NMI Holdings, Inc 10-Q for FY2022 Q1
NMI Holdings, Inc. (NMIH)
10-Q
2022-05-05
For: 2022-03-31
View Original
Added on
April 12, 2026
About this 10-Q
NMI Holdings, Inc filed this 10-Q on May 5, 2022, covering the quarter ended March 31, 2022 (FY2022 Q1).
Headline figures
Quarter ended March 31, 2022, as reported in this filing, compared with the same period a year earlier where the filing states it.
- Revenue
- $127.44M
- up 10.6% from $115.19M a year earlier
- Net income
- $67.68M
- up 28.0% from net income of $52.89M a year earlier
- Diluted EPS
- $0.77
- up 26.2% from $0.61 a year earlier
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
| (Mark One) | ||||||||
| QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||||||
| For the quarterly period ended | ||||||||
OR
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
| For the transition period from ______ to ______ | |||||
Commission file number 001-36174
| (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) | ||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||||||||||||||||||
| , | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | |||||||||||||||||||
(855 ) 530-6642
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | ||||||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ||||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ||||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the registrant outstanding on May 2, 2022 was 86,079,031 shares.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Item 1. | ||||||||
| Item 2. | ||||||||
| Item 3. | ||||||||
| Item 4. | ||||||||
| Item 1. | ||||||||
| Item 1A. | ||||||||
| Item 6. | ||||||||
2
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), and the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any statements about our expectations, outlook, beliefs, plans, predictions, forecasts, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance are not historical facts and may be forward-looking. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as "anticipate," "believe," "can," "could," "may," "predict," "assume," "potential," "should," "will," "estimate," "perceive," "plan," "project," "continuing," "ongoing," "expect," "intend" or words of similar meaning and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the outlook for our future business and financial performance. All forward-looking statements are necessarily only estimates of future results, and actual results may differ materially from expectations. You are, therefore, cautioned not to place undue reliance on such statements which should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included elsewhere in this report. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, operating results, business strategy and financial needs. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements including, but not limited to:
•uncertainty relating to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the measures taken by governmental authorities and other third parties to contain the spread of COVID-19, including their impact on the global economy, the U.S. housing, real estate, housing finance and mortgage insurance markets, and our business, operations and personnel;
•changes in the charters, business practices, policy or priorities of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (collectively, the GSEs), which may include decisions that have the impact of decreasing or discontinuing the use of mortgage insurance as credit enhancement generally, or with first time homebuyers or on very high loan-to-value mortgages; or changes in the direction of housing policy objectives of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), such as the FHFA's priority to increase the accessibility to and affordability of homeownership for low-and-moderate income borrowers and minority communities;
•our ability to remain an eligible mortgage insurer under the private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements (PMIERs) and other requirements imposed by the GSEs, which they may change at any time;
•retention of our existing certificates of authority in each state and the District of Columbia (D.C.) and our ability to remain a mortgage insurer in good standing in each state and D.C.;
•our future profitability, liquidity and capital resources;
•actions of existing competitors, including other private mortgage insurers and government mortgage insurers such as the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Rural Housing Service (USDA) and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) (collectively, government MIs), and potential market entry by new competitors or consolidation of existing competitors;
•developments in the world's financial, capital and credit markets and our access to such markets, including reinsurance;
•adoption of new or changes to existing laws, rules and regulations that impact our business or financial condition directly or the mortgage insurance industry generally or their enforcement and implementation by regulators, including the implementation of the final rules defining and/or concerning "Qualified Mortgage" and "Qualified Residential Mortgage";
•U.S. federal tax reform and other potential changes in tax law and their impact on us and our operations;
•legislative or regulatory changes to the GSEs' role in the secondary mortgage market or other changes that could affect the residential mortgage industry generally or mortgage insurance industry in particular;
•potential legal and regulatory claims, investigations, actions, audits or inquiries that could result in adverse judgements, settlements, fines or other reliefs that could require significant expenditures or have other negative effects on our business;
3
•changes in general economic, market and political conditions and policies (including rising interest rates and inflation) and investment results or other conditions that affect the housing market or the markets for home mortgages or mortgage insurance;
•our ability to successfully execute and implement our capital plans, including our ability to access the capital, credit and reinsurance markets and to enter into, and receive approval of, reinsurance arrangements on terms and conditions that are acceptable to us, the GSEs and our regulators;
•our ability to implement our business strategy, including our ability to write mortgage insurance on high quality low down payment residential mortgage loans, implement successfully and on a timely basis, complex infrastructure, systems, procedures, and internal controls to support our business and regulatory and reporting requirements of the insurance industry;
•our ability to attract and retain a diverse customer base, including the largest mortgage originators;
•failure of risk management or pricing or investment strategies;
•decrease in the length of time our insurance policies are in force;
•emergence of unexpected claim and coverage issues, including claims exceeding our reserves or amounts we had expected to experience;
•potential adverse impacts arising from natural disasters, including, with respect to affected areas, a decline in new business, adverse effects on home prices, and an increase in notices of default on insured mortgages;
•the inability of our counter-parties, including third party reinsurers, to meet their obligations to us;
•failure to maintain, improve and continue to develop necessary information technology (IT) systems or the failure of technology providers to perform;
•effectiveness and security of our information technology systems and digital products and services, including the risks these systems, products or services may fail to operate as expected or planned, or expose us to cybersecurity or third-party risks; and
•ability to recruit, train and retain key personnel.
For more information regarding these risks and uncertainties as well as certain additional risks that we face, you should refer to Part I, Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and elsewhere in this report on Form 10-Q, including the exhibits hereto. In addition, for additional discussion of those risks and uncertainties that have the potential to affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or prospects in a material and adverse manner, you should review Risk Factors in Part II, Item 1A of this Report and in Part I, Item 1A, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (2021 10-K), as subsequently updated in other reports we file from time to time with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms "we," "our," "us," "Company" and "NMI" in this document refer to NMI Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its wholly owned subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
4
PART I
Item 1. Financial Statements
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2022 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2021 | |||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 (Unaudited) | |||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 (Unaudited) | |||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 (Unaudited) | |||||
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | |||||
5
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
| March 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||
| Assets | (In Thousands, except for share data) | ||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash of $ | |||||||||||
| Premiums receivable | |||||||||||
| Accrued investment income | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | |||||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs, net | |||||||||||
| Software and equipment, net | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets and goodwill | |||||||||||
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums | |||||||||||
| Reinsurance recoverable | |||||||||||
| Other assets | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||
| Debt | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Unearned premiums | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | |||||||||||
| Reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses | |||||||||||
| Reinsurance funds withheld | |||||||||||
| Warrant liability, at fair value | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax liability, net | |||||||||||
| Other liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies | |||||||||||
| Shareholders' equity | |||||||||||
Common stock - class A shares, $ | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
Treasury Stock, at cost, | ( | ||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax | ( | ||||||||||
| Retained earnings | |||||||||||
| Total shareholders' equity | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
6
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME (UNAUDITED)
| For the three months ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | (In Thousands, except for per share data) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums earned | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net investment income | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net realized investment gains | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance claims and claim (benefits) expenses | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting and operating expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss from change in fair value of warrant liability | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss, net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized losses in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax benefit of $ | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains included in net income, net of tax expense $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive (loss) income | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
7
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
| Common Stock - Class A | Additional Paid-in Capital | Treasury Stock, At Cost | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Retained Earnings | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances, December 31, 2021 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||
| Common stock: class A shares issued related to warrant exercises | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock: class A shares issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | ( | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Change in unrealized investment gains/losses, net of tax benefit of $ | — | — | — | — | ( | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balances, March 31, 2022 | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| Common Stock - Class A | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Retained Earnings | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances, December 31, 2020 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock: class A shares issued related to warrant exercises | * | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock: class A shares issued under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | ( | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Change in unrealized investment gains/losses, net of tax benefit of $ | — | — | — | ( | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balances, March 31, 2021 | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
* During the months ended March 31, 2021, we issued 23,750 common shares with a par value of $0.01 in connection with the exercise of warrants, which is not identifiable in this schedule due to rounding.
8
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
| For the three months ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Net realized investment gains | ( | ||||||||||
| (Gain) loss from change in fair value of warrant liability | ( | ||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||
| Net amortization of premium on investment securities | |||||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs | |||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | |||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | |||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Premiums receivable | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Accrued investment income | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs, net | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Reinsurance recoverable | ( | ||||||||||
| Other assets | |||||||||||
| Unearned premiums | ( | ||||||||||
| Reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses | ( | ||||||||||
| Reinsurance balances, net | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | ( | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||
| Purchase of short-term investments | ( | ||||||||||
| Purchase of fixed-maturity investments, available-for-sale | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Proceeds from maturity of short-term investments | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from redemptions, maturities and sale of fixed-maturity investments, available-for-sale | |||||||||||
| Software and equipment | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock related to employee equity plans | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock related to warrants | |||||||||||
| Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Repurchases of common stock | ( | ||||||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ( | ||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | |||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information | |||||||||||
| Income taxes refunded | $ | $ | |||||||||
9
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Accounting Principles
NMI Holdings, Inc. (NMIH) is a Delaware corporation, incorporated in May 2011, to provide private mortgage guaranty insurance (which we refer to as mortgage insurance or MI) through its wholly owned insurance subsidiaries, National Mortgage Insurance Corporation (NMIC) and National Mortgage Reinsurance Inc One (Re One). Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq exchange under the ticker symbol "NMIH".
NMIC, our primary insurance subsidiary, issued its first mortgage insurance policy in April 2013. NMIC is licensed to write mortgage insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.). Re One historically provided reinsurance coverage to NMIC in accordance with certain statutory risk retention requirements. Such requirements have been repealed and the reinsurance coverage provided by Re One to NMIC has been commuted. Re One remains a wholly owned, licensed insurance subsidiary; however, it does not currently have active insurance exposures. In August 2015, NMIH capitalized a wholly owned subsidiary, NMI Services, Inc. (NMIS), through which we offer outsourced loan review services to mortgage loan originators.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which include the results of NMIH and its wholly owned subsidiaries, have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q as prescribed by the SEC for interim reporting and include other information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP). Our accounts are maintained in U.S. dollars. These statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2021, included in our 2021 10-K. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Certain reclassifications to previously reported financial information have been made to conform to our current period presentation. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, as well as disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date. Estimates also affect the reported amounts of income and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The results of operations for the interim period may not be indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2022.
COVID-19 Developments
On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a global health emergency and subsequently characterized the outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. In an effort to stem contagion and control the spread of the virus, the population at large severely curtailed day-to-day activity and local, state and federal regulators imposed a broad set of restrictions on personal and business conduct nationwide. The COVID-19 pandemic, along with the widespread public and regulatory response, caused a dramatic slowdown in U.S. and global economic activity.
The global dislocation caused by COVID-19 was unprecedented and the pandemic had a direct impact on the U.S. housing market, private mortgage insurance industry, and our business and operating performance for an extended period. More recently, however, the acute economic impact of COVID-19 has begun to recede. While the pandemic continues to pose a global risk and affect communities across the U.S., it is no longer the single dominant driver of our performance that it had been in earlier periods. COVID-19 is now one of several mosaic factors, including a range of macroeconomic forces and public policy initiatives that are influencing our market and business.
Although we are optimistic that the nationwide COVID-19 vaccination effort and other medical advances will continue to support a normalization of personal and business activity, the path of the virus remains unknown and subject to risk. Given this uncertainty, we are not able to fully assess or estimate the impact the pandemic may have on the mortgage insurance market, our business performance or our financial position at this time, and it remains possible COVID-19 could again trigger more severe and adverse outcomes in future periods.
Significant Accounting Principles
There have been no changes to our significant accounting principles as described in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2 - Summary of Accounting Principles" of our 2021 10-K, except as noted in "Share Repurchases" and "Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted" below.
Share Repurchases
Common stock repurchases are recorded at cost and presented as "Treasury Stock" in the consolidated balance sheet and statement of changes in shareholders' equity. At the date of repurchase, shareholders' equity is reduced by the aggregate repurchase price plus commissions and other expenses that arise from the repurchase transaction.
10
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted
In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB) issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging— Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). The update simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments and contracts on an entity's own equity, including warrants, eliminating certain triggers for derivative accounting. We adopted this ASU on January 1, 2022 and determined it did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, including our warrant liability.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Not Yet Adopted
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (Topic 944). The update provides guidance to the existing recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure requirements for long-duration contracts issued by an insurance entity. The FASB subsequently issued ASU 2019-09 in November 2019 and ASU 2020-11 in November 2020, which amended the effective date for this standard and provided transition relief to facilitate early application for long duration contracts. The standard will now take effect for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this ASU will have, if any, on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). The update provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform on financial reporting. Reference rate reform refers to the global transition away from referencing the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) in financial contracts, which is expected to be discontinued during a transition period from 2021 through 2023. The ASU includes optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. This standard may be elected and applied prospectively over time from March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022 as reference rate reform activities occur. We continue to monitor the impact the discontinuance of LIBOR will have on our contracts and other transactions; however, the adoption of, and future elections under, this ASU, are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as the ASU will ease, if warranted, the requirements for accounting for the future effects of the rate reform.
2. Investments
11
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Fair Values and Gross Unrealized Gains and Losses on Investments
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains | Losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of March 31, 2022 | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total bonds | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains | Losses | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2021 | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total bonds | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||
We did not own any mortgage-backed securities in our asset-backed securities portfolio at March 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.
The following table presents a breakdown of the fair value of our corporate debt securities by issuer industry group as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
| March 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||
| Financial | % | % | |||||||||
| Consumer | |||||||||||
| Communications | |||||||||||
| Utilities | |||||||||||
| Technology | |||||||||||
| Industrial | |||||||||||
| Total | % | % | |||||||||
As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, approximately $5.5 million and $5.6 million, respectively, of our cash and investments were held in the form of U.S. Treasury securities on deposit with various state insurance departments to satisfy regulatory requirements.
12
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Scheduled Maturities
The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale securities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Because most asset-backed securities provide for periodic payments throughout their lives, they are listed below in a separate category.
| As of March 31, 2022 | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Due after one through five years | |||||||||||
| Due after five through ten years | |||||||||||
| Due after ten years | |||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | |||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | $ | |||||||||
| As of December 31, 2021 | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Due after one through five years | |||||||||||
| Due after five through ten years | |||||||||||
| Due after ten years | |||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | |||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | $ | |||||||||
Aging of Unrealized Losses
As of March 31, 2022, the investment portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $122.9 million, of which $29.0 million were associated with securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve-months or longer. As of December 31, 2021, the investment portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $23.2 million, of which $6.5 million were associated with securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve-months or longer. For those securities in an unrealized loss position, the length of time the securities were in such a position is as follows:
| Less Than 12 Months | 12 Months or Greater | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of March 31, 2022 | (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
| Less Than 12 Months | 12 Months or Greater | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | # of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2021 | (Dollars in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for credit losses
As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we did not recognize an allowance for credit loss for any security in the investment portfolio and we did not record any provision for credit loss for investment securities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 or 2021.
The increase in the number of securities in and the aggregate size of the unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022, was primarily driven by interest rate movements following the purchase date of certain securities. We evaluated the securities in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022, assessing their credit ratings as well as any adverse conditions specifically related to the security. Based upon our estimate of the amount and timing of cash flows to be collected over the remaining life of each instrument, we believe the unrealized losses as of March 31, 2022 are not indicative of the ultimate collectability of the current amortized cost of the securities.
Net Investment Income
The following table presents the components of net investment income:
| For the three months ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment expenses | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net investment income | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
The following table presents the components of net realized investment gains:
| For the three months ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross realized investment gains | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross realized investment losses | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net realized investment gains | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
14
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
3. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following describes the valuation techniques used by us to determine the fair value of our financial instruments:
We established a fair value hierarchy by prioritizing the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under this standard are described below:
Level 1 - Fair value measurements based on quoted prices in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Market price data generally is obtained from exchange or dealer markets. We do not adjust the quoted price for such instruments.
Level 2 - Fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
Level 3 - Fair value measurements based on valuation techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable. Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair values of positions classified in Level 3. The circumstances for using these measurements include those in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. Therefore, we must make certain assumptions, which require significant management judgment or estimation about the inputs a hypothetical market participant would use to value that asset or liability.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Assets classified as Level 1 and Level 2
To determine the fair value of securities available-for-sale in Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, independent pricing sources have been utilized. One price is provided per security based on observable market data. To ensure securities are appropriately classified in the fair value hierarchy, we review the pricing techniques and methodologies of the independent pricing sources and believe that their policies adequately consider market activity, either based on specific transactions for the issue valued or based on modeling of securities with similar credit quality, duration, yield and structure that were recently traded. A variety of inputs are utilized by the independent pricing sources including benchmark yields, reported trades, non-binding broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including data published in market research publications. Inputs may be weighted differently for any security, and not all inputs are used for each security evaluation. Market indicators, industry and economic events are also considered. This information is evaluated using a multidimensional pricing model. Quality controls are performed by the independent pricing sources throughout this process, which include reviewing tolerance reports, trading information and data changes, and directional moves compared to market moves. This model combines all inputs to arrive at a value assigned to each security. We have not made any adjustments to the prices obtained from the independent pricing sources.
