. We are mindful of the risk in the operation of our business presented by cybersecurity threats and remain aware of the potential risk to our IT systems and data.
We believe all of these functions serve the process of prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. While we have not experienced any material cybersecurity events, we believe that disruptions to and breaches of our IT systems are possible and may negatively impact our business in the future. Despite robust controls and safeguards in place, no system can guarantee complete security from internal and external threats. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors - We may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or misuse of confidential, personal or proprietary information.”
Item 2. Properties
We lease approximately 36,983 square feet of office space in Emeryville, California pursuant to an office facility lease that we initially entered into in 2012 (as amended, the Lease). The term of the Lease extends through March 2030.
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Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Certain lawsuits and claims arising in the ordinary course of business may be filed or pending against us or our affiliates from time to time. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish accruals for all lawsuits, claims and expected settlements when we believe it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. When a loss contingency is not both probable and estimable, we do not establish an accrual. Any such loss estimates are inherently uncertain, based on currently available information and are subject to management's judgment and various assumptions. Due to the inherent subjectivity of these estimates and unpredictability of outcomes of legal proceedings, any amounts accrued may not represent the ultimate resolution of such matters.
To the extent we believe any potential loss relating to such lawsuits and claims may have a material impact on our liquidity, consolidated financial position, results of operations, and/or our business as a whole and is reasonably possible but not probable, we will disclose information relating to any such potential loss, whether in excess of any established accruals or where there is no established accrual. We will also disclose information relating to any material potential loss that is probable but not reasonably estimable. Where reasonably practicable, we will provide an estimate of loss or range of potential loss. No disclosures are generally made for any loss contingencies that are deemed to be remote.
Based upon information available to us and our review of lawsuits and claims filed or pending against us to date, we have not recognized a material accrual liability for these matters, nor do we currently expect it is reasonably possible that these matters will result in a material liability to the Company. However, the outcome of litigation and other legal and regulatory matters is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that one or more of such matters currently pending or threatened could have an unanticipated material adverse effect on our liquidity, consolidated financial position, results of operations, and/or our business as a whole, in the future.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange under the symbol “NMIH.” On February 6, 2026, there were 76,032,627 shares of our common stock outstanding and approximately seven holders of record. The closing price of our common stock on Nasdaq on February 6, 2026 was $41.05.
No dividends on our common stock have previously been declared or paid, and we may not declare or pay dividends in the future. For information on our ability to pay dividends, see Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 17, Regulatory Information - Dividend Restrictions.”
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about purchases of NMI Holdings, Inc. common stock by us during the three months ended December 31, 2025.
($ In Thousands, except for per share data) | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Repurchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Repurchased Under the Plans or Program (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10/1/2025 to 10/31/2025 | 263,420 | $ | 36.35 | 263,420 | $ | 246,871 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 11/1/2025 to 11/30/2025 | 242,659 | 37.29 | 242,659 | 237,821 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/1/2025 to 12/31/2025 | 304,550 | 39.24 | 304,550 | 225,872 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 810,629 | 810,629 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) On July 31, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a $200 million share repurchase program (the 2023 Repurchase Program), effective through December 31, 2025. On February 5, 2025, our Board of Directors authorized an additional $250 million repurchase program (the 2025 Repurchase Program), effective through December 31, 2027, and extended the effectiveness of the 2023 Repurchase Program through December 31, 2027 to align its remaining tenor with that of the 2025 Repurchase Program. See Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 16, Common Stock,” for additional information.
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Common Stock Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock from December 31, 2020 until December 31, 2025, with the cumulative total stockholder return on the Russell 2000 Index, S&P Small Cap 600 Index and an index of selected mortgage insurance companies (Peer Index). The Peer Index includes Essent, MGIC and Radian. The total stockholder's returns are not necessarily indicative of future returns. Information contained or referenced in the stock performance graph below is being furnished with this report and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.
12/31/2020 | 12/31/2021 | 12/31/2022 | 12/31/2023 | 12/31/2024 | 12/31/2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NMI Holdings, Inc. | $ | 100 | $ | 96 | $ | 92 | $ | 131 | $ | 162 | $ | 180 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Russell 2000 Index | 100 | 115 | 91 | 107 | 119 | 134 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| S&P Small Cap 600 | 100 | 127 | 106 | 123 | 134 | 142 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Peer Index (ESNT, MTG, RDN) | 100 | 106 | 93 | 130 | 140 | 166 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included below in Item 8 of this report and the Risk Factors included above in Part I, Item 1A of this report. In addition, investors should review the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and the “Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms” above.
Overview
We provide private MI through our primary insurance subsidiary, NMIC. NMIC is wholly-owned, domiciled in Wisconsin and principally regulated by the Wisconsin OCI. NMIC is approved as an MI provider by the GSEs and is licensed to write coverage in all 50 states and D.C. Our subsidiary, NMIS, provides outsourced loan review services to mortgage loan originators and our subsidiary, Re One, historically provided reinsurance coverage to NMIC in accordance with certain statutory risk retention requirements. Such requirements have been repealed and the reinsurance coverage provided by Re One to NMIC has been commuted. Re One remains a wholly-owned, licensed insurance subsidiary; however, it does not currently have active insurance exposures.
MI protects lenders and investors from default-related losses on a portion of the unpaid principal balance of a covered mortgage. MI plays a critical role in the U.S. housing market by mitigating mortgage credit risk and facilitating the secondary market sale of high-LTV (i.e., above 80%) residential loans to the GSEs, who are otherwise restricted by their charters from purchasing or guaranteeing high-LTV mortgages that are not covered by certain credit protections. Such credit protection and secondary market sales allow lenders to increase their capacity for mortgage commitments and expand financing access to existing and prospective homeowners.
NMIH, a Delaware corporation, was incorporated in May 2011, and we began start-up operations in 2012 and wrote our first MI policy in 2013. Since formation, we have sought to establish customer relationships with a broad group of mortgage lenders and build a diversified, high-quality insured portfolio. As of December 31, 2025, we had issued master policies with 2,193 customers, including national and regional mortgage banks, money center banks, credit unions, community banks, builder-owned mortgage lenders, internet-sourced lenders and other non-bank lenders. As of December 31, 2025, we had $221.4 billion of primary IIF and $59.3 billion of primary RIF.
We believe that our success in acquiring a large and diverse group of lender customers and growing a portfolio of high-quality IIF traces to our founding principles, whereby we aim to help qualified individuals achieve their homeownership goals, ensure that we remain a strong and credible counter-party, deliver a high-quality customer service experience, establish a differentiated risk management approach that emphasizes the individual underwriting review or validation of the vast majority of the loans we insure, utilizing our proprietary Rate GPS® pricing platform to dynamically evaluate risk and price our policies, and foster a culture of collaboration and excellence that helps us attract and retain experienced industry leaders.
Our strategy is to continue to build on our position in the private MI market, expand our customer base and grow our insured portfolio of high-quality residential loans by focusing on long-term customer relationships, disciplined and proactive risk selection and pricing, fair and transparent claim payment practices, responsive customer service, and financial strength and profitability.
Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq under the symbol “NMIH.” Our headquarters is located in Emeryville, California. As of December 31, 2025, we had 225 employees. Our corporate website is located at www.nationalmi.com. Our website and the information contained on or accessible through our website are not incorporated by reference into this report.
We discuss below our results of operations for the periods presented, as well as the conditions and trends that have impacted or are expected to impact our business, including new insurance writings, the composition of our insurance portfolio and other factors that we expect to impact our results.
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Conditions and Trends Affecting Our Business
Macroeconomic Developments
Macroeconomic factors, including persistent inflation, elevated interest rates, flagging consumer confidence and increasing jobless claims could have a pronounced impact on the housing market, the mortgage insurance industry and our business in future periods. A marked decline in housing demand, a significant and protracted decrease in house prices or a sustained increase in unemployment could reduce the pace of new business activity in the private mortgage insurance market and negatively impact our future NIW volume, or contribute to an increase in our future default and claim experience.
Key Factors Affecting Our Results
Customer Development
We have important relationships with customers across all categories and allocation profiles, including National Accounts and Regional Accounts, and centralized and decentralized lenders. Our sales and marketing efforts are broadly focused on expanding our presence with existing customers and activating new customer relationships. We consider an activation to be the point at which we have signed a Master Policy, established IT connectivity and generated a first application or first dollar of NIW from a customer. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we activated 90 lenders, compared to 118 and 70 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We also continued to expand our business with existing customers, deepening our existing relationships and capturing what we believe to be an increasing portion of their annual MI volume. At December 31, 2025, we had issued 2,193 Master Policies, compared to 2,086 and 1,974, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
New Insurance Written, Insurance-In-Force and Risk-In-Force
NIW is the aggregate unpaid principal balance of mortgages underpinning new policies written during a given period. Our NIW is affected by the overall size of the mortgage origination market and the volume of high-LTV mortgage originations. Our NIW is also affected by the percentage of such high-LTV originations covered by private versus government MI or other alternative credit enhancement structures and our share of the private MI market. NIW, together with persistency, drives our IIF. IIF is the aggregate unpaid principal balance of the mortgages we insure, as reported to us by servicers at a given date, and represents the sum total of NIW from all prior periods less principal payments on insured mortgages and policy cancellations (including for prepayment, nonpayment of premiums, coverage rescission and claim payments). RIF is related to IIF and represents the aggregate amount of coverage we provide on all outstanding policies at a given date. RIF is calculated as the sum total of the coverage percentage of each individual policy in our portfolio applied to the unpaid principal balance of such insured mortgage. RIF is affected by IIF and the LTV profile of our insured mortgages, with lower LTV loans generally having a lower coverage percentage and higher LTV loans having a higher coverage percentage. Gross RIF represents RIF before consideration of reinsurance. Net RIF is gross RIF net of ceded reinsurance.
Net Premiums Written and Net Premiums Earned
We set our premium rates on individual policies based on the risk characteristics of the underlying mortgage loans and borrowers, and in accordance with our filed rates and applicable rating rules. We primarily price our policies through a proprietary risk-based pricing platform, which we refer to as Rate GPS®. Rate GPS® considers a broad range of individual and layered risk variables, including borrower credit, loan-level, product and lender attributes, as well as market and geographic factors, and provides us with the ability to set and charge premium rates commensurate with the underlying risk of each loan that we insure. We also offer a rate card pricing option to a limited number of lender customers when required for business process reasons. We believe that the utilization of Rate GPS® provides us with a more granular and analytical approach to evaluating and pricing risk, and that this approach enhances our ability to continue building a high-quality mortgage insurance portfolio and delivering attractive risk-adjusted returns.
Premiums are generally fixed for the duration of our coverage of the underlying loans. Net premiums written are equal to gross premiums written minus ceded premiums written under our reinsurance arrangements, less premium refunds and premium write-offs. As a result, net premiums written are generally influenced by:
•NIW;
•premium rates and the mix of premium payment type, which are either single, monthly or annual premiums, as described below;
•cancellation rates of our insurance policies, which are impacted by payments or prepayments on mortgages, refinancings (which are affected by prevailing mortgage interest rates as compared to interest rates on loans underpinning our in force policies), levels of claim payments and home prices; and
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•cession of premiums under third-party reinsurance arrangements.
Premiums are paid either by the borrower (BPMI) or the lender (LPMI) in a single payment at origination (single premium), on a monthly installment basis (monthly premium) or on an annual installment basis (annual premium). Our net premiums written will differ from our net premiums earned due to policy payment type. For single premiums, we receive a single premium payment at origination, which is earned over the estimated life of the policy. Substantially all of our single premium policies in force as of December 31, 2025 were non-refundable under most cancellation scenarios. If non-refundable single premium policies are canceled, we immediately recognize the remaining unearned premium balances as earned premium revenue. Monthly premiums are recognized in the month billed and when the coverage is effective. Annual premiums are earned on a straight-line basis over the year of coverage. Substantially all of our policies provide for either single or monthly premiums.
The percentage of IIF that remains on our books after any twelve-month period is defined as our persistency rate. Because our insurance premiums are earned over the life of a policy, higher persistency rates can have a significant impact on our net premiums earned and profitability. Generally, faster speeds of mortgage prepayment lead to lower persistency. Prepayment speeds and the relative mix of business between single and monthly premium policies also impact our profitability. Our premium rates include certain assumptions regarding repayment or prepayment speeds of the mortgages underlying our policies. Because premiums are paid at origination on single premium policies and our single premium policies are generally non-refundable on cancellation, assuming all other factors remain constant, if single premium loans are prepaid earlier than expected, our profitability on these loans is likely to increase and, if loans are repaid slower than expected, our profitability on these loans is likely to decrease. By contrast, if monthly premium loans are repaid earlier than anticipated, we do not earn any more premium with respect to those loans and, unless we replace the repaid monthly premium loan with a new loan at the same premium rate or higher, our revenue is likely to decline.
Effect of Reinsurance on Our Results
We utilize third-party reinsurance to actively manage our risk, ensure compliance with PMIERs, state regulatory and other applicable capital requirements, and support the growth of our business. We currently have both quota share and excess-of-loss reinsurance agreements in place, which impact our results of operations and regulatory capital and PMIERs asset positions. Under a quota share reinsurance agreement, the reinsurer receives a premium in exchange for covering an agreed-upon portion of incurred losses. Such a quota share arrangement reduces premiums written and earned and also reduces RIF, providing capital relief to the ceding insurance company and reducing incurred claims in accordance with the terms of the reinsurance agreement. In addition, reinsurers typically pay ceding commissions as part of quota share transactions, which offset the ceding company's acquisition and underwriting expenses. Certain quota share agreements include profit commissions that are earned based on loss performance and serve to reduce ceded premiums. Under an excess-of-loss agreement, the ceding insurer is typically responsible for losses up to an agreed-upon threshold and the reinsurer then provides coverage in excess of such threshold up to a maximum agreed-upon limit. We expect to continue to evaluate reinsurance opportunities in the normal course of business.
See Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 6, Reinsurance” for further discussion of these third-party reinsurance arrangements.
Portfolio Data
The following table presents NIW and primary IIF as of the dates and for the periods indicated. Unless otherwise noted, the tables below do not include the effects of our third-party reinsurance arrangements described above.
NIW and primary IIF | As of and for the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NIW | IIF | NIW | IIF | NIW | IIF | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monthly | $ | 47,831 | $ | 204,925 | $ | 45,129 | $ | 192,228 | $ | 39,468 | $ | 177,764 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single | 1,069 | 16,523 | 915 | 17,955 | 1,005 | 19,265 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 48,900 | $ | 221,448 | $ | 46,044 | $ | 210,183 | $ | 40,473 | $ | 197,029 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NIW increased 6% and 14%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, primarily due to growth in our customer franchise and market presence tied to the increased penetration of existing customer accounts and new customer activations as well as an increase in the size of the total mortgage insurance market.
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Primary IIF increased 5% at December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024, which in turn grew 7% compared to December 31, 2023, primarily due to the NIW generated between such measurement dates, partially offset by the run-off of in-force policies.
Our persistency rate was 83.4%, 84.6% and 86.1% at December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Persistency remained historically high due to a continued slowdown in the pace of mortgage refinancing activity tied to the prevailing interest and mortgage rate environment.
The following table presents net premiums written and earned for the periods indicated:
Net premiums written and earned | For the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums written | $ | 583,720 | $ | 537,953 | $ | 480,540 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums earned | 602,212 | 564,688 | 510,768 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net premiums written increased 9% and 12%, respectively, and net premiums earned increased 7% and 11%, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, primarily driven by growth in our monthly IIF and direct monthly pay premium receipts, partially offset by the impact of ceded premiums written and earned under our third-party reinsurance transactions.
Portfolio Statistics
Unless otherwise noted, the portfolio statistics tables presented below do not include the effects of our third-party reinsurance arrangements described above. The table below highlights trends in our primary portfolio as of the dates and for the periods indicated.
| Primary portfolio trends | As of and for the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions, except as noted below) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| New insurance written | $ | 48,900 | $ | 46,044 | $ | 40,473 | |||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of monthly premium | 98 | % | 98 | % | 98 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of single premium | 2 | % | 2 | % | 2 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| New risk written | $ | 12,718 | $ | 12,200 | $ | 10,661 | |||||||||||||||||
Insurance-in-force (1) | $ | 221,448 | $ | 210,183 | $ | 197,029 | |||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of monthly premium | 93 | % | 91 | % | 90 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of single premium | 7 | % | 9 | % | 10 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Risk-in-force (1) | $ | 59,313 | $ | 56,113 | $ | 51,796 | |||||||||||||||||
Policies in force (count) (1) | 684,058 | 659,567 | 629,690 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Average loan size ($ value in thousands) (1) | $ | 324 | $ | 319 | $ | 313 | |||||||||||||||||
Coverage percentage (2) | 27 | % | 27 | % | 26 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Loans in default (count) (1) | 7,661 | 6,642 | 5,099 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Default rate (1) | 1.12 | % | 1.01 | % | 0.81 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Risk-in-force on defaulted loans (1) | $ | 656 | $ | 545 | $ | 408 | |||||||||||||||||
Average net premium yield (3) | 0.28 | % | 0.28 | % | 0.27 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Earnings from cancellations | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 4 | |||||||||||||||||
Annual persistency (4) | 83.4 | % | 84.6 | % | 86.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Quarterly run-off (5) | 5.1 | % | 4.5 | % | 3.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||
(1) Reported as of the end of the period.
(2) Calculated as end of period RIF divided by end of period IIF.
(3) Calculated as net premiums earned divided by average primary IIF for the period.
(4) Defined as the percentage of IIF that remains on our books after a given twelve-month period.
(5) Defined as the percentage of IIF that is no longer on our books after a given three-month period. Figures shown represent fourth quarter values for the respective years.
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The table below presents a summary of the change in total primary IIF for the dates and periods indicated.
| Primary IIF | As of and for the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IIF, beginning of period | $ | 210,183 | $ | 197,029 | $ | 183,968 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NIW | 48,900 | 46,044 | 40,473 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cancellations, principal repayments and other reductions | (37,635) | (32,890) | (27,412) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IIF, end of period | $ | 221,448 | $ | 210,183 | $ | 197,029 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
We consider a “book” to be a collective pool of policies insured during a particular period, normally a calendar year. In general, the majority of underwriting profit, calculated as earned premium revenue minus claims and underwriting and operating expenses, generated by a particular book year emerges in the years immediately following origination. This pattern generally occurs because relatively few of the claims that a book will ultimately experience typically occur in the first few years following origination, when premium revenue is highest, while subsequent years are affected by declining premium revenues, as the number of insured loans decreases (primarily due to loan prepayments), and by increasing losses.
The table below presents a summary of our primary IIF and RIF by book year as of the dates indicated.
| Primary IIF and RIF | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IIF | RIF | IIF | RIF | IIF | RIF | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Book year | (In Millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | $ | 46,034 | $ | 11,977 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 37,483 | 9,968 | 43,560 | 11,552 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 28,761 | 7,611 | 34,284 | 9,047 | 38,586 | 10,162 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 41,551 | 11,188 | 47,598 | 12,703 | 52,783 | 14,003 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 40,887 | 11,331 | 50,699 | 13,634 | 62,051 | 16,190 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 and before | 26,732 | 7,238 | 34,042 | 9,177 | 43,609 | 11,441 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 221,448 | $ | 59,313 | $ | 210,183 | $ | 56,113 | $ | 197,029 | $ | 51,796 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
We utilize certain risk principles that form the basis of how we underwrite and originate NIW. We have established prudential underwriting standards and loan-level eligibility matrices which prescribe the maximum LTV, minimum borrower FICO score, maximum borrower DTI ratio, maximum loan size, property type, loan type, loan term and occupancy status of loans that we will insure and memorialized these standards and eligibility matrices in our Underwriting Guideline Manual that is publicly available on our website. Our underwriting standards and eligibility criteria are designed to limit the layering of risk in a single insurance policy. “Layered risk” refers to the accumulation of borrower, loan and property risk. For example, we have higher credit score and lower maximum allowed LTV requirements for investor-owned properties, compared to owner-occupied properties. We monitor the concentrations of various risk attributes in our insurance portfolio, which may change over time, in part, as a result of regional conditions or public policy shifts.
The tables below present our NIW by FICO, LTV and purchase/refinance mix for the periods indicated. We calculate the LTV of a loan as the percentage of the original loan amount to the original purchase value of the property securing the loan.
