Hello, good morning and welcome to the Second Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call of Orchid Island Capital. This call is being recorded today, July 26, 2024. At this time, the Company would like to remind the listeners that statements made during today's conference call relating to matters that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements subject to the Safe Harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Listeners are cautioned that such forward-looking statements are based on information currently available on the management's good faith belief with respect to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences are described in the Company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission including the Company's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company assumes no obligation to update such forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking statements. Now, I would like to turn the conference call over to the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Robert Cauley. Please go ahead, sir.

Thank you, Operator. Good morning. Hopefully, everybody's had a chance to download our slide deck. As usual, I'll be using that for the presentation today. Turning over now, this is slide three, just kind of the agenda. As usual, we'll go through our financial results, then we'll talk about market developments and how those impacted our results and how we see things going forward, and then we'll dive deeper into the portfolio hedging and positions. And then a few comments on our outlook for the market and for the portfolio going forward. So on slide five, for the quarter, Orchid generated a net loss of $0.09 per share versus an income of $0.38 in the last quarter. Book value declined to approximately 5.9% from $9.12 cents to $8.58. Book value, as of last Friday, I know that most of our peers have mentioned that, is down about 0.9%, so low under 1%. That has to do primarily with just our hedges, which I'll get into later in the presentation. Total return for the quarter was probably under negative 2%, and we declared and paid $0.36 in dividends. The portfolio, the average portfolio grew quite substantially from low under $3.9 billion to $4.2 billion. We have amazing capital in the ATM. The portfolio, as we stand today, is about $5.1 billion, and repo is about $4.9 billion. Leverage ratio was 7.1. It's down to the quarter on change, primarily from the beginning of the quarter. Today, it's a little higher in the mid-sevenths. Speeds on the portfolio did increase slightly. That's probably due to rates being a little lower and seasoning on the, especially the discount side of the portfolio. Liquidity remains strong, up slightly and represents low under 50% of equity. Slide seven just presents our financials. I won't spend time going through these. Those are just for your review, the income statement and balance sheet, as at the end of the second quarter. Slide eight, as we all know, all of our peers publish something they refer to as earnings available for distribution. This is commonly compared to the dividend. We don't publish such a number. This is kind of our proxy. This number, as we call our economic income, is all derived from GAAP financials. So we are taking all of these numbers from our GAAP numbers. The dividend is based on taxable income, not GAAP. So there are some differences. I just want to walk you through this presentation and kind of highlight where there could be differences between GAAP derived numbers and tax. So for instance, just walking down the income statement, the interest income number is slightly different for tax, but I think this is a good proxy. There are minor differences in the calculation of interest income on past report volumes and derivatives, but this number should be reasonable. The amortization of discounted premium, that number is the GAAP number here. That can deviate quite a bit from the taxable number. The main reason is simply the fact that we do this based on changes or pay downs from how that impacted the market value at the beginning of the quarter, whereas for taxes from purchase date. And then with rebuild funding, of course, that's pretty much identical. And then the hedges, we show the impact of the benefit of the hedges that we have in place, which is quite substantial. There is a slight difference between GAAP and tax in that with tax, you have to take into effect hedge positions that are actually closed to the extent they cover the affected period of the current period. So for instance, if you entered into a tenure swap two years ago and closed it one year ago, the open equity at the time of closing would still impact your interest income for tax purposes over the remaining eight years of that swap. So that can be slightly different, and expenses are basically the same. So we're showing this number, this economic income, or adjusted income of $0.50. It is a proxy for what our taxable income is. I just want to make sure you understand that they're not necessarily exactly the same. And as you can see, it's been fairly stable for the last three quarters. So that's all I'll say for that for now. Moving on to the market developments, just kind of go through these four slides. The first on slide 10, this is basically just a nutshell what's happened in the economy. If you look back to the end of the first quarter, the inflation and economic data had been quite strong. In fact, we were talking about rates being higher for longer. Even the potential that the Fed would have to hike again. Second quarter, that all changed. All the mainstream, all the main key data inflation jobs, ISM for April, May, and June were considerably softer. And