Liabilities classified as Level 3
We calculate the fair value of outstanding warrants utilizing Level 3 inputs, including a Black-Scholes option-pricing model, in combination with a binomial model, and we value the pricing protection features within the warrants using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. Variables in the model include the risk-free rate of return, dividend yield, expected life and expected volatility of our stock price.
15
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following tables present the level within the fair value hierarchy at which our financial instruments were measured:
| Fair Value Measurements Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| As of March 31, 2022 | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant liability | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Measurements Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2021 | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Municipal debt securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant liability | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
There were no transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the three months ended March 31, 2022, or the year ended December 31, 2021.
16
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following table provides a roll-forward of Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value:
| For the three months ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| Warrant Liability | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||
| Balance, January 1 | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Change in fair value of warrant liability included in earnings | ( | ||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock on warrant exercise | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Balance, March 31 | $ | $ | |||||||||
The following table outlines the key inputs and assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the warrant liability in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model as of the dates indicated:
| As of March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Common stock price | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Risk free interest rate | % | % | |||||||||
| Expected life | |||||||||||
| Expected volatility | % | % | |||||||||
| Dividend yield | % | % | |||||||||
The changes in fair value of the warrant liability for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 were driven by the exercise of outstanding warrants, as well as changes in the price of our common stock and other Black-Scholes model inputs during the respective periods.
Financial Instruments not Measured at Fair Value
On June 19, 2020, we issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior secured notes that mature on June 1, 2025 (the Notes) and used a portion of the proceeds from the Notes offering to repay the outstanding amount due under our $150 million term loan (2018 Term Loan). At March 31, 2022, the Notes were carried at a cost of $395.0 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $5.0 million, and had a fair value of $421.0 million as assessed under our Level 2 hierarchy. At December 31, 2021, the Notes were carried at a cost of $394.6 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $5.4 million, and had a fair value of $454.6 million.
4. Debt
Senior Secured Notes
At March 31, 2022, we had $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior secured notes outstanding. The Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture dated June 19, 2020 (the Indenture) and bear interest at a rate of 7.375 %, payable semi-annually on June 1 and December 1.
The Notes mature on June 1, 2025. At any time, or from time to time, prior to March 1, 2025, we may elect to redeem the Notes in whole or in part at a price based on 100 % of the aggregate principal amount of any Notes redeemed plus the "Applicable Premium," plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon. Applicable Premium is defined as the greater of (1) 1.0 % of the principal amount of the Notes, or (2) the excess of the present value of the principal value of the Notes plus all future interest payments over the principal amount. At any time on or after March 1, 2025, we may elect to redeem the Notes in whole or in part at a price equal to 100 % of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon. From time to time prior to June 1, 2022, we may also elect to use proceeds raised from one or more equity offerings to redeem up to 40 % of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes at a price equal to 107.375 % of the aggregate principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, subject to certain exceptions.
17
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Interest expense for the Notes includes interest and the amortization of capitalized debt issuance costs. In connection with the Notes offering, we recorded capitalized debt issuance costs of $7.4 million. Such amounts will be amortized over the contractual life of the Notes using the effective interest method. At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, approximately $5.0 million and $5.4 million, respectively, of unamortized debt issuance costs remained.
At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, $9.8 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of accrued and unpaid interest on the Notes was included in "Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses" on the consolidated balance sheet.
2021 Revolving Credit Facility
On November 29, 2021, we amended our $110 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility and as amended, the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility), expanding the lender group, increasing the revolving capacity to $250 million, and extending the maturity from February 22, 2023 to the earlier of (x) November 29, 2025, or (y) if any existing senior secured notes remain outstanding on such date, February 28, 2025. Borrowings under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility may be used for general corporate purposes, including to support the growth of our new business production and operations, and accrue interest at a variable rate equal to, at our discretion, (i) a Base Rate (as defined in the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility) subject to a floor of 1.00 % per annum) plus a margin of 0.375 % to 1.875 % per annum or (ii) the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate (as defined in the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility) plus a margin of 1.375 % to 2.875 % per annum, with the margin in each of (i) or (ii) based on our applicable corporate credit rating at the time. As of March 31, 2022, no amount was drawn under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility.
Under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, we are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee on the average daily undrawn amount of 0.175 % to 0.525 %, based on the applicable corporate credit rating at the time. As of March 31, 2022, the applicable commitment fee was 0.35 %. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recorded $0.2 million of commitment fees in interest expense.
We incurred debt issuance costs of $1.1 million in connection with the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, and had $0.6 million of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility remaining at the time of its amendment and replacement. Combined unamortized debt issuance will be amortized through interest expense on a straight-line basis over the contractual life of the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. At March 31, 2022, remaining unamortized deferred debt issuance costs were $1.5 million.
We are subject to certain covenants under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, including, but not limited to, the following: a maximum debt-to-total capitalization ratio of 35 %, compliance with the private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements (PMIERs) financial requirements (subject to any GSE approved waivers), and minimum consolidated net worth and statutory capital requirements (respectively, as defined therein). We were in compliance with all covenants at March 31, 2022.
5. Reinsurance
18
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The effect of our reinsurance agreements on premiums written and earned is as follows:
| For the three months ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums written | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Ceded (1) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums written | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums earned | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Ceded (1) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums earned | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Net of profit commission.
Excess-of-loss reinsurance
NMIC is a party to reinsurance agreements with Oaktown Re Ltd., Oaktown Re II Ltd., Oaktown Re III Ltd., Oaktown Re IV Ltd., Oaktown Re V Ltd., Oaktown Re VI Ltd., and Oaktown Re VII Ltd. (special purpose reinsurance entities collectively referred to as the Oaktown Re Vehicles) effective May 2, 2017, July 25, 2018, July 30, 2019, July 30, 2020, October 29, 2020, April 27, 2021, and October 26, 2021, respectively. Each agreement provides NMIC with aggregate excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage on a defined portfolio of mortgage insurance policies. Under each agreement, NMIC retains a first layer of aggregate loss exposure on covered policies and the respective Oaktown Re Vehicle then provides second layer loss protection up to a defined reinsurance coverage amount. NMIC then retains losses in excess of the respective reinsurance coverage amounts.
NMIC makes risk premium payments to the Oaktown Re Vehicles for the applicable outstanding reinsurance coverage amount and pays an additional amount for anticipated operating expenses (capped at $250 thousand per year, except with respect to Oaktown Re Ltd., for which the cap is $300 thousand per year). NMIC ceded aggregate premiums to the Oaktown Re Vehicles of $10.9 million and $9.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in premiums ceded year-on-year is due to the inception of the excess-of-loss reinsurance agreements that NMIC entered in with Oaktown Re VI Ltd. and Oaktown VII Ltd.
NMIC applies claims paid on covered policies against its first layer aggregate retained loss exposure under each excess-of-loss agreement. NMIC did not cede any incurred losses on covered policies to the Oaktown Re Vehicles during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, as the aggregate first layer risk retention for each applicable agreement was not exhausted during such periods.
Under the terms of each excess-of-loss reinsurance agreement, the Oaktown Re Vehicles are required to fully collateralize their outstanding reinsurance coverage amount to NMIC with funds deposited into segregated reinsurance trusts. Such trust funds are required to be invested in short-term U.S. Treasury money market funds at all times. Each Oaktown Re Vehicle financed its respective collateral requirement through the issuance of mortgage insurance-linked notes to unaffiliated investors. Such insurance-linked notes mature ten years from the inception date of each reinsurance agreement (except the notes issued by Oaktown Re VI Ltd. and Oaktown Re VII Ltd., which have a 12.5 -year maturity). We refer to NMIC's reinsurance agreements with and the insurance-linked note issuances by Oaktown Re Vehicles individually as the 2017 ILN Transaction, 2018 ILN Transaction, 2019 ILN Transaction, 2020-1 ILN Transaction, 2020-2 ILN Transaction, 2021-1 ILN Transaction, and 2021-2 ILN Transaction, and collectively as the ILN Transactions.
The respective reinsurance coverage amounts provided by the Oaktown Re Vehicles decrease over a ten-year period as the underlying insured mortgages are amortized or repaid, and/or the mortgage insurance coverage is canceled (except the coverage provided by Oaktown Re VI Ltd. and Oaktown Re VII Ltd., which decreases over a 12.5 -year period). As the reinsurance coverage decreases, a prescribed amount of collateral held in trust by the Oaktown Re Vehicles is distributed to ILN Transaction note-holders as amortization of the outstanding insurance-linked note principal balances. The outstanding reinsurance coverage amounts stop amortizing, and the collateral distribution to ILN Transaction note-holders and amortization of insurance-linked note principal is suspended if certain credit enhancement or delinquency thresholds, as defined in each agreement, are triggered (each, a Lock-Out Event). As of March 31, 2022, the 2018 and 2019 ILN Transactions were deemed to be in Lock Out
19
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
due to the default experience of the underlying reference pools for each respective transaction and the 2021-2 ILN Transaction was deemed to be in Lock Out in connection with the initial build of its target credit enhancement level. As such, the amortization of reinsurance coverage, and distribution of collateral assets and amortization of insurance-linked notes was suspended for each ILN Transaction. The amortization of reinsurance coverage, distribution of collateral assets and amortization of insurance-linked notes issued in connection with the 2018, 2019 and 2021-2 ILN Transactions will remain suspended for the duration of the Lock-Out Event for each respective ILN Transaction, and during such period assets will be preserved in the applicable reinsurance trust account to collateralize the excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage provided to NMIC.
NMIC holds optional termination rights under each ILN Transaction, including, among others, an optional call feature which provides NMIC the discretion to terminate the transaction on or after a prescribed date, and a clean-up call if the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount amortizes to 10 % or less of the reinsurance coverage amount at inception or if NMIC reasonably determines that changes to GSE or rating agency asset requirements would cause a material and adverse effect on the capital treatment afforded to NMIC under a given agreement. In addition, there are certain events that trigger mandatory termination of an agreement, including NMIC's failure to pay premiums or consent to reductions in a trust account to make principal payments to note-holders, among others.
Effective March 25, 2022, NMIC exercised its optional clean-up call to terminate the 2017 ILN Transaction. In connection with the termination of the transaction, NMIC’s excess of loss reinsurance agreement with Oaktown Re Ltd. was commuted and the insurance-linked notes issued by Oaktown Re Ltd. were redeemed in full with a distribution of remaining collateral assets.
The following table presents the inception date, covered production period, initial and current reinsurance coverage amount, and initial and current first layer retained aggregate loss under each outstanding ILN Transaction. Current amounts are presented as of March 31, 2022.
($ values in thousands) | Inception Date | Covered Production | Initial Reinsurance Coverage | Current Reinsurance Coverage | Initial First Layer Retained Loss | Current First Layer Retained Loss (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 ILN Transaction | July 25, 2018 | 1/1/2017 - 5/31/2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 ILN Transaction | July 30, 2019 | 6/1/2018 - 6/30/2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2020-1 ILN Transaction (5) | July 30, 2020 | 7/1/2019 - 3/31/2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020-2 ILN Transaction | October 29, 2020 | 4/1/2020 - 9/30/2020 (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021-1 ILN Transaction | April 27, 2021 | 10/1/2020 - 3/31/2021 (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2021-2 ILN Transaction (6) | October 26, 2021 | 4/1/2021 - 9/30/2021 (4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) NMIC applies claims paid on covered policies against its first layer aggregate retained loss exposure and cedes reserves for incurred claims and claim expenses to each applicable ILN Transaction and recognizes a reinsurance recoverable if such incurred claims and claim expenses exceed its current first layer retained loss.
(2) Approximately 1 % of the production covered by the 2020-2 ILN Transaction has coverage reporting dates between July 1, 2019 and March 31, 2020.
(3) Approximately 1 % of the production covered by the 2021-1 ILN Transaction has coverage reporting dates between July 1, 2019 and September 30, 2020.
(4) Approximately 2 % of the production covered by the 2021-2 ILN Transaction has coverage reporting dates between July 1, 2019 and March 31, 2021.
(5) Effective April 25, 2022, NMIC exercised its optional clean-up call to terminate the 2020-1 ILN Transaction. In connection with the termination of the transaction, NMIC’s excess of loss reinsurance agreement with Oaktown Re IV Ltd. was commuted and the insurance-linked notes issued by Oaktown Re IV Ltd. were redeemed in full with a distribution of remaining collateral assets.
(6) As of March 31, 2022, the current reinsurance coverage amount on the 2021-2 ILN Transactions is equal to the initial reinsurance coverage amount, as the reinsurance coverage provided by Oaktown Re VII Ltd. will not begin to amortize until a target credit enhancement level is reached.
Under the terms of our ILN Transactions, we are required to maintain a certain level of restricted funds in premium deposit accounts with Bank of New York Mellon until the respective notes have been redeemed in full. "Cash and cash equivalents" on our consolidated balance sheet includes restricted amounts of $3.1 million and $3.2 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The restricted balances required under these transactions will decline over time as the outstanding principal balance of the respective insurance-linked notes are amortized.
20
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Quota share reinsurance
NMIC is a party to five active quota share reinsurance treaties – the 2016 QSR Transaction, effective September 1, 2016, the 2018 QSR Transaction, effective January 1, 2018, the 2020 QSR Transaction, effective April 1, 2020, the 2021 QSR Transaction, effective January 1, 2021, and the 2022 QSR Transaction, effective October 1, 2021 – which we refer to collectively as the QSR Transactions. Under each of the QSR Transactions, NMIC cedes a proportional share of its risk on eligible policies written during a discrete period to panels of third-party reinsurance providers. Each of the third-party reinsurance providers has an insurer financial strength rating of A- or better by Standard & Poor's Rating Service (S&P), A.M. Best Company, Inc. (A.M. Best) or both.
Under the terms of the 2016 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums written related to 25 % of the risk on eligible primary policies written for all periods through December 31, 2017 and 100 % of the risk under our pool agreement with Fannie Mae. The 2016 QSR Transaction is scheduled to terminate on December 31, 2027, except with respect to the ceded pool risk, which is scheduled to terminate on August 31, 2023. NMIC has the option, based on certain conditions and subject to a termination fee, to terminate the agreement as of December 31, 2020, or at the end of any calendar quarter thereafter, which would result in NMIC recapturing the related risk.
Under the terms of the 2018 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums earned related to 25 % of the risk on eligible policies written in 2018 and 20 % of the risk on eligible policies written in 2019. The 2018 QSR Transaction is scheduled to terminate on December 31, 2029. NMIC has the option, based on certain conditions and subject to a termination fee, to terminate the agreement as of December 31, 2022, or at the end of any calendar quarter thereafter, which would result in NMIC recapturing the related risk.
Under the terms of the 2020 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums earned related to 21 % of the risk on eligible policies written from April 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020. The 2020 QSR Transaction is scheduled to terminate on December 31, 2030. NMIC has the option, based on certain conditions and subject to a termination fee, to terminate the agreement as of December 31, 2023, or at the end of any calendar quarter thereafter, which would result in NMIC recapturing the related risk.
Under the terms of the 2021 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums earned related to 22.5 % of the risk on eligible policies written from January 1, 2021 to October 30, 2021. The 2021 QSR Transaction is scheduled to terminate on December 31, 2031. NMIC has the option, based on certain conditions and subject to a termination fee, to terminate the agreement as of December 31, 2024, or at the end of any calendar quarter thereafter, which would result in NMIC recapturing the related risk.
Under the terms of the 2022 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums earned related to 20 % of the risk on eligible policies written primarily between October 30, 2021 and December 31, 2022. The 2022 QSR Transaction is scheduled to terminate on December 31, 2032. NMIC has the option, based on certain conditions and subject to a termination fee, to terminate the agreement as of December 31, 2025 or semi-annually thereafter, which would result in NMIC recapturing the related risk.
In connection with the 2022 QSR Transaction, NMIC entered into an additional back-to-back quota share agreement that is scheduled to incept on January 1, 2023 (the 2023 QSR Transaction). Under the terms of the 2023 QSR Transactions, NMIC will cede premiums earned related to 20 % of the risk on eligible policies written in 2023.