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NIW by FICO | For the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| >= 760 | $ | 26,190 | $ | 24,808 | $ | 22,995 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 740-759 | 9,049 | 8,098 | 6,769 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 720-739 | 6,042 | 5,907 | 5,484 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 700-719 | 3,830 | 3,794 | 2,816 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 680-699 | 2,189 | 2,392 | 1,946 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| <=679 | 1,600 | 1,045 | 463 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 48,900 | $ | 46,044 | $ | 40,473 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average FICO | 757 | 757 | 760 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NIW by LTV | For the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 95.01% and above | $ | 5,863 | $ | 5,908 | $ | 3,713 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 90.01% to 95.00% | 21,539 | 21,149 | 18,929 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 85.01% to 90.00% | 15,327 | 13,994 | 13,597 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 85.00% and below | 6,171 | 4,993 | 4,234 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 48,900 | $ | 46,044 | $ | 40,473 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average LTV | 91.9 | % | 92.3 | % | 92.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NIW by purchase/refinance mix | For the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase | $ | 44,891 | $ | 43,921 | $ | 39,629 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Refinance | 4,009 | 2,123 | 844 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 48,900 | $ | 46,044 | $ | 40,473 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The tables below present our total primary IIF and RIF by FICO and LTV, and total primary RIF by loan type as of the dates indicated.
| Primary IIF by FICO | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| >= 760 | $ | 111,255 | 50 | % | $ | 105,315 | 50 | % | $ | 98,034 | 50 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 740-759 | 40,008 | 18 | 37,321 | 18 | 34,829 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 720-739 | 30,503 | 14 | 29,343 | 14 | 27,755 | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 700-719 | 20,491 | 9 | 19,766 | 9 | 18,734 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 680-699 | 13,448 | 6 | 13,374 | 6 | 12,867 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| <=679 | 5,743 | 3 | 5,064 | 3 | 4,810 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 221,448 | 100 | % | $ | 210,183 | 100 | % | $ | 197,029 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Primary RIF by FICO | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| >= 760 | $ | 29,500 | 50 | % | $ | 27,883 | 50 | % | $ | 25,523 | 49 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 740-759 | 10,787 | 18 | 10,006 | 18 | 9,207 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 720-739 | 8,275 | 14 | 7,926 | 14 | 7,387 | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 700-719 | 5,619 | 10 | 5,383 | 10 | 5,021 | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 680-699 | 3,672 | 6 | 3,615 | 6 | 3,433 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| <=679 | 1,460 | 2 | 1,300 | 2 | 1,225 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 59,313 | 100 | % | $ | 56,113 | 100 | % | $ | 51,796 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary IIF by LTV | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 95.01% and above | $ | 26,739 | 12 | % | $ | 23,555 | 11 | % | $ | 19,609 | 10 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 90.01% to 95.00% | 109,228 | 49 | 103,472 | 49 | 95,415 | 48 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 85.01% to 90.00% | 66,285 | 30 | 64,290 | 31 | 60,348 | 31 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 85.00% and below | 19,196 | 9 | 18,866 | 9 | 21,657 | 11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 221,448 | 100 | % | $ | 210,183 | 100 | % | $ | 197,029 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary RIF by LTV | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 95.01% and above | $ | 8,404 | 14 | % | $ | 7,345 | 13 | % | $ | 6,062 | 12 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 90.01% to 95.00% | 32,223 | 54 | 30,563 | 55 | 28,184 | 54 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 85.01% to 90.00% | 16,412 | 28 | 15,956 | 28 | 14,961 | 29 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 85.00% and below | 2,274 | 4 | 2,249 | 4 | 2,589 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 59,313 | 100 | % | $ | 56,113 | 100 | % | $ | 51,796 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary RIF by Loan Type | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed | 98 | % | 98 | % | 98 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Adjustable rate mortgages: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than five years | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Five years and longer | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||||
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The table below presents selected primary portfolio statistics, by book year, as of December 31, 2025.
| As of December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Book Year | Original Insurance Written | Remaining Insurance in Force | % Remaining of Original Insurance | Policies Ever in Force | Number of Policies in Force | Number of Loans in Default | # of Claims Paid | Incurred Loss Ratio (Inception to Date) (1) | Cumulative Default Rate (2) | Current Default Rate (3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2016 and prior | $ | 37,222 | $ | 1,795 | 5 | % | 151,615 | 9,581 | 186 | 417 | 2.1 | % | 0.4 | % | 1.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 21,582 | 1,489 | 7 | % | 85,897 | 8,609 | 222 | 193 | 2.0 | % | 0.5 | % | 2.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 27,295 | 1,939 | 7 | % | 104,043 | 10,683 | 349 | 210 | 2.4 | % | 0.5 | % | 3.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 45,141 | 5,067 | 11 | % | 148,423 | 23,037 | 447 | 123 | 2.0 | % | 0.4 | % | 1.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 62,702 | 16,442 | 26 | % | 186,174 | 59,727 | 537 | 71 | 1.3 | % | 0.3 | % | 0.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 85,574 | 40,887 | 48 | % | 257,972 | 140,027 | 1,650 | 161 | 3.3 | % | 0.7 | % | 1.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 58,734 | 41,551 | 71 | % | 163,281 | 123,834 | 2,204 | 249 | 16.6 | % | 1.5 | % | 1.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 40,473 | 28,761 | 71 | % | 111,994 | 85,236 | 1,097 | 72 | 15.7 | % | 1.0 | % | 1.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 46,044 | 37,483 | 81 | % | 120,747 | 103,277 | 818 | 12 | 14.5 | % | 0.7 | % | 0.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 48,900 | 46,034 | 94 | % | 125,570 | 120,047 | 151 | — | 6.4 | % | 0.1 | % | 0.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 473,667 | $ | 221,448 | 1,455,716 | 684,058 | 7,661 | 1,508 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Calculated as total claims incurred (paid and reserved) divided by cumulative premiums earned, net of reinsurance.
(2) Calculated as the sum of the number of claims paid ever to date and number of loans in default divided by policies ever in force.
(3) Calculated as the number of loans in default divided by number of policies in force.
Geographic Dispersion
The following table shows the distribution by state of our primary RIF as of the dates indicated. The distribution of our primary RIF as of December 31, 2025 is not necessarily representative of the geographic distribution we expect in the future.
| Top 10 primary RIF by state | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
| California | 10.1 | % | 10.1 | % | 10.2 | % | |||||||||||
| Texas | 8.3 | 8.6 | 8.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Florida | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Georgia | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Illinois | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.0 | ||||||||||||||
| Virginia | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Washington | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.0 | ||||||||||||||
| Pennsylvania | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Ohio | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.0 | ||||||||||||||
| New York | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | 51.2 | % | 51.4 | % | 52.0 | % | |||||||||||
Insurance Claims and Claim Expenses
Insurance claims and claim expenses incurred represent estimated future payments on newly defaulted insured loans and any change in our claim estimates for previously existing defaults. Claims incurred are generally affected by a variety of factors, including:
•future macroeconomic factors, including national and regional unemployment rates, which affect the likelihood that borrowers may default on their loans and probability of claims, and interest rates, which tend to drive increased persistency as they rise, thereby extending the average life of our insured portfolio and increasing expected future claims and decrease persistency as they fall, thereby shortening the average life of our insured portfolio and moderating future expected claims;
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•changes in housing values, as such changes affect loss mitigation opportunities (available to us and a borrower) on loans in default, as well as borrowers' behaviors and willingness to default if the values of their homes are below or perceived to be below the balance of their mortgage;
•borrowers' FICO scores, with lower FICO scores tending to have a higher probability of claims;
•borrowers' DTI ratios, with higher DTI ratios tending to have a higher probability of claims;
•LTV ratios, with higher average LTV ratios tending to increase the probability of claims;
•the size of loans insured, with higher loan amounts tending to result in higher incurred claim amounts than smaller loan amounts;
•the percentage of coverage on insured loans, with higher percentages of insurance coverage tending to result in higher incurred claim amounts than lower percentages of insurance coverage;
•other borrower, property-type and loan level risk characteristics, such as cash-out refinancings, second homes or investment properties; and
•the level and amount of reinsurance coverage maintained with third parties.
Reserves for claims and claim expenses are established for mortgage loans that are in default. A loan is considered to be in default as of the payment date at which a borrower has missed the preceding two or more consecutive monthly payments. We establish reserves for loans that have been reported to us in default by servicers, referred to as case reserves, and additional loans that we estimate (based on actuarial review and other factors) to be in default that have not yet been reported to us by servicers, referred to as IBNR. We also establish reserves for claim expenses, which represent the estimated cost of the claim administration process, including legal and other fees and other general expenses of administering the claim settlement process. Reserves are not established for future claims on insured loans which are not currently reported or which we estimate are not currently in default.
Reserves are established by estimating the number of loans in default that will result in a claim payment, which is referred to as claim frequency, and the amount of the claim payment expected to be paid on each such loan in default, which is referred to as claim severity. Claim frequency and severity estimates are established based on historical observed experience regarding certain loan factors, such as age of the default, cure rates, size of the loan and estimated change in property value. Reserves are released the month in which a loan in default is brought current by the borrower, which is referred to as a cure. Adjustments to reserve estimates are reflected in the period in which the adjustment is made. Reserves are also ceded to reinsurers under the QSR Transactions, XOL Transactions and ILN Transactions as applicable under each treaty. We have not yet ceded reserves under any of the XOL Transactions or ILN Transactions as incurred claims and claim expenses on each respective reference pool remain within our retained coverage layer for each transaction.
Our reserve setting process considers the beneficial impact of forbearance, foreclosure moratorium and other assistance programs that may be made available to certain defaulted borrowers. The effectiveness of forbearance and other such assistance programs can be further enhanced by the availability of various repayment and loan modification options which typically allow borrowers to amortize or, in certain instances, outright defer payments otherwise missed during a period of dislocation over an extended length of time. We generally observe that forbearance, repayment and modification, and other assistance programs are an effective tool to bridge dislocated borrowers from a time of acute stress to a future date when they can resume timely payment of their mortgage obligations, and note higher cure rates on defaults benefitting from broad-based assistance programs than would otherwise be expected on similarly situated loans that did not benefit from such programs.
The actual claims we incur as our portfolio matures are difficult to predict and depend on the specific characteristics of our current in-force book (including the credit score and DTI ratio of the borrower, the LTV ratio of the mortgage and geographic concentrations, among others), as well as the risk profile of new business we write in the future. In addition, claims experience will be affected by macroeconomic factors such as housing prices, interest rates, unemployment rates and other events, such as natural disasters or global pandemics, and any federal, state or local governmental response thereto.
Macroeconomic factors, including persistent inflation, elevated interest rates, flagging consumer confidence and increasing jobless claims could have a pronounced impact on the housing market, the mortgage insurance industry and our business in future periods. A marked decline in housing demand, a significant and protracted decrease in house prices, or a sustained increase in unemployment could contribute to an increase in our future default and claims experience.
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The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending gross reserve balances for insurance claims and claim expenses:
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | 152,071 | $ | 123,974 | $ | 99,836 | |||||||||||||||||
Less reinsurance recoverables (1) | (32,260) | (27,514) | (21,587) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance, net of reinsurance recoverables | 119,811 | 96,460 | 78,249 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Add claims incurred: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Claims and claim expenses incurred: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Current year (2) | 114,721 | 93,206 | 78,285 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Prior years (3) | (57,889) | (61,662) | (56,390) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total claims and claim expenses incurred (4) | 56,832 | 31,544 | 21,895 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Less claims paid: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Claims and claim expenses paid: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Current year (2) | 1,605 | 638 | 600 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Prior years (3) | 19,150 | 7,555 | 3,575 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Reinsurance terminations (5) | (1,964) | — | (491) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total claims and claim expenses paid | 18,791 | 8,193 | 3,684 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve at end of period, net of reinsurance recoverables | 157,852 | 119,811 | 96,460 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Add reinsurance recoverables (1) | 38,577 | 32,260 | 27,514 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | 196,429 | $ | 152,071 | $ | 123,974 | |||||||||||||||||
(1) Related to ceded losses recoverable under the QSR Transactions. See Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 6, Reinsurance” for additional information.
(2) Related to insured loans with their most recent defaults occurring in the current year. For example, if a loan defaulted in a prior year and subsequently cured and later re-defaulted in the current year, the default would be included in the current year. Amounts are presented net of reinsurance and included $102.0 million attributed to net case reserves and $10.8 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2025, $83.5 million attributed to net case reserves and $8.1 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $70.6 million attributed to net case reserves and $6.3 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2023.
(3) Related to insured loans with defaults occurring in prior years, which have been continuously in default before the start of the current year. Amounts are presented net of reinsurance and included $48.4 million attributed to net case reserves and $8.1 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2025, $54.1 million attributed to net case reserves and $6.3 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $50.9 million attributed to net case reserves and $4.5 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2023.
(4) Excludes aggregate fees of $0.8 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2023, respectively, incurred in connection with the termination or amendment of certain QSR Transactions.
(5) Represents the settlement of reinsurance recoverables in conjunction with the termination and amendment of certain QSR transactions.
The “claims incurred” section of the table above shows claims and claim expenses incurred on defaults occurring in current and prior years, including IBNR reserves and is presented net of reinsurance. We may increase or decrease our claim estimates and reserves as we learn additional information about individual defaulted loans and continue to observe and analyze loss development trends in our portfolio. Gross reserves of $55.7 million related to prior year defaults remained as of December 31, 2025.
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The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending count of loans in default:
| For the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning default inventory | 6,642 | 5,099 | 4,449 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plus: new defaults | 9,940 | 8,757 | 6,758 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: cures | (8,427) | (6,899) | (5,892) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: claims paid | (445) | (276) | (199) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Less: rescission and claims denied | (49) | (39) | (17) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending default inventory | 7,661 | 6,642 | 5,099 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The sequential increase in ending default inventory at each successive year end was primarily due to the growth and seasoning of our insured portfolio, partially offset by cure activity within our default population during the intervening periods.
The following table provides details of our claims paid, before giving effect to claims ceded under the QSR Transactions for the periods indicated:
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Number of claims paid (1) | 445 | 276 | 199 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total amount paid for claims | $ | 25,873 | $ | 10,491 | $ | 5,192 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average amount paid per claim | $ | 58 | $ | 38 | $ | 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Severity (2) | 76 | % | 61 | % | 55 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Count includes 71, 88 and 70 claims settled without payment during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2) Severity represents the total amount of claims paid including claim expenses divided by the related RIF on the loan at the time the claim is perfected, and is calculated including claims settled without payment.
We paid 445, 276 and 199 claims during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The number of claims paid in each year was modest relative to the size of our insured portfolio and we generally observe that the borrowers of the loans we insure are well-situated with strong credit profiles, stable 30-year fixed rate mortgages, manageable debt service obligations and significant appreciated equity in their homes. An increase in the value of the homes collateralizing the mortgages we insure provides defaulted borrowers with alternative paths and incentives to cure their loan prior to the development of a claim.
Our claims severity for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was 76%, 61% and 55%, respectively. The increase in claims severity for the year ended December 31, 2025, was primarily due to an increase in the proportion of claims related to loans originated in more recent years. These loans generally have less accumulated equity than loans from earlier vintages, which typically results in higher claims payments and an increase in claims severity.
Our claims severity was still below long-term industry norms and benefited from the same house price appreciation that supported our claims paid experience. An increase in the value of the homes collateralizing the mortgages we insure provides additional equity support to our risk exposure and raises the prospect of a third-party sale of a foreclosed property, which can mitigate the severity of our settled claims.
The number of claims paid and our severity experience in future periods may be impacted if developing economic cycles impose financial strain on borrowers, and each could increase if house price declines serve to limit the alternative paths and incentives to cure delinquencies that are available to defaulted borrowers or erode the equity value of the homes collateralizing the mortgages we insure.
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The following table provides detail on our average reserve per default, before giving effect to reserves ceded under the QSR Transactions, as of the dates indicated:
| Average reserve per default: | As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Case (1) | $ | 23.5 | $ | 21.0 | $ | 22.4 | ||||||||||||||
IBNR (1) (2) | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 25.6 | $ | 22.9 | $ | 24.3 | ||||||||||||||
(1) Defined as the gross reserve per insured loan in default.
(2) Amount includes claims adjustment expenses.
Average reserve per default increased from December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2025, primarily due to changes in the composition of our default inventory as measured by the size, vintage and current estimated LTV of defaulted loans between measurement dates. Average reserves per default were further impacted by changes in observed and forecasted housing market conditions and macroeconomic factors between the measurement dates.
Average reserve per default decreased from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in the proportion of defaults that trace to storm-related activity year-on-year. We generally observe that storm-related defaults cure at higher rates than other similarly situated loans in default (in non-disaster zones) and scale our reserves accordingly. Average reserves per default were further impacted by changes in observed and forecasted housing market conditions and macroeconomic factors between the measurement dates.
Seasonality
Historically, our business has been subject to modest seasonality in both NIW production and default experience. Consistent with the seasonality of home sales, purchase origination volumes typically increase in late spring and peak during the summer months, leading to a rise in NIW volume during the second and third quarters of a given year. Refinancing volume, however, does not follow a set seasonal trend and is instead primarily influenced by mortgage rates. Fluctuations in refinancing volume (driven by changes in prevailing mortgage rates) may serve to mute or magnify the seasonal effect of home purchase patterns on mortgage insurance NIW. Default experience is also subject to seasonality due to seasonal patterns in household cash flows, with certain borrowers benefiting from inflows related to bonus payments and tax refunds in the first half of the year and certain borrowers more strained in the second half of the year given the lack of these inflows and increased discretionary spending through the year-end holiday season. Housing market conditions and macroeconomic factors may serve to mute or magnify these seasonal default trends.
GSE Oversight
As an approved insurer, NMIC is subject to ongoing compliance with the PMIERs established by each of the GSEs (italicized terms have the same meaning that such terms have in the PMIERs, as described below). The PMIERs establish operational, business, remedial and financial requirements applicable to approved insurers. The PMIERs financial requirements prescribe a risk-based methodology whereby the amount of assets required to be held against each insured loan is determined based on certain loan-level risk characteristics, such as FICO, vintage (year of origination), performing vs. non-performing (i.e., current vs. delinquent), LTV ratio and other risk features. In general, higher-quality loans carry lower asset charges.
Under the PMIERs, approved insurers must maintain available assets that equal or exceed minimum required assets, which is an amount equal to the greater of (i) $400 million or (ii) a total risk-based required asset amount.
Available assets reflect the financial resources of a mortgage insurer available to pay claims, and includes the most readily liquid assets held, such as cash, investments and other items as stipulated in the PMIERs. The credit provided for such assets is subject to adjustment based on several factors, including asset class, credit rating and portfolio concentration.
The risk-based required asset amount is a function of the risk profile of an approved insurer's RIF, assessed on a loan-by-loan basis and considered against certain risk-based factors derived from tables set out in the PMIERs, which is then adjusted on an aggregate basis for reinsurance transactions approved by the GSEs, such as with respect to our QSR Transactions, XOL Transactions and ILN Transactions. The aggregate gross risk-based required asset amount for performing, primary insurance is subject to a floor of 5.6% of performing primary adjusted RIF.
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By April 15th of each year, NMIC must certify it met all PMIERs requirements as of December 31st of the prior year. We certified to the GSEs by April 15, 2025 that NMIC was in full compliance with the PMIERs as of December 31, 2024. NMIC also has an ongoing obligation to immediately notify the GSEs in writing upon discovery of a failure to meet one or more of the PMIERs requirements. We continuously monitor NMIC's compliance with the PMIERs.
The following table provides a comparison of the PMIERs available assets and net risk-based required asset amount as reported by NMIC as of the dates indicated:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available assets | $ | 3,496,971 | $ | 3,108,211 | $ | 2,717,804 | |||||||||||||||||
Net risk-based required assets | 2,058,467 | 1,828,807 | 1,516,140 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Available assets were $3.5 billion at December 31, 2025, compared to $3.1 billion at December 31, 2024 and $2.7 billion at December 31, 2023. The sequential increase in available assets between the dates presented was primarily driven by NMIC's positive cash flow from operations during the intervening periods, partially offset by the payment of ordinary course dividends from NMIC to NMIH during each year.
Net risk-based required assets were $2.1 billion at December 31, 2025, compared to $1.8 billion at December 31, 2024 and $1.5 billion at December 31, 2023. The increase in the net risk-based required asset amount between the dates presented was primarily due to the growth in our gross RIF and aggregate gross risk-based required asset amount, and was further impacted by the growth in our default inventory and defaulted RIF.
Competition
The MI industry is highly competitive and currently consists of six private mortgage insurers, including NMIC, as well as government MIs such as the FHA, USDA or VA. A range of factors influence a lender's and borrower's decision to choose private over government MI, including among others, premium rates and other charges, loan eligibility requirements, the cancelability of private coverage, loan size limits and the relative ease of use of private MI products compared to government MI alternatives. Private MI companies compete based on service, customer relationships, underwriting and other factors, including price, credit risk tolerance and IT capabilities. We expect the private MI market to remain competitive, with pressure for industry participants to maintain or grow their market share.
Cybersecurity
We rely on technology to engage with customers, access borrower information and deliver our products and services. We have established and implemented security measures, controls and procedures to safeguard our IT systems, and prevent and detect unauthorized access to such systems or any data processed and/or stored therein. We periodically engage third parties to evaluate and test the adequacy of such security measures, controls and procedures. In addition, we have a business continuity plan that is designed to mitigate the operational impact of certain disruptive events, including disruptions to our IT systems, and we have an incident response plan that is designed to address information security incidents, including any breaches of our IT systems. Despite these safeguards, disruptions to and breaches of our IT systems are possible and may negatively impact our business.
We maintain a cybersecurity errors and omissions insurance policy to limit our exposure to loss in the event of an incident. This policy provides coverage for (i) claims related to, among other things, unauthorized network or computer access, unintentional disclosure or misuse of personally identifiable information in our possession, and unintentional failure to disclose a breach, and (ii) certain costs related to privacy notification, crisis management, cyber extortion, data recovery, business interruption and reputational harm. For further information, see Part I, Item 1C, “Cybersecurity.”
Information Technology
Effective April 1, 2025, we renewed and extended our existing seven-year IT service agreement with TCS, dated March 31, 2020, through March 31, 2032. Under the agreement, TCS provides IT services across such functions as application development and support, infrastructure support, and information security. Our engagement with TCS has enhanced our ability to provide innovative IT solutions for our internal and external constituents, and has allowed us to realize cost efficiencies by leveraging TCS’s global platform.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
Comparisons between the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 have been omitted within “Consolidated Results of Operations” from this Form 10-K, but can be found in Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC.
| Consolidated statements of operations | For the years ended December 31, | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 vs. 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | ($ In Thousands, except for per share data) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums earned | $ | 602,212 | $ | 564,688 | $ | 37,524 | 7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net investment income | 102,937 | 85,316 | 17,621 | 21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized investment gains | 432 | 23 | 409 | NM (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other revenues | 859 | 944 | (85) | (9) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 706,440 | 650,971 | 55,469 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance claims and claim expenses | 57,649 | 31,544 | 26,105 | 83 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting and operating expenses | 119,908 | 118,397 | 1,511 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service expenses | 601 | 723 | (122) | (17) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 28,478 | 36,896 | (8,418) | (23) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total expenses | 206,636 | 187,560 | 19,076 | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 499,804 | 463,411 | 36,393 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | 110,878 | 103,305 | 7,573 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 388,926 | $ | 360,106 | $ | 28,820 | 8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share - Basic | $ | 5.01 | $ | 4.51 | $ | 0.50 | 11 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share - Diluted | $ | 4.92 | $ | 4.43 | $ | 0.49 | 11 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loss ratio (1) | 9.6 | % | 5.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Expense ratio (2) | 19.9 | % | 21.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Combined ratio (3) | 29.5 | % | 26.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the years ended December 31, | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-GAAP financial measures (5) | 2025 | 2024 | 2025 vs. 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ In Thousands, except for per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted income before tax | $ | 499,372 | $ | 470,354 | $ | 29,018 | 6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted net income | 388,584 | 365,591 | 22,993 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted diluted EPS | 4.92 | 4.50 | 0.42 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Loss ratio is calculated by dividing insurance claims and claim expenses by net premiums earned.
(2) Expense ratio is calculated by dividing underwriting and operating expenses by net premiums earned.
(3) Combined ratio may not foot due to rounding.