especially the inflation data is back consistent with what we saw late last year, which is inflation trending down towards the Fed's 2% target. And now the market views the Fed is likely to be on path to cutting rates later this year. And then just kind of fast forward to where we are now in July. And the big change has been the change in the slope of the curve as the market gets closer to pricing in or pricing eases closer. So now, for instance, two tens, the proxy for the shape of the curve in late June, that was at minus 50 basis points earlier this week. It got as low as minus 13. So a big move. It's really hard to discern from these charts. If you're looking at the difference between the green and the blue line, but the two-year point in the swap curve has moved over 35 basis points. So a big move, the curve is much deeper. And our view going forward is that that will continue. And it's easy to have a fair amount of conviction in that because there's really two forces that could drive that. On the one hand, obviously, the Fed eases. You can get the fund into the curve moving down. It’s currently anchored. But also in the longer end of the curve, to the extent that we're going to continue to run, for instance, large deficits, there’s somewhere in the $5 trillion to $8 trillion of debt that has to be rolled over by the government in the next year and a half. And depending on the outcome of the election, say, for instance, if Trump were to win, he has talked at length about imposing more tariffs, which could be inflationary. So there's a lot of reasons to think that the long end of the curve may not rally as much as the front end. In fact, it could even go higher. So for these reasons, it's easy to gain a fair amount of conviction and a steepener, and that's kind of how we expect the market to unfold. That being said, to the extent that it doesn't, we are positioned to do quite well even with that outcome. Moving on to the mortgage market. This chart on the top that I talked about, this is just a spread of the 10-year treasury going back very far. It's a good perspective. As you can see, we are still at a fairly elevated level. On this chart, we show as the most current reading of 141 basis points spread to the 10-year. Today, that's closer to 135, 136. Although that being said, the current coupon mortgage has a duration that's much, much shorter than 10 years. So a more appropriate benchmark for today would probably be the five-year, and that spreads a little under 150, and it hasn't moved as much of late. So it's not tightened as much. So mortgages are still attractive, and we expect going forward that there's room for tightening. The market expects that to the extent we do see Fed easing, we're likely to see the banks become more involved. They have been modestly involved to date. But if they were to become more meaningfully so that that could be the impetus or the catalyst for some more tightening, I don't know that we're going to go back to the levels we saw pre-pandemic, but it could certainly drive us fairly tighter. And again, it's still that's the kind of markets, conventional thinking is that the banks would become more involved if we do get easing. Outside of that, money manager inflows have been substantial. I saw some data published by Nomura yesterday that showed something like seven or eight billion weekly average to date this year, which is pretty strong. And to the extent that those money managers continue to be overweight mortgages, those are pretty substantial inflows. So they've been supportive. And then of late, as we know that REITs have been raising capital and those are kind of on the margins for the market as well. Looking at the bottom left of the page, you can see the performance of select coupons of mortgages. And you can see early in the second quarter, quite weak performance. April was a rough month. We were still looking at data from March. It was very strong. The market was expecting the Fed to keep rates high for an extended period of time. So mortgages were looking less appealing. And we had a nice recovery into the end of the quarter. Gave up most of that in the last week, which really ended up hurting quarter returns for the entire quarter, only to turn around in July and kind of rebound, although of late the last week or so, that's turned around again. We're probably close to unchanged. If you look back at a 331 reference point. The next slide we talked about volatility. Volatility is obviously a very big driver of mortgage performance. And this chart on the top shows, if you go back to October of 2023, when we were at very high levels, rates and volatility, we've had a nice long rally since. Although of late that is starting to pick up. And in particular this week, especially realized volatility has been quite high. And this is just something that we always have to keep an eye on because it is a very big driver of mortgage performance. So for now, we're relatively low levels looking back just a year or so, but starting to build the other way. Slide 13 is kind of our proxy for the housing market and refinancing. And as you can see, as we all know, it's been the same story for quite some time. Mortgage rates are high. That's the red line in the top left and the blue line is the refinancing index, which is basically zero. But just speaking more generally about the housing market, affordability is very, very low near record lows. So that impacts a lot of things like turnover rates again near the high level. Prices are high, which these two combined drive affordability. And now what we're starting to see are inventory levels build. I know this week, for instance, new home sales were released. The inventory of new homes is over