NMIC may terminate any or all of the QSR Transactions without penalty if, due to a change in PMIERs requirements, it is no longer able to take full PMIERs asset credit for the risk-in-force (RIF) ceded under the respective agreements. Additionally, under the terms of the QSR Transactions, NMIC may elect to selectively terminate its engagement with individual reinsurers on a run-off basis (i.e., reinsurers continue providing coverage on all risk ceded prior to the termination date, with no new cessions going forward) or cut-off basis (i.e., the reinsurance arrangement is completely terminated with NMIC recapturing all previously ceded risk) under certain circumstances. Such selective termination rights arise when, among other reasons, a reinsurer experiences a deterioration in its capital position below a prescribed threshold and/or a reinsurer breaches (and fails to cure) its collateral posting obligations under the relevant agreement.
Effective April 1, 2019, NMIC elected to terminate its engagement with one reinsurer under the 2016 QSR Transaction on a cut-off basis. In connection with the termination, NMIC recaptured approximately $500 million of previously ceded primary RIF and stopped ceding new premiums earned or written with respect to the recaptured risk. With the termination, ceded premiums written under the 2016 QSR Transaction decreased from 25 % to 20.5 % on eligible policies. The termination has no effect on the cession of pool risk under the 2016 QSR Transaction.
21
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following table shows amounts related to the QSR Transactions:
| For the three months ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceded risk-in-force | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceded premiums earned | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceded claims and claim expenses | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ceding commission earned | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Profit commission | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Ceded premiums written under the 2016 QSR Transaction are recorded on the balance sheet as prepaid reinsurance premiums and amortized to ceded premiums earned in a manner consistent with the recognition of revenue on direct premiums. Under all other QSR Transactions, premiums are ceded on an earned basis as defined in the agreement. NMIC receives a 20 % ceding commission for premiums ceded under the QSR Transactions. NMIC also receives a profit commission under each of the QSR Transactions, provided that the loss ratios on loans covered under the 2016, 2018, 2020, 2021 and 2022 QSR Transactions, generally remain below 60 %, 61 %, 50 % and 57.5 % and 62 %, respectively, as measured annually. Ceded claims and claim expenses under each of the QSR Transactions reduce the respective profit commission received by NMIC on a dollar-for-dollar basis.
In accordance with the terms of the 2016 QSR Transaction, rather than making a cash payment or transferring investments for ceded premiums written, NMIC established a funds withheld liability, which also includes amounts due to NMIC for ceding and profit commissions. Any loss recoveries and any potential profit commission to NMIC will be realized from this account until exhausted. NMIC's reinsurance recoverable balance is further supported by trust accounts established and maintained by each reinsurer in accordance with the PMIERs funding requirements for risk ceded to non-affiliates. The reinsurance recoverable on loss reserves related to the 2016 QSR Transaction was $4.6 million as of March 31, 2022.
In accordance with the terms of the 2018, 2020, 2021 and 2022 QSR Transactions, cash payments for ceded premiums earned are settled on a quarterly basis, offset by amounts due to NMIC for ceding and profit commissions. Any loss recoveries and any potential profit commission to NMIC are also recognized quarterly. NMIC's reinsurance recoverable balance is supported by trust accounts established and maintained by each reinsurer in accordance with the PMIERs funding requirements for risk ceded to non-affiliates. The aggregate reinsurance recoverable on loss reserves related to the 2018, 2020, 2021 and 2022 QSR Transactions was $15.5
We remain directly liable for all claim payments if we are unable to collect reinsurance recoverable due from our reinsurers and, as such, we actively monitor and manage our counterparty credit exposure to our reinsurance providers. We establish an allowance for expected credit loss against our reinsurance recoverable if we do not expect to recover amounts due from one or more of our reinsurance counterparties, and report our reinsurance recoverable net of such allowance, if any. We actively monitor the counterparty credit profiles of our reinsurers and each is required to partially collateralize its obligations under the terms of our QSR Transactions. The allowance for credit loss established on our reinsurance recoverable was deemed immaterial at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
6. Reserves for Insurance Claims and Claim Expenses
We hold gross reserves in an amount equal to the estimated liability for insurance claims and claim expenses related to defaults on insured mortgage loans. A loan is considered to be in "default" as of the payment date at which a borrower has missed the preceding two or more consecutive monthly payments. We establish reserves for loans that have been reported to us in default by servicers, referred to as case reserves, and additional loans that we estimate (based on actuarial review and other factors) to be in default that have not yet been reported to us by servicers, referred to as incurred but not reported (IBNR) reserves. We also establish reserves for claim expenses, which represent the estimated cost of the claim administration process, including legal and other fees, as well as other general expenses of administering the claim settlement process. As of March 31, 2022, we had 5,238 primary loans in default and held gross reserves for insurance claims and claim expenses of $102.4 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we paid 19 claims totaling $0.4 million, all of which were covered under the QSR Transactions representing $0.1 million of ceded claims and claim expenses.
In 2013, we entered into a pool insurance transaction with Fannie Mae. The pool transaction includes a deductible, which represents the amount of claims to be absorbed by Fannie Mae before we are obligated to pay any claims. We only establish reserves for pool risk if we expect claims to exceed this deductible. At March 31, 2022, 70 loans in the pool were in default.
22
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
These 70 loans represented approximately $5.3 million of RIF. Due to the size of the remaining deductible, our expectation that a limited number of loans in default will progress to a claim and the expected severity on such claim submissions (all loans in the pool had loan-to-value (LTV) ratios under 80 % at origination), we did not establish any case or IBNR reserves for pool risk at March 31, 2022. In connection with the settlement of pool claims, we applied $1.0 million to the pool deductible through March 31, 2022. At March 31, 2022, the remaining pool deductible was $9.4 million. We have not paid any pool claims to date. 100 % of our pool RIF is reinsured under the 2016 QSR Transaction.
We had 5,238 loans in default in our primary insured portfolio as of March 31, 2022, which represented a 0.99 % default rate against 526,976 total policies in-force. We had 11,090 loans in default in our primary insured portfolio as of March 31, 2021, which represented a 2.54 % default rate against 436,652 total policies in-force. Although our default count declined from March 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022, the population remains elevated compared to our historical experience due to the continued challenges certain borrowers are facing related to the COVID-19 pandemic and their decision to access the forbearance program for federally backed loans codified under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act or similar programs made available by private lenders.
The size of the reserve we establish for each defaulted loan (and by extension our aggregate reserve for claims and claim expenses) reflects our best estimate of the future claim payment to be made for each individual loan in default. Our future claims exposure is a function of the number of defaulted loans that progress to claim payment (which we refer to as frequency) and the amount to be paid to settle such claims (which we refer to as severity). Our estimates of claims frequency and severity are not formulaic, rather they are broadly synthesized based on historical observed experience for similarly situated loans and assumptions about future macroeconomic factors. We generally observe that forbearance programs are an effective tool to bridge dislocated borrowers from a time of acute stress to a future date when they can resume timely payment of their mortgage obligations. The effectiveness of forbearance programs is enhanced by the availability of various repayment and loan modification options which allow borrowers to amortize or, in certain instances, outright defer payments otherwise due during the forbearance period over an extended length of time. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the FHFA and GSEs introduced new repayment and loan modification options to further assist borrowers with their transition out of forbearance programs and default status.
Our reserve setting process considers the beneficial impact of forbearance, foreclosure moratorium and other assistance programs available to defaulted borrowers. At March 31, 2022 and 2021, we generally established lower reserves for defaults that we consider to be connected to the COVID-19 pandemic given our expectation that forbearance, repayment and modification, and other assistance programs will aid affected borrowers and drive higher cure rates on such defaults than we would otherwise expect to experience on similarly situated loans that did not benefit from broad-based assistance programs.
23
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending gross reserve balances for primary insurance claims and claim (benefits) expenses:
| For the three months ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
Less reinsurance recoverables (1) | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Beginning balance, net of reinsurance recoverables | |||||||||||
| Add claims incurred: | |||||||||||
| Claims and claim (benefits) expenses incurred: | |||||||||||
Current year (2) | |||||||||||
Prior years (3) | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total claims and claim (benefits) expenses incurred | ( | ||||||||||
| Less claims paid: | |||||||||||
| Claims and claim expenses paid: | |||||||||||
Current year (2) | |||||||||||
Prior years (3) | |||||||||||
| Total claims and claim expenses paid | |||||||||||
| Reserve at end of period, net of reinsurance recoverables | |||||||||||
Add reinsurance recoverables (1) | |||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
(1) Related to ceded losses recoverable under the QSR Transactions. See Note 5, "Reinsurance" for additional information.
(2) Related to insured loans with their most recent defaults occurring in the current year. For example, if a loan defaulted in a prior year and subsequently cured and later re-defaulted in the current year, the default would be included in the current year. Amounts are presented net of reinsurance and included $5.2 million attributed to net case reserves and $4.7 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and $5.3 million attributed to net case reserves and $5.3 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
(3) Related to insured loans with defaults occurring in prior years, which have been continuously in default before the start of the current year. Amounts are presented net of reinsurance and included $5.8 million attributed to net case reserves and $4.7 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and $0.6 million attributed to net case reserves and $5.0 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
The "claims incurred" section of the table above shows claims and claim (benefits) expenses incurred on defaults occurring in current and prior years, including IBNR reserves and is presented net of reinsurance. We may increase or decrease our claim estimates and reserves as we learn additional information about individual defaulted loans, and continue to observe and analyze loss development trends in our portfolio. Gross reserves of $89.7 million related to prior year defaults remained as of March 31, 2022.
7. Earnings per Share (EPS)
Basic EPS is based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted EPS is based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and common stock equivalents that would be issuable upon the vesting of service based and performance and service-based restricted stock units (RSUs), and the exercise of vested and unvested stock options and outstanding warrants. The number of shares issuable for RSUs subject to performance and service based vesting requirements are only included in diluted shares if the relevant performance measurement period has commenced and results during such period meet the necessary performance criteria.
24
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
| For the three months ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands, except for per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic weighted average shares outstanding | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic earnings per share | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gain from change in fair value of warrant liability | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted net income | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic weighted average shares outstanding | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive effect of issuable shares | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Anti-dilutive shares | |||||||||||||||||||||||
8. Warrants
We issued 992 thousand warrants in connection with a private placement of our common stock in April 2012, of which 133 thousand remained outstanding available for exercise at March 31, 2022. Each warrant gives the holder thereof the right to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price equal to $10.00 . The warrants were issued with an aggregate fair value of $5.1 million.
During the three months ended March 31, 2022, 66 thousand warrants were exercised resulting in the issuance of 51 thousand shares of common stock. Upon exercise, we reclassified approximately $0.9 million of warrant fair value from warrant liability to additional paid-in capital. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, 27 thousand warrants were exercised resulting in the issuance of 24 thousand shares of common stock. Upon exercise, we reclassified approximately $0.4 million of warrant fair value from warrant liability to additional paid-in capital.
9. Income Taxes
We are a U.S. taxpayer and are subject to a statutory U.S. federal corporate income tax rate of 21%. NMIH files a consolidated U.S. federal and various state income tax returns on behalf of itself and its subsidiaries. Our effective tax rate on our pre-tax income was 22.0 % and 21.6 % for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our provision for income taxes for interim reporting periods is established based on our estimated annual effective tax rate for a given year. Our effective tax rate may fluctuate between interim periods due to the impact of discrete items not included in our estimated annual effective tax rate, including the tax effects associated with the vesting of RSUs and exercise of options, and the change in fair value of our warrant liability. Such items are treated on a discrete basis in the reporting period in which they occur.
As a mortgage guaranty insurance company, we are eligible to claim a tax deduction for our statutory contingency reserve balance, subject to certain limitations outlined under IRC Section 832(e), and only to the extent we acquire tax and loss bonds in an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from the claimed deduction, which is our intent. As a result, our interim provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2022 represents a change in our net deferred tax liability. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we held $89.2
25
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
10. Stockholders' Equity
11. Leases
We have two operating lease agreements related to our corporate headquarters and a data center facility for which we recognized operating right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities of $11.3 million and $12.2 million in "Other assets" and "Other liabilities," respectively, on our consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2021, we recognized operating ROU assets and lease liabilities of $2.6 million and $2.9 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we did no
In January 2022, we modified the lease for our corporate headquarters, securing a reduction in pricing and incremental leasehold improvement concessions, reducing the square footage of leased space and extending the remaining term through March 2030. In February 2022, we renewed the lease of our data center facility, extending its term through January 2024. Upon the respective modification and extension, the ROU asset and liability associated with each lease was remeasured, using our current estimated incremental borrowing rate, resulting in an aggregate increase to ROU assets and lease liabilities of $9.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
The following table provides a summary of our ROU asset and lease liability assumptions as of March 31, 2022:
| Weighted-average remaining lease term | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate | % | |||||||||||||
Cash paid on our operating leases for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, was $29 thousand and $0.6 million, respectively. Lease expenses incurred for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, were $0.5 million and $0.6 million, respectively.
Future payments due under our existing operating leases as of March 31, 2022 are as follows:
| ($ In Thousands) | |||||
| Remaining in 2022 | $ | ||||
| 2023 | |||||
| 2024 | |||||
| 2025 | |||||
| 2026 | |||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| 2029 | |||||
| 2030 | |||||
| Total undiscounted lease payments | |||||
| Less effects of discounting | ( | ||||
| Present value of lease payments | $ | ||||
Lease expense is recorded in underwriting and operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Our existing leases have terms ranging from to eight years . The lease for our corporate headquarters includes an option to renew for an additional five years at prevailing market rates at the time of renewal. This renewal option is not included in the calculation of future lease payments due under the existing lease as presented above as it is not reasonably certain to be exercised.
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NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
12. Premium Receivable
Premiums receivable consists of premiums due on our mortgage insurance policies. If a mortgage insurance premium is unpaid for more than 120 days, the associated receivable is written off against earned premium and the related insurance policy is canceled. We recognize an allowance for credit losses for premiums receivable based on credit losses expected to arise over the life of the receivable. Due to the nature of our insurance policies (a necessary precondition for access to mortgage credit for covered borrowers) and the short duration of the related receivables, we do not typically experience credit losses against our premium receivables and the allowance for credit loss established on premium receivable was deemed immaterial at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
Premiums receivable may be written off prior to 120 days in the ordinary course of business for non-credit events including, but not limited to, the modification or refinancing of an underlying insured loan. We established a $1.8 million and $2.3 million reserve for premium write-offs at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
13. Regulatory Information
Statutory Requirements
Our insurance subsidiaries, NMIC and Re One, file financial statements in conformity with statutory accounting principles (SAP) prescribed or permitted by the Wisconsin OCI, NMIC's principal regulator. Prescribed SAP includes state laws, regulations and general administrative rules, as well as a variety of publications of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). The Wisconsin OCI recognizes only statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the state of Wisconsin for determining and reporting the financial condition and results of operations of an insurance company and for determining its solvency under Wisconsin insurance laws.
NMIC and Re One generated combined statutory net income of $18.6 million and $6.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The Wisconsin OCI has imposed a prescribed accounting practice for the treatment of statutory contingency reserves that differs from the treatment promulgated by the NAIC. Under Wisconsin OCI's prescribed practice mortgage guaranty insurers are required to reflect changes in their contingency reserves through statutory income. Such approach contrasts with the NAIC's treatment, which records changes to contingency reserves directly to unassigned funds. As a Wisconsin-domiciled insurer, NMIC's statutory net income reflects an expense associated with the change in its contingency reserve. While such treatment impacts NMIC's statutory net income, it does not have an effect on NMIC's statutory capital position.
The following table presents NMIC's statutory surplus, contingency reserve, statutory capital and risk-to-capital (RTC) ratio as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
| March 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Statutory surplus | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Contingency reserve | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Statutory capital (1) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Risk-to-capital | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Represents the total of the statutory surplus and contingency reserve.
Re One had $5.6
NMIH is not subject to any limitations on its ability to pay dividends except those generally applicable to corporations that are incorporated in Delaware. Delaware law provides that dividends are only payable out of a corporation's capital surplus or, subject to certain limitations, recent net profits.
27
NMI HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
14. Subsequent Event
Excess-of-loss reinsurance (XOL) Agreement
On May 2, 2022, NMIC entered into a reinsurance agreement with a broad panel of highly rated reinsurers that provides for $289.7 million of aggregate excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage at inception for new delinquencies on an existing portfolio of mortgage insurance policies primarily written between October 1, 2021, and March 31, 2022 (2022-1 XOL Transaction). For the reinsurance coverage period, NMIC will retain the first layer of $133.4 million of aggregate losses and reinsurers then provide second layer coverage up to $289.7 million, subject to retained participation limits. NMIC will then retain losses in excess of the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount.
Warrants
As of March 31, 2022, we had 133 thousand unexercised warrants. They were issued on April 24, 2012 with a contractual term of ten years expiring on April 24, 2022. On April 24, 2022, 90 thousand warrants expired unexercised, resulting in a gain of approximately $0.9 million.