(4) Not meaningful
(5) See “Explanation and Reconciliation of Our Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures,” below.
Revenues
Net premiums earned increased during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily due to growth in our monthly IIF and direct monthly pay premium receipts, partially offset by the impact of ceded premiums under our third-party reinsurance transactions.
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Net investment income increased during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily due to growth in the size of our total invested asset base, as well as an increase in the book yield of our investment portfolio tied to the deployment of new cash flows and reinvestment of rolling maturities at incrementally higher rates.
Other revenues represent underwriting fee revenue generated by our subsidiary, NMIS, which provides outsourced loan review services to mortgage loan originators. Changes in other revenues primarily reflect changes in NMIS' outsourced loan review volume. Amounts recognized in other revenues generally correspond with amounts incurred as service expenses for outsourced loan review activities in the same periods.
Expenses
We recognize insurance claims and claim expenses in connection with the loss experience of our insured portfolio and incur other underwriting and operating expenses, including employee compensation and benefits, policy acquisition costs, and technology, professional services and facilities expenses, in connection with the development and operation of our business. We also incur service expenses in connection with NMIS' outsourced loan review activities.
Insurance claims and claim expenses increased during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily due to an increase in the number of newly defaulted loans that emerged during the year and the establishment of initial reserves against such loans, as well as an increase in the average case reserve held against previously defaulted loans that aged in their delinquency status, partially offset by the release of a portion of the reserves we established for anticipated claims payments in prior periods in connection with cure activity and the ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends.
Underwriting and operating expenses increased marginally during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily due to an increase in certain technology expenses and premium taxes, largely offset by a decrease in employee compensation costs, amortization and depreciation expenses, and certain contract and professional fees.
Service expenses represent third-party costs incurred by NMIS in connection with the services it provides. Changes in service expenses primarily reflect changes in NMIS' outsourced loan review volume. Amounts incurred as service expenses generally correspond with amounts recognized in other revenues in the same periods.
Interest expense primarily reflects the carrying costs of the 2024 Notes. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes $7.0 million of non-recurring costs related to the refinancing of the 2020 Notes and 2021 Revolving Credit Facility with the 2024 Notes and 2024 Revolving Credit Facility. For further information, see Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5, Debt.”
Income tax expense increased during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily due to the growth in our pre-tax income. As a U.S. taxpayer, we are subject to a U.S. federal corporate income tax rate of 21%. Our effective income tax rate on pre-tax income was 22.2% and 22.3% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For further information regarding income taxes and their impact on our results of operations and financial position, see Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11, Income Taxes.”
Net Income
Net income and adjusted net income increased during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily due to the growth in our total revenues, partially offset by increases in our insurance claims and claim expenses and income tax expense. Adjusted net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 reflects a $7.0 million adjustment for non-recurring costs incurred in connection with the refinancing of the 2020 Notes and 2021 Revolving Credit Facility.
Diluted and adjusted diluted EPS increased during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily due to the growth in our net income and adjusted net income, as well as a decline in the number of weighted average diluted shares outstanding tied to share repurchase activity.
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The non-GAAP financial measures of adjusted income before tax, adjusted net income and adjusted diluted EPS are presented to enhance the comparability of financial results between periods.
| Non-GAAP Financial Measure Reconciliations | For the years ended December 31, | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 vs. 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ In Thousands, except for per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| As reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income tax | $ | 499,804 | $ | 463,411 | $ | 36,393 | 8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | 110,878 | 103,305 | 7,573 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 388,926 | $ | 360,106 | $ | 28,820 | 8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized investment gains | (432) | (23) | (409) | NM (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital market transaction costs | — | 6,966 | (6,966) | NM (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted income before tax | $ | 499,372 | $ | 470,354 | $ | 29,018 | 6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income tax (benefit) expense on adjustments (1) | (90) | 1,458 | (1,548) | (106) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted net income | $ | 388,584 | $ | 365,591 | $ | 22,993 | 6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average diluted shares outstanding | 79,038 | 81,273 | (2,235) | (3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted diluted EPS | $ | 4.92 | $ | 4.50 | $ | 0.42 | 9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Marginal tax impact of non-GAAP adjustments is calculated based on our statutory U.S. federal corporate income tax rate of 21%, except for those items that are not eligible for an income tax deduction.
(2) Not meaningful.
Explanation and Reconciliation of Our Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We believe the use of the non-GAAP measures of adjusted income before tax, adjusted net income and adjusted diluted EPS enhance the comparability of our fundamental financial performance between periods, and provide relevant information to investors. These non-GAAP financial measures align with the way the company's business performance is evaluated by management. These measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be viewed as alternatives to GAAP measures of performance. These measures have been presented to increase transparency and enhance the comparability of our fundamental operating trends across periods. Other companies may calculate these measures differently; their measures may not be comparable to those we calculate and present.
Adjusted income before tax is defined as GAAP income before tax, excluding the pre-tax effects of net realized gains or losses from our investment portfolio, periodic costs incurred in connection with capital markets transactions, and other infrequent, unusual or non-operating items in the periods in which such items are incurred.
Adjusted net income is defined as GAAP net income, excluding the after-tax effects of net realized gains or losses from our investment portfolio, periodic costs incurred in connection with capital markets transactions, and other infrequent, unusual or non-operating items in the periods in which such items are incurred. Adjustments to components of pre-tax income are tax effected using the applicable federal statutory tax rate for the respective periods.
Adjusted diluted EPS is defined as adjusted net income divided by adjusted weighted average diluted shares outstanding. Adjusted weighted average diluted shares outstanding is defined as weighted average diluted shares outstanding, adjusted for changes in the dilutive effect of non-vested shares that would otherwise have occurred had GAAP net income been calculated in accordance with adjusted net income. There will be no adjustment to weighted average diluted shares outstanding in the years that non-vested shares are anti-dilutive under GAAP.
Although adjusted income before tax, adjusted net income and adjusted diluted EPS exclude certain items that have occurred in the past and are expected to occur in the future, the excluded items: (1) are not viewed as part of the operating performance of our primary activities; or (2) are impacted by market, economic or regulatory factors and are not necessarily indicative of operating trends, or both. These adjustments, and the reasons for their treatment, are described below.
•Net realized investment gains and losses. The recognition of net realized investment gains or losses can vary significantly across periods as the timing is highly discretionary and is influenced by factors such as market opportunities, tax and capital profile, and overall market cycles that do not reflect our current period operating results.
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•Capital markets transaction costs. Capital markets transaction costs result from activities that are undertaken to improve our debt profile or enhance our capital position through activities such as debt refinancing and capital markets reinsurance transactions that may vary in their size and timing due to factors such as market opportunities, tax and capital profile, and overall market cycles.
•Other infrequent, unusual or non-operating items. Items that are the result of unforeseen or uncommon events, and are not expected to recur with frequency in the future. Identification and exclusion of these items provides clarity about the impact special or rare occurrences may have on our current financial performance. Past adjustments under this category include infrequent, unusual or non-operating adjustments related to severance, restricted stock modification and other expenses incurred in connection with the CEO transition announced in 2021, effects of the release of the valuation allowance recorded against our net federal and certain state net deferred tax assets in 2016 and the re-measurement of our net deferred tax assets in connection with tax reform in 2017. We believe such items are infrequent or non-recurring in nature, and are not indicative of the performance of, or ongoing trends in, our primary operating activities or business.
| Consolidated balance sheets | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investment portfolio | $ | 3,137,023 | $ | 2,723,541 | $ | 413,482 | 15 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 43,937 | 54,308 | (10,371) | (19) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Premiums receivable, net | 86,259 | 82,804 | 3,455 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs, net | 64,372 | 64,327 | 45 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Software and equipment, net | 21,727 | 25,681 | (3,954) | (15) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reinsurance recoverable | 38,577 | 32,260 | 6,317 | 20 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Prepaid federal income taxes | 400,258 | 322,175 | 78,083 | 24 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other assets | 48,945 | 44,877 | 4,068 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 3,841,098 | $ | 3,349,973 | $ | 491,125 | 15 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Debt | $ | 417,031 | $ | 415,146 | $ | 1,885 | — | % | |||||||||||||||
| Unearned premiums | 46,660 | 65,217 | (18,557) | (28) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 101,595 | 103,164 | (1,569) | (2) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses | 196,429 | 152,071 | 44,358 | 29 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax liability, net | 478,890 | 386,192 | 92,698 | 24 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 8,507 | 10,751 | (2,244) | (21) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 1,249,112 | 1,132,541 | 116,571 | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total shareholders' equity | 2,591,986 | 2,217,432 | 374,554 | 17 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 3,841,098 | $ | 3,349,973 | $ | 491,125 | 15 | % | |||||||||||||||
Total cash and investments increased at December 31, 2025 with the addition of incremental cash provided by operating activities and a decrease in the unrealized loss position of our fixed income portfolio primarily tied to changes in interest rates during the year ended December 31, 2025, partially offset by share repurchase activity during the period. Cash and investments at December 31, 2025 included $130.6 million held by NMIH.
Net premiums receivable represents premiums due on our mortgage insurance policies and may fluctuate based on changes in our monthly premium policies in force, where premiums are generally paid one month in arrears, and the pace of settlement of previously outstanding receivables.
Net deferred policy acquisition costs increased at December 31, 2025 due to the deferral of certain costs associated with the origination of new policies, largely offset by the recognition of previously deferred policy acquisition costs during the year ended December 31, 2025.
Net software and equipment decreased at December 31, 2025 due to the amortization of previously capitalized amounts, partially offset by the capitalization of certain software and equipment expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2025.
Reinsurance recoverable increased at December 31, 2025 as a result of an increase in ceded losses recoverable under our QSR Transactions tied to an increase in our gross reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses during the year ended
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December 31, 2025, partially offset by the settlement of loss recoverable in conjunction with the termination and amendment of certain QSR transactions.
Prepaid federal income taxes increased at December 31, 2025 due to the purchase of $78.1 million of tax and loss bonds during the year ended December 31, 2025. For further information, see Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11, Income Taxes.”
Other assets increased at December 31, 2025 primarily due to an increase in accrued investment income and income taxes receivable, partially offset by a reduction in our ROU assets tied to the amortization of the operating lease for our corporate headquarters and the amortization of deferred debt issuance costs incurred in connection with the establishment of the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2025.
Unearned premiums decreased at December 31, 2025 driven by the amortization of existing unearned premiums through earnings in accordance with the expiration of risk on related single premium policies and the cancellations of other single premium policies, partially offset by single premium policy originations during the year ended December 31, 2025.
Accounts payable and accrued expenses decreased at December 31, 2025 primarily due to a reduction in accrued interest on the 2024 Notes, which is payable semi-annually beginning in February 2025, a decrease in taxes payable and the settlement of previously accrued compensation expenses, partially offset by an increase in reinsurance premiums payable during the year ended December 31, 2025.
Reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses increased at December 31, 2025 in connection with the establishment of initial reserves on newly defaulted loans, as well as an increase in the average case reserve held against previously defaulted loans that aged in their delinquency status during the year ended December 31, 2025. The increase in the reserves for insurance claims and claim expenses was partially offset by the release of a portion of the reserves we established for anticipated claims payments in prior periods (in connection with cure activity and ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends), as well as the payment of previously reserved claims during the year. See “Insurance Claims and Claim Expenses,” above for further details.
Net deferred tax liability increased at December 31, 2025 due to an increase in the claimed deductibility of our statutory contingency reserve, as well as a decrease in the aggregate unrealized loss position of our fixed income portfolio recorded in other comprehensive income during the year ended December 31, 2025. For further information regarding income taxes and their impact on our results of operations and financial position, see Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11, Income Taxes.”
The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities:
| Consolidated cash flows | For the years ended December 31, | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 vs. 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in): | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating activities | $ | 419,299 | $ | 393,604 | $ | 25,695 | 7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investing activities | (316,466) | (339,286) | 22,820 | (7) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financing activities | (113,204) | (96,699) | (16,505) | 17 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (10,371) | $ | (42,381) | $ | 32,010 | (76) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities increased year-on-year primarily due to an increase in our net premium receipts, growth in our investment income and a reduction in the purchase of tax and loss bonds, partially offset by an increase in cash taxes paid, an increase in the interest payments made on the 2024 Notes and an increase in net claims paid during the year.
Cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 reflects the purchase of fixed and short-term maturities with cash provided by operating activities, and the reinvestment of coupon payments, maturities, redemptions and sales proceeds within our investment portfolio.
Cash used in financing activities primarily relates to the repurchase of common stock and taxes paid on the net share settlement of equity awards for certain employees. Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 further reflects the net impact of the issuance of the 2024 Notes and redemption of the 2020 Notes during the period.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
NMIH serves as the holding company for our insurance subsidiaries and does not have any significant operations of its own. NMIH's principal liquidity demands include funds for (i) payment of certain corporate expenses; (ii) payment of certain reimbursable expenses of its insurance subsidiaries; (iii) payment of the interest related to the 2024 Notes and 2024 Revolving Credit Facility; (iv) tax payments to the Internal Revenue Service; (v) capital support for its subsidiaries; (vi) repurchase of its common stock; and (vii) payment of dividends, if any, on its common stock. NMIH is not subject to any limitations on its ability to pay dividends except those generally applicable to corporations that are incorporated in Delaware. Delaware law provides that dividends are only payable out of a corporation's surplus or recent net profits (subject to certain limitations).
As of December 31, 2025, NMIH had $130.6 million of cash, cash equivalents and investments. NMIH’s principal sources of net cash are dividends from its subsidiaries and investment income. NMIC paid a $98.4 million ordinary course dividend to NMIH on June 2, 2025, representing its full ordinary course dividend capacity payable under Wisconsin insurance laws for the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2025. NMIH also has access to $250 million of undrawn revolving credit capacity under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility.
On July 31, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a $200 million repurchase program (the 2023 Repurchase Program), effective through December 31, 2025. On February 5, 2025, our Board of Directors authorized a new $250 million repurchase program (the 2025 Repurchase Program), effective through December 31, 2027, and extended the effectiveness of the 2023 Repurchase Program through December 31, 2027 to align its remaining tenor with that of the 2025 Repurchase Program. The authorizations provide NMIH with the flexibility, based on market and business conditions, stock price and other factors, to repurchase stock, from time to time, through open market repurchases, privately negotiated transactions, or other means, including pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, NMIH repurchased 2.8 million shares of common stock at a total cost of $104.2 million, excluding associated costs and applicable taxes. As of December 31, 2025, NMIH had $225.9 million of repurchase authority remaining.
NMIH has entered into tax and expense-sharing agreements with its subsidiaries which have been approved by the Wisconsin OCI, with such approvals subject to change or revocation at any time. Among such agreements, the Wisconsin OCI has approved the allocation of interest expense on the 2024 Notes and 2024 Revolving Credit Facility to NMIC, to the extent proceeds from such offering and facility are contributed to NMIC or used to repay, redeem or otherwise defease amounts raised by NMIC under prior credit arrangements that have previously been distributed to NMIC.
The 2024 Notes mature on August 15, 2029 and bear interest at a rate of 6.00%, payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15. The 2024 Revolving Credit Facility matures on May 21, 2029, and accrues interest at a variable rate equal to, at our discretion, (i) a Base Rate (as defined in the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility, subject to a floor of 1.00% per annum) plus a margin of 0.375% to 1.875% per annum, or (ii) the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate (as defined in the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility) plus a margin of 1.375% to 2.875% per annum, with the margin in each of (i) or (ii) based on our applicable corporate credit rating at the time. Borrowings under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility may be used for general corporate purposes, including to support the growth of our new business production and operations.
Under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility, NMIH is required to pay a quarterly commitment fee on the average daily undrawn amount of 0.175% to 0.525%, based on the applicable corporate credit rating at the time. As of December 31, 2025, the applicable commitment fee was 0.225%.
We are subject to certain covenants under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility, including: a maximum debt-to-total capitalization ratio of 35%, a minimum consolidated net worth requirement (as defined therein), and a requirement to maintain compliance with the financial standards prescribed by the PMIERs (subject to any GSE approved waivers). We were in compliance with all covenants at December 31, 2025.
NMIC and Re One are subject to certain capital and dividend rules and regulations prescribed by jurisdictions in which they are authorized to operate and by the GSEs. Under Wisconsin insurance laws, NMIC and Re One may pay dividends up to specified levels (i.e., “ordinary” dividends) with 30 days' prior notice to the Wisconsin OCI. Dividends in larger amounts, or “extraordinary” dividends, are subject to the Wisconsin OCI's prior approval. Under Wisconsin insurance laws, an ordinary dividend is defined as any payment or distribution that, together with other dividends and distributions made within the preceding twelve months, is less than the lesser of (i) 10% of the insurer's statutory policyholders' surplus as of the preceding December 31 or (ii) adjusted statutory net income for the twelve-month period ending the preceding December 31. During the year ended December 31, 2025, NMIC paid a $98.4 million ordinary dividend to NMIH. NMIC has the capacity to pay aggregate ordinary dividends of $101.0 million to NMIH during the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2026.
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As an approved insurer under PMIERs, NMIC would generally be subject to additional restrictions on its ability to pay dividends to NMIH if it failed to meet the financial requirements prescribed by PMIERs. Approved insurers that fail to meet the prescribed PMIERs financial requirements are not permitted to pay dividends without prior approval from the GSEs.
NMIH may require liquidity to fund the capital needs of its insurance subsidiaries. NMIC’s capital needs depend on many factors including its ability to successfully write new business, establish premium rates at levels sufficient to cover claims and operating costs, access the reinsurance markets and meet minimum required asset thresholds under the PMIERs and minimum state capital requirements (respectively, as defined therein).
As an approved mortgage insurer and Wisconsin-domiciled carrier, NMIC is required to satisfy financial and/or capitalization requirements stipulated by each of the GSEs and the Wisconsin OCI. The financial requirements stipulated by the GSEs are outlined in the PMIERs. Under the PMIERs, NMIC must maintain available assets that are equal to or exceed a minimum risk-based required asset amount, subject to a minimum floor of $400 million.
Available assets reflect the financial resources of a mortgage insurer available to pay claims, and includes the most readily liquid assets held, such as cash, investments and other items as stipulated in the PMIERs. The credit provided for such assets is subject to adjustment based on several factors, including asset class, credit rating and portfolio concentration.
The risk-based required asset amount under PMIERs is determined at an individual policy-level based on the risk characteristics of each insured loan. Loans with higher risk factors, such as higher LTVs or lower borrower FICO scores, are assessed a higher charge. Non-performing loans that have missed two or more payments are generally assessed a significantly higher charge than performing loans, regardless of the underlying borrower or loan risk profile; however, special consideration is given under PMIERs to loans that are delinquent on homes located in an area declared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency to be a Major Disaster zone eligible for Individual Assistance.
NMIC’s PMIERs minimum risk-based required asset amount is also adjusted for its reinsurance transactions (as approved by the GSEs). Under NMIC’s quota share reinsurance treaties, it receives credit for the PMIERs risk-based required asset amount on ceded RIF. As its gross PMIERs risk-based required asset amount on ceded RIF increases, the PMIERs credit for ceded RIF automatically increases as well (in an unlimited amount). Under NMIC’s ILN and XOL Transactions, it generally receives credit for the PMIERs risk-based required asset amount on ceded RIF to the extent such requirement is within the subordinated coverage (excess of loss detachment threshold) afforded by the transaction.
On August 21, 2024, the GSEs and FHFA updated PMIERs to revise the Available Asset credit mortgage insurers will receive for certain assets based on several factors, including asset class and credit rating. The updated PMIERs took effect on a phased basis on March 31, 2025 and will be fully implemented on September 30, 2026. We do not expect the updated PMIERs to have a material impact on our available assets and risk-based required assets, and we expect to remain in full compliance with the existing and updated PMIERs, as applicable, prior to, on and after September 30, 2026.
NMIC is also subject to state regulatory minimum capital requirements based on its RIF. Formulations of this minimum capital vary by state, however, the most common measure allows for a maximum ratio of RIF to statutory capital (commonly referred to as RTC) of 25:1. The RTC calculation does not assess a different charge or impose a different threshold RTC limit based on the underlying risk characteristics of the insured portfolio. Non-performing loans are treated the same as performing loans under the RTC framework. As such, the PMIERs generally imposes a stricter financial requirement than the state RTC standard.
As of December 31, 2025, NMIC had a RTC ratio of 13.0:1 with $42.4 billion of primary RIF, net of reinsurance, and $3.3 billion of total statutory capital, including contingency reserves. Re One has no RIF remaining and no longer reports a RTC ratio.
NMIC’s principal sources of liquidity include (i) premium receipts on its insured portfolio and new business production, (ii) interest income on its investment portfolio and principal repayments on maturities therein, and (iii) existing cash and cash equivalent holdings. At December 31, 2025, NMIC had $3.0 billion of cash and investments, including $15.0 million of cash and cash equivalents. NMIC's principal liquidity demands include funds for the payment of (i) reimbursable holding company expenses, (ii) premiums ceded under our reinsurance transactions, (iii) claims payments, and (iv) taxes as due or otherwise deferred through the purchase of tax and loss bonds. NMIC’s cash inflow is generally significantly in excess of its cash outflow in any given period. During the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2025, NMIC generated $414 million of cash flow from operations and received an additional $425 million of cash flow on the maturities, redemptions and sales of securities held in its investment portfolio. NMIC is not a party to any contracts (derivative or otherwise) that require it to post an increasing amount of collateral to any counterparty and NMIC’s principal liquidity demands (other than claims payments) generally develop along a
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scheduled path (i.e., are of a contractually predetermined amount and due at a contractually predetermined date). NMIC’s only use of cash with the potential to develop along an unscheduled path is claims payments. Given the relatively small size of our current population of defaulted policies, the generally extended duration of the default-to-foreclosure-to-claim cycle, and the potential availability of forbearance, foreclosure moratorium and other borrower assistance programs (which serve to further extend the default-to-foreclosure-to-claim cycle timeline), we do not expect NMIC to use a meaningful amount of cash to settle claims in the near-term.
We believe that we have sufficient liquidity available at both NMIH and NMIC to meet our operating cash and capital obligations over the next 12 months.
Debt and Financial Strength Ratings
NMIC’s financial strength is rated “A” by Fitch Ratings (Fitch), “A3” by Moody’s, and “A-” by S&P. NMIH’s 2024 Notes are rated “BBB” by Fitch and “Baa3” by Moody’s. The outlook for all ratings provided by Moody’s is positive and the outlook for all ratings provided by Fitch and S&P is stable.