nine months’ supply, which is typically associated with recession levels. I'm not saying that we're going to get a recession, but those levels have moved a lot. In fact, I think the absolute level of new homes and inventory is similar to the levels we saw before the financial crisis. So the housing market is definitely weak. There's no question of that. Slide 14 is something I introduced last period. It's just kind of an interesting look at GDP and the money supply. I'm not really going to talk about it, but it is a painting, interesting picture. You can see that growth has been above long-term trend now for some time since the pandemic and whether it's causational or not. The money supply would appear to be behind that. And that's kind of associated with this significant deficits that we've been seeing since the pandemic. That's about all I have to say for that. Now I'll turn to the portfolio. On slide 16, as I said, our outlook for rates is for the curve to steepen. As I said, there's two potential drivers of that. You could have the Fed lower short-term rates and/or longer-term rates could stay the same and/or go higher if inflation and/or deficits continue to stay high. So with that in mind, that's kind of the backdrop of probably view the world going forward now in terms of what we did. Well, the big driver was we had a lot of money to put to work. We used the ATM quite exclusively in the second quarter. We raised about $100 million and actually in July through the first third of the month or so, we raised another $55 million. So quite a bit of capital in relation to our size. As a result, we've been deploying that in the portfolio and basically almost exclusively or exclusively in higher coupons. As a result, our weighted average coupon went from 4.38 at the end of the first quarter to 4.72 at the end of the second, which is a pretty substantial move. But it's even higher now. It's at 4.88. So a 50 basis point increase off of where we were at the end of March. Realized yields are higher. I don't have the current number, but it would be higher than what we report here for the end of Q2. And then also our net interest spread for the quarter went from 2.47 to 2.64 with the additions of the higher coupons and our slight changes to our hedging strategy, which I'll get into a moment. There's room for that to expand slightly more. And I will just point out, if you look back at our portfolio, historically, say going back a year or so, especially in relation to our peers, we probably had one of the lowest weighted average coupons in the portfolio. And as we employ our barbell strategy and add higher coupons, that's been coming up quite a bit. And so we were in terms of performance for the quarter, our net interest income for June, even though we were negative for the quarter, was actually slightly positive. I don't have any Q2 figures yet for you, but that's clearly the trend. With respect to the portfolio itself, as you can see on slide 17, these charts just are bar graphs of our portfolio. If you look at the right, that's where we were at the end of last year. And as you can see, moving to the left, the current positions at 630, we have, as I said, been adding to the higher coupons. Just to give you some updates of what we've done since quarter end, 630, 24, our allocation to 6s now is just under $1 billion. So that's grown quite a bit. Six and a half, we're now over $800 million, and sevens are almost $400 million. So that's almost $600 million of ads in all of those higher coupons. And the reason we prefer this barbell strategy is we think it does well in either rate environment. So for instance, if we were to have a rally on the long end in particular, our lower coupons would do quite well. To the extent the rates, long end rates in particular stay higher, these higher coupons generate lots of income, and an extension in longer-term rates don't have much extension risk. The belly of the coupons stack is more often than not been quite rich of late. That's another reason why we find these securities to be attractive. Turning to our slide 18 in our funding, well, the Fed hasn't done anything. So not surprisingly, our average repo rate for the quarter was unchanged. Although that being said, with the market starting to price in eases, we have extended our average maturity, and we've continued to do that end of July so we can get some benefit of some slightly lower, not meaningfully small, but slightly lower rates further out. With respect to our economic cost of funds, it did improve a fair amount from 2.56 to 2.41, and that has a lot to do with changes in the strategy of how we're hedging. We've been using a lot more swaps versus treasuries or futures, and we've been moving those swaps out the curve, so slightly maybe lower notional balance, but with more DV01 further out the curve, and with the curve very, very flat. In effect, our hedge borrowing rates have gone down slightly, and that's what caused the NIM to improve. Now turning to our hedge positions. As I mentioned, we've been moving to swaps and using longer tenor swaps, almost all 7 and 10-year. And the reason we're doing that is just that we think the greatest potential of paying or risk to the portfolio would be a long send sell-off, which would typically be accompanied by an increase in volatility. And so therefore by using 7 and 10-year swaps, especially when we're hedging new purchases, which are lower to higher coupon, lower duration, if those mortgages were to extend, they're extending towards the long end of the year, they're extending their duration, that's really close to our hedges. We would dynamically hedge potentially add to those positions, but it really, I think, is the most sound way to