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in this report and our audited financial statements, notes thereto and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in our 2021 10-K, for a more complete understanding of our financial position and results of operations. In addition, investors should review the "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" above and the "Risk Factors" detailed in Part II, Item 1A of this report and in Part I, Item 1A of our 2021 10-K, as subsequently updated in other reports we file with the SEC, for a discussion of those risks and uncertainties that have the potential to affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or prospects in a material and adverse manner. Our results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for a full fiscal year or for any other period.
Overview
We provide private MI through our primary insurance subsidiary, NMIC. NMIC is a wholly-owned, domiciled in Wisconsin and principally regulated by the Wisconsin OCI. NMIC is approved as an MI provider by the GSEs and is licensed to write coverage in all 50 states and D.C. Our subsidiary, NMIS, provides outsourced loan review services to mortgage loan originators and our subsidiary, Re One, historically provided reinsurance coverage to NMIC in accordance with certain statutory risk retention requirements. Such requirements have been repealed and the reinsurance coverage provided by Re One to NMIC has been commuted. Re One remains a wholly-owned, licensed insurance subsidiary; however, it does not currently have active insurance exposures.
MI protects lenders and investors from default-related losses on a portion of the unpaid principal balance of a covered mortgage. MI plays a critical role in the U.S. housing market by mitigating mortgage credit risk and facilitating the secondary market sale of high-loan-to-value (LTV) (i.e., above 80%) residential loans to the GSEs, who are otherwise restricted by their charters from purchasing or guaranteeing high-LTV mortgages that are not covered by certain credit protections. Such credit protection and secondary market sales allow lenders to increase their capacity for mortgage commitments and expand financing access to existing and prospective homeowners.
NMIH, a Delaware corporation, was incorporated in May 2011, and we began start-up operations in 2012 and wrote our first MI policy in 2013. Since formation, we have sought to establish customer relationships with a broad group of mortgage lenders and build a diversified, high-quality insured portfolio. As of March 31, 2022, we had issued master policies with 1,776 customers, including national and regional mortgage banks, money center banks, credit unions, community banks, builder-owned mortgage lenders, internet-sourced lenders and other non-bank lenders. As of March 31, 2022, we had $158.9 billion of primary insurance-in-force (IIF) and $40.5 billion of primary risk-in-force (RIF).
We believe that our success in acquiring a large and diverse group of lender customers and growing a portfolio of high-quality IIF traces to our founding principles, whereby we aim to help qualified individuals achieve their homeownership goals,
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ensure that we remain a strong and credible counter-party, deliver a high-quality customer service experience, establish a differentiated risk management approach that emphasizes the individual underwriting review or validation of the vast majority of the loans we insure, utilizing our proprietary Rate GPS® pricing platform to dynamically evaluate risk and price our policies, and foster a culture of collaboration and excellence that helps us attract and retain experienced industry leaders.
Our strategy is to continue to build on our position in the private MI market, expand our customer base and grow our insured portfolio of high-quality residential loans by focusing on long-term customer relationships, disciplined and proactive risk selection and pricing, fair and transparent claim payment practices, responsive customer service, and financial strength and profitability.
Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq under the symbol "NMIH." Our headquarters is located in Emeryville, California. As of March 31, 2022, we had 246 employees. Our corporate website is located at www.nationalmi.com. Our website and the information contained on or accessible through our website are not incorporated by reference into this report.
We discuss below our results of operations for the periods presented, as well as the conditions and trends that have impacted or are expected to impact our business, including new insurance writings, the composition of our insurance portfolio and other factors that we expect to impact our results.
COVID-19 Developments
On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a global health emergency and subsequently characterized the outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. In an effort to stem contagion and control the spread of the virus, the population at large severely curtailed day-to-day activity and local, state and federal regulators imposed a broad set of restrictions on personal and business conduct nationwide. The COVID-19 pandemic, along with the widespread public and regulatory response, caused a dramatic slowdown in U.S. and global economic activity.
The global dislocation caused by COVID-19 was unprecedented and the pandemic had a direct impact on the U.S. housing market, private mortgage insurance industry, and our business and operating performance for an extended period. More recently, however, the acute economic impact of COVID-19 has begun to recede. While the pandemic continues to pose a global risk and affect communities across the U.S., it is no longer the single dominant driver of our performance that it had been in earlier periods. COVID-19 is now one of several mosaic factors, including a range of macroeconomic forces and public policy initiatives that are influencing our market and business.
Although we are optimistic that the nationwide COVID-19 vaccination effort and other medical advances will continue to support a normalization of personal and business activity, the path of the virus remains unknown and subject to risk. Given this uncertainty, we are not able to fully assess or estimate the impact the pandemic may have on the mortgage insurance market, our business performance or our financial position at this time, and it remains possible COVID-19 could again trigger more severe and adverse outcomes in future periods.
New Insurance Written, Insurance-In-Force and Risk-In-Force
NIW is the aggregate unpaid principal balance of mortgages underpinning new policies written during a given period. Our NIW is affected by the overall size of the mortgage origination market and the volume of high-LTV mortgage originations. Our NIW is also affected by the percentage of such high-LTV originations covered by private versus government MI or other alternative credit enhancement structures and our share of the private MI market. NIW, together with persistency, drives our IIF. IIF is the aggregate unpaid principal balance of the mortgages we insure, as reported to us by servicers at a given date, and represents the sum total of NIW from all prior periods less principal payments on insured mortgages and policy cancellations (including for prepayment, nonpayment of premiums, coverage rescission and claim payments). RIF is related to IIF and represents the aggregate amount of coverage we provide on all outstanding policies at a given date. RIF is calculated as the sum total of the coverage percentage of each individual policy in our portfolio applied to the unpaid principal balance of such insured mortgage. RIF is affected by IIF and the LTV profile of our insured mortgages, with lower LTV loans generally having a lower coverage percentage and higher LTV loans having a higher coverage percentage. Gross RIF represents RIF before consideration of reinsurance. Net RIF is gross RIF net of ceded reinsurance.
Net Premiums Written and Net Premiums Earned
We set our premium rates on individual policies based on the risk characteristics of the underlying mortgage loans and borrowers, and in accordance with our filed rates and applicable rating rules. On June 4, 2018, we introduced a proprietary risk-based pricing platform, which we refer to as Rate GPS. Rate GPS considers a broad range of individual variables, including property type, type of loan product, borrower credit characteristics, and lender and market factors, and provides us with the ability
29
to set and charge premium rates commensurate with the underlying risk of each loan that we insure. We introduced Rate GPS in June 2018 to replace our previous rate card pricing system. While most of our new business is priced through Rate GPS, we also continue to offer a rate card pricing option to a limited number of lender customers who require a rate card for operational reasons. We believe the introduction and utilization of Rate GPS provides us with a more granular and analytical approach to evaluating and pricing risk, and that this approach enhances our ability to continue building a high-quality mortgage insurance portfolio and delivering attractive risk-adjusted returns.
Premiums are generally fixed for the duration of our coverage of the underlying loans. Net premiums written are equal to gross premiums written minus ceded premiums written under our reinsurance arrangements, less premium refunds and premium write-offs. As a result, net premiums written are generally influenced by:
•NIW;
•premium rates and the mix of premium payment type, which are either single, monthly or annual premiums, as described below;
•cancellation rates of our insurance policies, which are impacted by payments or prepayments on mortgages, refinancings (which are affected by prevailing mortgage interest rates as compared to interest rates on loans underpinning our in force policies), levels of claim payments and home prices; and
•cession of premiums under third-party reinsurance arrangements.
Premiums are paid either by the borrower (BPMI) or the lender (LPMI) in a single payment at origination (single premium), on a monthly installment basis (monthly premium) or on an annual installment basis (annual premium). Our net premiums written will differ from our net premiums earned due to policy payment type. For single premiums, we receive a single premium payment at origination, which is earned over the estimated life of the policy. Substantially all of our single premium policies in force as of March 31, 2022 were non-refundable under most cancellation scenarios. If non-refundable single premium policies are canceled, we immediately recognize the remaining unearned premium balances as earned premium revenue. Monthly premiums are recognized in the month billed and when the coverage is effective. Annual premiums are earned on a straight-line basis over the year of coverage. Substantially all of our policies provide for either single or monthly premiums.
The percentage of IIF that remains on our books after any twelve-month period is defined as our persistency rate. Because our insurance premiums are earned over the life of a policy, higher persistency rates can have a significant impact on our net premiums earned and profitability. Generally, faster speeds of mortgage prepayment lead to lower persistency. Prepayment speeds and the relative mix of business between single and monthly premium policies also impact our profitability. Our premium rates include certain assumptions regarding repayment or prepayment speeds of the mortgages underlying our policies. Because premiums are paid at origination on single premium policies and our single premium policies are generally non-refundable on cancellation, assuming all other factors remain constant, if single premium loans are prepaid earlier than expected, our profitability on these loans is likely to increase and, if loans are repaid slower than expected, our profitability on these loans is likely to decrease. By contrast, if monthly premium loans are repaid earlier than anticipated, we do not earn any more premium with respect to those loans and, unless we replace the repaid monthly premium loan with a new loan at the same premium rate or higher, our revenue is likely to decline.
Effect of reinsurance on our results
We utilize third-party reinsurance to actively manage our risk, ensure compliance with PMIERs, state regulatory and other applicable capital requirements, and support the growth of our business. We currently have both quota share and excess-of-loss reinsurance agreements in place, which impact our results of operations and regulatory capital and PMIERs asset positions. Under a quota share reinsurance agreement, the reinsurer receives a premium in exchange for covering an agreed-upon portion of incurred losses. Such a quota share arrangement reduces premiums written and earned and also reduces RIF, providing capital relief to the ceding insurance company and reducing incurred claims in accordance with the terms of the reinsurance agreement. In addition, reinsurers typically pay ceding commissions as part of quota share transactions, which offset the ceding company's acquisition and underwriting expenses. Certain quota share agreements include profit commissions that are earned based on loss performance and serve to reduce ceded premiums. Under an excess-of-loss agreement, the ceding insurer is typically responsible for losses up to an agreed-upon threshold and the reinsurer then provides coverage in excess of such threshold up to a maximum agreed-upon limit. We expect to continue to evaluate reinsurance opportunities in the normal course of business.
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Quota share reinsurance
NMIC is a party to five active quota share reinsurance treaties – the 2016 QSR Transaction, effective September 1, 2016, the 2018 QSR Transaction, effective January 1, 2018, the 2020 QSR Transaction, effective April 1, 2020, the 2021 QSR Transaction, effective January 1, 2021, and the 2022 QSR Transaction, effective October 1, 2021 – which we refer to collectively as the QSR Transactions. Under each of the QSR Transactions, NMIC cedes a proportional share of its risk on eligible policies written during a discrete period to panels of third-party reinsurance providers. Each of the third-party reinsurance providers has an insurer financial strength rating of A- or better by Standard & Poor's Rating Service (S&P), A.M. Best Company, Inc. (A.M. Best) or both.
Under the terms of the 2016 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums written related to 25% of the risk on eligible primary policies written for all periods through December 31, 2017 and 100% of the risk under our pool agreement with Fannie Mae, in exchange for reimbursement of ceded claims and claim expenses on covered policies, a 20% ceding commission, and a profit commission of up to 60% that varies directly and inversely with ceded claims.
Under the terms of the 2018 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums earned related to 25% of the risk on eligible policies written in 2018 and 20% of the risk on eligible policies written in 2019, in exchange for reimbursement of ceded claims and claim expenses on covered policies, a 20% ceding commission, and a profit commission of up to 61% that varies directly and inversely with ceded claims.
Under the terms of the 2020 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums earned related to 21% of the risk on eligible policies written from April 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020, in exchange for reimbursement of ceded claims and claim expenses on covered policies, a 20% ceding commission, and a profit commission of up to 50% that varies directly and inversely with ceded claims.
Under the terms of the 2021 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums earned related to 22.5% of the risk on eligible policies written in 2021 (subject to an aggregate risk written limit which was exhausted on October 30, 2021), in exchange for reimbursement of ceded claims and claim expenses on covered policies, a 20% ceding commission, and a profit commission of up to 57.5% that varies directly and inversely with ceded claims.
Under the terms of the 2022 QSR Transaction, NMIC cedes premiums earned related to 20% of the risk on eligible policies written between October 30, 2021 and December 31, 2022, in exchange for reimbursement of ceded claims and claims expenses on covered policies, a 20% ceding commission, and a profit commission of up to 62% that varies directly and inversely with ceded claims.
In connection with the 2022 QSR Transaction, NMIC entered into an additional back-to-back quota share agreement that is scheduled to incept on January 1, 2023 (the 2023 QSR Transaction). Under the terms of the 2023 QSR Transactions, NMIC will cede premiums earned related to 20% of the risk on eligible policies written in 2023, in exchange for reimbursement of ceded claims and claim expenses on covered policies, a 20% ceding commission, and a profit commission of up to 62% that varies directly and inversely with ceded claims.
NMIC may elect to terminate its engagement with individual reinsurers on a run-off basis (i.e., reinsurers continue providing coverage on all risk ceded prior to the termination date, with no new cessions going forward) or cut-off basis (i.e., the reinsurance arrangement is completely terminated with NMIC recapturing all previously ceded risk) under certain circumstances. Such selective termination rights arise when, among other reasons, a reinsurer experiences a deterioration in its capital position below a prescribed threshold and/or a reinsurer breaches (and fails to cure) its collateral posting obligations under the relevant agreement.
Effective April 1, 2019, NMIC elected to terminate its engagement with one reinsurer under the 2016 QSR Transaction on a cut-off basis. In connection with the termination, NMIC recaptured approximately $500 million of previously ceded primary RIF and stopped ceding new premiums written with respect to the recaptured risk. With this termination, ceded premiums written under the 2016 QSR Transaction decreased from 25% to 20.5% on eligible policies. The termination had no effect on the cession of pool risk under the 2016 QSR Transaction.
Excess-of-loss reinsurance
NMIC is party to reinsurance agreements with the Oaktown Re Vehicles that provide it with aggregate excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage on defined portfolios of mortgage insurance policies. Under each agreement, NMIC retains a first layer of aggregate loss exposure on covered policies and the respective Oaktown Re Vehicle then provides second layer loss protection up to a defined reinsurance coverage amount. NMIC then retains losses in excess of the respective reinsurance coverage amounts.
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The respective reinsurance coverage amounts provided by the Oaktown Re Vehicles decrease over a ten-year period as the underlying insured mortgages are amortized or repaid, and/or the mortgage insurance coverage is canceled (except the coverage provided by Oaktown Re VI Ltd. and Oaktown Re VII Ltd., which decreases over a 12.5-year period). As the reinsurance coverage decreases, a prescribed amount of collateral held in trust by the Oaktown Re Vehicles is distributed to ILN Transaction note-holders as amortization of the outstanding insurance-linked note principal balances. The outstanding reinsurance coverage amounts stop amortizing, and the collateral distribution to ILN Transaction note-holders and amortization of insurance-linked note principal is suspended if certain credit enhancement or delinquency thresholds, as defined in each agreement, are triggered (each, a Lock-Out Event). As of March 31, 2022, the 2018 and 2019 ILN Transactions were deemed to be in Lock Out due to the default experience of the underlying reference pools for each respective transaction and the 2021-2 ILN Transaction was deemed to be in Lock Out in connection with the initial build of its target credit enhancement level. As such, the amortization of reinsurance coverage, and distribution of collateral assets and amortization of insurance-linked notes was suspended for each ILN Transaction. The amortization of reinsurance coverage, distribution of collateral assets and amortization of insurance-linked notes issued in connection with the 2018, 2019 and 2021-2 ILN Transactions will remain suspended for the duration of the Lock-Out Event for each respective ILN Transaction, and during such period assets will be preserved in the applicable reinsurance trust account to collateralize the excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage provided to NMIC.
NMIC holds optional termination rights under each ILN Transaction, including, among others, an optional call feature which provides NMIC the discretion to terminate the transaction on or after a prescribed date, and a clean-up call if the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount amortizes to 10% or less of the reinsurance coverage amount at inception or if NMIC reasonably determines that changes to GSE or rating agency asset requirements would cause a material and adverse effect on the capital treatment afforded to NMIC under a given agreement. In addition, there are certain events that trigger mandatory termination of an agreement, including NMIC's failure to pay premiums or consent to reductions in a trust account to make principal payments to note-holders, among others.
Effective March 25, 2022, NMIC exercised its optional clean-up call to terminate the 2017 ILN Transaction. In connection with the termination of the transaction, NMIC’s excess of loss reinsurance agreement with Oaktown Re Ltd. was commuted and the insurance-linked notes issued by Oaktown Re Ltd. were redeemed in full with a distribution of remaining collateral assets.