Consolidated Investment Portfolio
The primary objectives of our investment activity are to generate investment income and preserve capital, while maintaining sufficient liquidity to cover our operating needs. We aim to achieve diversification by type, quality, maturity, and industry. We have adopted an investment policy that defines, among other things, eligible and ineligible investments; concentration limits for asset types, industry sectors, single issuers, and certain credit ratings; and benchmarks for asset duration.
Our investment portfolio is comprised entirely of fixed maturity instruments. As of December 31, 2025, the fair value of our investment portfolio was $3.1 billion and we held an additional $43.9 million of cash and cash equivalents. Pre-tax book yield on the investment portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 3.3%. Book yield is calculated as period-to-date net investment income divided by the average amortized cost of the investment portfolio. The yield on our investment portfolio is likely to change over time based on movements in interest rates, credit spreads, the duration or mix of our holdings and other factors.
The following tables present a breakdown of our investment portfolio and cash and cash equivalents by investment type and credit rating:
| Percentage of portfolio's fair value | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | 64 | % | 67 | % | |||||||
| Municipal debt securities | 19 | 23 | |||||||||
| U.S. treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | 10 | 4 | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments | 4 | 5 | |||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | 2 | 1 | |||||||||
U.S agency mortgage-backed securities | 1 | — | |||||||||
| Total | 100 | % | 100 | % | |||||||
Investment portfolio ratings at fair value (1) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
AAA (2) | 7 | % | 8 | % | |||||||
AA (3) | 37 | 35 | |||||||||
A (3) | 48 | 46 | |||||||||
BBB (3) | 8 | 11 | |||||||||
BB (4) | — | — | |||||||||
| Total | 100 | % | 100 | % | |||||||
(1) Excluding certain operating cash accounts.
(2) Includes short-term securities rated A-1+.
(3) Includes +/– ratings.
(4) We held one security with a BB rating at December 31, 2024, which is not identifiable in the table due to rounding.
All of our investments are rated by one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. If three or more ratings are available, we assign the middle rating for classification purposes, otherwise we assign the lowest rating.
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Investment Securities - Allowance for credit losses
We did not recognize an allowance for credit loss for any security in the investment portfolio as of December 31, 2025 or 2024, and we did not record any provision for credit loss for investment securities during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 or 2023.
As of December 31, 2025, the investment portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $86.3 million, of which $84.3 million were associated with securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve months or longer. As of December 31, 2024, the investment portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $158.6 million, of which $150.8 million were associated with securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve months or longer.
We evaluated the securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2025, assessing their credit ratings as well as any adverse conditions specifically related to the security. Based upon our assessment of the amount and timing of cash flows to be collected over the remaining life of each instrument, we believe the unrealized losses as of December 31, 2025 are not indicative of the ultimate collectability of the current amortized cost of the securities. Rather, the unrealized losses on securities held as of December 31, 2025 were primarily driven by fluctuations in interest rates, and to a lesser extent, movements in credit spreads following the purchase of those securities.
Taxes
We are a U.S. taxpayer and are subject to a statutory U.S. federal corporate income tax rate of 21%. Our holding company files a consolidated U.S. federal and various state income tax returns on behalf of itself and its subsidiaries.
Our effective income tax rate on pre-tax income was 22.2%, 22.3% and 22.0% for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our effective income tax rate may vary from the statutory tax rate in a given period due to the inclusions and exclusions of income and deductions for tax purposes. Inclusions of tax deductions may include tax benefits from excess share-based compensation for vested RSUs and exercised stock options.
At December 31, 2025, we had a federal net operating loss carryforward of $0.7 million, which expires in varying amounts in 2030 and 2031, and state net operating loss carryforwards of $133.1 million, which begin to expire in varying amounts in 2032. Our ability to utilize our remaining federal net operating loss carryforward is restricted by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), which imposes annual utilization limitations in the event of an “ownership change.” As a result of the acquisition of our insurance subsidiaries in 2012, $7.3 million of federal net operating losses were subject to annual utilization limitations of $0.8 million through 2016, $0.5 million in 2017 and $0.3 million, thereafter through 2028. Our remaining federal net operating loss carryforward balance is a result of this limitation.
As a mortgage guaranty insurance company, we are eligible to claim a tax deduction for our statutory contingency reserve balance, subject to certain limitations outlined under Section 832(e) of the IRC, and only to the extent we acquire tax and loss bonds in an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from the claimed deduction. As of December 31, 2025, we held $400.3 million of tax and loss bonds in “Prepaid Federal Income Taxes” on our consolidated balance sheets.
We record a valuation allowance against the state net operating losses generated by NMIH as NMIH has historically operated at a loss, and we do not expect to utilize such net deferred tax assets in the future. We continue to evaluate the realizability of our state net deferred tax asset position, and our examination of results through December 31, 2025 and review of future expectations support the continued application of a valuation allowance against such state net deferred tax assets.
NMIH and its subsidiaries entered into a tax sharing agreement effective August 23, 2012, which was subsequently amended on September 1, 2016. Under original and amended agreements, each of the parties agreed to file consolidated federal income tax returns for all tax years beginning in and subsequent to 2012, with NMIH as the direct tax filer. The tax liability of each subsidiary that is party to the agreement is limited to the amount of the liability it would incur if it filed separate returns.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with GAAP. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, management has made estimates and assumptions, and applied judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. As a result, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. A summary of the accounting estimates that management believes are critical to the preparation of our consolidated financial statements is set forth below.
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Insurance Premium Revenue Recognition
Premiums for primary mortgage insurance policies may be paid on a single, monthly or annual premium basis, with such election and payment type fixed at policy inception. Premiums written at origination for single premium policies are initially deferred as unearned premiums and amortized into earnings over the estimated policy life in accordance with the anticipated expiration of risk, which is derived on an individual policy basis primarily from the term, original LTV and interest rate of the underlying insured mortgage. Monthly premiums are recognized as revenue in the month billed and when coverage is effective. Annual premiums are initially deferred and earned on a straight-line basis over the year of coverage. Upon cancellation of a policy, all remaining non-refundable deferred and unearned premium is immediately earned, and any refundable deferred and unearned premium is returned to the policyholder and recorded as a reduction to written premium and unearned premium reserve in the period paid.
Reserve for Insurance Claims and Claim Expenses
We establish reserves for claims based on our best estimate of the ultimate claim costs for defaulted loans. A loan is considered to be in “default” as of the payment date at which a borrower has missed the preceding two or more consecutive monthly payments. We establish reserves for loans that have been reported to us in default by servicers, referred to as case reserves, and additional loans that we estimate (based on actuarial review and other factors) to be in default that have not yet been reported to us by servicers, referred to as IBNR reserves. We also establish reserves for claim expenses, which represent the estimated cost of the claim administration process, including legal and other fees, as well as other general expenses of administering the claim settlement process. Claim expense reserves are either allocated (i.e., associated with a specific claim) or unallocated (i.e., not associated with a specific claim).
The establishment of claims and claim expense reserves is subject to inherent uncertainty and requires significant judgment by management. Reserves are established by estimating the number of loans in default that will result in a claim payment, which is referred to as claim frequency, and the amount of claim payment expected to be paid on each such loan in default, which is referred to as claim severity. Claim frequency and severity estimates are established based on historical observed experience regarding certain loan factors, such as age of the default, size of the loan and LTV ratios, and are strongly influenced by assumptions about the path of certain economic factors, such as house price appreciation, trends in unemployment and mortgage rates. We consider the appropriateness of such inputs at each fiscal quarter and conduct an actuarial review annually to evaluate and, if necessary, update these assumptions.
It is possible that a relatively small change in our estimates of claim frequency or claim severity could have a material impact on our reserve position and our consolidated results of operations, even in a stable macroeconomic environment. At December 31, 2025, assuming all other estimates remain constant, a one percentage point increase/decrease in our average claim frequency factor would have caused approximately a +/- $6.3 million change in our reserve position and a one percentage point increase/decrease in our average claim severity factor would have caused approximately a +/- $1.8 million change in our reserve position.
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We own and manage a large investment portfolio of various holdings, types and maturities. NMIH's principal source of operating cash is investment income. The assets within the investment portfolio are exposed to the same factors that affect overall financial market performance.
We manage market risk via a defined investment policy implemented by our treasury function with oversight from our Board's Risk Committee. Important drivers of our market risk exposure monitored and managed by us include but are not limited to:
•Changes to the level of interest rates. Increasing interest rates may reduce the value of certain fixed-rate bonds held in the investment portfolio. Higher rates may cause variable rate assets to generate additional income. Decreasing rates will have the reverse impact. Significant changes in interest rates can also affect persistency and claim rates of our insurance portfolio, and as a result we may determine that our investment portfolio needs to be restructured to better align it with future liabilities and claim payments. Such restructuring may cause investments to be liquidated when market conditions are adverse. Additionally, the changes in SOFR based interest rates affect the interest expense related to the Company's debt.
•Changes to the term structure of interest rates. Rising or falling rates typically change by different amounts along the yield curve. These changes may have unforeseen impacts on the value of certain assets.
•Market volatility/changes in the real or perceived credit quality of investments. Deterioration in the quality of investments, identified through changes to our own or third-party (e.g., rating agency or investment advisors) assessments, will reduce the value and potentially the liquidity of investments.
•Concentration risk. If the investment portfolio is highly concentrated in one asset, or in multiple assets whose values are highly correlated, the value of the total portfolio may be greatly affected by the change in value of just one asset or a group of highly correlated assets.
•Prepayment risk. Bonds may have call provisions that permit debtors to repay prior to maturity when it is to their advantage. This typically occurs when rates fall below the interest rate of the debt.
The carrying value of our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $3.1 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively, of which 100% was invested in fixed maturity securities. The primary market risk to our investment portfolio is interest rate risk associated with investments in fixed maturity securities. We mitigate the market risk associated with our fixed maturity securities portfolio by matching the duration of our fixed maturity securities with the expected duration of the liabilities that those securities are intended to support.
As of December 31, 2025, the duration of our fixed income portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents, was 3.66 years, which means that an instantaneous parallel shift (movement up or down) in the yield curve of 100 basis points would result in a change of 3.66% in fair value of our fixed income portfolio. Excluding cash, our fixed income portfolio duration was 3.68 years, which means that an instantaneous parallel shift (movement up or down) in the yield curve of 100 basis points would result in a change of 3.68% in fair value of our fixed income portfolio.
We are also subject to market risk related to the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility and the ILN Transactions. As discussed in Item 8, “Financial Statements - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5, Debt” the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility bears interest at a variable rate and, as a result, increases in market interest rates would generally result in increased interest expense on our outstanding drawn balance.
The risk premium amounts under the ILN Transactions are calculated by multiplying the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount at the beginning of any payment period by a coupon rate, which is the sum of one-month SOFR, as applicable, and a risk margin, and then subtracting actual investment income earned on the trust balance during that payment period. An increase in one-month SOFR, as applicable, would generally increase the risk premium payments, while an increase to money market rates, which directly affect investment income earned on the trust balance, would generally decrease them. Although we expect the two rates to move in tandem, to the extent they do not, it could increase or decrease the risk premium payments that otherwise would be due.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ( | |||||
Consolidated Balance Sheets | |||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income | |||||
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity | |||||
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | |||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | |||||
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Shareholders and Board of Directors of NMI Holdings, Inc.
NMI Holdings, Inc.
Emeryville, California
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of NMI Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying index appearing under Part IV, Item 15 – Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated February 12, 2026, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Reserve for Insurance Claims and Claim Expenses
As described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses balance was $196.4 million at December 31, 2025. As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the establishment of the insurance claims and claim expenses reserve is subject to inherent uncertainty and requires significant judgment by management. The insurance claims reserve is established by estimating: (i) claim frequency which is the number of loans in default expected to result in a claim payment and (ii) claim severity which is the amount of the claim payment expected to be paid on each loan in default. The claim frequency and claim severity are determined based on historical experience regarding certain loan factors and are also strongly influenced by current and expected economic conditions including the housing market.
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We identified the Company’s estimation of the reserve for insurance claims within the reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses as a critical audit matter. The principal consideration for our determination is the high degree of subjectivity in estimating claim frequency and claim severity. Estimation of these factors is inherently subjective as it requires the Company to make assumptions with respect to the future of the housing market. Auditing these elements involved especially challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit effort required to address these matters, including the extent of specialized skill and knowledge needed.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:
•Testing the design and operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s valuation of reserve for insurance claims, including automated application controls over the source data utilized in the development of significant assumptions.
•Testing a sample of the underlying loans and claims data used in management’s insurance claims reserve calculations, which supported estimates of claim frequency and claim severity, by agreeing key characteristics, of the underlying loans and claims data to source documents and data provided by third party loan servicers.
•Utilizing personnel with specialized skill and knowledge in actuarial methods to assist in: (i) evaluating the appropriateness of the methodology and the assumptions used by management and management’s specialist, including assessment of the reasonableness of assumptions and inputs used in developing claim frequency and claim severity by evaluating industry data such as macroeconomic trends in delinquency rates, the Freddie Mac House Price Index data, historical pandemic data, and expected impact of natural disasters; (ii) developing an independent estimate of the reserve for insurance claims using Company and historical mortgage industry data and comparing this independent estimate to management’s and management’s specialist’s estimated reserve; and (iii) performing a retrospective review of the development of the prior year reserve estimate compared to current year actual results and continued estimated reserves.
/s/ BDO USA, P.C.
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.
San Francisco, California
February 12, 2026
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NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| Assets | (In Thousands, except for share data) | ||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash of $ | |||||||||||
| Premiums receivable, net | |||||||||||
| Accrued investment income | |||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs, net | |||||||||||
| Software and equipment, net | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets and goodwill | |||||||||||
| Reinsurance recoverable | |||||||||||
| Prepaid federal income taxes | |||||||||||
| Other assets | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||
| Debt | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Unearned premiums | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | |||||||||||
| Reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax liability, net | |||||||||||
| Other liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||||||
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 15) | |||||||||||
| Shareholders' equity | |||||||||||
Common stock - $ | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost: | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Retained earnings | |||||||||||
| Total shareholders' equity | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands, except for per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums earned | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net investment income | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net realized investment gains (losses) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance claims and claim expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting and operating expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income, net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax expense of $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net income, net of tax expense (benefit) of $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Comprehensive income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
84
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Treasury Stock, At Cost | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Retained Earnings | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances, December 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Common stock: shares issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | ( | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Change in unrealized investment gains/losses, net of tax expense of $ | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balances, December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Common stock: shares issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | ( | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | ( | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Change in unrealized investment gains/losses, net of tax expense of $ | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Balances, December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Common stock: shares issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | ( | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | ( | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Change in unrealized investment gains/losses, net of tax expense of $ | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balances, December 31, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
85
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized investment (gains) losses | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net (accretion)/amortization of (discount)/premium on investment securities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
Loss on extinguishment of debt | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums receivable, net | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued investment income | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs, net | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Reinsurance recoverable | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
Prepaid federal income taxes | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other assets | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Unearned premiums | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Reinsurance balances, net | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of short-term investments | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of fixed-maturity investments, available-for-sale | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from maturities and redemptions of fixed-maturity investments, available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from sales of fixed-maturity investments, available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Additions to software and equipment | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock related to employee equity plans | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from senior unsecured notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Repayments of senior secured notes | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Payments of debt issuance costs | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchases of common stock | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net cash used in financing activities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest paid | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes paid | |||||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
86
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
1. Organization and Basis of Presentation
NMI Holdings, Inc. (NMIH) is a Delaware corporation, incorporated in May 2011 to provide private mortgage guaranty insurance (which we refer to as mortgage insurance or MI) through its wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries, National Mortgage Insurance Corporation (NMIC) and National Mortgage Reinsurance Inc. One (Re One). Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq exchange under the ticker symbol “NMIH.”
NMIC, our primary insurance subsidiary, issued its first mortgage insurance policy in April 2013. NMIC is licensed to write mortgage insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.). Re One historically provided reinsurance coverage to NMIC in accordance with certain statutory risk retention requirements. Such requirements have been repealed and the reinsurance coverage provided by Re One to NMIC has been commuted. Re One remains a wholly-owned, licensed insurance subsidiary; however, it does not currently have active insurance exposures. In August 2015, NMIH capitalized a wholly-owned subsidiary, NMI Services, Inc. (NMIS), through which we offer outsourced loan review services to mortgage loan originators. We operate as a single segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the results of NMIH and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All inter-company transactions have been eliminated. These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) and our accounts are maintained in U.S. dollars.
2. Summary of Accounting Principles
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date, as well as reported amounts of income and expenses for the periods presented. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Insurance Premium Revenue Recognition
Premiums for primary mortgage insurance policies may be paid in a single payment at origination (single premium), on a monthly installment basis (monthly premium) or on an annual installment basis (annual premium), with such election and payment type fixed at policy inception. Premiums written at origination for single premium policies are initially deferred as unearned premiums and amortized into earnings over the estimated policy life, in accordance with the anticipated expiration of risk. Monthly premiums are recognized as revenue in the month billed and when the coverage is effective. Annual premiums are initially deferred and earned on a straight-line basis over the year of coverage. Upon cancellation of a policy, all remaining non-refundable deferred and unearned premium is immediately earned, and any refundable deferred and unearned premium is returned to the policyholder and recorded as a reduction to written premium and unearned premium reserve in the period paid.
Concentrations
For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, no customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenues. At December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 approximately 10
Reserves for Insurance Claims and Claim Expenses
We establish reserves for claims based on our best estimate of the ultimate claim costs for defaulted loans. A loan is considered to be in “default” as of the payment date at which a borrower has missed the preceding two or more consecutive monthly payments. We establish reserves for loans that have been reported to us in default by servicers, referred to as case reserves, and additional loans that we estimate (based on actuarial review and other factors) to be in default that have not yet been reported to us by servicers, referred to as incurred but not reported (IBNR) reserves. We also establish reserves for claim expenses, which represent the estimated cost of the claim administration process, including legal and other fees, as well as other general expenses of administering the claim settlement process. Claim expense reserves are either allocated (i.e., associated with a specific claim) or unallocated (i.e., not associated with a specific claim).
The establishment of claims and claim expense reserves is subject to inherent uncertainty and requires significant judgment by management. Reserves are established by estimating the number of loans in default that will result in a claim
87
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
payment, which is referred to as claim frequency, and the amount of claim payment expected to be paid on each such loan in default, which is referred to as claim severity. Claim frequency and severity estimates are established based on historical observed experience regarding certain loan factors, such as age of the default, size of the loan and loan-to-value (LTV) ratios, and are strongly influenced by assumptions about the path of certain economic factors, such as house price appreciation, trends in unemployment and mortgage rates. We consider the appropriateness of such inputs at each fiscal quarter and conduct an actuarial review annually to evaluate and, if necessary, update these assumptions.
Investments
We have designated our investment portfolio as available-for-sale and report our invested assets at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses in the portfolio, net of related tax expense or benefit, are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) in shareholders' equity.
We measure fair value and classify invested assets in a hierarchy for disclosure purposes consisting of three “levels” based on the observability of inputs available in the marketplace used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). See Note 4, “Fair Value of Financial Instruments” for further discussion.
Purchases and sales of investments are recorded on a trade date basis. Net investment income is recognized when earned, and includes interest and dividend income together with amortization of market premiums and discounts using the effective yield method, and is net of investment management fees and other investment-related expenses. For asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities, and any other holdings for which there is a prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and revised as necessary. Any adjustments required due to changes in effective yields and prepayment assumptions are recognized on a prospective basis. Realized gains and losses are computed using the specific identification method.
We recognize an impairment on a security through the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income if (i) we intend to sell the impaired security; or (ii) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the impaired security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis. If a sale is intended or likely to be required, we write down the amortized cost basis of the security to fair value and recognize the full amount of the impairment through the statement of operations as a “Realized Investment Loss.”
For securities in an unrealized loss position where a sale is not intended or likely to be required, we further assess if the decline in fair value below amortized cost is driven by a credit-related impairment, considering several items including, but not limited to:
•the severity of the decline in fair value;
•the financial condition of the issuer;
•the failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments;
•recent rating downgrades of the applicable security or issuer by one or more nationally recognized statistical ratings organization; and
•other adverse conditions related to or impacting the security or issuer.
To the extent we determine that a security impairment is credit-related, an impairment loss is recognized through the statement of operations as a provision for credit loss expense, and presented as a “Realized Investment Loss.” We recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost and present value of future expected cash flows, limited by the amount the fair value of the security is below its amortized cost. Subsequent changes (favorable and unfavorable) in credit losses are recognized through the statement of operations as a provision for or a reversal of credit loss expense, and presented as a “Realized Investment Gain or Loss.” The portion of a security impairment attributed to other non-credit related factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of taxes.
88
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
We have elected to present accrued interest receivable separately from available-for-sale securities on our consolidated balance sheets. Accrued interest receivable was $27.3 million and $22.4 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and is included in “Accrued Investment Income.” We have elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities. Accrued interest for available-for-sale securities is written off against interest income when the receivable has aged 90 days past due. We did not write off any accrued interest receivable during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 or 2023.
We consider items such as U.S. Treasury Bills and commercial paper with original maturities of 12 months or less to be short-term investments.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (DAC)
Premium Deficiency Reserves
Reinsurance
We cede insurance risk through the use of reinsurance contracts and follow reinsurance accounting for those transactions where significant risk is transferred. We account for premiums, claims and claim expenses that are ceded to reinsurers on a basis consistent with that which we use to account for the original policies we issue and pursuant to the terms of our reinsurance contracts. We account for premiums ceded or otherwise paid to reinsurers as a reduction to premium revenue.
NMIC entered into quota share reinsurance treaties effective January 1, 2018 (the 2018 QSR Transaction), April 1, 2020 (the 2020 QSR Transaction), January 1, 2021 (the 2021 QSR Transaction), October 1, 2021 (the 2022 QSR Transaction), July 1, 2022 (the 2022 Seasoned QSR Transaction), January 1, 2023 (the 2023 QSR Transaction), January 1, 2024 (the 2024 QSR Transaction), and January 1, 2025 (the 2025 QSR Transaction), which we refer to collectively as the QSR Transactions.