protect the portfolio because that, as I said, I think that would be the greatest source of pain would be a significant sell-off in the long end. Also, just more with the statistics on slide 19, we do cover 84% of our funding liabilities with our hedges, excluding TBAs. Swaps are now up to 72% of that, and our weighted average paid fixed rate is 2.71. If you look at the bottom of that page, you can see our swaps are now at a little over 3.1 billion, corresponding number, again, that Q2 was 2.53. So a significant move. The futures, those were 842 million, now it's 521. So we've been, in addition to adding to our hedges, we've been moving some of them from futures to swaps and moving the swaps further out the curve. TBA shortage is essentially unchanged, and same with the swaps, and so it’s only just one position. Now, if you look at slide 20, provide a little more detail on our hedges, and I just want to say a few comments. In particular, on the top right are swaps. As you can see, if you compare where we worked in the first quarter versus now, the shorter maturity swaps are the same. So we've been adding to the longer tenor swaps, as I mentioned. With respect to the performance of the portfolio through last Friday, it’s really was just driven by the fact that we do have a fair number of swaps in that five, six, seven-year part of the curve, and that's where the market's really rallied. And so the reason that we're down slightly is just because of that. The rally in the swap positions to chart mark-to-market to a slightly negative position. Now, that being said, I don't know that we're going to change that. But I think we expect the curve to steep, and we do expect the Fed will ultimately ease. But current pricing is for quite a few eases by the end of the cycle, 200 basis points or so. And I don't think we're ready to take the over on that. I don't think we see the economies about the roll in the recession. And so I wouldn't be surprised if we actually realized less than that. So the fact there's no real reason in our minds to unwind any of those hedges because we think the market's maybe a little ahead of itself. Also, with respect to the swaps, I want to point out that none of our swaps mature between before March of 2026. 85% of our swaps are in place through or mature in February of 2029 or longer. And 65% in May of 2030 or longer. So these hedge positions are going to be in place for quite a while. The one swap that does mature in March of 2026 represents less than 10% of our notional balance. So our hedges are here. We're not going to have them roll off. We don't have to refinance those, so to speak, anytime soon. And then secondly, with respect to our balance sheet, we have no preferred. We have no floating rate preferred. So our balance sheet in that regard is very clean and we don't have that risk to our net interest margin posed by either a floating rate preferred or swaps that have to be refinanced in the near term. Slide 21 just gives you a look at the portfolio. I would point your attention to the column entitled “Effective Duration.” And you can see across the various coupons, those numbers. And then the bottom or the far right is just our allocation. So basically, if you look at the effective duration column starting from the top down to the bottom, that's basically the curve where we're positioned along the curve. So the shortest part of the curve, which would be 1.27 year, our current allocation at the end of June was 7%. Those are higher, but basically this just gives you a sense of how we position the portfolio across the curve. Granted, these are static numbers. If rates were to move materially, these duration numbers can change. But as you can see on the far right column, how we're positioned, and just note in the bottom right, the allocations to those higher coupons have gone up. Slide 22 just kind of gives you a sensitivity of our net duration gap or the sensitivity of the portfolio. As you can see, we do a little better in a backup, and that's just because we've added longer tenor swaps, primarily. Finally, slide 23, our speed experience. The one thing that we benefited from, as I mentioned earlier, is that most of our deep discount bonds with 95 handles are below 4.5 and so forth. So it's quite seasoned, and as a result, our speeds, if you look in the very far right column, they're not bad for deep discount bonds. So that's been beneficial for us. And with respect to our newer higher coupons, they've been maintained just basically moderate speeds. We haven't had any issues there. So that's pretty much it. Now I'll just kind of turn it to our outlook. As I mentioned earlier, lots changed since the end of the first quarter. We were looking at higher for longer, maybe the Fed hiking, the data changed pretty abruptly. And now the market really thinks that we're on the verge of an easing cycle. We've been here before. We certainly, if you go back to December of last year, we thought we were on the verge of a big easing cycle and didn't turn out to be the case. So we are mindful of that. But that being said, to the extent we do get an easing cycle, there's obvious benefits to that. Does our funding cost decline in our position in the portfolio, which I think is well suited for that outcome. But all that being said, if nothing happens and the data turns around again and we don't get any tightening or easing rather, we just have a status quo. The portfolio is very well positioned. The income and net of our hedges is very attractive. And we think that our hedges are such that we can maintain pretty stable book value throughout. So we're very comfortable positioning where we are. And that's it. Operator, I'll now turn the call over to questions.