The following table presents the inception date, covered production period, current reinsurance coverage amount, current first layer retained aggregate loss and detail on the level of overcollateralization under each outstanding ILN Transaction. Current amounts are presented as of March 31, 2022.
| ($ values in thousands) | 2018 ILN Transaction | 2019 ILN Transaction | 2020-1 ILN Transaction(4) | 2020-2 ILN Transaction | 2021-1 ILN Transaction | 2021-2 ILN Transaction | |||||||||||||||||
| Inception date | July 25, 2018 | July 30, 2019 | July 30, 2020 | October 29, 2020 | April 27, 2021 | October 26, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Covered production | 1/1/2017 - 5/31/2018 | 6/1/2018 - 6/30/2019 | 7/1/2019 - 3/31/2020 | 4/1/2020 - 9/30/2020 (1) | 10/1/2020 - 3/31/2021 (2) | 4/1/2021 - 9/30/2021 (3) | |||||||||||||||||
| Current ceded RIF | $ | 1,049,140 | $ | 1,171,775 | $ | 2,437,684 | $ | 4,100,877 | $ | 7,731,544 | $ | 7,504,161 | |||||||||||
| Current first layer retained loss | 122,403 | 122,524 | 169,463 | 121,177 | 163,708 | 146,229 | |||||||||||||||||
| Current reinsurance coverage | 158,489 | 231,877 | 35,409 | 140,063 | 359,787 | 363,596 | |||||||||||||||||
| Eligible coverage | $ | 280,892 | $ | 354,401 | $ | 204,872 | $ | 261,240 | $ | 523,495 | $ | 509,825 | |||||||||||
Subordinated coverage (5) | 26.77 | % | 30.24 | % | 8.00 | % | 6.25 | % | 6.75 | % | 6.79 | % | |||||||||||
| PMIERs charge on ceded RIF | 8.22 | % | 7.99 | % | 5.95 | % | 5.54 | % | 6.06 | % | 6.53 | % | |||||||||||
Overcollateralization (6) (7) | $ | 158,489 | $ | 231,877 | $ | 35,409 | $ | 33,855 | $ | 54,997 | $ | 20,148 | |||||||||||
Delinquency Trigger (8) | 4.0% | 4.0% | 6.0 | % | 4.7 | % | 5.1 | % | 5.1 | % | |||||||||||||
(1) Approximately 1% of the production covered by the 2020-2 ILN Transaction has coverage reporting dates between July 1, 2019 and March 31, 2020.
(2) Approximately 1% of the production covered by the 2021-1 ILN Transaction has coverage reporting dates between July 1, 2019 and September 30, 2020.
(3) Approximately 2% of the production covered by the 2021-2 ILN Transaction has coverage reporting dates between July 1, 2019 and March 31, 2021.
(4) Effective April 25, 2022, NMIC exercised its optional clean-up call to terminate the 2020-1 ILN Transaction. In connection with the termination of the transaction, NMIC's excess of loss reinsurance agreement with Oaktown Re IV Ltd. was commuted and the insurance-linked notes issued by Oaktown Re IV Ltd. were redeemed in full with a distribution of remaining collateral assets.
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(5) Absent a delinquency trigger, the subordinated coverage is capped at 8.00%, 6.25%, 6.75% and 7.45% for the 2020-1, 2020-2, 2021-1 and 2021-2 ILN Transactions, respectively.
(6) Overcollateralization for each of the 2018, 2019 and 2020-1 ILN Transactions is equal to their current reinsurance coverage as the PMIERs required asset amount on RIF ceded under each transaction is currently below its remaining first layer retained loss.
(7) May not be replicated based on the rounded figures presented in the table.
(8) Delinquency triggers for the 2018 and 2019 ILN Transactions are set at a fixed 4.0% and assessed on a discrete monthly basis; delinquency triggers for the 2020-1, 2020-2, 2021-1 and 2021-2 ILN Transactions are equal to seventy-five percent of the subordinated coverage level and assessed on the basis of a three-month rolling average.
See Item 1, "Financial Statements - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5, Reinsurance" for further discussion of these third-party reinsurance arrangements.
Portfolio Data
The following table presents primary and pool NIW and IIF as of the dates and for the periods indicated. Unless otherwise noted, the tables below do not include the effects of our third-party reinsurance arrangements described above.
| Primary and pool IIF and NIW | As of and for the three months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IIF | NIW | IIF | NIW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monthly | $ | 139,156 | $ | 13,094 | $ | 106,920 | $ | 23,764 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single | 19,721 | 1,071 | 16,857 | 2,633 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary | 158,877 | 14,165 | 123,777 | 26,397 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pool | 1,162 | — | 1,642 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 160,039 | $ | 14,165 | $ | 125,419 | $ | 26,397 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NIW for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $14.2 billion compared to $26.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021. NIW decreased year-on-year primarily due to a decline in the size of the total mortgage insurance market.
Total IIF increased 28% at March 31, 2022 compared to March 31, 2021, primarily due to the NIW generated between such measurement dates, partially offset by the run-off of in-force policies. Our persistency rate improved to 71.5% at March 31, 2022 from 51.9% at March 31, 2021, reflecting a slowdown in the pace of refinancing activity during the intervening twelve month period tied to an increase in interest and mortgage note rates.
The following table presents net premiums written and earned for the periods indicated:
| Primary and pool premiums written and earned | For the three months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums written | $ | 116,034 | $ | 115,815 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums earned | 116,495 | 105,879 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net premiums earned increased 10% during the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021, primarily due to the growth of our IIF, partially offset by a decrease in the contribution from single premium policy cancellations and an increase in cessions under the ILN Transactions. The accelerated rate of growth in net premiums earned compared to net premiums written is due to a decrease in the volume and mix of our single premium policy production from period to period.
Pool premiums written and earned for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, were $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, before giving effect to the 2016 QSR Transaction, under which all of our written and earned pool premiums are ceded. A portion of our ceded pool premiums written and earned are recouped through profit commission.
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Portfolio Statistics
Unless otherwise noted, the portfolio statistics tables presented below do not include the effects of our third-party reinsurance arrangements described above. The table below highlights trends in our primary portfolio as of the dates and for the periods indicated.
| Primary portfolio trends | As of and for the three months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | September 30, 2021 | June 30, 2021 | March 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions, except as noted below) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New insurance written | $ | 14,165 | $ | 18,342 | $ | 18,084 | $ | 22,751 | $ | 26,397 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of monthly premium | 92 | % | 93 | % | 93 | % | 85 | % | 90 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of single premium | 8 | % | 7 | % | 7 | % | 15 | % | 10 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| New risk written | $ | 3,721 | $ | 4,786 | $ | 4,640 | $ | 5,650 | $ | 6,531 | |||||||||||||||||||
Insurance-in-force (1) | 158,877 | 152,343 | 143,618 | 136,598 | 123,777 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of monthly premium | 88 | % | 87 | % | 87 | % | 86 | % | 86 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of single premium | 12 | % | 13 | % | 13 | % | 14 | % | 14 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Risk-in-force (1) | $ | 40,522 | $ | 38,661 | $ | 36,253 | $ | 34,366 | $ | 31,206 | |||||||||||||||||||
Policies in force (count) (1) | 526,976 | 512,316 | 490,714 | 471,794 | 436,652 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average loan size ($ value in thousands) (1) | $ | 301 | $ | 297 | $ | 293 | $ | 290 | $ | 283 | |||||||||||||||||||
Coverage percentage (2) | 25.5 | % | 25.4 | % | 25.2 | % | 25.2 | % | 25.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Loans in default (count) (1) | 5,238 | 6,227 | 7,670 | 8,764 | 11,090 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Default rate (1) | 0.99 | % | 1.22 | % | 1.56 | % | 1.86 | % | 2.54 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Risk-in-force on defaulted loans (1) | $ | 362 | $ | 435 | $ | 546 | $ | 625 | $ | 785 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net premium yield (3) | 0.30 | % | 0.31 | % | 0.32 | % | 0.34 | % | 0.36 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings from cancellations | $ | 2.9 | $ | 5.1 | $ | 7.7 | $ | 7.0 | $ | 9.9 | |||||||||||||||||||
Annual persistency (4) | 71.5 | % | 63.8 | % | 58.1 | % | 53.9 | % | 51.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Quarterly run-off (5) | 5.0 | % | 6.7 | % | 8.1 | % | 8.0 | % | 12.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
(1) Reported as of the end of the period.
(2) Calculated as end of period RIF divided by end of period IIF.
(3) Calculated as net premiums earned divided by average primary IIF for the period, annualized.
(4) Defined as the percentage of IIF that remains on our books after a given twelve-month period.
(5) Defined as the percentage of IIF that is no longer on our books after a given three-month period.
The table below presents a summary of the change in total primary IIF for the dates and periods indicated.
| Primary IIF | As of and for the three months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| IIF, beginning of period | $ | 152,343 | $ | 111,252 | |||||||||||||||||||
| NIW | 14,165 | 26,397 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Cancellations, principal repayments and other reductions | (7,631) | (13,872) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| IIF, end of period | $ | 158,877 | $ | 123,777 | |||||||||||||||||||
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We consider a "book" to be a collective pool of policies insured during a particular period, normally a calendar year. In general, the majority of underwriting profit, calculated as earned premium revenue minus claims and underwriting and operating expenses, generated by a particular book year emerges in the years immediately following origination. This pattern generally occurs because relatively few of the claims that a book will ultimately experience typically occur in the first few years following origination, when premium revenue is highest, while subsequent years are affected by declining premium revenues, as the number of insured loans decreases (primarily due to loan prepayments), and by increasing losses.
The table below presents a summary of our primary IIF and RIF by book year as of the dates indicated.
| Primary IIF and RIF | As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| IIF | RIF | IIF | RIF | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | $ | 14,076 | $ | 3,699 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 78,955 | 20,058 | 26,296 | 6,508 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 41,311 | 10,431 | 53,650 | 13,397 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 11,102 | 2,910 | 20,402 | 5,342 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 4,411 | 1,127 | 8,074 | 2,057 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 and before | 9,022 | 2,297 | 15,355 | 3,902 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 158,877 | $ | 40,522 | $ | 123,777 | $ | 31,206 | |||||||||||||||
We utilize certain risk principles that form the basis of how we underwrite and originate NIW. We have established prudential underwriting standards and loan-level eligibility matrices which prescribe the maximum LTV, minimum borrower FICO score, maximum borrower DTI ratio, maximum loan size, property type, loan type, loan term and occupancy status of loans that we will insure and memorialized these standards and eligibility matrices in our Underwriting Guideline Manual that is publicly available on our website. Our underwriting standards and eligibility criteria are designed to limit the layering of risk in a single insurance policy. "Layered risk" refers to the accumulation of borrower, loan and property risk. For example, we have higher credit score and lower maximum allowed LTV requirements for investor-owned properties, compared to owner-occupied properties. We monitor the concentrations of various risk attributes in our insurance portfolio, which may change over time, in part, as a result of regional conditions or public policy shifts.
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The tables below present our primary NIW by FICO, LTV and purchase/refinance mix for the periods indicated. We calculate the LTV of a loan as the percentage of the original loan amount to the original purchase value of the property securing the loan.
| Primary NIW by FICO | For the three months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| >= 760 | $ | 6,372 | $ | 12,914 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 740-759 | 2,388 | 5,312 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 720-739 | 1,937 | 3,963 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 700-719 | 1,639 | 2,358 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 680-699 | 1,244 | 1,360 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| <=679 | 585 | 490 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 14,165 | $ | 26,397 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average FICO | 748 | 755 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary NIW by LTV | For the three months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 95.01% and above | $ | 1,366 | $ | 2,451 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 90.01% to 95.00% | 7,055 | 11,051 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 85.01% to 90.00% | 3,868 | 7,848 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 85.00% and below | 1,876 | 5,047 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 14,165 | $ | 26,397 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average LTV | 92.1 | % | 91.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Primary NIW by purchase/refinance mix | For the three months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase | $ | 13,398 | $ | 17,909 | |||||||||||||||||||
Refinance | 767 | 8,488 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 14,165 | $ | 26,397 | |||||||||||||||||||
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The tables below present our total primary IIF and RIF by FICO and LTV, and total primary RIF by loan type as of the dates indicated.
| Primary IIF by FICO | As of | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| >= 760 | $ | 79,141 | 50 | % | $ | 63,919 | 52 | % | |||||||||||||||
| 740-759 | 27,406 | 17 | 20,537 | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 720-739 | 22,176 | 14 | 17,167 | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 700-719 | 15,236 | 10 | 11,536 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 680-699 | 10,347 | 6 | 7,329 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| <=679 | 4,571 | 3 | 3,289 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 158,877 | 100 | % | $ | 123,777 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Primary RIF by FICO | As of | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| >= 760 | $ | 19,883 | 49 | % | $ | 15,920 | 51 | % | |||||||||||||||
| 740-759 | 7,054 | 17 | 5,214 | 17 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 720-739 | 5,735 | 14 | 4,378 | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 700-719 | 4,010 | 10 | 2,981 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 680-699 | 2,706 | 7 | 1,896 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| <=679 | 1,134 | 3 | 817 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 40,522 | 100 | % | $ | 31,206 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Primary IIF by LTV | As of | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 95.01% and above | $ | 14,918 | 9 | % | $ | 10,616 | 9 | % | |||||||||||||||
| 90.01% to 95.00% | 72,381 | 46 | 54,832 | 44 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 85.01% to 90.00% | 48,406 | 30 | 40,057 | 32 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 85.00% and below | 23,172 | 15 | 18,272 | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 158,877 | 100 | % | $ | 123,777 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Primary RIF by LTV | As of | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values In Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 95.01% and above | $ | 4,527 | 11 | % | $ | 3,106 | 10 | % | |||||||||||||||
| 90.01% to 95.00% | 21,358 | 53 | 16,139 | 52 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 85.01% to 90.00% | 11,895 | 29 | 9,818 | 31 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 85.00% and below | 2,742 | 7 | 2,143 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 40,522 | 100 | % | $ | 31,206 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
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| Primary RIF by Loan Type | As of | ||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||
| Fixed | 99 | % | 99 | % | |||||||
| Adjustable rate mortgages: | |||||||||||
| Less than five years | — | — | |||||||||
| Five years and longer | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Total | 100 | % | 100 | % | |||||||
The table below presents selected primary portfolio statistics, by book year, as of March 31, 2022.
| As of March 31, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Book Year | Original Insurance Written | Remaining Insurance in Force | % Remaining of Original Insurance | Policies Ever in Force | Number of Policies in Force | Number of Loans in Default | # of Claims Paid | Incurred Loss Ratio (Inception to Date) (1) | Cumulative Default Rate (2) | Current Default Rate (3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ Values in Millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2013 | $ | 162 | $ | 6 | 3 | % | 655 | 40 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | % | 0.3 | % | 2.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2014 | 3,451 | 253 | 7 | % | 14,786 | 1,568 | 39 | 49 | 4.2 | % | 0.6 | % | 2.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 | 12,422 | 1,555 | 13 | % | 52,548 | 8,564 | 218 | 119 | 3.3 | % | 0.6 | % | 2.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2016 | 21,187 | 3,409 | 16 | % | 83,626 | 17,318 | 487 | 134 | 3.0 | % | 0.7 | % | 2.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 21,582 | 3,799 | 18 | % | 85,897 | 19,700 | 783 | 106 | 4.3 | % | 1.0 | % | 4.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 27,295 | 4,411 | 16 | % | 104,043 | 22,121 | 1,032 | 93 | 7.6 | % | 1.1 | % | 4.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 45,141 | 11,102 | 25 | % | 148,423 | 45,603 | 1,118 | 23 | 10.1 | % | 0.8 | % | 2.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 62,702 | 41,311 | 66 | % | 186,174 | 131,277 | 902 | 1 | 5.1 | % | 0.5 | % | 0.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 85,574 | 78,955 | 92 | % | 257,972 | 242,014 | 658 | — | 2.8 | % | 0.3 | % | 0.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 14,165 | 14,076 | 99 | % | 38,974 | 38,771 | — | — | — | % | — | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 293,681 | $ | 158,877 | 973,098 | 526,976 | 5,238 | 526 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Calculated as total claims incurred (paid and reserved) divided by cumulative premiums earned, net of reinsurance.
(2) Calculated as the sum of the number of claims paid ever to date and number of loans in default divided by policies ever in force.
(3) Calculated as the number of loans in default divided by number of policies in force.
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Geographic Dispersion
The following table shows the distribution by state of our primary RIF as of the dates indicated. The distribution of our primary RIF as of March 31, 2022 is not necessarily representative of the geographic distribution we expect in the future.
| Top 10 primary RIF by state | As of | ||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||
| California | 10.8 | % | 10.8 | % | |||||||
| Texas | 9.5 | 9.5 | |||||||||
| Florida | 8.4 | 7.9 | |||||||||
| Virginia | 4.5 | 5.0 | |||||||||
| Georgia | 3.9 | 3.3 | |||||||||
| Illinois | 3.8 | 3.7 | |||||||||
| Colorado | 3.7 | 4.1 | |||||||||
| Washington | 3.7 | 3.5 | |||||||||
| Maryland | 3.6 | 3.8 | |||||||||
| Pennsylvania | 3.3 | 3.3 | |||||||||
| Total | 55.2 | % | 54.9 | % | |||||||
Insurance Claims and Claim Expenses
Insurance claims and claim expenses incurred represent estimated future payments on newly defaulted insured loans and any change in our claim estimates for previously existing defaults. Claims incurred are generally affected by a variety of factors, including the macroeconomic environment, national and regional unemployment trends, changes in housing values, borrower risk characteristics, LTV ratios and other loan level risk attributes, the size and type of loans insured, the percentage of coverage on insured loans, and the level of reinsurance coverage maintained against insured exposures.