We earn profit and ceding commissions in connection with the QSR Transactions. Profit commissions represent a percentage of the profits recognized by reinsurers that are returned to us, based on the level of claims and claim expenses that we cede. Ceded claims and claim expenses reduce the profit commission due to NMIC under each respective QSR Transaction on a dollar-for-dollar basis. We recognize any profit commissions we earn as a decrease to ceded earned premiums. Ceding commissions are calculated as a percentage of ceded earned premiums and are intended to cover our costs of acquiring and servicing direct policies. We recognize any ceding commissions generated under the QSR Transactions in a manner consistent with our recognition of earnings on the underlying reinsured policies. We account for ceding commissions earned as a reduction to underwriting and operating expenses.
Under the QSR Transactions, we cede a portion of claims and claim expenses and reserves to our reinsurers, and account for such ceded reserves as “Reinsurance Recoverables” on the consolidated balance sheets and such ceded expenses as reductions to claims and claim expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. We remain directly liable for all claim payments if we are unable to collect the recoverables due from our reinsurers and, as such, we actively monitor and manage our counterparty credit exposure to our reinsurance providers. We establish an allowance for expected credit loss against our reinsurance recoverables if we do not expect to recover amounts due from one or more of our reinsurance counterparties, and report our reinsurance recoverables net of such allowance, if any. We actively monitor the counterparty credit profiles of our reinsurers and each is required to partially collateralize its obligations under the terms of our QSR Transactions. The allowance for credit loss established with respect to our reinsurance recoverables was deemed immaterial as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.
89
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
Variable Interest Entities
NMIC is a party to excess-of-loss reinsurance agreements with Oaktown Re VI Ltd., and Oaktown Re VII Ltd. (special purpose reinsurance entities collectively referred to as the Oaktown Re Vehicles) effective April 27, 2021 and October 26, 2021, respectively. At inception of the respective reinsurance agreements, we determined that Oaktown Re VI Ltd. and Oaktown Re VII Ltd. were variable interest entities (VIEs), because they did not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their respective activities. We evaluated the VIEs at inception to determine whether NMIC was the primary beneficiary under each deal and, if so, whether we were required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of each VIE. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is an enterprise that (1) has the power to direct the activities of the VIE, which most significantly impact its economic performance and (2) has significant economic exposure to the VIE, i.e., the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant. The determination of whether an entity is the primary beneficiary of a VIE is complex and requires management judgment regarding determinative factors, including the expected results of the VIE and how those results are absorbed by beneficial interest holders, as well as which party has the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIE. We concluded that we are not the primary beneficiary of each VIE and, as such, we do not consolidate them in our consolidated financial statements.
See Note 6, “Reinsurance” for further discussion of the reinsurance arrangements.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes using the liability method. The liability method measures the expected future tax effects of temporary differences at the enacted tax rates applicable for the period in which the deferred asset or liability is expected to be realized or settled. Temporary differences are differences between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported amount in the consolidated financial statements that would result in future increases or decreases in taxes owed on a cash basis compared to amounts already recognized as tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
We purchase non-interest bearing U.S. Mortgage Guaranty Tax and Loss Bonds issued by the Treasury Department in order to claim a tax deduction for our contingency reserve balance. The tax and loss bonds are carried at cost and are reported as “Prepaid Federal Income Taxes” on the consolidated balance sheets.
See Note 11, “Income Taxes”, for further discussion of the tax and loss bonds and other income tax matters.
Share-Based Compensation
We account for stock compensation awards using grant date fair value and recognize the associated compensation expense over the requisite service or performance period of the award. Share-based compensation includes restricted stock units (RSUs). We use the simplified method to estimate expected option term during the period as sufficient historical exercise data is not available. RSU grants may contain a service condition, or performance and service conditions. RSU grants are valued at our stock price on the date of grant less the present value of anticipated dividends, and we recognize their fair value as compensation expense over their requisite service or performance and service periods. We account for stock option and RSU forfeitures as they occur. Share-based compensation is recorded in “Underwriting and Operating Expenses” on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
Earnings Per Share (EPS)
Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and common share equivalents that would be issuable upon the vesting of existing service-based and performance and service-based RSUs, and exercise of vested and unvested stock options. Common share equivalents are excluded from EPS computations in the periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect.
Share Repurchases
Common stock repurchases are recorded at cost and presented as “Treasury Stock” on the consolidated balance sheets and statements of changes in shareholders’ equity. At the date of repurchase, shareholders’ equity is reduced by the aggregate repurchase price plus commissions, applicable taxes and other expenses that arise from the repurchase transaction.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider items such as U.S. Treasury Bills, certificates of deposit and money market funds with original maturities when purchased of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents.
90
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
Software and Equipment
Leases
Business Combinations, Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired from a business combination. We test goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently if we believe indicators of impairment exist. We have no t identified any impairments of goodwill through December 31, 2025.
Premiums Receivable
Premiums receivable consists of premiums due on our mortgage insurance policies. If a mortgage insurance premium is unpaid for more than 120 days, the associated receivable is written off against earned premium and the related insurance policy is canceled. We recognize an allowance for credit losses for premiums receivable based on credit losses expected to arise over the life of the receivable. Due to the nature of our insurance policies (a necessary precondition for access to mortgage credit for covered borrowers) and the short duration of the related receivables, we do not typically experience credit losses against our premium receivables and the allowance for credit loss established on premium receivables was deemed immaterial at December 31, 2025 and 2024.
Premiums receivable may be written off prior to 120 days in the ordinary course of business for non-credit events including, but not limited to, the modification or refinancing of an underlying insured loan. We established a $1.4 million and $2.2 million reserve for premium write-offs at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Other Revenues
Other revenues represent underwriting fee revenue from our subsidiary, NMIS, which provides outsourced loan review services to mortgage loan originators. NMIS fees are earned and recognized as services are provided, with cash payments typically received one month after billing.
91
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
Recent Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted
On January 1 2025, we adopted ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) on a retrospective basis. The update enhances the disclosure requirements related to tax rate reconciliations and income taxes paid and did not have any effect on our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income or consolidated balance sheets. See Note 11, “Income Taxes” for more information.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expense (Topic 220). The update expands disclosure requirements related to certain income statement expenses, including a requirement to provide a tabular disaggregation of certain operating expenses by category. The standard will take effect for all public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this ASU will have, if any, on our consolidated financial statements.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Targeted Accounting for Internal-Use Software (Topic 350). The update clarifies the criteria surrounding the capitalization of certain costs and expands related disclosure requirements. The standard will take effect for all public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this ASU will have, if any, on our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Improving Interim Reporting Guidance (Topic 270). The update establishes a principle that requires entities to disclose material events that have occurred since the end of the last annual reporting period and further clarifies interim disclosure requirements. The standard will take effect for all public business entities for interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this ASU will have, if any, on our consolidated financial statements.
3. Investments
We hold all investments on an available-for-sale basis at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets and evaluate each position quarterly for impairment. We recognize an impairment on a security through the statement of operations if (i) we intend to sell the impaired security; or (ii) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the impaired security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis. If a sale is intended or likely to be required, we recognize an impairment loss equivalent to the difference of the amortized cost basis of the security and its fair value through the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income as a “Net Realized Investment Loss.” In the event of an impairment of a security that we intend to and have the ability to hold to maturity, we evaluate the drivers of the impairment to determine the portion that is credit related and the portion that is non-credit related. The portion of impairment loss that is attributed to credit related factors is recognized through the statement of operations as a provision for credit loss and the portion that is attributed to non-credit related factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of taxes.
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains | Losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2025 | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities (1) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total bonds | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
(1) 100% of our U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities are guaranteed by Ginnie Mae which has the full faith and credit of the U.S. federal government.
92
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains | Losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2024 | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total bonds | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
We did not own any mortgage-backed securities in our portfolio at December 31, 2024.
The following table presents a breakdown of the fair value of our corporate debt securities by issuer industry group as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| Financial | % | % | |||||||||
| Consumer | |||||||||||
| Utilities | |||||||||||
| Industrial | |||||||||||
| Technology | |||||||||||
Communications | |||||||||||
Basic Materials | |||||||||||
| Total | % | % | |||||||||
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, approximately $5.4 million and $5.3 million, respectively, of our cash and investments were held in the form of U.S. Treasury securities on deposit with various state insurance departments to satisfy regulatory requirements.
Scheduled Maturities
The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Because most asset-backed securities and U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities provide for periodic payments throughout their lives, they are listed below in a separate category.
93
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
| As of December 31, 2025 | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Due after one through five years | |||||||||||
| Due after five through ten years | |||||||||||
| Due after ten years | |||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | |||||||||||
| U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities | |||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | $ | |||||||||
| As of December 31, 2024 | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Due after one through five years | |||||||||||
| Due after five through ten years | |||||||||||
| Due after ten years | |||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | |||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | $ | |||||||||
Aging of Unrealized Losses
As of December 31, 2025, the investment portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $86.3 million, of which $84.3 million were associated with securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve months or longer. As of December 31, 2024, the investment portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $158.6 million, of which $150.8 million were associated with securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve months or longer. For those securities in an unrealized loss position, the length of time the securities were in such a position is as follows:
| Less Than Twelve Months | Twelve Months or Greater | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2025 | ($ In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
94
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
| Less Than Twelve Months | Twelve Months or Greater | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2024 | ($ In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | * | * | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* Amounts not identifiable due to rounding.
Allowance for Credit Losses
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we did not recognize an allowance for credit loss for any security in the investment portfolio and we did not record any provision for credit loss for investment securities during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 or 2023.
We evaluated the securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2025, assessing their credit ratings as well as any adverse conditions specifically related to the security. Based upon our assessment of the amount and timing of cash flows to be collected over the remaining life of each instrument, we believe the unrealized losses as of December 31, 2025 are not indicative of the ultimate collectability of the current amortized cost of the securities. Rather, the unrealized losses on securities held as of December 31, 2025 were primarily driven by fluctuations in interest rates, and to a lesser extent, movements in credit spreads following the purchase of those securities.
Net Investment Income
The following table presents the components of net investment income:
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment income (1) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment expenses | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net investment income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Includes interest income recognized on cash and cash equivalents of $3.9 million, $5.0 million, and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The following table presents the components of net realized investment gains (losses):
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross realized investment gains | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross realized investment losses | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized investment gains (losses) | $ | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
95
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following describes the valuation techniques used by us to determine the fair value of our financial instruments:
We established a fair value hierarchy by prioritizing the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under this standard are described below:
Level 1 – Fair value measurements based on quoted prices in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Market price data generally is obtained from exchange or dealer markets. We do not adjust the quoted price for such instruments.
Level 2 – Fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
Level 3 – Fair value measurements based on valuation techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable. Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3. The circumstances for using these measurements include those in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. Therefore, we must make certain assumptions, which require significant management judgment or estimation about the inputs a hypothetical market participant would use to value that asset or liability.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Assets Classified as Level 1 and Level 2
96
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
The following tables present our financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by hierarchy level:
| Fair Value Measurements Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2025 | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Measurements Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2024 | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
There were no transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024.
Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value
97
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
5. Debt
Senior Unsecured Notes
At December 31, 2025, we had $425 million aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes outstanding. The 2024 Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated May 21, 2024, and bear interest at a rate of 6.00 %, payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15.
The 2024 Notes mature on August 15, 2029. We may elect to redeem the 2024 Notes in whole or in part at any time prior to July 15, 2029 at a price equal to the greater of (1) the aggregate principal balance outstanding plus the present value of all future interest payments due through July 15, 2029, and (2) the aggregate principal balance due plus any accrued and unpaid interest. We may elect to redeem the 2024 Notes in whole or in part at any time on or after July 15, 2029 at a price equal to 100 % of the aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon.
In connection with the 2024 Notes offering, we recorded capitalized debt issuance costs and an original issue discount of $10.9 million. Such amount will be amortized over the contractual life of the 2024 Notes using the effective interest method and included in interest expense. The effective interest rate on the 2024 Notes is 6.583 %. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, $8.0 million and $9.9 million, respectively, of unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discount remained.
At December 31, 2025 and 2024, $9.6 million and $15.6 million, respectively, of accrued and unpaid interest on the 2024 Notes was included in “Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses” on our consolidated balance sheets.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a $6.8 million loss related to the redemption of the 2020 Notes in “Interest Expense” on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
Revolving Credit Facility
On April 29, 2024, we entered into a new $250 million five-year unsecured revolving credit facility (the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility) to replace our then-outstanding $250 million four-year secured revolving credit facility (the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility). The 2024 Revolving Credit Facility matures on May 21, 2029. Borrowings under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility may be used for general corporate purposes, including to support growth, new business production and operations, and accrue interest at a variable rate equal to, at our discretion, (i) a Base Rate (as defined in the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility) subject to a floor of 1.00 % per annum plus a margin of 0.375 % to 1.875 % per annum, or (ii) the Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (as defined in the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility) plus a margin of 1.375 % to 2.875 % per annum, with the margin in each of (i) or (ii) based on our applicable corporate credit rating at the time. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, no
Under the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility, we are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee on the average daily undrawn amount of 0.175 % to 0.525 %, based on the applicable corporate credit rating at the time. As of December 31, 2025, the applicable commitment fee was 0.225 %. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $0.6 million, $0.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of commitment fees in interest expense under the 2024 or 2021 Revolving Credit Facilities.
We incurred debt issuance costs of $2.1 million in connection with the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility and had $0.6 million of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility remaining at the time of its replacement. Combined unamortized debt issuance costs are amortized through interest expense on a straight-line basis over the contractual life of the 2024 Revolving Credit Facility. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, remaining unamortized deferred debt issuance costs of $1.8 million and $2.3 million, respectively, were recorded in “Other Assets” on our consolidated balance sheets.
6. Reinsurance
We enter into third-party reinsurance transactions to actively manage our risk, ensure compliance with PMIERs, state regulatory and other applicable capital requirements, (respectively, as defined therein), and support the growth of our business. The Wisconsin Office of the Commissioner of Insurance (Wisconsin OCI) has approved and the GSEs have indicated their non-objection to all such transactions (subject to certain conditions and ongoing review).
98
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
The effect of our reinsurance agreements on premiums written and earned is as follows:
| For the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums written | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
Ceded (1) | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums written | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums earned | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
Ceded (1) | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums earned | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
(1) Net of profit commission.
Quota Share Reinsurance
NMIC is party to eight quota share reinsurance treaties – the 2018 QSR Transaction, effective January 1, 2018, the 2020 QSR Transaction, effective April 1, 2020, the 2021 QSR Transaction, effective January 1, 2021, the 2022 QSR Transaction, effective October 1, 2021, the 2022 Seasoned QSR Transaction, effective July 1, 2022, the 2023 QSR Transaction, effective January 1, 2023, the 2024 QSR Transaction, effective January 1, 2024, and the 2025 QSR Transaction, effective January 1, 2025 – which we refer to collectively as the QSR Transactions.
Under each of the QSR Transactions, NMIC cedes a proportional share of its risk on eligible policies to panels of third-party reinsurance providers in exchange for reimbursement of ceded claims and claim expenses on covered policies, a ceding commission and a profit commission (up to a contractually-defined maximum) that varies directly and inversely with ceded claims.
NMIC may terminate any or all of the QSR Transactions without penalty if, due to a change in PMIERs requirements, it is no longer able to take full PMIERs asset credit for the RIF ceded under the respective agreements. Additionally, under the terms of the QSR Transactions, NMIC may elect to selectively terminate its engagement with individual reinsurers on a run-off basis (i.e., reinsurers continue providing coverage on all risk ceded prior to the termination date, with no new cessions going forward) or cut-off basis (i.e., the reinsurance arrangement is completely terminated with NMIC recapturing all previously ceded risk) under certain circumstances. Such selective termination rights arise when, among other reasons, a reinsurer experiences a deterioration in its capital position below a prescribed threshold and/or a reinsurer breaches (and fails to cure) its collateral posting obligations under the relevant agreement.
Each of the third-party reinsurance providers that is party to the QSR Transactions has an insurer financial strength rating of A- or better by S&P, A.M. Best or both.
99
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
The following table presents the inception date, covered production period, contractual and optional termination dates, current cession rate, ceding commission and profit commission for each outstanding QSR Transaction. Current amounts are presented as of December 31, 2025.
Inception Date | Covered Production | Contractual Termination Date | Optional Termination Date | Ceding Percentage | Ceding Commission | Profit Commission | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 QSR | 1/1/2018 | 1/1/2018 – 12/31/2018 1/1/2019 – 12/31/2019 | 12/31/2029 | 12/31/2022 (1) | up to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 QSR | 4/1/2020 | 4/1/2020 – 12/31/2020 | 12/31/2030 | 12/31/2025 (1) | up to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 QSR | 1/1/2021 | 1/1/2021 – 10/30/2021 | 12/31/2031 | 12/31/2024 (1) | up to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 QSR | 10/1/2021 | 10/30/2021 – 12/31/2022 | 12/31/2032 | 12/31/2024 (2) | up to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 Seasoned QSR | 7/1/2022 | 1/1/2013 – 12/31/2016 7/1/2019 –3/31/2020 | 6/30/2032 | 6/30/2025 (3) | up to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 QSR | 1/1/2023 | 1/1/2023 – 12/31/2023 | 12/31/2033 | 12/31/2025 (2) | up to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 QSR | 1/1/2024 | 1/1/2024 – 12/31/2024 | 12/31/2034 | 12/31/2027 (1) | up to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 QSR | 1/1/2025 | 1/1/2025 – 12/31/2025 | 12/31/2035 | 12/31/2027 (4) | up to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) NMIC has the option, based on certain conditions and subject to a termination fee, to terminate the agreement as of the optional termination date, or at the end of any calendar quarter thereafter which could result in NMIC recapturing the related risk.
(2) NMIC has the option, based on certain conditions and subject to a termination fee, to terminate the agreement as of the optional termination, or semi-annually thereafter, which could result in NMIC recapturing the related risk.
(3) NMIC has the option, based on certain conditions, to terminate the agreement as of June 30, 2025 or quarterly thereafter through December 31, 2027 with the payment of a termination fee, and as of March 31, 2028 or quarterly thereafter without the payment of a termination fee. Such termination could result in NMIC recapturing the related risk.
(4) NMIC also holds a clean-up call that provides for termination of the agreement at its election at any time on or after the date that the risk on remaining covered policies falls to 10% or less of the risk on covered policies at December 31, 2025.
(5) Under the terms of the 2018 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums earned related to 21 % of the risk on eligible policies written in 2018 and 17 % of the risk on eligible policies written in 2019.
(6) Under the terms of the 2022 Seasoned QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums earned related to 95 % of the risk on eligible policies after the consideration of coverage provided by other QSR transactions.
Effective January 1, 2026, NMIC amended the terms of the 2018 QSR Transaction, 2020 QSR Transaction, 2022 QSR Transaction, 2023 QSR Transaction and 2022 Seasoned QSR Transaction. Under the amended 2018 QSR Transaction, NMIC will cede premiums earned related to 16 % of the risk on eligible policies written in 2018, 13 % of the risk on eligible policies written in 2019, and earn a 42 % ceding commission. Under the amended 2020 QSR Transaction, NMIC will earn a 45 % ceding commission. Under the amended Seasoned 2022 QSR Transaction, NMIC will cede premiums earned related to 48 % of the risk on eligible policies after the consideration of coverage provided by other QSR transactions and earn a 53 % ceding commission.
Additionally, effective January 1, 2026, the 2018 QSR Transaction, 2020 QSR Transaction, 2022 QSR Transaction and Seasoned 2022 QSR Transaction will earn profit commissions of up to 45 %, 45 %, 68 %, and 38 %, respectively. The 2023 QSR Transaction will earn profit commissions of up to 63 %, 66 % and 68 % in 2026, 2027 and 2028 and beyond, respectively. These amended QSR Transactions also extended their optional termination date through to June 30, 2028.
NMIC has also entered into three additional quota share reinsurance treaties that will provide sequential coverage for mortgage insurance policies to be written in 2026, 2027 and 2028 (the 2026 QSR Transaction, 2027 QSR Transaction and 2028 QSR Transaction). Under the terms of the 2026 QSR Transaction, as amended in the fourth quarter of 2025, NMIC will cede premiums earned related to 25 % of the risk on eligible policies written between January 1, 2026 and December 31, 2026. Under the terms of the 2027 QSR Transaction, NMIC will cede premiums earned related to 35 % of the risk on eligible policies written between January 1, 2027 and December 31, 2027. Under the terms of the 2028 QSR Transaction, NMIC will cede premiums earned related to 20 % of the risk on eligible policies written between January 1, 2028 and December 31, 2028.
100
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
The following table shows amounts related to the QSR Transactions:
| As of and for the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Ceded risk-in-force | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Ceded premiums earned | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Ceded claims and claim expenses (1) | |||||||||||||||||
| Ceding commission earned | |||||||||||||||||
| Profit commission | |||||||||||||||||
NMIC had aggregate reinsurance recoverables related to the QSR Transactions of $38.6 million and $31.2 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The reinsurance recoverable on loss reserves as of December 31, 2024 also included $1.1 million related to the 2016 QSR Transaction, which was terminated as of July 1, 2025. NMIC's reinsurance recoverable balance is supported by collateral trust accounts established and maintained by each reinsurer in accordance with the terms of the QSR Transactions and the PMIERs funding requirements for risk ceded to non-affiliates.
Excess-of-loss Reinsurance
Traditional Reinsurance
NMIC is party to seven excess-of-loss reinsurance agreements with broad panels of third-party reinsurers – the 2022-1 XOL Transaction, effective April 1, 2022, the 2022-2 XOL Transaction, effective July 1, 2022, the 2022-3 XOL Transaction, effective October 1, 2022, the 2023-1 XOL Transaction, effective January 1, 2023, the 2023-2 XOL Transaction, effective July 1, 2023, the 2024 XOL Transaction, effective January 1, 2024, and the 2025 XOL Transaction, effective January 1, 2025 – which we refer to collectively as the XOL Transactions. Each XOL Transaction provides NMIC with aggregate excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage on a defined portfolio of mortgage insurance policies. Under each agreement, NMIC retains a first layer of aggregate loss exposure on covered policies and the reinsurers then provide second layer loss protection up to a defined reinsurance coverage amount. The reinsurance coverage amount of each XOL Transaction is set to approximate the PMIERs minimum required assets of its reference pool and decreases from its peak over a ten-year period in the event the PMIERs minimum required assets of the pool declines. NMIC retains losses in excess of the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount.