Thank you. Our first question comes from Jason Lieber at Jones Trading. Please go ahead.

Hi. Good morning. I appreciate that market commentary. It's very helpful. I was wondering, can you comment on the pace of deployment over the quarter of the ATM issuance? And if that represents any sort of meaningful cash drag or were you able to get that invested relatively simultaneously?

I'll give you my first comment and turn over to Hunter. It was, we did wait a little bit in June. We raised a lot of money in ATM in June and with the market, especially the mortgage market underperformance, late in the month, we did wait. So we didn't deploy most of that until July. So that would cause slight drag for the first month because we just have less income on more shares. But we then did deploy it. We're, I would say, fully deployed. Take that, Hunter.

Yes, we're fully deployed at this point, although our numbers in June and July would not reflect being fully invested. So the first, with this most recent slug of capital that we've raised, the money will be fully put to work starting in the month of August. So we'll get full, sort of full month's worth of interest accruals on all those. We raised some capital in the beginning of May, put that money to work relatively quickly, and then also did some more fundraising in the later part of May and early June. We really waited until towards the end of the quarter to put that money to work. I think it was a wise decision as that last week of June spreads really backed up quite a bit. So we put some money to work in late June and early July at pretty attractive levels.

Got it. Thank you. And then just on the macro front, as far as the book looks today, where do you think benchmark mortgage rates or spreads of that matter have to come in for you to begin to get really concerned about your convexity exposure?

Where do spreads have to come in?

Sorry, where do rates have to move before you start worrying about accelerated prepayment exposure?

Oh, I would say right now the current coupon is about $5.58 or $5.60. We have a lot of sixes and six and a half. I think you guys mentioned a little under $400 million of sevens. So the sixes and six and a half are not significant premiums. And we also have a lot of those are New York's. They're all specs, a mixture of low pay-up and some higher pay-up bonds. I don't think they would have to be quite a rally, I think, for those to become meaningfully in the money and become a concern. A exact number, you're probably looking at, I don't know, 25 basis points or more. And the other thing is that mortgage spreads, primary, secondary, I didn't mention that on the thing that they would call earlier, but it's been kind of sticky to the high side. So I don't know that we would necessarily see them cake up with rates basis point for basis point.

Yes, the strategy has been, especially in the sixth, six and a half and seven, even more so as you go up in rate has been to stay sort of close to TBA. So we're trying not to, we recognize that that convexity risk, and we monitor our hedge ratios as they change, from day to day on that front. So we're trying to stay on top of the convexity into a rally. We did mention that our barbell strategy, the other side of that is we have a lot of really high-quality specified pools that are lower coupon. And so because they're so far out of the money at this point, their pay-ups aren't all that high, but we would expect those pay-ups to accelerate at an increasing rate if we were to have a really big rally. So on the opposite side, the high coupon portfolio, because it's relatively low pay-up, if we were to have that big sell-off, I think it's Bob alluded to in his comments, we would expect those assets to do quite well. And we've really seen that as we've bounced around the rate range, if we have a big sell-off, we'll see six and a half and seven TBAs do relatively well, lackluster performance down lower in coupon. That market's a lot more technical, less predictable as rates rise and fall. But the production coupons tend to do well into a sell-off and tighten up. So we like to have a position for that reason.

Got it. Well, thank you for that color. Very, very helpful.

Yes, thank you.

Our next question comes from Jason Stewart from Janney. Please go ahead.

Hey good morning, thank you. Hey, Bob, maybe start with the current cash ROE of the portfolio and what you're seeing in terms of incremental capital deployment on current cash ROEs.