Reserves for claims and claim expenses are established for mortgage loans that are in default. A loan is considered to be in default as of the payment date at which a borrower has missed the preceding two or more consecutive monthly payments. We establish reserves for loans that have been reported to us in default by servicers, referred to as case reserves, and additional loans that we estimate (based on actuarial review and other factors) to be in default that have not yet been reported to us by servicers, referred to as IBNR. We also establish reserves for claim expenses, which represent the estimated cost of the claim administration process, including legal and other fees and other general expenses of administering the claim settlement process. Reserves are not established for future claims on insured loans which are not currently reported or which we estimate are not currently in default.
Reserves are established by estimating the number of loans in default that will result in a claim payment, which is referred to as claim frequency, and the amount of the claim payment expected to be paid on each such loan in default, which is referred to as claim severity. Claim frequency and severity estimates are established based on historical observed experience regarding certain loan factors, such as age of the default, cure rates, size of the loan and estimated change in property value. Reserves are released the month in which a loan in default is brought current by the borrower, which is referred to as a cure. Adjustments to reserve estimates are reflected in the period in which the adjustment is made. Reserves are also ceded to reinsurers under the QSR Transactions and ILN Transactions, as applicable under each treaty. We have not yet ceded any reserves under the ILN Transactions as incurred claims and claim expenses on each respective reference pool remain within our retained coverage layer of each transaction. Our pool insurance agreement with Fannie Mae contains a claim deductible through which Fannie Mae absorbs specified losses before we are obligated to pay any claims. We have not established any claims or claim expense reserves for pool exposure to date.
The actual claims we incur as our portfolio matures are difficult to predict and depend on the specific characteristics of our current in-force book (including the credit score and DTI of the borrower, the LTV ratio of the mortgage and geographic concentrations, among others), as well as the risk profile of new business we write in the future. In addition, claims experience will be affected by macroeconomic factors such as housing prices, interest rates, unemployment rates and other events, such as natural disasters or global pandemics, and any federal, state or local governmental response thereto.
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Our reserve setting process considers the beneficial impact of forbearance, foreclosure moratorium and other assistance programs available to defaulted borrowers. We generally observe that forbearance programs are an effective tool to bridge dislocated borrowers from a time of acute stress to a future date when they can resume timely payment of their mortgage obligations. The effectiveness of forbearance programs is enhanced by the availability of various repayment and loan modification options which allow borrowers to amortize or, in certain instances, outright defer payments otherwise due during the forbearance period over an extended length of time.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, politicians, regulators, lenders, loan servicers and others have offered extraordinary assistance to dislocated borrowers through, among other programs, the forbearance, foreclosure moratorium and other assistance programs codified under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act). The FHFA and GSEs have offered further assistance by introducing new repayment and loan modification options to assist borrowers with their transition out of forbearance programs and default status. At March 31, 2022 and 2021, we generally established lower reserves for defaults that we consider to be connected to the COVID-19 pandemic, given our expectation that forbearance, repayment and modification, and other assistance programs will aid affected borrowers and drive higher cure rates on such defaults than we would otherwise expect to experience on similarly situated loans that did not benefit from broad-based assistance programs.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending gross reserve balances for primary insurance claims and claim (benefits) expenses:
| For the three months ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | 103,551 | $ | 90,567 | |||||||||||||||||||
Less reinsurance recoverables (1) | (20,320) | (17,608) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance, net of reinsurance recoverables | 83,231 | 72,959 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Add claims incurred: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Claims and claim (benefits) expenses incurred: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Current year (2) | 10,080 | 10,557 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Prior years (3) | (10,699) | (5,595) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total claims and claim (benefits) expenses incurred | (619) | 4,962 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Less claims paid: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Claims and claim expenses paid: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Current year (2) | — | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Prior years (3) | 320 | 492 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total claims and claim expenses paid | 320 | 504 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve at end of period, net of reinsurance recoverables | 82,292 | 77,417 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Add reinsurance recoverables (1) | 20,080 | 18,686 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | 102,372 | $ | 96,103 | |||||||||||||||||||
(1) Related to ceded losses recoverable under the QSR Transactions.. See Item 1, "Financial Statements - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5, Reinsurance" for additional information.
(2) Related to insured loans with their most recent defaults occurring in the current year. For example, if a loan had defaulted in a prior year and subsequently cured and later re-defaulted in the current year, that default would be included in the current year. Amounts are presented net of reinsurance and included $5.2 million attributed to net case reserves and $4.7 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and $5.3 million attributed to net case reserves and $5.3 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
(3) Related to insured loans with defaults occurring in prior years, which have been continuously in default before the start of the current year. Amounts are presented net of reinsurance and included $5.8 million attributed to net case reserves and $4.7 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and $0.6 million attributed to net case reserves and $5.0 million attributed to net IBNR reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
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The "claims incurred" section of the table above shows claims and claim (benefits) expenses incurred on defaults occurring in current and prior years, including IBNR reserves and is presented net of reinsurance. We may increase or decrease our claim estimates and reserves as we learn additional information about individual defaulted loans, and continue to observe and analyze loss development trends in our portfolio. Gross reserves of $89.7 million related to prior year defaults remained as of March 31, 2022.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending count of loans in default:
| For the three months ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning default inventory | 6,227 | 12,209 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Plus: new defaults | 1,163 | 1,767 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: cures | (2,132) | (2,868) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: claims paid | (19) | (16) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: rescission and claims denied | (1) | (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending default inventory | 5,238 | 11,090 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Ending default inventory declined from March 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022 as an increased number of borrowers initially impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic cured their delinquencies, and fewer new defaults emerged as the acute economic stress of the pandemic crisis began to recede. While our default population declined from March 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022, our default inventory remains elevated compared to historical experience due to the continued challenges certain borrowers are facing related to the COVID-19 pandemic and their decision to access the forbearance program for federally backed loans codified under the CARES Act or similar programs made available by private lenders. As of March 31, 2022, 3,463 of our 5,238 defaulted loans were in a COVID-19 related forbearance program.
The following table provides details of our claims paid, before giving effect to claims ceded under the QSR Transactions and ILN Transactions, for the periods indicated:
| For the three months ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ In Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Number of claims paid (1) | 19 | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total amount paid for claims | $ | 402 | $ | 606 | |||||||||||||||||||
Average amount paid per claim | $ | 21 | $ | 38 | |||||||||||||||||||
Severity (2) | 39 | % | 61 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
(1) Count includes six and one claims settled without payment during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(2) Severity represents the total amount of claims paid including claim expenses divided by the related RIF on the loan at the time the claim is perfected, and is calculated including claims settled without payment.
The Company paid 19 and 16 claims during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The number of claims paid was modest relative to the size of our insured portfolio and number of defaulted loans we reported in each period, primarily due to the forbearance program and foreclosure moratorium implemented by the GSEs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and codified under the CARES Act. Such forbearance and foreclosure programs have extended, and may ultimately interrupt, the timeline over which loans would otherwise progress through the default cycle to a paid claim. Our claims paid experience for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, further benefited from the resiliency of the housing market and broad national house price appreciation. An increase in the value of the homes collateralizing the mortgages we insure provides defaulted borrowers with alternative paths and incentives to cure their loan prior to the development of a claim.
Our claims severity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was 39% compared to 61% for three months ended March 31, 2021. Claims severity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 benefited from the same resiliency of the housing market and broad national house price appreciation as our claims paid. An increase in the value of the homes collateralizing the mortgages we insure provides additional equity support to our risk exposure and raises the prospect of a third-party sale of a foreclosed property, which can mitigate the severity of our settled claims.
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The following table provides detail on our average reserve per default, before giving effect to reserves ceded under the QSR Transactions, as of the dates indicated:
| Average reserve per default: | As of March 31, 2022 | As of March 31, 2021 | |||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||
Case (1) | $ | 18.0 | $ | 7.9 | |||||||
IBNR (1)(2) | 1.5 | 0.8 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 19.5 | $ | 8.7 | |||||||
(1) Defined as the gross reserve per insured loan in default.
(2) Amount includes claims adjustment expenses.
Average reserve per default increased from March 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022 primarily due to the “aging” of early COVID-related defaults. While we have generally established lower reserves for defaults that we consider to be connected to the COVID-19 pandemic given our expectation that forbearance, repayment and modification, and other assistance programs will aid affected borrowers and drive higher cure rates on such defaults than we would otherwise expect to experience on similarly situated loans that did not benefit from broad-based assistance programs, we have increased such reserves over time as individual defaults remain outstanding or “age.” The growth in our average reserve per default from March 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022, far exceeded the growth in our aggregate gross reserve position in the intervening period as the impact of the increase in our average reserve per default was largely offset by the decline in our total default inventory.
GSE Oversight
As an approved insurer, NMIC is subject to ongoing compliance with the PMIERs established by each of the GSEs (italicized terms have the same meaning that such terms have in the PMIERs, as described below). The PMIERs establish operational, business, remedial and financial requirements applicable to approved insurers. The PMIERs financial requirements prescribe a risk-based methodology whereby the amount of assets required to be held against each insured loan is determined based on certain loan-level risk characteristics, such as FICO, vintage (year of origination), performing vs. non-performing (i.e., current vs. delinquent), LTV ratio and other risk features. In general, higher quality loans carry lower asset charges.
Under the PMIERs, approved insurers must maintain available assets that equal or exceed minimum required assets, which is an amount equal to the greater of (i) $400 million or (ii) a total risk-based required asset amount. The risk-based required asset amount is a function of the risk profile of an approved insurer's RIF, assessed on a loan-by-loan basis and considered against certain risk-based factors derived from tables set out in the PMIERs, which is then adjusted on an aggregate basis for reinsurance transactions approved by the GSEs, such as with respect to our ILN Transactions and QSR Transactions. The aggregate gross risk-based required asset amount for performing, primary insurance is subject to a floor of 5.6% of performing primary adjusted RIF, and the risk-based required asset amount for pool insurance considers both factors in the PMIERs tables and the net remaining stop loss for each pool insurance policy.
By April 15th of each year, NMIC must certify it met all PMIERs requirements as of December 31st of the prior year. We certified to the GSEs by April 15, 2022 that NMIC was in full compliance with the PMIERs as of December 31, 2021. NMIC also has an ongoing obligation to immediately notify the GSEs in writing upon discovery of a failure to meet one or more of the PMIERs requirements. We continuously monitor NMIC's compliance with the PMIERs.
The following table provides a comparison of the PMIERs available assets and risk-based required asset amount as reported by NMIC as of the dates indicated:
| As of | |||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||
| Available assets | $ | 2,127,030 | $ | 1,809,589 | |||||||
| Risk-based required assets | 1,341,217 | 1,261,015 | |||||||||
Available assets were $2.1 billion at March 31, 2022, compared to $1.8 billion at March 31, 2021. The $317 million increase in available assets between the dates presented was primarily driven by NMIC's positive cash flow from operations during the intervening period.
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The increase in the risk-based required asset amount between the dates presented was primarily due to the growth of our gross RIF, partially offset by an increase in the risk ceded under our third-party reinsurance agreements.
Competition
The MI industry is highly competitive and currently consists of six private mortgage insurers, including NMIC, as well as government MIs such as the FHA, USDA or VA. Private MI companies compete based on service, customer relationships, underwriting and other factors, including price, credit risk tolerance and IT capabilities. We expect the private MI market to remain competitive, with pressure for industry participants to maintain or grow their market share.
The private MI industry overall competes more broadly with government MIs who significantly increased their share in the MI market following the 2008 Financial Crisis. Although there has been broad policy consensus toward the need for increasing private capital participation and decreasing government exposure to credit risk in the U.S. housing finance system, it remains difficult to predict whether the combined market share of government MIs will recede to pre-2008 levels. A range of factors influence a lender's and borrower's decision to choose private over government MI, including among others, premium rates and other charges, loan eligibility requirements, the cancelability of private coverage, loan size limits and the relative ease of use of private MI products compared to government MI alternatives.
LIBOR Transition
On March 5, 2021, ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (“IBA”), the administrator for LIBOR, confirmed it would permanently cease the publication of overnight, one-month, three-month, six-month and twelve-month USD LIBOR settings in their current form after June 30, 2023. The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority, the regulator of IBA, announced on the same day that it intends to stop requiring panel banks to continue to submit to LIBOR and all USD LIBOR settings in their current form will either cease to be provided by any administrator or no longer be representative after June 30, 2023. We have exposure to USD LIBOR-based financial instruments, such as LIBOR-based securities held in our investment portfolio and certain ILN Transactions that require LIBOR-based payments. We are in the process of reviewing our LIBOR-based contracts and transitioning, as necessary and applicable, to a set of alternative reference rates. We will continue to monitor, assess and plan for the phase out of LIBOR; however, we do not expect the impact of such transition to be material to our operations or financial results.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
| Consolidated statements of operations | Three months ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | ($ in thousands, except for per share data) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net premiums earned | $ | 116,495 | $ | 105,879 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net investment income | 10,199 | 8,814 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net realized investment gains | 408 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other revenues | 339 | 501 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 127,441 | 115,194 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance claims and claim (benefits) expenses | (619) | 4,962 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Underwriting and operating expenses | 32,935 | 34,065 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Service expenses | 430 | 591 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 8,041 | 7,915 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss from change in fair value of warrant liability | (93) | 205 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total expenses | 40,694 | 47,738 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 86,747 | 67,456 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | 19,067 | 14,565 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 67,680 | $ | 52,891 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share - Basic | $ | 0.79 | $ | 0.62 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share - Diluted | $ | 0.77 | $ | 0.61 | |||||||||||||||||||
Loss ratio(1) | (0.5) | % | 4.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Expense ratio(2) | 28.3 | % | 32.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Combined ratio (3) | 27.7 | % | 36.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Three months ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-GAAP financial measures (4) | March 31, 2022 | March 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ in thousands, except for per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted income before tax | $ | 86,506 | $ | 68,039 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted net income | 67,470 | 53,395 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted diluted EPS | 0.77 | 0.62 | |||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Loss ratio is calculated by dividing insurance claims and claim expenses by net premiums earned.
(2) Expense ratio is calculated by dividing underwriting and operating expenses by net premiums earned.
(3) Combined ratio may not foot due to rounding.
(4) See "Explanation and Reconciliation of Our Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures," below.
Revenues
Net premiums earned were $116.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $105.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase in net premiums earned was primarily driven by the growth of our IIF, partially offset by a decline in the contribution from single premium policy cancellations and an increase in cessions under the ILN Transactions.
Net investment income was $10.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $8.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase in net investment income in each respective period was primarily driven by growth in the size of our total investment portfolio.
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Other revenues were $339 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $501 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Other revenues represent underwriting fee revenue generated by our subsidiary, NMIS, which provides outsourced loan review services to mortgage loan originators. The decline in other revenues relates to a decrease in NMIS' outsourced loan review volume. Amounts recognized in other revenues generally correspond with amounts incurred as service expenses for outsourced loan review activities in the same periods.
Expenses
We recognize insurance claims and claim expenses in connection with the loss experience of our insured portfolio and incur other underwriting and operating expenses, including employee compensation and benefits, policy acquisition costs, and technology, professional services and facilities expenses, in connection with the development and operation of our business. We also incur service expenses in connection with NMIS' outsourced loan review activities.
Insurance claims and claim expenses were a benefit of $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to insurance claims and claim expenses of $5.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Insurance claims and claim expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2022 benefited from cure activity and release of a portion of the reserves we established for anticipated claims payments in prior period, and a decrease in the number of new defaults emerging on loans impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Underwriting and operating expenses were $32.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $34.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The decrease in underwriting and operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was primarily due to a decrease in the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (DAC) offset by an increase in depreciation and amortization incurred in connection with the completion and implementation of certain software and equipment initiatives, as well as an increase in travel and entertainment expenses tied to the easing of COVID-19 related restrictions. Underwriting and operating expenses included capital market reinsurance transaction costs of $0.3 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Service expenses were $430 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $591 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Service expenses represent third-party costs incurred by NMIS in connection with the services it provides. The year-on-year decline in service expenses was driven by a decrease in NMIS' outsourced loan review volume. Amounts incurred as service expenses generally correspond with amounts recognized in other revenues in the same periods.