Under the terms of the XOL Transactions, NMIC makes risk premium payments to its third-party reinsurance providers for the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount and ceded aggregate premiums earned of $42.2 million, $38.4 million and $31.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. NMIC applies claims paid on covered policies against its first layer aggregate retained loss exposure under each agreement. NMIC did not cede any incurred losses on covered policies under the XOL Transactions during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, as the aggregate first-layer risk retention for each agreement was not exhausted during such periods.
NMIC holds optional termination rights which provide it with the discretion to terminate each XOL Transaction on or after a specified date. NMIC may also elect to terminate the XOL Transactions at any point if the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount amortizes to 10% or less of the reinsurance coverage amount provided at inception, or if it determines that it will no longer be able to take full PMIERs asset credit for the coverage. Additionally, under the terms of the treaties, NMIC may selectively terminate its engagement with individual reinsurers under certain circumstances. Such selective termination rights arise when, among other reasons, a reinsurer experiences a deterioration in its capital position below a prescribed threshold, and/or a reinsurer breaches (and fails to cure) its collateral posting obligation.
Each of the third-party reinsurance providers that is party to the XOL Transactions has an insurer financial strength rating of A- or better by S&P Global Ratings (S&P), A.M. Best Company Inc. (A.M. Best) or both.
The following table presents the inception date, covered production period, initial and current reinsurance coverage amount, and initial and current first layer retained aggregate loss under each outstanding XOL Transaction. Current amounts are presented as of December 31, 2025.
101
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
($ values in thousands) | Inception Date | Covered Production | Initial Reinsurance Coverage | Current Reinsurance Coverage | Initial First Layer Retained Loss | Current First Layer Retained Loss (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2022-1 XOL | April 1, 2022 | 10/1/2021 – 3/31/2022 (2) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2022-2 XOL | July 1, 2022 | 4/1/2022 – 6/30/2022 (3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2022-3 XOL | October 1, 2022 | 7/1/2022 – 9/30/2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2023-1 XOL | January 1, 2023 | 10/1/2022 – 6/30/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2023-2 XOL | July 1, 2023 | 7/1/2023 – 12/31/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2024 XOL | January 1, 2024 | 1/1/2024 – 12/31/2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2025 XOL (4) | January 1, 2025 | 1/1/2025 - 12/31/2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) NMIC applies claims paid on covered policies against its first layer aggregate retained loss exposure and cedes reserves for incurred claims and claim expenses to each applicable XOL Transaction and recognizes a reinsurance recoverable if such incurred claims and claim expenses exceed its current first layer retained loss.
(2) Approximately 1 % of the production covered by the 2022-1 XOL Transaction has coverage reporting dates between October 21, 2019 and September 30, 2021.
(3) Approximately 1 % of the production covered by the 2022-2 XOL Transaction has coverage reporting dates between January 4, 2021 and March 31, 2022.
(4) The 2025 XOL Transaction provides coverage for production generated between January 1, 2025 and December 31, 2025. The current reinsurance coverage and current first layer retained loss will decrease in future periods to the extent the PMIERs minimum required assets of the covered pool declines.
NMIC has also entered into three additional excess-of-loss reinsurance treaties that will incept and provide coverage in future periods. The 2026 XOL Transaction will incept on January 1, 2026 and provide $164.2 million of aggregate excess-of-loss coverage for mortgage insurance policies to be written in 2026. The 2026-2 XOL Transaction will incept on April 1, 2026 and provide up to $160 million of aggregate excess-of-loss coverage for mortgage insurance policies covered under the existing 2021 ILN Transaction, and the 2027 XOL Transaction will provide $125 million of aggregate excess-of-loss coverage for mortgage insurance policies to be written in 2027.
Insurance-Linked Notes
NMIC is a party to reinsurance agreements with Oaktown Re VI Ltd. and Oaktown Re VII Ltd. (special purpose reinsurance entities collectively referred to as the Oaktown Re Vehicles) effective April 27, 2021 and October 26, 2021, respectively. Each agreement provides NMIC with aggregate excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage on a defined portfolio of mortgage insurance policies. Under each agreement, NMIC retains a first layer of aggregate loss exposure on covered policies and the respective Oaktown Re Vehicle then provides second layer loss protection up to a defined reinsurance coverage amount. NMIC then retains losses in excess of the respective reinsurance coverage amounts.
NMIC makes risk premium payments to the Oaktown Re Vehicles for the applicable outstanding reinsurance coverage amount and pays an additional amount for anticipated operating expenses (capped at $250 thousand per year). NMIC ceded aggregate premiums to the Oaktown Re Vehicles of $12.6 million, $20.4 million and $31.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
NMIC applies claims paid on covered policies against its first layer aggregate retained loss exposure under each excess-of-loss agreement. NMIC did not cede any incurred losses on covered policies to the Oaktown Re Vehicles during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, as the aggregate first layer risk retention for each applicable agreement was not exhausted during such periods.
Under the terms of each excess-of-loss reinsurance agreement, the Oaktown Re Vehicles are required to fully collateralize their outstanding reinsurance coverage amount to NMIC with funds deposited into segregated reinsurance trusts. Such trust funds are required to be invested in short-term U.S. Treasury money market funds at all times. Each Oaktown Re Vehicle financed its respective collateral requirement through the issuance of mortgage insurance-linked notes to unaffiliated investors. Such insurance-linked notes mature 12.5 years from the inception date of their associated reinsurance agreement. We refer to NMIC’s reinsurance agreements with and the insurance-linked note issuances by Oaktown Re Vehicles individually as the 2021-1 ILN Transaction and 2021-2 ILN Transaction, and collectively as the ILN Transactions.
The respective reinsurance coverage amounts provided by the Oaktown Re Vehicles decrease over a 12.5 -year period as the underlying insured mortgages are amortized or repaid, and/or the mortgage insurance coverage is canceled. As the reinsurance coverage decreases, a prescribed amount of collateral held in trust by the Oaktown Re Vehicles is distributed to ILN Transaction noteholders as amortization of the outstanding insurance-linked note principal balances. The outstanding reinsurance coverage amounts stop amortizing, and the distribution of collateral assets to ILN Transaction noteholders and amortization of insurance-
102
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
linked note principal is suspended if certain credit enhancement or delinquency thresholds, as defined in each agreement, are triggered (each, a Lock-Out Event).
NMIC holds optional termination rights under each ILN Transaction, including, among others, an optional call feature which provides NMIC the discretion to terminate the transaction on or after a prescribed date, and a clean-up call if the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount amortizes to 10 % or less of the reinsurance coverage amount at inception, or if NMIC reasonably determines that changes to GSE or rating agency asset requirements would cause a material and adverse effect on the capital treatment afforded to NMIC under a given agreement. In addition, there are certain events that trigger mandatory termination of an agreement, including NMIC's failure to pay premiums or consent to reductions in a trust account to make principal payments to noteholders, among others.
The following table presents the inception date, covered production period, initial and current reinsurance coverage amount, and initial and current first layer retained aggregate loss under each outstanding ILN Transaction. Current amounts are presented as of December 31, 2025.
($ values in thousands) | Inception Date | Covered Production | Initial Reinsurance Coverage | Current Reinsurance Coverage | Initial First Layer Retained Loss | Current First Layer Retained Loss (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2021-1 ILN | April 27, 2021 | 10/1/2020 – 3/31/2021 (2) | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2021-2 ILN | October 26, 2021 | 4/1/2021 – 9/30/2021 (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) NMIC applies claims paid on covered policies against its first layer aggregate retained loss exposure and cedes reserves for incurred claims and claim expenses to each applicable ILN Transaction and recognizes a reinsurance recoverable if such incurred claims and claim expenses exceed its current first layer retained loss.
(2) Approximately 1 % of the production covered by the 2021-1 ILN Transaction has coverage reporting dates between July 1, 2019 and September 30, 2020.
(3) Approximately 2 % of the production covered by the 2021-2 ILN Transaction has coverage reporting dates between July 1, 2019 and March 31, 2021.
Under the terms of our ILN Transactions, we are required to maintain a certain level of restricted funds in premium deposit accounts with Bank of New York Mellon until the respective notes have been redeemed in full. “Cash and Cash Equivalents” on our consolidated balance sheets includes a de minimis restricted amount as of December 31, 2025 and $0.1 million as of December 31, 2024.
7. Reserves for Insurance Claims and Claim Expenses
We hold gross reserves in an amount equal to the estimated liability for insurance claims and claim expenses related to defaults on insured mortgage loans. A loan is considered to be in “default” as of the payment date at which a borrower has missed the preceding two or more consecutive monthly payments. We establish reserves for loans that have been reported to us in default by servicers, referred to as case reserves, and additional loans that we estimate (based on actuarial review and other factors) to be in default that have not yet been reported to us by servicers, referred to as IBNR reserves. We also establish reserves for claim expenses, which represent the estimated cost of the claim administration process, including legal and other fees, as well as other general expenses of administering the claim settlement process. As of December 31, 2025, we held gross reserves for insurance claims and claim expenses of $196.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we paid 445 claims totaling $25.9 million, including 432 claims covered under the QSR Transactions representing $5.1 million of ceded claims and claim expenses.
We had 7,661 loans in default in our primary insured portfolio as of December 31, 2025, which represented a 1.12 % default rate against 684,058 total policies in-force, and 6,642 loans in default as of December 31, 2024, which represented a 1.01 % default rate against 659,567 total policies in-force. The size of the reserve we establish for each defaulted loan (and by extension our aggregate reserve for claims and claim expenses) reflects our best estimate of the future claim payment to be made for each individual loan in default. Our future claims exposure is a function of the number of defaulted loans that progress to claim payment (which we refer to as frequency) and the amount to be paid to settle such claims (which we refer to as severity). Our estimates of claims frequency and severity are not formulaic, rather they are broadly synthesized based on historical observed experience for similarly situated loans and assumptions about future macroeconomic factors.
103
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending gross reserve balances for primary insurance claims and claim expenses:
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Less reinsurance recoverables (1) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance, net of reinsurance recoverables | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Add claims incurred: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Claims and claim expenses incurred: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Current year (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Prior years (3) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total claims and claim expenses incurred (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less claims paid: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Claims and claim expenses paid: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Current year (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Prior years (3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Reinsurance terminations (5) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total claims and claim expenses paid | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve at end of period, net of reinsurance recoverables | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Add reinsurance recoverables (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Related to ceded losses recoverable under the QSR Transactions. See Note 6, “Reinsurance” for additional information.
(2) Related to insured loans with their most recent defaults occurring in the current year. For example, if a loan defaulted in a prior year and subsequently cured and later re-defaulted in the current year, the default would be included in the current year. Amounts are presented net of reinsurance and included $102.0 million attributed to net case reserves and $10.8 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2025, $83.5 million attributed to net case reserves and $8.1 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $70.6 million attributed to net case reserves and $6.3 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2023.
(3) Related to insured loans with defaults occurring in prior years, which have been continuously in default before the start of the current year. Amounts are presented net of reinsurance and included $48.4 million attributed to net case reserves and $8.1 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2025, $54.1 million attributed to net case reserves and $6.3 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $50.9 million attributed to net case reserves and $4.5 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the year ended December 31, 2023.
(4) Excludes aggregate fees of $0.8 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2023, respectively, incurred in connection with the termination or amendment of certain QSR Transactions.
(5) Represents the settlement of reinsurance recoverables in conjunction with the termination or amendment of certain QSR Transactions.
The “claims incurred” section of the table above shows claims and claim expenses incurred on defaults occurring in current and prior years, including IBNR reserves, and is presented net of reinsurance. The amount of claims incurred relating to current year defaults increased during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, primarily due to an increase in the total number of new delinquencies emerging during the period tied to the growth and natural seasoning of our portfolio and an increase in the average case reserve established against newly defaulted loans. Our provision for claims and claim expenses during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 benefited from favorable development on prior year defaults. We recognized $57.9 million, $61.7 million and $56.4 million of favorable prior year development during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, primarily due to cure activity and ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends. We may increase or decrease our claim estimates and reserves as we learn additional information about individual defaulted loans, and continue to observe and analyze loss development trends in our portfolio. Gross reserves of $55.7 million related to prior year defaults remained as of December 31, 2025.
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NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
The following tables provide claim development data by default year (or the year in which a default has occurred) and a reconciliation to the reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses. The information about net incurred losses and paid claims development for the years ended prior to 2025 is presented as supplementary information.
Cumulative Incurred Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, net of Reinsurance (1) | As of December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Default Year | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | Total of IBNR | Defaults (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unaudited | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2016 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Amounts include case and IBNR reserves.
(2) Number of defaults outstanding as of December 31, 2025.
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expenses, net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Default Year | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unaudited | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2016 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation of Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Claims Development to the Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses | ||||||||
| (In Thousands) | ||||||||
| As of December 31, 2025 | ||||||||
| Cumulative Incurred Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, net of Reinsurance | $ | |||||||
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expenses, net of Reinsurance | ( | |||||||
All outstanding liabilities before 2016, net of reinsurance | ||||||||
| Liabilities for unpaid claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | ||||||||
| Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims | ||||||||
| Unallocated claims adjustment expenses | ||||||||
| Total gross liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses | $ | |||||||
105
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
The following supplementary information shows the average percentage of claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses paid in the years following the incurrence of a claim as of December 31, 2025:
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses by age, net of reinsurance (unaudited) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Claims duration disclosure | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8. Earnings per Share
Basic EPS is based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS is based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and common stock equivalents that would be issuable upon the vesting of service-based and performance and service-based RSUs, and the exercise of vested and unvested stock options.
The following table reconciles the net income and the weighted average shares of common stock outstanding used in the computations of basic and diluted EPS of common stock:
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands, except for per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income – basic and diluted | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic weighted average shares outstanding | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive effect of issuable shares | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Earnings per share | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anti-dilutive shares | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9. Segment Reporting
We manage our business activities on a consolidated basis under a single reportable operating segment and our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM).
Our Mortgage Insurance segment provides private mortgage insurance and ancillary loan review services and our CODM evaluates our performance and allocates resources based on our consolidated financial results, including consolidated revenue, expenses, net income, assets and shareholders' equity. Among these, consolidated net income is the measure used to evaluate segment profit and loss. Our CODM reviews these financial metrics to gauge our performance and make strategic decisions, such as whether to reinvest profits in our Mortgage Insurance segment or return capital to shareholders.
The significant revenue and expense categories that are regularly reviewed by our CODM align with those presented on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, and segment assets align with total assets as presented on our consolidated balance sheets. The accounting policies governing our Mortgage Insurance segment are the same as those described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”
106
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
10. Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation includes stock options, service-based RSUs and performance and service-based RSUs granted under our 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (2012 Plan) and our Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2014 Plan, and together with the 2012 Plan, the Stock Plans).
The 2012 Plan was approved by the Board on April 16, 2012 and authorized 5.5 million shares of common stock to be reserved for issuance, with limits of 3.85 million shares available for stock option issuance and 1.65 million shares available for RSU issuance. The 2012 Plan expired on April 24, 2022, with all unissued shares of common stock remaining under the 2012 Plan expiring thereafter.
The 2014 Plan was originally approved by our stockholders at our annual meeting on May 8, 2014 and authorized 4.0 million shares of common stock to be reserved for issuance. On May 11, 2017, our stockholders approved amendments to the 2014 Plan at our annual stockholder meeting, authorizing an additional 2.0 million shares of common stock for issuance, increasing the total shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the plan to 6.0 million with the full amount available to be issued as either RSUs or options. On May 12, 2022, our stockholders approved further amendments to the 2014 Plan, authorizing an additional 2.25 million shares of common stock for issuance, increasing the total shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the plan to 8.25 million with the full amount available to be issued as either RSUs or options. These shares may be either authorized as unissued shares or treasury shares. Options granted under the 2014 Plan are non-qualified stock options and may be granted to employees, directors and other key persons. The exercise price per share for options covered by the 2014 Plan is determined by the Board at the time of grant, but shall not be less than the fair market value of our common stock, defined as the closing price of our common stock, on the date of the grant. The term of the stock option grants is established by the Board, but no stock option shall be exercisable more than ten years after the date the stock option was granted. The vesting period of the stock option grants is also established by the Board at the time of grant and is generally expected to be a three-year period.
For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we incurred $20.2 million, $19.8 million and $16.9 million, respectively, of expenses related to awards granted under the Stock Plans and we recognized associated gross income tax benefits of $4.2 million, $4.2 million and $3.6 million during each respective period.
A summary of option activity during the year ended December 31, 2025 is as follows:
| For the year ended December 31, 2025 | Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share | Weighted Average Exercise Price | ||||||||||||||
| (Shares in Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Options outstanding at December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Options granted | |||||||||||||||||
| Options exercised | |||||||||||||||||
| Options forfeited | |||||||||||||||||
| Options expired | |||||||||||||||||
Options outstanding at December 31, 2025 (1) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
(1) The weighted average remaining contractual life of such options was 1.81 years as of December 31, 2025. The aggregate intrinsic value of such fully vested and exercisable options was $18.4 million as of December 31, 2025.
No stock options were granted during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. As of December 31, 2025, all outstanding options had vested and no unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options remained.
107
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
A summary of RSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2025 is as follows:
| For the year ended December 31, 2025 | Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share | |||||||||
| (Shares in Thousands) | |||||||||||
| Non-vested restricted stock units at December 31, 2024 | $ | ||||||||||
| Restricted stock units granted | |||||||||||
Performance adjustment (1) | |||||||||||
Restricted stock units vested (2) | ( | ||||||||||
| Restricted stock units forfeited | ( | ||||||||||
| Non-vested restricted stock units at December 31, 2025 | $ | ||||||||||
(1) Performance adjustment represents the difference between the number of target shares at grant date and the number of shares vested at settlement, which can range from 0 % to 200 % of target achievement depending on results over the applicable performance period.
(2) Represents amounts vested during the year, including the impact of performance adjustments for service and performance-based RSUs.
At December 31, 2025, we had 1.2 million granted and non-vested RSUs with a weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.33 years, consisting of 0.7 million RSUs that are subject to service-based vesting requirements and 0.5 million RSUs that are subject to performance and service-based vesting requirements. The total fair value of RSUs vested during the year ended December 31, 2025 was $18.1 million. As of December 31, 2025, $14.7 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested RSUs remained. Total remaining unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2025 will be recognized on a weighted average basis over 1.46 years.
Non-vested RSUs subject to service-based vesting requirements vest over a period ranging from to three years . Non-vested RSUs subject to performance and service-based vesting requirements vest after a three-year period, with the number of shares issued upon vesting based on the actual achievement of compound annual book value per share growth compared to a target established at the time of grant. The grant date fair value of non-vested RSUs is measured as the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant less the present value of anticipated dividends to be paid during the vesting period.
401(k) Savings Plan
We offer our employees a 401(k) Savings Plan (401(k) Plan) that qualifies as a deferred salary arrangement under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Under the 401(k) Plan, we match up to 100 % of eligible employees' pre-tax contributions up to 5 % of eligible compensation. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we incurred approximately $2.0 million, $2.1 million and $1.9 million of expense related to our matching 401(k) Plan contributions, respectively.
11. Income Taxes
We are a U.S. taxpayer and are subject to a statutory U.S. federal corporate income tax rate of 21%. NMIH files a consolidated U.S. federal and various state income tax returns on behalf of itself and its subsidiaries.
Total income tax expense consists of the following components:
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total income tax expense | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
108
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
The following table presents a reconciliation between the federal statutory income tax expense and tax rate and our effective income tax expense and tax rate:
| For the years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
US federal statutory tax rate | $ | % | $ | % | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nontaxable or nondeductible items | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Effective income tax rate | $ | % | $ | % | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Florida and Illinois accounted for the majority of our state and local income taxes during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, and Illinois accounted for the majority for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The components of our net deferred tax liability are summarized as follows:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Deferred tax asset: | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||
| Unrealized loss on investments | $ | $ | |||||||||
Net operating loss carryforward | |||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | |||||||||||
| Unearned premium reserve | |||||||||||
| Accrued expenses | |||||||||||
Capitalized software | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Total gross deferred tax asset | |||||||||||
| Less: valuation allowance | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax asset | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax liability: | |||||||||||
| Contingency reserve | ( | ( | |||||||||
Deferred policy acquisition costs | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Capitalized software | ( | ||||||||||
| Other | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax liability | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net deferred income tax (liability) | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
As a mortgage guaranty insurance company, we are eligible to claim a tax deduction for our statutory contingency reserve balance, subject to certain limitations outlined under IRC Section 832(e), to the extent we acquire tax and loss bonds in an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from the claimed deduction, which is our intent.
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we purchased $78.1 million, $86.9 million and $80.9 million, of tax and loss bonds, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we held $400.3 million and $322.2 million of tax and loss bonds, respectively, in “Prepaid Federal Income Taxes” on our consolidated balance sheets.
At December 31, 2025, we had a federal net operating loss carryforward of $0.7 million which expires in varying amounts in 2030 and 2031, and state net operating loss carryforwards of $133.1 million, which begin to expire in varying amounts in 2032. Section 382 of the IRC imposes annual limitations on a corporation's ability to utilize its net operating loss carryforward if it experiences an “ownership change.” As a result of the acquisition of our insurance subsidiaries in 2012, $7.3 million of federal net operating losses were subject to annual limitations of $0.8 million through 2016, $0.5 million in 2017 and $0.3 million, thereafter, through 2028. Our federal net operating loss carryforward arises from this limitation and the constraint on our ability to utilize the net operating loss carryforward in full during the current period.
109
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
We are required to establish a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the asset will not be realized. We assess our need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis. In the course of our review, we assess all available evidence, both positive and negative, including our expectations for future sources of income and contractual cash flows, the availability and application of tax planning strategies, and the potential reversal of temporary tax differences. At both December 31, 2025 and 2024, we recorded a valuation allowance of $9.5 million against state net deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance for both years primarily relates to state net operating losses generated by NMIH, as NMIH has historically operated at a loss and currently only generates revenue from its investment portfolio.
The following table presents the changes in our valuation allowance:
For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
Valuation allowance - beginning of period | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Additions charged to income tax benefit | |||||||||||||||||
Valuation allowance - end of period | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had zero
We file income tax returns with the U.S. federal government and various state jurisdictions that are subject to potential examination by tax authorities. We are not currently under examination by federal or state jurisdictions. Our U.S. federal income tax returns for 2022 and subsequent years, and state income tax returns for 2021 and subsequent years, remain open by statute.