Well, we've seen we were at 150 for quite a while. Now we're getting closer to 200 over, especially as we've been using more of the longer-dated swaps. We've published the numbers, but yields on the new acquisitions that Hunter just alluded to were in the very, very high fives on average and using a combination of seven and 10-year swaps there depending on when we put them in the low fours or even high threes. So I don't know if we're 200 over, but they're quite high and with 7x leverage, 7.5 those that's pretty decent ROEs. And I don't think that's being very aggressive with respect to leverage. So they're very, very attractive. I think the one thing we do think about is, what's going to be the big driver if you're going to get the big tightening and we haven't seen that yet, obviously. And I don't know that we're going to see it in the immediate term unless you really start to see the banks come in.

And I would just add up this comment. One thing we've seen since you don't have the Fed doing QE, you don't have banks buying is the mortgage market has become very relative value driven. No coupon outperforms for more than a day or so. It's, if the belly outperforms today, then it's going to perform tomorrow kind of thing. And so performance has been very volatile in that regard on a relatively well, just rich, cheap basis. But that being said, we've been able to generate very decent yields with where we do this kind of stationary market and taking advantage of the funding or hedging strategy we get very attractive ROEs.

Yes, depending on the point in time where, we're like I alluded to earlier, some of the early May settles were done at slightly tighter spreads from both an OAS and yield perspective. But, it's 180 to 200 over positive cash flow versus funding today's repo funding levels, just in terms of carry. And then room for one of the benefits of hedging these a little bit farther out the curve is if and when we do get those Fed use is we have immediate room for NIM expansion on sort of the unhedged portion of the assets.

So yes no, thanks. So like mid-to-high teens and all cash carry with room for improvement. It's sort of the bottom line there, right?

Yes.

Okay. And then just a technical question on the pay-ups. When you look at hedging sort of that spread duration of the pay-up, does that change your hedging strategy at all? Just given, I mean, we've seen some pretty aggressive refi programs out there. It seems like, a lot of the mortgage market is very going to be very quick to refi some of the new production. We just maybe talk a little bit about how you're looking at that spread duration and hedging that risk on the pay-ups.

Well, we've seen that be very painful in the past. I mean, as we all know, there's been some gut-wrenching episodes early in 2023 where those pay-ups can move a lot. And you experience that spread duration. What we've done is basically just stick to more slow pay-up stuff, as I did mention, we own some New York's, but those are in sixes. So the pay-ups aren't that high. Generally, it's been, Ohio loan balance or FICO or Texas or Florida or LTV. So try to avoid that as much as we can. We have not been buying a low loan balance sevens, for instance.

And those pay-ups are a little bit different than the traditional pay-up stories where you might say like a low loan balance or something where you're really paying up for this superior convexity. A lot of times the pay-up that is embedded in some of those less expensive stories is really kind of a months to break even sort of play, right? So are they going to build outperform generic TBA deliverable type collateral by a handful of ticks per month? And the market kind of works out with them. The break even is for that. They do have in all cases, better than cheapest to deliver convexity or S-curves. But a lot of times what you're really paying for is just a month to break even type of approach. So and it's been a good strategy. They do carry a little bit better than worse to deliver. We don't expect them to defy gravity into a huge rally. That's why we're focused on the lower pay-ups and they have relatively low negative convexity. And so we think, into a volatile market, they'll think and do well.

And that's also part of the barbell strategy. We're still in a lot of threes. So we do get a lot. We don't expect a huge rally on the long end, but if we do, they're going to do very, very well, even in spite of the fact that some of these higher coupons may not do as well.

And they're fully extended at this point. So they have very low convexity for the opposite reason.

Yes, no, absolutely. Okay, that's helpful. Last question for me on slide eight. Hunter, maybe this one's for you. If I look at the 2Q 24 numbers, say, 29.5 million of gains on funding hedges attributed to the current period, how much of that is coming from closed swaps? I really want to get out of none. None of it is.

These are all from currently existing hedges.

Okay, so when we look at these numbers relative to the dividend and book value, we're having there's a mark-to-market impact, obviously, that's been realized into book and it's going to change as rates move around. And some of this is going to come out of book value. So it will be a return of capital and a dividend.

Right.

Our next question comes from Eric Hagen from BTIG. Please go ahead.

Hey, thanks. Good morning. Hope you guys are well.

Hey, Eric.

How are we thinking about the range for your leverage right now? Can you remind us kind of the historic range that it's been? And what you think might get you to take it up to kind of the higher end of the range versus raising more capital? Thank you, guys.