Interest expense was $8.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $7.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Interest expense primarily reflects the carrying costs on the $400 million Notes offering completed in June 2020. The increase in interest expense period-to-period was due to an increase in commitment fees associated with the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility which had extended its borrowing capacity from $110 million to $250 million in November 2021. See Item 1, "Financial Statements - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 4, Debt."
Income tax expense was $19.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $14.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The year-on-year increase in income tax expense was primarily driven by growth in our pre-tax income. Our effective tax rate on pre-tax income was 22.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to 21.6% for the three ended March 31, 2021. As a U.S. taxpayer, we are subject to a statutory U.S. federal corporate income tax rate of 21%. Our provision for income taxes for interim periods is established based on our estimated annual effective tax rate for a given year and reflects the impact of discrete tax effects in the period in which they occur. Our effective tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 reflect the discrete tax effects of the vesting of RSUs and exercise of options, and the change in fair value of our warrant liability in each period. See Item 1, "Financial Statements - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9, Income Taxes."
Net Income
Net income was $67.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $52.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Adjusted net income was $67.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $53.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increases in net income and adjusted net income were primarily driven by growth in our total revenues and decrease in insurance claims and claim expenses, partially offset by an increase in our income tax expense.
Diluted EPS was $0.77 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $0.61 for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Adjusted diluted EPS was $0.77 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $0.62 for the three
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months ended March 31, 2021. Diluted and adjusted diluted EPS increased due to growth in net income and adjusted net income, partially offset by an increase in weighted average diluted shares outstanding.
The non-GAAP financial measures adjusted income before tax, adjusted net income and adjusted diluted EPS are presented to enhance the comparability of financial results between periods.
| Non-GAAP Financial Measure Reconciliations | For the three months ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As reported | ($ in thousands, except for per share data) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | $ | 86,747 | $ | 67,456 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | 19,067 | 14,565 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 67,680 | $ | 52,891 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net realized investment gains | (408) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss from change in fair value warrant liability | (93) | 205 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital market transaction costs | 260 | 378 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other infrequent, unusual or non-operating items | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted income before tax | 86,506 | 68,039 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax (benefit) expense on adjustments | (31) | 79 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted net income | $ | 67,470 | $ | 53,395 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average diluted shares outstanding | 87,310 | 86,487 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted diluted EPS | $ | 0.77 | $ | 0.62 | |||||||||||||||||||
Explanation and Reconciliation of Our Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We believe the use of the non-GAAP measures of adjusted income before tax, adjusted net income and adjusted diluted EPS enhances the comparability of our fundamental financial performance between periods, and provides relevant information to investors. These non-GAAP financial measures align with the way the company's business performance is evaluated by management. These measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be viewed as alternatives to GAAP measures of performance. These measures have been presented to increase transparency and enhance the comparability of our fundamental operating trends across periods. Other companies may calculate these measures differently; their measures may not be comparable to those we calculate and present.
Adjusted income before tax is defined as GAAP income before tax, excluding the pre-tax effects of the gain or loss related to the change in fair value of our warrant liability, periodic costs incurred in connection with capital markets transactions, net realized gains or losses from our investment portfolio, and other infrequent, unusual or non-operating items in the periods in which such items are incurred.
Adjusted net income is defined as GAAP net income, excluding the after-tax effects of the gain or loss related to the change in fair value of our warrant liability, periodic costs incurred in connection with capital markets transactions, net realized gains or losses from our investment portfolio, and other infrequent, unusual or non-operating items in the periods in which such items are incurred. Adjustments to components of pre-tax income are tax effected using the applicable federal statutory tax rate for the respective periods.
Adjusted diluted EPS is defined as adjusted net income divided by adjusted weighted average diluted shares outstanding. Adjusted weighted average diluted shares outstanding is defined as weighted average diluted shares outstanding, adjusted for changes in the dilutive effect of non-vested shares that would otherwise have occurred had GAAP net income been calculated in accordance with adjusted net income. There will be no adjustment to weighted average diluted shares outstanding in the years that non-vested shares are anti-dilutive under GAAP.
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Although adjusted income before tax, adjusted net income and adjusted diluted EPS exclude certain items that have occurred in the past and are expected to occur in the future, the excluded items: (1) are not viewed as part of the operating performance of our primary activities; or (2) are impacted by market, economic or regulatory factors and are not necessarily indicative of operating trends, or both. These adjustments, and the reasons for their treatment, are described below.
•Change in fair value of warrant liability. Outstanding warrants at the end of each reporting period are revalued, and any change in fair value is reported in the statement of operations in the period in which the change occurred. The change in fair value of our warrant liability can vary significantly across periods and is influenced principally by equity market and general economic factors that do not impact or reflect our current period operating results. We believe trends in our operating performance can be more clearly identified by excluding fluctuations related to the change in fair value of our warrant liability.
•Capital markets transaction costs. Capital markets transaction costs result from activities that are undertaken to improve our debt profile or enhance our capital position through activities such as debt refinancing and capital markets reinsurance transactions that may vary in their size and timing due to factors such as market opportunities, tax and capital profile, and overall market cycles.
•Net realized investment gains and losses. The recognition of the net realized investment gains or losses can vary significantly across periods as the timing is highly discretionary and is influenced by factors such as market opportunities, tax and capital profile, and overall market cycles that do not reflect our current period operating results.
•Other infrequent, unusual or non-operating items. Items that are the result of unforeseen or uncommon events, and are not expected to recur with frequency in the future. Identification and exclusion of these items provides clarity about the impact special or rare occurrences may have on our current financial performance. Past adjustments under this category include infrequent, unusual or non-operating adjustments related to severance, restricted stock modification and other expenses incurred in connection with the CEO transition announced in September 2021 and the effects of the release of the valuation allowance recorded against our net federal and certain state net deferred tax assets in 2016 and the re-measurement of our net deferred tax assets in connection with tax reform in 2017. We believe such items are infrequent or non-recurring in nature, and are not indicative of the performance of, or ongoing trends in, our primary operating activities or business.
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| Consolidated balance sheets | March 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | |||||||||
| (In Thousands) | |||||||||||
| Total investment portfolio | $ | 1,993,972 | $ | 2,085,931 | |||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 130,906 | 76,646 | |||||||||
| Premiums receivable | 60,526 | 60,358 | |||||||||
| Deferred policy acquisition costs, net | 59,727 | 59,584 | |||||||||
| Software and equipment, net | 32,386 | 32,047 | |||||||||
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 2,011 | 2,393 | |||||||||
| Reinsurance recoverable | 20,080 | 20,320 | |||||||||
| Other assets | 124,336 | 113,302 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 2,423,944 | $ | 2,450,581 | |||||||
| Debt | $ | 394,969 | $ | 394,623 | |||||||
| Unearned premiums | 138,393 | 139,237 | |||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 76,923 | 72,000 | |||||||||
| Reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses | 102,372 | 103,551 | |||||||||
| Reinsurance funds withheld | 5,343 | 5,601 | |||||||||
| Warrant liability | 1,416 | 2,363 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liability, net | 156,966 | 164,175 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities | 12,520 | 3,245 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 888,902 | 884,795 | |||||||||
| Total shareholders' equity | 1,535,042 | 1,565,786 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 2,423,944 | $ | 2,450,581 | |||||||
Total cash and investments were $2.1 billion as of March 31, 2022, compared to $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2021. Cash and investments at March 31, 2022 included $106.2 million held by NMIH. The decrease in total cash and investments reflects an increase in the unrealized loss positions of our fixed income portfolio tied to the prevailing interest rate and credit spread environment and share repurchases during the three months ended March 31, 2022, partially offset by an increase in cash generated from operations.
Premiums receivable was $60.5 million as of March 31, 2022, compared to $60.4 million as December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by growth in our monthly premium policies in force, where premiums are generally paid one month in arrears.
Net deferred policy acquisition costs were $59.7 million as of March 31, 2022, compared to $59.6 million as of December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by the deferral of certain costs associated with the origination of new policies between the respective balance sheet dates, largely offset by the recognition of previously deferred policy acquisition costs.
Prepaid reinsurance premiums were $2.0 million as of March 31, 2022, compared to $2.4 million as of December 31, 2021. Prepaid reinsurance premiums, which represent the unearned premiums on single premium policies ceded under the 2016 QSR Transaction, decreased due to the continued amortization of previously ceded unearned premiums.
Reinsurance recoverable was $20.1 million as of March 31, 2022, compared to $20.3 million as of December 31, 2021. The decrease was driven by a decrease in ceded losses recoverable associated with our QSR Transactions.
Other assets increased to $124.3 million as of March 31, 2022, compared to $113.3 million as of December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by the recognition of incremental ROU assets in connection with the modification of the operating lease for our corporate headquarters in January 2022. Other assets included $89.2 million of tax and loss bonds held by the Company at both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. See Item 1, "Financial Statements - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9, Income Taxes."
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Unearned premiums were $138.4 million as of March 31, 2022, compared to $139.2 million as of December 31, 2021. The decrease was driven by the amortization of existing unearned premiums through earnings in accordance with the expiration of risk on related single premium policies and the cancellations of other single premium policies, partially offset by single premium policy originations during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Accounts payable and accrued expenses were $76.9 million as of March 31, 2022, compared to $72.0 million as of December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by accrued and unpaid interest on the Notes which is payable semi-annually in June and December and unsettled trades payable, partially offset by payments of payroll and bonuses, premium taxes and other contractual payables.
Reserve for insurance claims and claim expenses was $102.4 million as of March 31, 2022, compared to $103.6 million as of December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily driven by a release of a portion of the reserves we established for anticipated claims payments in prior periods, cure activity, and a decline in the total size of our default population. The decrease was partially offset by the increase in the average reserve per default. While we have generally established lower reserves per default for loans that we consider to be impaired in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have increased the initial reserves held for such loans as they have aged in default status. See "- Insurance Claims and Claim Expenses," above for further details.
Reinsurance funds withheld, which represents our ceded reinsurance premiums written, less our profit and ceding commission receivables related to the 2016 QSR Transaction was $5.3 million as of March 31, 2022, compared to $5.6 million as of December 31, 2021. The decrease relates to the continued decline in ceded premiums written on single premium policies, due to the end of the reinsurance coverage period for new business under the 2016 QSR Transaction at December 31, 2017. See Item 1, "Financial Statements - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5, Reinsurance."
Warrant liability was $1.4 million at March 31, 2022, compared to $2.4 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease was driven by the exercise of outstanding warrants, and changes in the price of our common stock and other Black-Scholes model inputs between the respective measurement dates. For further information regarding the valuation of our warrant liability and its impact on our results of operations and financial position, see Item 1, "Financial Statements - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3, Fair Value of Financial Instruments."
Net deferred tax liability was $157.0 million at March 31, 2022, compared to $164.2 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the increase in unrealized losses recorded in other comprehensive income, partially offset by an increase in the claimed deductibility of our statutory contingency reserve. For further information regarding income taxes and their impact on our results of operations and financial position, see Item 1, "Financial Statements - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9, Income Taxes."
Other liabilities increased to $12.5 million as of March 31, 2022, compared to $3.2 million as of December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by the recognition of an incremental lease liability in connection with the modification of the operating lease for our corporate headquarters in January 2022.
The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities:
| Consolidated cash flows | For the three months ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in): | (In Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Operating activities | $ | 80,310 | $ | 85,464 | |||||||||||||
| Investing activities | (21,370) | (96,447) | |||||||||||||||
| Financing activities | (4,680) | (437) | |||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 54,260 | $ | (11,420) | |||||||||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities was $80.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to $85.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities year-on-year was primarily driven by the payment of certain employee compensation costs, partially offset by growth in premiums written and a decline in claims paid during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 reflects the purchase of fixed and short-term maturities with cash provided by operating activities, and the reinvestment of coupon payments, maturities and sale proceeds within our investment portfolio.
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Cash used in financing activities was $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Cash used in financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily relates to the repurchase of common stock.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
NMIH serves as the holding company for our insurance subsidiaries and does not have any significant operations of its own. NMIH's principal liquidity demands include funds for (i) payment of certain corporate expenses; (ii) payment of certain reimbursable expenses of its insurance subsidiaries; (iii) payment of the interest related to the Notes and 2021 Revolving Credit Facility; (iv) tax payments to the Internal Revenue Service; (v) capital support for its subsidiaries; (vi) repurchase of its common stock; and (vii) payment of dividends, if any, on its common stock. NMIH is not subject to any limitations on its ability to pay dividends except those generally applicable to corporations that are incorporated in Delaware. Delaware law provides that dividends are only payable out of a corporation's surplus or recent net profits (subject to certain limitations).
As of March 31, 2022, NMIH had $106.2 million of cash and investments. NMIH's principal sources of net cash are dividends from its subsidiaries and investment income. NMIC has the capacity, under Wisconsin law, to pay $34.9 million of aggregate ordinary course dividends to NMIH during the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2022. NMIH also has access to $250 million of undrawn revolving credit capacity under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. See Item 1, "Financial Statements - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 4, Debt.
On February 10, 2022, our Board of Directors approved a $125 million share repurchase program through December 31, 2023, that enables the company to repurchase its common stock. The authorization provides NMIH the flexibility to repurchase stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, based on market and business conditions, stock price and other factors. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, NMIH repurchased 235,344 shares of common stock pursuant to a trading plan under Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, at a total cost of $5.0 million, including associated costs.
NMIH has entered into tax and expense-sharing agreements with its subsidiaries which have been approved by the Wisconsin OCI, with such approvals subject to change or revocation at any time. Among such agreements, the Wisconsin OCI has approved the allocation of interest expense on the Notes and the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility to NMIC to the extent proceeds from such offering and facility are distributed to NMIC or used to repay, redeem or otherwise defease amounts raised by NMIC under prior credit arrangements that have previously been distributed to NMIC.
The Notes mature on June 1, 2025 and bear interest at a rate of 7.375%, payable semi-annually on June 1 and December 1. The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility matures on the earlier of (x) November 29, 2025 or (y) if any existing senior secured notes remain outstanding on such date, February 28, 2025, and accrues interest at a variable rate equal to, at our discretion, (i) a Base Rate (as defined in the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, subject to a floor of 1.00% per annum) plus a margin of 0.375% to 1.875% per annum or (ii) the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate (as defined in the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility) plus a margin of 1.375% to 2.875% per annum, with the margin in each of (i) or (ii) based on our applicable corporate credit rating at the time. Borrowings under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility may be used for general corporate purposes, including to support the growth of our new business production and operations.
Under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, NMIH is required to pay a quarterly commitment fee on the average daily undrawn amount of 0.175% to 0.525%, based on the applicable corporate credit rating at the time. As of March 31, 2022, the applicable commitment fee was 0.35%.
We are subject to certain covenants under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, including: a maximum debt-to-total capitalization ratio of 35%, a requirement to maintain compliance with the private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements (PMIERs) financial requirements (subject to any GSE approved waivers), and minimum consolidated net worth and statutory capital requirements (respectively, as defined therein). We were in compliance with all covenants at March 31, 2022.
NMIC and Re One are subject to certain capital and dividend rules and regulations prescribed by jurisdictions in which they are authorized to operate and the GSEs. Under Wisconsin law, NMIC and Re One may pay dividends up to specified levels (i.e., "ordinary" dividends) with 30 days' prior notice to the Wisconsin OCI. Dividends in larger amounts, or "extraordinary" dividends, are subject to the Wisconsin OCI's prior approval. Under Wisconsin insurance laws, an extraordinary dividend is defined as any payment or distribution that, together with other dividends and distributions made within the preceding twelve months, exceeds the lesser of (i) 10% of the insurer's statutory policyholders' surplus as of the preceding December 31 or (ii) adjusted statutory net income for the twelve-month period ending the preceding December 31. On April 1, 2022, NMIC paid a $34.9 million ordinary course dividend to NMIH.
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NMIH may require liquidity to fund the capital needs of its insurance subsidiaries. NMIC's capital needs depend on many factors including its ability to successfully write new business, establish premium rates at levels sufficient to cover claims and operating costs, access the reinsurance markets and meet minimum required asset thresholds under the PMIERs and minimum state capital requirements (respectively, as defined therein).
As an approved mortgage insurer and Wisconsin-domiciled carrier, NMIC is required to satisfy financial and/or capitalization requirements stipulated by each of the GSEs and the Wisconsin OCI. The financial requirements stipulated by the GSEs are outlined in the PMIERs. Under the PMIERs, NMIC must maintain available assets that are equal to or exceed a minimum risk-based required asset amount, subject to a minimum floor of $400 million. At March 31, 2022, NMIC reported $2,127 million available assets against $1,341 million risk-based required assets, for a $786 million "excess" funding position.