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was enacted and included provisions that amended U.S. federal corporate income tax law to, among other things, allow for the immediate expensing of domestic U.S. research and development expenses, allow for the immediate expensing of certain capital expenditures, and change the U.S. taxation of profits derived from foreign operations. The OBBBA did not have a material impact on our effective income tax rate or consolidated financial statements.
The following table presents total income taxes paid (net of refunds received):
For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
Federal: | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
State: | |||||||||||||||||
Total: | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, no individual state jurisdiction accounted for 5% or more of total income taxes paid. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Florida accounted for 100 % of income taxes paid.
110
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
12. Software and Equipment
Software and equipment consist largely of capitalized software developed to support our mortgage insurance operations. Software and equipment, net of accumulated amortization and depreciation, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, consists of the following:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Software | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Equipment | |||||||||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | |||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | |||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization and depreciation | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Software and equipment, net | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
Capitalized costs for software, equipment, and leasehold improvements during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $7.3 million, $7.4 million and $9.9 million, respectively. Amortization and depreciation expense for software, equipment, and leasehold improvements for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $11.3 million, $11.9 million and $11.5 million, respectively.
13. Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Intangible assets and goodwill consist of identifiable intangible assets and goodwill purchased in connection with the acquisition of our insurance subsidiaries. Intangible assets and goodwill as of both December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:
| (In Thousands) | Expected Lives | ||||||||||
| Goodwill | $ | Indefinite | |||||||||
| State licenses | Indefinite | ||||||||||
| GSE applications | Indefinite | ||||||||||
| Total intangible assets and goodwill | $ | ||||||||||
We test goodwill and intangible assets for impairment annually or more frequently if we believe indicators of impairment exist. No
14. Leases
We have two operating lease agreements related to our corporate headquarters and a data center facility for which we recognized operating ROU assets and lease liabilities of $6.7 million and $8.5 million in “ and “,” respectively, on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, we recognized operating ROU assets and lease liabilities of $8.2 million and $10.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we did not have any finance leases.
We did not enter into any new operating leases or recognize any new ROU assets or lease liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2025.
The following table provides a summary of our ROU asset and lease liability assumptions as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
Weighted average remaining lease term | |||||||||||
Weighted average discount rate | % | % | |||||||||
Cash paid on our operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $2.4 million, $2.3 million and $1.5 million and lease expense incurred was $2.1 million, $2.1 million and $2.0 million during each respective period.
111
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
Future payments due under our existing operating leases as of December 31, 2025 are as follows:
| Years ending December 31, | (In Thousands) | ||||
| 2026 | $ | ||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| 2029 | |||||
| 2030 | |||||
| Total undiscounted lease payments | |||||
| Less effects of discounting | ( | ||||
| Present value of lease payments | $ | ||||
Lease expense is recorded in “Underwriting and Operating Expenses” on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Our existing leases have original terms that range from to eight years . The lease for our corporate headquarters includes an option to renew for an additional five years at prevailing market rates at time of renewal. This renewal option is not included in the calculation of future lease payments due under the existing lease as presented above as it is not reasonably certain to be exercised.
15. Commitments and Contingencies
PMIERs
As an approved insurer, NMIC is subject to ongoing compliance with the PMIERs established by each of the GSEs (italicized terms have the same meaning that such terms have in the PMIERs, as described below). The PMIERs establish operational, business, remedial and financial requirements applicable to approved insurers. The PMIERs financial requirements prescribe a risk-based methodology whereby the amount of assets required to be held against each insured loan is determined based on certain loan-level risk characteristics, such as FICO, vintage (year of origination), performing vs. non-performing (i.e., current vs. delinquent), LTV ratio and other risk features. In general, higher-quality loans carry lower charges.
Under the PMIERs, approved insurers must maintain available assets that equal or exceed minimum required assets, which is an amount equal to the greater of (i) $400 million or (ii) a total risk-based required asset amount. The risk-based required asset amount is a function of the risk profile of an approved insurer's RIF, assessed on a loan-by-loan basis against certain risk-based factors derived from tables set out in the PMIERs, which is then adjusted on an aggregate basis for reinsurance transactions approved by the GSEs, such as with respect to our QSR Transactions, XOL Transactions and ILN Transactions. The aggregate gross risk-based required asset amount for performing, primary insurance is subject to a floor of 5.6 % of performing primary adjusted RIF.
By April 15th of each year, NMIC must certify it met all PMIERs requirements as of December 31st of the prior year. We certified to the GSEs by April 15, 2025 that NMIC was in full compliance with the PMIERs as of December 31, 2024. NMIC also has an ongoing obligation to immediately notify the GSEs in writing upon discovery of a failure to meet one or more of the PMIERs requirements. We continuously monitor NMIC's compliance with the PMIERs.
112
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
16. Common Stock
Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by stockholders, and there are no cumulative voting rights. Holders of our common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends ratably if any are declared.
Share repurchase program
On July 31, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a $200 million share repurchase program (the 2023 Repurchase Program), effective through December 31, 2025. On February 5, 2025, our Board of Directors authorized an additional $250 million repurchase program (the 2025 Repurchase Program), effective through December 31, 2027, and extended the effectiveness of the 2023 Repurchase Program through December 31, 2027 to align its remaining tenor with that of the 2025 Repurchase Program. The authorizations provide us with the flexibility, based on market and business conditions, stock price and other factors, to repurchase stock from time to time through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or other means, including pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans.
During the year ended December 31, 2025 we repurchased 2.8 million shares at an average price of $37.44 (excluding associated costs and applicable taxes). During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased 2.8 million shares at an average price of $33.98 per share (excluding associated costs and applicable taxes). As of December 31, 2025, we had $225.9 million of repurchase authorization remaining.
17. Regulatory Information
Statutory Requirements
Our insurance subsidiaries, NMIC and Re One, file financial statements in conformity with statutory accounting principles (SAP) prescribed or permitted by the Wisconsin OCI, NMIC's principal regulator. Prescribed SAP includes state laws, regulations and general administrative rules, as well as a variety of publications of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). The Wisconsin OCI recognizes only statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the state of Wisconsin for determining and reporting the financial condition and results of operations of an insurance company and for determining its solvency under Wisconsin insurance laws.
The Wisconsin OCI has imposed a prescribed accounting practice for the treatment of statutory contingency reserves that differs from the treatment promulgated by the NAIC. Under Wisconsin OCI's prescribed practice mortgage guaranty insurers are required to reflect changes in their contingency reserves through statutory income. Such approach contrasts with the NAIC's treatment, which records changes to contingency reserves directly to unassigned funds. As a Wisconsin-domiciled insurer, NMIC's statutory net income reflects an expense associated with the change in its contingency reserve. While such treatment impacts NMIC's statutory net income, it does not have an effect on NMIC's statutory capital position.
The following table presents NMIC's statutory net income, statutory surplus, contingency reserve, statutory capital and risk-to-capital (RTC) ratio as of and for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:
| As of and for the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Statutory net income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Statutory surplus | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contingency reserve | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Statutory capital (1) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Risk-to-capital | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Represents the total of the statutory surplus and contingency reserve.
113
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2025
Re One recorded statutory income of $28 thousand and $43 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and a statutory loss of $400 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023. Re One had $2.1
Under applicable law in Wisconsin and 15 other states, mortgage insurers must maintain minimum amounts of statutory capital relative to RIF to continue writing new business. While formulations of minimum statutory capital may vary in each state, the most common measure allows for a maximum permitted RTC ratio of 25 :1. Wisconsin and certain other states, including California and Illinois, apply a substantially similar requirement referred to as minimum policyholders' position.
As of December 31, 2025, NMIC's primary RIF, net of reinsurance, was approximately $42.4 billion and its RTC ratio was 13.0 :1. As of December 31, 2024, NMIC's primary RIF, net of reinsurance, was approximately $36.6 billion and its RTC ratio was 12.7 :1.
Debt Service Allocation
The Wisconsin OCI has approved the allocation of interest expense on the $425 million 2024 Notes and $250 million 2024 Revolving Credit Facility to NMIC, to the extent proceeds from such offering and facility are distributed to NMIC or used to repay, redeem or otherwise defease amounts raised by NMIC under prior credit arrangements that have previously been distributed to NMIC.
Dividend Restrictions
NMIH is not subject to any limitations on its ability to pay dividends except those generally applicable to corporations that are incorporated in Delaware. Delaware law provides that dividends are only payable out of a corporation's capital surplus or, subject to certain limitations, recent net profits.
NMIC and Re One are subject to certain capital and dividend rules and regulations prescribed by jurisdictions in which they are authorized to operate and the GSEs that may restrict their ability to pay dividends to NMIH. Under Wisconsin law, NMIC and Re One may pay dividends up to specified levels (i.e., “ordinary” dividends) with 30 days' prior notice to the Wisconsin OCI. Dividends in larger amounts (i.e., “extraordinary” dividends), are subject to the Wisconsin OCI's prior approval. Under Wisconsin law, an extraordinary dividend is defined as any payment or distribution that together with other dividends and distributions made within the preceding twelve months, exceeds the lesser of (i) 10 % of the insurer's statutory policyholders' surplus as of the preceding December 31 or (ii) adjusted statutory net income for the twelve-month period ending the preceding December 31. During the year ended December 31, 2025, NMIC paid a $98.4 million ordinary course dividend to NMIH. NMIC has the capacity to pay aggregate ordinary dividends of $101.0 million to NMIH during the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2026.
As an approved insurer under PMIERs, NMIC would generally be subject to additional restrictions on its ability to pay dividends to NMIH if it failed to meet the financial requirements prescribed by PMIERs. Approved insurers that fail to meet the prescribed PMIERs financial requirements are not permitted to pay dividends without prior approval from the GSEs.
114
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2025, pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Management applied its judgment in assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures, which by their nature, can provide only reasonable assurance regarding management's control objectives. Management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent or detect all errors and fraud. A control system, irrespective of how well it is designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance and cannot guarantee that it will succeed in its stated objectives.
Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 framework) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, our management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 has been audited by BDO USA, P.C., an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which appears below.
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
115
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Shareholders and Board of Directors
NMI Holdings, Inc.
Emeryville, California
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited NMI Holdings, Inc.’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes and schedules listed in the accompanying index appearing under Part IV, Item 15 – Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules and our report dated February 12, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Item 9A, Controls and Procedures”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ BDO USA, P.C.
San Francisco, California
February 12, 2026
116
Item 9B. Other Information
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
Not applicable.
117
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2025. Accordingly, we have omitted the information from this Item pursuant to General Instruction G (3) of Form 10-K.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2025. Accordingly, we have omitted the information from this Item pursuant to General Instruction G (3) of Form 10-K.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2025. Accordingly, we have omitted the information from this Item pursuant to General Instruction G (3) of Form 10-K.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2025. Accordingly, we have omitted the information from this Item pursuant to General Instruction G (3) of Form 10-K.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2025. Accordingly, we have omitted the information from this Item pursuant to General Instruction G (3) of Form 10-K.
118
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
1. Financial Statements — See the “Index to Financial Statements” included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for a list of the financial statements filed as part of this report.
2. Financial Statement Schedules — The following financial statement schedules are filed as part of this Form 10-K and appear immediately following the signature page. See the “Index to Financial Statement Schedules” on page 124.
Schedule I — Summary of Investments — other than investments in related parties as of December 31, 2025
Schedule II — Financial Information of Registrant as of December 31, 2025
Schedule IV — Reinsurance as of December 31, 2025
All other schedules are omitted because the required information is not present or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedules, or because the information required is included in our Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto.
3. Exhibits
Exhibit Number | Description | ||||||||||
| 1.1 | Underwriting Agreement, dated May 7, 2024, among the Company, RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, BMO Capital Markets Corp., Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Truist Securities, Inc. acting as representatives of several underwriters named therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to our Form 8-K, filed on May 8, 2024) | ||||||||||
| 3.1 | Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Form 8-K, filed on May 10, 2024) | ||||||||||
| 3.2 | Fifth Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Form 8-K, filed on May 10, 2024) | ||||||||||
| 4.1 | Indenture, dated as of May 21, 2024, by and between NMI Holdings, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Form 8-K, filed on May 21, 2024) | ||||||||||
| 4.2 | Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 21, 2024, by and between NMI Holdings, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. as Trustee (including the form of the Notes) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Form 8-K, filed on May 21, 2024) | ||||||||||
| 4.3 | Description of Securities (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to our Form 10-Q, filed on July 31, 2024) | ||||||||||
| 10.1 ~ | NMI Holdings Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (registration No. 333-191635), filed on October 9, 2013) | ||||||||||
| 10.2 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement (For CEO and CFO) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (Registration No. 333-191635), filed on October 9, 2013) | ||||||||||
10.3 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement (For Management) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (Registration No. 333-191635), filed on October 9, 2013) | ||||||||||
10.4 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement (For Non-Employee Directors) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to our Form S-1 Registration Statement (Registration No. 333-191635), filed on October 9, 2013) | ||||||||||
10.5 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement (For CEO/CFO) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to our Form 10-K, filed on February 17, 2017) | ||||||||||
10.6 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement (For Employees) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to our Form 10-K, filed on February 17, 2017) | ||||||||||
10.7 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement (For Employees) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to our Form 10-Q, filed on May 2, 2019) | ||||||||||
10.8 ~ | NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our 2022 Annual Proxy Statement, filed on March 29, 2022) | ||||||||||
119
120
| 21.1 | Subsidiaries of NMI Holdings, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to our Form 10-Q, filed on October 30, 2015) | ||||||||||
| 22.1 | Guaranteed Securities by Subsidiary Guarantor (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 22.1 to our Form 10-K, filed on February 16, 2022) | ||||||||||
| 23.1 | |||||||||||
| 31.1 | |||||||||||
| 31.2 | |||||||||||
| 32.1 # | |||||||||||
| 97.1 | NMI Holdings, Inc. Compensation Recovery Policy, Effective September 13, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to our Form 10-K, filed on February 15, 2024) | ||||||||||
| 101 | The following financial information from NMI Holdings, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | ||||||||||
* | Filed herewith. | ||||
** | Furnished herewith. | ||||
| ~ | Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or contract. | ||||
| + | Confidential treatment granted as to certain portions, which portions have been filed separately with the SEC. | ||||
| # | In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release No. 34-47986, the certifications furnished in Exhibit 32 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-K and will not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference. | ||||
121
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
122
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
NMI HOLDINGS, INC. | |||||
Date: February 12, 2026 | By: /s/ Adam S. Pollitzer | ||||
| Name: Adam S. Pollitzer Title: Chief Executive Officer | |||||
| Signature | Title | Date | ||||||||||||
| /s/ Adam S. Pollitzer | ||||||||||||||
Adam S. Pollitzer /s/ Aurora Swithenbank | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
Aurora Swithenbank /s/ Nicholas D. Realmuto | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
| Nicholas D. Realmuto /s/ Bradley M. Shuster | Controller | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
| Bradley M. Shuster /s/ Steven L. Scheid | Executive Chairman | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
Steven L. Scheid /s/ Regina Muehlhauser | Director | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
| Regina Muehlhauser /s/ Michael Montgomery | Director | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
| Michael Montgomery /s/ Michael Embler | Director | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
| Michael Embler /s/ Lynn S. McCreary | Director | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
| Lynn S. McCreary /s/ Priya Huskins | Director | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
Priya Huskins /s/ John C. Erickson | Director | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
John C. Erickson | Director | 2/12/2026 | ||||||||||||
123
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Schedule I — Summary of Investments — other than investments in related parties as of December 31, 2025 | F-1 | ||||
Schedule II — Financial Information of Registrant as of December 31, 2025 | F-2 | ||||
Schedule IV — Reinsurance as of December 31, 2025 | F-6 | ||||
124
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
SCHEDULE I
SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS - OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES
| December 31, 2025 | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amount Reflected on Balance Sheet | ||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | |||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | |||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||
| Total bonds | |||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
F-1
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
SCHEDULE II - FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
BALANCE SHEETS
PARENT COMPANY ONLY
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| (In Thousands, except for share data) | |||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||
| Investment in subsidiaries, at equity in net assets | |||||||||||
| Accrued investment income | |||||||||||
| Due from affiliates, net | |||||||||||
| Software and equipment, net | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax asset, net | |||||||||||
Other assets | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||
| Debt | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax liability, net | |||||||||||
| Other liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||||||
| Shareholders' equity | |||||||||||
Common stock - $ | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost: | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Retained earnings | |||||||||||
| Total shareholders' equity | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
F-2
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
SCHEDULE II - FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
PARENT COMPANY ONLY
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net investment income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized investment gains (losses) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other operating expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in net income of subsidiaries | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income, net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax expense of $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for realized losses included in net income, net of tax benefit of $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity in other comprehensive income of subsidiaries | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
F-3
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
SCHEDULE II - FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
PARENT COMPANY ONLY
| For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
Net realized investment losses (gains) | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | |||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Investment in subsidiaries, at equity in net assets | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Accrued investment income | |||||||||||||||||
| Receivable from affiliates | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Other assets | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Capitalization of subsidiaries | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Purchase of short-term investments | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase of fixed-maturity investments, available-for-sale | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from maturities and redemptions of fixed-maturity investments, available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||
Software and equipment | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock related to employee equity plans | |||||||||||||||||
| Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from senior unsecured notes | |||||||||||||||||
| Repayments of senior secured notes | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Payments of debt issuance costs | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
F-4
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
SCHEDULE II - FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES
PARENT COMPANY ONLY
Note A
The NMI Holdings, Inc. (Parent Company) financial statements represent the stand-alone financial statements of the Parent Company. These financial statements have been prepared on the same basis and using the same accounting policies as described in the consolidated financial statements included herein. Refer to the Parent Company's consolidated financial statements for additional information.
NMIH and its subsidiaries entered into a tax sharing agreement effective August 23, 2012, which was subsequently amended on September 1, 2016. Under original and amended agreements, each of the parties agreed to file consolidated federal income tax returns for all tax years beginning in and subsequent to 2012, with NMIH as the direct tax filer. The tax liability of each subsidiary that is party to the agreement is limited to the amount of the liability it would incur if it filed separate returns.
Note B
NMIC and Re One are subject to certain capital and dividend rules and regulations prescribed by jurisdictions in which they are authorized to operate and the GSEs that may restrict their ability to pay dividends to NMIH. Under Wisconsin law, NMIC and Re One may pay dividends up to specified levels (i.e., “ordinary” dividends) with 30 days' prior notice to the Wisconsin OCI. Dividends in larger amounts (i.e.,“extraordinary” dividends), are subject to the Wisconsin OCI's prior approval. Under Wisconsin law, an extraordinary dividend is defined as any payment or distribution that together with other dividends and distributions made within the preceding twelve months exceeds the lesser of (i) 10% of the insurer's statutory policyholders' surplus as of the preceding December 31 or (ii) adjusted statutory net income for the twelve-month period ending the preceding December 31. During the year ended December 31, 2025, NMIC paid a $98.4 million ordinary course dividend to NMIH, representing its full ordinary course dividend capacity payable under Wisconsin insurance laws for the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2025. NMIC has the capacity to pay aggregate ordinary dividends of $101.0 million to NMIH during the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2026.
The remaining net assets from dividend capacity are considered restricted. As of December 31, 2025, the amount of restricted net assets held by our consolidated insurance subsidiaries, which represents our equity investment in those insurance subsidiaries less their aggregate dividend capacity, totaled $3.3 billion, compared to $2.8 billion as of December 31, 2024.
Note C
The Parent Company provides certain services to its subsidiaries. The Parent Company allocates to its subsidiaries corporate expense it incurs in the capacity of supporting those subsidiaries, based on either an allocated percentage of time spent or internally allocated capital. Total operating expenses allocated to subsidiaries for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025 were $166.4 million, $177.2 million and $163.9 million, respectively. Amounts charged to the subsidiaries for operating expenses are based on actual cost, without any mark-up. The Parent Company considers these charges fair and reasonable. The subsidiaries reimburse the Parent Company for these costs in a timely manner, which has the impact of improving the cash flows of the Parent Company.
F-5
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
SCHEDULE IV - FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
REINSURANCE
| Gross Amount | Ceded to Other Companies | Assumed from Other Companies | Net Amount | Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the years ended December 31, | (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | $ | $ | $ | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
F-6
Exhibit 19.1
Insider Trading and Information Policy
Eff. September 11, 2025
Eff. September 11, 2025
Purpose
Federal and state securities laws prohibit any person who is aware of material nonpublic information about a company from trading in securities of that company. These laws also prohibit a person from disclosing material nonpublic information to other persons who may trade on the basis of that information.
We have adopted this Insider Trading and Information Policy to promote compliance with these laws and to protect you and our company from the serious liabilities and penalties that can result from violations of these laws. This policy is not intended simply as a restatement of legal principles or regulatory rules and, in certain areas, NMI Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) have for business and/or regulatory reasons adopted policies and procedures that may impose requirements beyond those mandated by applicable laws or regulations.
This policy is for the sole and exclusive benefit of the Company and does not constitute or otherwise create any employment or other legal right, privilege, assurance or contract of any kind or nature in favor of any Company personnel. Conduct in violation of this policy is outside the scope of the job responsibilities and authority of any director, officer or associate and will subject the director, officer or associate to disciplinary action, as described more fully below.
It is your responsibility to comply with the securities laws and this policy. If you have a question about this policy or whether it applies to a particular transaction, please contact our General Counsel for additional guidance.
Persons subject to this policy
This policy covers every director, officer, employee, and independent contractor (including persons employed on a temporary or contract basis or through a staffing agency) (individually, a “Covered Person”, and collectively, “Covered Persons”) of the Company, as well as their parents, spouses and minor children, other persons living in their households, any family members who do not live in any Covered Person’s household but whose transactions in securities are directed by the Covered Person or are subject to the Covered Person’s influence and control (such as parents or children who consult with the Covered Person before they trade in securities) and investment partnerships and other entities (such as trusts and corporations) over which such Covered Persons have or share voting or investment control (collectively, the “Related Parties”).
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Core trading and disclosure restrictions
•If you are aware of material nonpublic information regarding us, you must not trade or advise anyone else to trade in our securities until such information has been publicly disclosed.