The risk-based required asset amount under PMIERs is determined at an individual policy-level based on the risk characteristics of each insured loan. Loans with higher risk factors, such as higher LTVs or lower borrower FICO scores, are assessed a higher charge. Non-performing loans that have missed two or more payments are generally assessed a significantly higher charge than performing loans, regardless of the underlying borrower or loan risk profile; however, special consideration is given under PMIERs to loans that are delinquent on homes located in an area declared by FEMA to be a Major Disaster zone eligible for Individual Assistance. In June 2020, the GSEs issued guidance (which was subsequently amended and restated) on the risk-based treatment of loans affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Under the guidance, non-performing loans that are subject to a forbearance program granted in response to a financial hardship related to COVID-19 will benefit from a permanent 70% risk-based required asset haircut for the duration of the forbearance period and subsequent repayment plan or trial modification period.
NMIC's PMIERs minimum risk-based required asset amount is also adjusted for its reinsurance transactions (as approved by the GSEs). Under NMIC's quota share reinsurance treaties, it receives credit for the PMIERs risk-based required asset amount on ceded RIF. As its gross PMIERs risk-based required asset amount on ceded RIF increases, the PMIERS credit for ceded RIF automatically increases as well (in an unlimited amount). Under NMIC's ILN Transactions, it generally receives credit for the PMIERs risk-based required asset amount on ceded RIF to the extent such requirement is within the subordinated coverage (excess of loss detachment threshold) afforded by the transaction.
NMIC is also subject to state regulatory minimum capital requirements based on its RIF. Formulations of this minimum capital vary by state, however, the most common measure allows for a maximum ratio of RIF to statutory capital (commonly referred to as RTC) of 25:1. The RTC calculation does not assess a different charge or impose a different threshold RTC limit based on the underlying risk characteristics of the insured portfolio. Non-performing loans are treated the same as performing loans under the RTC framework. As such, the PMIERs generally imposes a stricter financial requirement than the state RTC standard.
As of March 31, 2022, NMIC's performing primary RIF, net of reinsurance, was approximately $24.5 billion. NMIC ceded 100% of its pool RIF pursuant to the 2016 QSR Transaction. Based on NMIC's total statutory capital of $2.0 billion (including contingency reserves) as of March 31, 2022, NMIC's RTC ratio was 12.4:1. Re One has no risk in force remaining and no longer reports a RTC ratio.
NMIC's principal sources of liquidity include (i) premium receipts on its insured portfolio and new business production, (ii) interest income on its investment portfolio and principal repayments on maturities therein, and (iii) existing cash and cash equivalent holdings. At March 31, 2022, NMIC had $2.0 billion of cash and investments, including $92 million of cash and equivalents. NMIC's principal liquidity demands include funds for the payment of (i) reimbursable holding company expenses, (ii) premiums ceded under our reinsurance transactions (iii) claims payments, and (iv) taxes as due or otherwise deferred through the purchase of tax and loss bonds. NMIC's cash inflow is generally significantly in excess of its cash outflow in any given period. During the twelve-month period ended March 31, 2022, NMIC generated $302 million of cash flow from operations and received an additional $137 million of cash flow on the maturity, sale and redemption of securities held in its investment portfolio. NMIC is not a party to any contracts (derivative or otherwise) that require it to post an increasing amount of collateral to any counterparty and NMIC's principal liquidity demands (other than claims payments) generally develop along a scheduled path (i.e., are of a contractually predetermined amount and due at a contractually predetermined date). NMIC's only use of cash that develops along an unscheduled path is claims payments. Given the breadth and duration of forbearance programs available to borrowers, separate foreclosure moratoriums that have been enacted at a local, state and federal level, and the general duration of the default to foreclosure to claim cycle, we do not expect NMIC to use a meaningful amount of cash to settle claims in the near-term.
Debt and Financial Strength Ratings
NMIC's financial strength is rated "Baa2" by Moody's and "BBB" by S&P. In June 2020, Moody's affirmed its financial strength rating of NMIC and its "Ba2" rating of NMIH's 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, and assigned a "Ba2" rating to the Notes.
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Moody's ratings outlook is stable. In June 2020, S&P assigned a "BB" rating to NMIH's senior secured Notes. In April 2021, S&P upgraded its outlook from negative to positive for the financial strength rating of NMIC's and NMIH's long-term counter-party credit profile.
Consolidated Investment Portfolio
The primary objectives of our investment activity are to preserve capital and generate investment income, while maintaining sufficient liquidity to cover our operating needs. We aim to achieve diversification by type, quality, maturity, and industry. We have adopted an investment policy that defines, among other things, eligible and ineligible investments; concentration limits for asset types, industry sectors, single issuers, and certain credit ratings; and benchmarks for asset duration.
Our investment portfolio is comprised entirely of fixed maturity instruments. As of March 31, 2022, the fair value of our investment portfolio was $2.0 billion and we held an additional $130.9 million of cash and equivalents. Pre-tax book yield on the investment portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was 1.9%. Book yield is calculated as period-to-date net investment income divided by the average amortized cost of the investment portfolio. The yield on our investment portfolio is likely to change over time based on movements in interest rates, credit spreads, the duration or mix of our holdings and other factors.
The following tables present a breakdown of our investment portfolio and cash and cash equivalents by investment type and credit rating:
| Percentage of portfolio's fair value | March 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | |||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | 63 | % | 64 | % | |||||||
| Municipal debt securities | 26 | 26 | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments | 6 | 4 | |||||||||
| Asset-backed securities | 4 | 5 | |||||||||
| U.S. treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Total | 100 | % | 100 | % | |||||||
Investment portfolio ratings at fair value (1) | March 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | |||||||||
| AAA | 11 | % | 9 | % | |||||||
AA(2) | 28 | 28 | |||||||||
A(2) | 44 | 46 | |||||||||
BBB(2) | 17 | 17 | |||||||||
| Total | 100 | % | 100 | % | |||||||
(1) Excluding certain operating cash accounts.
(2) Includes +/– ratings.
All of our investments are rated by one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. If three or more ratings are available, we assign the middle rating for classification purposes, otherwise we assign the lowest rating.
Investment Securities - Allowance for credit losses
We did not recognize an allowance for credit loss for any security in the investment portfolio as of March 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021, and we did not record any provision for credit loss for investment securities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 or 2021.
As of March 31, 2022, the investment portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $122.9 million, of which $29.0 million had been in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve-months or longer. As of December 31, 2021, the investment portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $23.2 million, of which $6.5 million had been in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve months or longer. The increase in the aggregate size of the unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022, was primarily driven by interest rate movements following the purchase date of certain securities. We evaluated the securities in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022, assessing their credit ratings as well as any adverse conditions specifically related to the security. Based upon our estimate of the amount and timing of cash flows to be collected over the remaining life of each instrument, we believe the unrealized losses as of March 31, 2022 are not indicative of the ultimate collectability of the current amortized cost of the securities.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
We use accounting principles and methods that conform to GAAP. We are required to apply significant judgment and make material estimates in the preparation of our financial statements and with regard to various accounting, reporting and disclosure matters. Assumptions and estimates are required to apply these principles where actual measurement is not possible or practical. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with revenue recognition, our investment portfolio, deferred policy acquisition costs, premium deficiency reserves, and reserves for insurance claims and claim expenses have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting estimates. There have not been any material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates described in our 2021 10-K.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We own and manage a large investment portfolio of various holdings, types and maturities. NMIH's principal source of operating cash is investment income. The assets within the investment portfolio are exposed to the same factors that affect overall financial market performance.
We manage market risk via a defined investment policy implemented by our treasury function with oversight from our Board's Risk Committee. Important drivers of our market risk exposure monitored and managed by us include but are not limited to:
•Changes to the level of interest rates. Increasing interest rates may reduce the value of certain fixed-rate bonds held in the investment portfolio. Higher rates may cause variable rate assets to generate additional income. Decreasing rates will have the reverse impact. Significant changes in interest rates can also affect persistency and claim rates of our insurance portfolio, and as a result we may determine that our investment portfolio needs to be restructured to better align it with future liabilities and claim payments. Such restructuring may cause investments to be liquidated when market conditions are adverse. Additionally, the changes in Eurodollar based interest rates affect the interest expense related to the Company's debt.
•Changes to the term structure of interest rates. Rising or falling rates typically change by different amounts along the yield curve. These changes may have unforeseen impacts on the value of certain assets.
•Market volatility/changes in the real or perceived credit quality of investments. Deterioration in the quality of investments, identified through changes to our own or third party (e.g., rating agency) assessments, will reduce the value and potentially the liquidity of investments.
•Concentration Risk. If the investment portfolio is highly concentrated in one asset, or in multiple assets whose values are highly correlated, the value of the total portfolio may be greatly affected by the change in value of just one asset or a group of highly correlated assets.
•Prepayment Risk. Bonds may have call provisions that permit debtors to repay prior to maturity when it is to their advantage. This typically occurs when rates fall below the interest rate of the debt.
The carrying value of our investment portfolio as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $2.0 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively, of which 100% was invested in fixed maturity securities. The primary market risk to our investment portfolio is interest rate risk associated with investments in fixed maturity securities. We mitigate the market risk associated with our fixed maturity securities portfolio by matching the duration of our fixed maturity securities with the expected duration of the liabilities that those securities are intended to support.
As of March 31, 2022, the duration of our fixed income portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents, was 4.72 years, which means that an instantaneous parallel shift (movement up or down) in the yield curve of 100 basis points would result in a change of 4.72% in fair value of our fixed income portfolio. Excluding cash, our fixed income portfolio duration was 4.81 years, which means that an instantaneous parallel shift (movement up or down) in the yield curve of 100 basis points would result in a change of 4.81% in fair value of our fixed income portfolio.
We are also subject to market risk related to the Notes and the ILN Transactions. As discussed in Item 1, "Financial Statements - Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 4, Debt" the Notes bear interest at a variable rate and, as a result, increases in market interest rates would generally result in increased interest expense on our outstanding principal.
The risk premium amounts under the ILN Transactions are calculated by multiplying the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount at the beginning of any payment period by a coupon rate, which is the sum of one-month LIBOR and a risk margin, and then subtracting actual investment income earned on the trust balance during that payment period. An increase in one-month LIBOR rates would generally increase the risk premium payments, while an increase to money market rates, which directly affect investment income earned on the trust balance, would generally decrease them. Although we expect the two rates to move in tandem, to the extent they do not, it could increase or decrease the risk premium payments that otherwise would be due.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2022, pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Management applied its judgment in assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures, which by their nature, can provide only reasonable assurance regarding management's control objectives. Management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent or detect all errors and fraud. A control system, irrespective of how well it is designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance and cannot guarantee that it will succeed in its stated objectives.
Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Certain lawsuits and claims arising in the ordinary course of business may be filed or pending against us or our affiliates from time to time. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish accruals for all lawsuits, claims and expected settlements when we believe it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. When a loss contingency is not both probable and estimable, we do not establish an accrual. Any such loss estimates are inherently uncertain, based on currently available information and are subject to management's judgment and various assumptions. Due to the inherent subjectivity of these estimates and unpredictability of outcomes of legal proceedings, any amounts accrued may not represent the ultimate resolution of such matters.
To the extent we believe any potential loss relating to such lawsuits and claims may have a material impact on our liquidity, consolidated financial position, results of operations, and/or our business as a whole and is reasonably possible but not probable, we will disclose information relating to any such potential loss, whether in excess of any established accruals or where there is no established accrual. We will also disclose information relating to any material potential loss that is probable but not reasonably estimable. Where reasonably practicable, we will provide an estimate of loss or range of potential loss. No disclosures are generally made for any loss contingencies that are deemed to be remote.
Based upon information available to us and our review of lawsuits and claims filed or pending against us to date, we have not recognized a material accrual liability for these matters, nor do we currently expect it is reasonably possible that these matters will result in a material liability to the Company. However, the outcome of litigation and other legal and regulatory matters is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that one or more of such matters currently pending or threatened could have an unanticipated material adverse effect on our liquidity, consolidated financial position, results of operations, and/or our business as a whole, in the future.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risk factors that affect our business and financial results are discussed in Part I, Item 1A of our 2021 10-K. As of the date of this report, we are not aware of any material changes in our risk factors from the risk factors disclosed in our 2021 10-K. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described herein and in our 2021 10-K, which have the potential to affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or prospects in a material and adverse manner. The risks described herein and in our 2021 10-K are not the only risks we face, as there are additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial which may in the future adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.
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Item 6. Exhibits
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| 10.11 | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2021, by and among the Company, the lender parties thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K filed on November 30, 2021) | |||||||
| 10.12 ~ | NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our 2017 Annual Proxy Statement, filed on March 30, 2017) | |||||||
| 10.13 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Chief Executive Officer (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to our Form 10-Q filed on August 1, 2017) | |||||||
| 10.14 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to our Form 10-Q filed on August 1, 2017) | |||||||
| 10.15 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Employees (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to our Form 10-Q filed on August 1, 2017) | |||||||
| 10.16 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Independent Directors (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to our Form 10-Q filed on August 1, 2017) | |||||||
| 10.17 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement for Chief Executive Officer (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to our Form 10-Q filed on August 1, 2017) | |||||||
| 10.18 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement for Executive Officers and Employees (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to our Form 10-Q filed on August 1, 2017) | |||||||
| 10.19 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Chief Executive Officer (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to our Form 10-K, filed on February 17, 2017) | |||||||
| 10.20 ~ | NMI Holdings, Inc. Severance Benefit Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K, filed on February 17, 2016) | |||||||
| 10.21 ~ | NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated Change in Control Severance Benefit Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to our Form 10-Q, filed on October 30, 2018) | |||||||
| 10.22 ~ | NMI Holdings, Inc. Clawback Policy (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 8-K, filed on February 23, 2017) | |||||||
| 10.23 ~ | Employment Letter by and between NMI Holdings, Inc. and Bradley M. Shuster, effective as of January 1, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K, filed on December 28, 2018) | |||||||
| 10.24 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Independent Directors (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to our Form 10-Q, filed on May 2, 2019) | |||||||
| 10.25 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Employees (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to our Form 10-Q, filed on May 2, 2019) | |||||||
| 10.26 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement for Employees (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to our Form 10-Q, filed on May 2, 2019) | |||||||
| 10.27 ~ | Form of NMI Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Performance Based) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to our Form 10-Q, filed on May 7, 2020) | |||||||
| 21.1 | Subsidiaries of NMI Holdings, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to our Form 10-Q, filed on October 30, 2015) | |||||||
| 22.1 | Guaranteed Securities by Subsidiary Guarantor (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 22.1 to our Form 10-K, filed on February 16, 2022) | |||||||
| 31.1 | ||||||||
| 31.2 | ||||||||
| 32.1 # | ||||||||
| 101 | The following financial information from NMI Holdings, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): | |||||||
| (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021; | ||||||||
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| (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021; | ||||||||
| (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021; | ||||||||
| (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021; and | ||||||||
| (v) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | ||||||||
| ~ | Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or contract. | ||||
| + | Confidential treatment granted as to certain portions, which portions have been filed separately with the SEC. | ||||
| # | In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release No. 34-47986, the certifications furnished in Exhibit 32 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-Q and will not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference. | ||||
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
| NMI HOLDINGS, INC. | |||||
| Date: May 4, 2022 | |||||
By: /s/ Ravi Mallela | |||||
| Name: Ravi Mallela | |||||
| Title: Chief Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Signatory | |||||
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EXHIBIT 22.1
Guaranteed Securities by Subsidiary Guarantor
The following is a list of securities issued by the Company and guaranteed by NMI Services, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (Subsidiary Guarantor):
Description of Securities | ||
7.375% senior secured notes due June 19, 2025. | ||
Variable interest senior secured revolving credit facility due earlier of (x) November 29, 2025 or (y) if any existing senior secured notes remaining outstanding on such date, February 28, 2025. | ||
EXHIBIT 31.1
PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER’S CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Adam S. Pollitzer, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of NMI Holdings, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
| May 4, 2022 | /s/ Adam S. Pollitzer | ||||
| Adam S. Pollitzer | |||||
| Chief Executive Officer | |||||
| (Principal Executive Officer) | |||||
EXHIBIT 31.2
PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER’S CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Ravi Mallela, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of NMI Holdings, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:
a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
| May 4, 2022 | /s/ Ravi Mallela | ||||
| Ravi Mallela | |||||
| Chief Financial Officer | |||||
| (Principal Financial Officer) | |||||
EXHIBIT 32.1
CERTIFICATION OF CEO AND CFO PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of NMI Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), each of the undersigned officers of the Company certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of such officer's knowledge:
The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
| May 4, 2022 | |||||
| /s/ Adam S. Pollitzer | |||||
| Adam S. Pollitzer | |||||
| Chief Executive Officer | |||||
| (Principal Executive Officer) | |||||
| May 4, 2022 | |||||
| /s/ Ravi Mallela | |||||
| Ravi Mallela | |||||
| Chief Financial Officer | |||||
| (Principal Financial Officer) | |||||
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signatures that appear in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to NMI Holdings, Inc. and will be retained by NMI Holdings, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.