•All persons subject to this policy are subject to trading restrictions, including a prohibition against trading outside of a specified period known as a “trading window,” as described in Section II.B.
•Designated Persons (as defined below) are subject to additional trading restrictions, including pre-clearance requirements, as more fully described below in Section IV.
•Do not share material nonpublic information with people in our Company whose jobs do not require them to have the information.
•Do not disclose any material nonpublic information concerning the Company to anyone outside the Company unless such disclosure is required as part of your duties and the person receiving the information has a reason to know the information for Company business purposes and is under a duty of confidentiality to the Company with respect to the material nonpublic information.
General Counsel
The General Counsel has the following duties:
•Administering and interpreting this policy and monitoring and enforcing compliance with all Policy provisions and procedures;
•Responding to questions from Company personnel concerning the Insider Trading and Information Policy or applicable securities laws generally;
•Implementing any additional trading restrictions or prohibitions imposed pursuant to this policy;
•Circulating this policy to all Company personnel, including Section 16 Individuals (as defined below), on an annual or other periodic basis as determined by the Company and providing the Insider Trading and Information policy to all new officers, directors and other Company personnel;
•Reviewing requests for pre-clearance of all transactions involving the Company’s securities by Designated Persons (as defined below) or as otherwise required pursuant to this policy;
•Designating and announcing special trading blackout periods during which no person covered by this policy may trade in Company securities (other than through a 10b5-1 Plan, as defined below);
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•Serving as the designated recipient at the Company of copies of reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) by Section 16 Individuals under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”);
•Assisting in the preparation and filing of Section 16 reports for all Section 16 Individuals;
•Maintaining as Company records originals or copies of all documents required by the provisions of this policy or the procedures set forth herein, and copies of all required SEC reports relating to trading in Company securities; and
•Determining from time to time if persons should be added or deleted from the Company’s list of Designated Persons.
In carrying out the above duties and other duties, the General Counsel may consult with the Company’s outside counsel and may delegate certain duties to other attorneys in the Company’s Legal Department.
If the General Counsel is unable or unavailable to perform such duties, such duties may be performed by such other persons designated by the General Counsel or the Chief Financial Officer.
I. CERTAIN DEFINITIONS
A. “Material” Information. There is no bright-line test as to what constitutes “material” information; rather, materiality is based on an assessment of all of the facts and circumstances. Information is generally considered material if a reasonable stockholder or investor would consider it important in making a decision to buy, sell or hold our securities. In simple terms, material information is any type of information that could reasonably be expected to affect the market price of our securities. Both positive and negative information may be material.
A good rule of thumb to follow is that if you are considering purchasing or selling securities of the Company (or some other company) because of some piece of information concerning a potential or pending, but unannounced event or development, it is likely to be “material.” It is your responsibility to seek guidance where necessary to determine if the information you possess is material.
You should keep in mind that whether information is material depends on the specific circumstances existing at a particular point in time. Because trading that receives scrutiny will be evaluated after the fact and with the benefit of hindsight, you should refrain from trading and disclosing information to others who may be in a position to trade on such information if you are uncertain as to the materiality of the information you possess.
B. “Nonpublic” Information. Nonpublic information is information that is not generally available to the investing public. If you are aware of material nonpublic information about the
3
Company or any other company, you may not trade until the information has been widely disclosed to the public and the market has had sufficient time to absorb the information.
You should keep in mind that information that is widely known within the Company may still be nonpublic if it has not been generally released to the investing public. Also, even after a public disclosure, some related matters may remain nonpublic and thus still constitute material nonpublic (inside) information.
You should not discuss material non-public information within the hearing range of any person who is not authorized to receive that information. It is particularly important to exercise care and refrain from discussing non-public information in public places, such as elevators, trains, taxis, airplanes, lavatories, restaurants, and other places where the discussion might be overheard.
II. GENERAL TRADING RESTRICTIONS
All Company personnel should be aware that the enforcement of the insider trading laws is not limited to senior management or other persons who might be considered “high up” in a company’s organization.
The Company may provide information on associate securities trading and other matters relating to this policy to governmental and/or regulatory authorities, will comply with any court orders and may cooperate with investigations by governmental or regulatory authorities into associate securities trading and other related matters.
A. No Trading While in Possession of Material Nonpublic Information. You may not trade any securities of the Company when you are in possession of material nonpublic information. Additionally, you may not trade any securities of any other public company when you are in possession of material nonpublic information regarding such public company gained in the course of employment with the Company. If you are unsure whether the information you have is material or nonpublic, you should not trade any securities of the Company or of another public company until you have spoken with the General Counsel. You may not make information public so that you can purchase or sell securities of the Company or any other company. Nonpublic information may only be disclosed in accordance with applicable policies and procedures of the Company by authorized persons executing their professional responsibilities on behalf of the Company.
Designated Persons (as defined below) are subject to additional trading restrictions. See Section IV. From time to time, certain Company personnel who are not Designated Persons may be required to have trades pre-cleared by the General Counsel, as discussed in Section IV.B below. Such personnel will be advised of such restrictions in writing.
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B. No Trading Outside a Trading Window. The period leading up to the end of each quarter and continuing until public disclosure and dissemination of the financial results for the quarter is a particularly sensitive period for transactions in the Company’s securities from the perspective of compliance with applicable securities laws and Company policy.
Any person subject to this policy may trade in Company securities only during a specified trading window period. For purposes of this policy, the first day of the trading window will be the first full Trading Day (as defined below) following the public disclosure of quarterly or annual earnings, as applicable. The trading window will continue until the date that is seven days prior to the end of the then current fiscal quarter (for the avoidance of doubt, no trading may occur on such seventh day). The term “Trading Day” shall mean a day on which the NASDAQ is open for trading.
It is very important to remember that trading in the Company’s securities or derivative securities during the trading window is not a “safe harbor” and may still violate the insider trading laws and Company policy. If you are in possession of material nonpublic information, you may not trade in Company securities even during applicable trading windows.
Any trading window may be shortened or ended whenever, in the judgment of the General Counsel, it is determined that there is a significant risk to the Company or to officers, directors and associates if trading were to continue.
C. No Trading During a Blackout Period. Any person subject to this policy may not trade in Company securities during any special blackout periods of which the General Counsel has notified them. You may not disclose to any outside party that a special blackout period has been designated. This restriction does not apply to trades executed pursuant to a 10b5-1 Plan, as defined below.
D. Transactions By “Related Parties.” When you are prohibited from trading securities of the Company or any other company because you possess material nonpublic information or there is a blackout period applicable to you, you may not have any other person purchase or sell securities on your behalf or disclose the information to any such person. Any purchases or sales made by another person on your behalf will be attributed to you.
Restrictions on insider trading apply to your Related Parties. You are responsible for the compliance of the members of your Related Parties. Transactions that may be necessary or justifiable for independent reasons are no exception to the policy.
E. Prohibition Against “Tipping.” In addition, if you disclose material nonpublic information about the Company to another person and that person trades in Company securities, both you and the other person can be liable (even though you did not gain any benefit).
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F. Speculative Transactions. To avoid even the appearance of impropriety, you are expected to approach any transactions in the Company’s securities as long-term investments and not for purposes of short-term or speculative profits. Accordingly, transactions of a speculative nature in Company securities are prohibited. Examples of prohibited speculative transactions include:
•short-term, “in-and-out” trading (as a general matter, securities purchased and held for less than six months are considered short-term positions);
•“short sales” (that is, sales of shares that are not owned);
•“sales against the box” (that is, sales of borrowed shares against shares already owned, but not delivered against the sale);
•transactions on margin;
•transactions based on rumors or speculation of extraordinary corporate transactions or other significant developments that might involve the Company (as described above, such transactions may be viewed as involving the misuse of material nonpublic information);
•transactions in publicly traded put, call or other options on (or other derivative securities involving) the Company’s securities; and
•other hedging transactions in the Company’s securities.
G. Post-Termination Transactions. The prohibitions on trading continue to apply to transactions in our securities even after you have terminated your employment or term on the Board of Directors. If you are in possession of material nonpublic information at the time of such termination, you may not trade in Company securities until that information has become public or is no longer material.
H. Exception for Bona Fide Gifts. Bona fide gifts of the securities of the Company are exempt from this policy, unless the person making the gift has reason to believe that the recipient intends to sell the Company securities while the Covered Person is aware of material nonpublic information.
I. Exceptions for Certain Transactions under Company Benefit Plans. Certain transactions in Company securities under Company benefit plans are not prohibited by this policy. It does not apply to your election to have the Company withhold shares subject to an option to satisfy tax withholding requirements in connection with certain vesting. Unless you choose not to sell any shares you receive upon exercise of stock options, this policy applies to your exercise of such stock options, including any broker-assisted cashless exercise of options.
J. Exception for Trades Pursuant to Pre-arranged Trading Plans. The trading restrictions in this policy do not apply to trading in Company securities if the trades occur pursuant to a pre-arranged trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act that has been pre-
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cleared by our General Counsel (a “10b5-1 Plan”). Covered Persons may establish a 10b5-1 Plan which permits (i) automatic trading of Company stock through a third-party broker or (ii) trading of Company stock by an independent person (e.g., an investment broker) who is not aware of material non-public information at the time of the trade. Once a 10b5-1 Plan is implemented in accordance with Rule 10b5-1, trades pursuant to such 10b5-1 Plan will not be subject to the limitations and restrictions set forth in other sections of this Policy.
A 10b5-1 Plan must have the below characteristics:
•Company Approval. The 10b5-1 Plan has been reviewed and approved in writing prior to entry into the 10b5-1 Plan by the General Counsel (or if revised or amended, such revisions or amendments have been reviewed and approved in advance by the General Counsel); provided, however, that if the officer seeking pre-clearance is the General Counsel, then such officer must obtain the required preclearance from the Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer;
•Adoption. At the time of adoption, the Covered Person may not be aware of any material non-public information about the Company or its securities and must adopt the plan in good faith and not as part of a plan or scheme to evade the prohibitions of Exchange Act Section 10b and Rule 10b-5, and the plan must contain a certification by the Covered Person to that effect;
•No Subsequent Influence. The 10b5-1 Plan must (1) specify the amount of securities to be purchased or sold and the price at which and the date on which the securities are to be purchased or sold, (2) include a written formula or algorithm, or computer program, for determining the amount of securities to be purchased or sold and the price at which and the date on which the securities are to be purchased or sold or (3) not permit the Covered Person to exercise any subsequent influence over how, when or whether to effect purchases or sales and, in addition, any other person who, pursuant to the
7
contract, instruction or plan did exercise such influence, must not have been aware of material nonpublic information when doing so;
•Single Trade Plans. The 10b5-1 Plan meets the twelve-month limitation on single transaction plans set forth in Rule 10b5-1, subject to certain exceptions (i.e., to permit sell-to-cover plans);
•Duration. The 10b5-1 Plan has a minimum duration of 6 months and a maximum duration of 18 months;
•One Plan at a Time. No Covered Person may adopt more than one 10b5-1 Plan at a time, except as specifically permitted by Rule 10b5-1; and
•Cooling-Off Periods. When establishing or amending a 10b5-1 Plan by a Section 16 Individual, no purchases or sales pursuant to a plan may occur until the expiration of a cooling-off period ending on the later of 90 days after the adoption or modification of the plan, and 2 business days following the disclosure of the Company’s financial results on a Form 10-Q or Form 10-K for the completed fiscal quarter in which the plan was adopted or modified; provided, however, that in no event shall the required cooling-off period exceed 120 days. When establishing or amending a 10b5-1 Plan by all other Covered Persons, no purchases or sales may occur until the expiration of a cooling off period that is 30 days after the adoption or modification of a 10b5-1 Plan. An amendment or change to a 10b5-1 Plan that is treated as a termination of such plan and adoption of a new plan under Rule 10b5-1 shall be treated similarly for purposes of these requirements (including with respect to cooling-off periods).
As a condition to the approval of any such plan, the General Counsel may require the inclusion in the plan of any provisions deemed necessary or advisable to comply with the law and Company policy. Any modification or termination of a trading plan must be approved by the General Counsel before any further transactions can be effected pursuant to the plan. Clearance of a pre-approved trading plan by the General Counsel shall not be construed as a legal opinion or advice that the trading plan meets the requirements of Rule 10b5-1(c). You remain solely responsible for compliance with all securities laws and regulations and should consult your own counsel as appropriate.
K. Other Exceptions. There may be circumstances in which application of this policy to Related Parties may cause severe hardship – for example, if an associate’s spouse is a stockbroker. In such cases, the Company may consider the appropriateness of granting a limited exception, which itself may include specific conditions, in order to alleviate the hardship while still meeting the Company’s compliance objectives. Company personnel should promptly report any such situation to the General Counsel. In reporting the situation, personnel must truthfully disclose all relevant facts and circumstances.
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Decisions as to whether an exception will be granted, and, if so, the conditions that may be required to grant the exception, rest with the sole discretion of the Company and will depend on the Company’s assessment of all of the relevant facts and circumstances of a particular situation. The Company expects that such exceptions will be rare and not become the rule. Any such exception granted is limited to the particular facts and circumstances disclosed, and does not modify the requirement to comply with applicable securities laws. Company directors, officers and associates have a duty to report promptly any changes in the facts and/or circumstances of any situation which is the subject of an exception so as to permit the Company to reassess the matter on a timely basis.
III. UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION
A. Disclosure to Outside Persons. You are prohibited from disclosing to anyone any nonpublic information obtained at or through the Company (“Confidential Information”), except when such disclosure is part of your regular duties and is needed to enable the Company to carry out its business properly and effectively.
Confidential Information may take many forms and includes nonpublic information concerning financial performance, operating results, business and marketing plans and strategies, management organization or changes, extraordinary corporate transactions, significant litigation or regulatory matters, and other matters relating to the conduct of the Company’s business and other activities. Confidential Information may also originate from or otherwise relate to another company with which the Company has a relationship, such as the Company’s borrowers, depositors, other customers, business partners, potential transaction partners, suppliers, companies advertising or being reported on in the Company’s publications and others.
If you receive an inquiry from someone outside of the Company for information, you should refer the inquiry to the General Counsel.
B. Disclosure to Inside Persons. You should not share Confidential Information, whether about the Company or about another company, with people in the Company whose jobs do not require them to have such information.
C. Protecting Company Information. The following procedures are appropriate in protecting the confidentiality of Company information: (i) avoid discussions of confidential matters in places where they might be overheard or otherwise disseminated; (ii) mark sensitive documents “confidential” and use sealed envelopes marked “confidential”; (iii) secure confidential documents and restrict the copying of sensitive documents; (iv) direct outside inquiries to the General Counsel; (v) use code names for sensitive projects; (vi) use passwords to restrict computer access; (vii) do not use social media or any Internet message boards or similar medium available to the public to post any unauthorized messages regarding the
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Company or our business, financial condition, associates, clients or other matters related to us; and (viii) adhere at all times to the Company’s privacy, information security, business conduct and social media policies.
IV. ADDITIONAL TRADING RESTRICTIONS FOR DESIGNATED PERSONS
Designated Persons are subject to the additional trading restrictions set forth in this Section IV.
A. Definition of “Designated Persons.” Designated Persons are defined as the following:
•all directors of the Company;
•all officers of the Company who have been designated by our Board of Directors as “executive officers” for purposes of the reporting requirements and trading restrictions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act (as shown on “Exhibit 1”) (who, together with the directors, are referred to herein as “Section 16 Individuals”);
•any additional persons that the Company may from time to time designate as a Designated Person because of their position with the Company and access to material nonpublic information; and
•Related Parties of any of the above.
B. No Trading Without Prior Approval. During a trading window, Designated Persons may trade in Company securities only after notifying and obtaining the approval of the General Counsel. You must not engage in the transaction unless and until the General Counsel provides his approval electronically or in writing. The foregoing functions of the General Counsel will be undertaken by the Chief Financial Officer in the case of proposed trades by the General Counsel, or if the General Counsel is otherwise unavailable. Approval is only for the particular transaction for which clearance is sought and granted and must be completed by the end of the second Trading Day following notification of clearance (or such other time as specified by the General Counsel). If you come into possession of material nonpublic information after the General Counsel provides approval, but before execution of the trade, you must notify the General Counsel and you may not trade until receiving a new approval from the General Counsel. If clearance is denied, the fact of such denial must be kept confidential by the person requesting such clearance. The Company may also find it necessary, from time to time, to require compliance with the pre-clearance process by other Company personnel and will advise such persons in writing.
C. Margin Accounts and Pledging Company Securities. You may not hold Company securities in a margin account or pledge Company securities as collateral for a loan.
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V. COMPLIANCE AND POTENTIAL CIVIL, CRIMINAL AND DISCIPLINARY SANCTIONS
Every director, officer, and associate of the Company has the individual responsibility (i) to personally comply with applicable securities trading laws and this policy and (ii) to take steps to see that their Related Parties also comply with applicable securities laws and this policy.
Directors, officers, associates and their Related Parties may, from time to time, have to forego a potential or proposed transaction in the Company’s securities (or the securities of another company) as a result of this policy, including specific trading restrictions or prohibitions imposed on an associate (and their Related Parties). The Company bears no responsibility or liability for any financial loss or other impact arising from any of the requirements imposed pursuant to or in compliance with this policy or applicable securities trading laws or rules.
A. Company Discipline. If you violate this policy or insider trading or tipping laws, you may be subject to disciplinary action by the Company, which may include ineligibility for future participation in the Company’s equity incentive plans, fines, suspension (without pay) or termination of employment (or, in the case of directors, suspension (without pay) or termination of directorship) for cause, or some combination of the foregoing. Company personnel shall also be subject to such disciplinary action by the Company for violations by their Related Parties. A violation of our Company policy is not necessarily the same as a violation of law. In fact, for the reasons indicated above, the Company’s policy is intended to be more restrictive than the law. The Company reserves the right to determine, in its own discretion and on the basis of the information available to it, whether its policy has been violated. The Company is not required to await the filing or conclusion of a civil or criminal action against an alleged violator before taking disciplinary action.
B. Reporting of Violations. Any director, officer, or associate who violates this policy or any federal or state laws governing insider trading or tipping, or knows of any such violation by any other director, officer or associate, must report the violation immediately to the General Counsel.
All directors, officers and associates are expected to cooperate in any investigation or other effort by the Company to respond to a report of a suspected compliance violation. The Company will not tolerate any direct or indirect efforts by Company personnel to cover up a compliance violation or otherwise impede an investigation or corrective action, for example, by withholding information, fabricating an inaccurate or misleading version of the facts, creating misleading documents, altering or destroying records or other such deceptive conduct. Any such conduct is itself a violation of this policy.
C. Obtaining Guidance. This policy may not cover every situation that may arise, and you may find yourself in a situation where questions or uncertainty exists as to applicability of the
11
securities trading laws or this policy. If you have questions as to the applicability of or compliance with the securities trading laws or this policy, you should refrain from taking any questionable action and ask questions first. Questions should be directed to the General Counsel.
D. Amendment to Policy. The General Counsel may propose amendments to this policy to the Board of Directors from time to time as the General Counsel deems necessary or advisable.
12
Exhibit 1
The following officers of the Company have been designated by our Board of Directors as “executive officers” for purposes of the reporting requirements and trading restrictions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act:
Executive Chairman
Chief Executive Officer
President
Executive Vice Presidents
Chief Financial Officer
Chief Legal Officer
Chief Risk Officer
Chief Accounting Officer (or if there is no such Chief Accounting Officer, the Controller)
13
Re: Insider Trading and Information Policy
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Enclosed is a copy of the Insider Trading and Information Policy of NMI Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”), effective September 11, 2025. PLEASE READ IT VERY CAREFULLY. As it indicates, the consequences of insider trading can be severe for you and the Company.
To show that you have read the Insider Trading and Information Policy and agree to abide by its terms and conditions, please sign and return the attached copy of this letter to the General Counsel as soon as possible.
Very truly yours,
Bill Leatherberry
EVP, General Counsel
EVP, General Counsel
CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certifies that the undersigned has read, understands and agrees to comply with the Insider Trading and Information Policy of NMI Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”). The undersigned agrees that the undersigned will be subject to sanctions, which may include (without limitation), as to associates of the Company, termination of employment, that may be imposed by the Company, in its discretion, for violation of the Company’s policy, and that the Company may give stop-transfer and other instructions to the Company’s transfer agent or others against the transfer of Company securities by the undersigned in a transaction that the Company considers to be in contravention of its policy.
Signature
Print Name
Date of Signature
14
Exhibit 23.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (No. 333-279160) and Form S-8 (No. 333-264951, 333-218050, 333-198835 and 333-192540) of NMI Holdings, Inc. (the Company) of our reports dated February 12, 2026, relating to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules appearing under Part IV, Item 15 - Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules, and the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which appear in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
/s/ BDO USA, P.C.
San Francisco, California
February 12, 2026
EXHIBIT 31.1
PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER’S CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Adam S. Pollitzer, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of NMI Holdings, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to
be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including
its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the
period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial
reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of
financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this
report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the
period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that
occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case
of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s
internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over
financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process,
summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant
role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
February 12, 2026 | /s/ Adam S. Pollitzer | ||||
Adam S. Pollitzer | |||||
Chief Executive Officer | |||||
(Principal Executive Officer) | |||||
EXHIBIT 31.2
PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER’S CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Aurora Swithenbank, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of NMI Holdings, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:
a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to
be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including
its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the
period in which this report is being prepared;
b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial
reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of
financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles;
c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this
report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the
period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that
occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case
of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s
internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over
financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process,
summarize and report financial information; and
b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant
role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
February 12, 2026 | /s/ Aurora Swithenbank | ||||
Aurora Swithenbank | |||||
Chief Financial Officer | |||||
(Principal Financial Officer) | |||||
EXHIBIT 32.1
CERTIFICATION OF CEO AND CFO PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of NMI Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of the undersigned officers of the Company certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of such officer’s knowledge:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition
and results of operations of the Company.
February 12, 2026 | /s/ Adam S. Pollitzer | ||||
Adam S. Pollitzer | |||||
Chief Executive Officer | |||||
(Principal Executive Officer) | |||||
February 12, 2026 | /s/ Aurora Swithenbank | ||||
Aurora Swithenbank | |||||
Chief Financial Officer | |||||
(Principal Financial Officer) | |||||
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signatures that appear in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to NMI Holdings, Inc. and will be retained by NMI Holdings, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.