Yes, the range, I think the seven to eight is the range, maybe a little less than seven. We're about seven and a half now. We were right around seven and seven and one at the end of the last two quarters. I would say at the moment, I don't see a reason to take it meaningfully higher. I would say it could be quite comfortable at seven and a half. I think that this fall could be very volatile. I know we're not really in a position where we're thinking about hiding and taking cover, but we're also I think there's a lot of black swans flying around right now. So we're content to sit at this level for the time being.

Yes, all right, that's helpful. So how are we also thinking about repo rates in light of higher volatility? I think you guys mentioned a lot of government debt coming to the market pretty soon. Should we expect…repo rates.

Yes, you should notice that. I was just reading this morning about our in-house repo trade, which has been in the industry for 30 years. We've spent a lot of time discussing this. Currently, if you look at the software, it's set at 34, which is above the Fed funds rate. I don't want to get ahead of myself, but my understanding is that software is based on the average of the weighted average of third-party repo and general collateral repo, although I can't recall the third component. Recently, we've observed that banks and Wall Street firms have been increasingly using sponsored repo for balance sheet constraints. Consequently, the blended rate has increased. Therefore, there's a tendency towards more sponsored repo, which carries a higher rate. We've noticed that this rate is now quite a bit higher than the reverse repurchase agreement rate, which explains the decline in RRP usage as money markets allocate funds there. However, this increase isn't necessarily tied to deficits; it reflects funding levels and quantitative tightening among other factors. Our focus on deficits is more of a longer-term consideration. With so much debt to be refinanced over the balance of the next two years, obviously at much higher rates, we think that's going to pressure longer-term rates. And that's why, in spite of the fact we're playing for a Steepener, we think it's going to be more fund driven than long-end. And then, depending on the outcome of the election, as I mentioned Trump talks a lot about sanctions and the like. And he's not known as a deficit hawk, so I don't think you're going to see inflation come roaring back down to the low ones. So all those things are going to keep pressure on long-end, I think.

Yes, in spite of all the volatility in, like, the bills, markets, and everything that's rolling off there and the index rates bouncing around, and there's a lot of noise there, our repo rates have been remarkably stable. And now finally just starting to roll into that period where if we're taking longer term, putting on some longer-term repos, two, three months, we're going to, every day that passes, start incorporating more of that September rate cut that's baked into the market. So spreads may widen out a little bit, but I think we'll see the nominal level of repo rates come down.

Good perspective. I appreciate you guys very much.

Yes, thanks, Eric.

Our next question comes from Mikhail Goberman from Citizens. Please go ahead.

Hey, good morning, guys. Hope everybody's doing well. If I could just jump in with a question, if you could flush out perhaps a little bit further your ideas about book value and the SWAP portfolio. Given we're going to probably get some Fed loosening here in the next couple of months and quarters, are you guys thinking about book value stability or book value growth in a lower rate environment?

Stability versus growth. I don't know that we have that ironclad outlook. I think as I said, I think you're going to see the curve steep on the front end. So obviously the swaps are going to suffer there. But if you look on the asset side, especially with our large allocation to freeze, I think a lot of that can be offset. So I guess without thinking out too much, it would be stability, but there is certainly room for growth. That would be more mortgage tightening. Like I said, we're trading depending on your benchmark between 135 and 150 off. If we do get a meaningful easing cycle, which I don't think it's going to be that meaningful, but if we do and the banks come back in and they're more buyers of the space, you can get spread 10 or 15. That's probably where the book value would come from.

I'd add that we have from a tax perspective, a little bit of an over distribution earlier in the year. So as the NIM expands, we have some latitude to think about preserving a little bit of book. That's a very short term just really kind of through the end of this year. And then 2025 will have to be more tax-driven in terms of earning whether or not we can distribute or retain some excess profit.

Thank you guys. Good luck going forward.

Thanks, Mikhail.

Our next question comes from the line of Christopher Nolan from Ladenberg Thalman. Please go ahead.

Hey guys.

Hey Chris.

Bob, your comments on the bank staying out of the MBS market. Is this any sort of anything related to the fallout from the Silicon Valley bank, etcetera seizure where suddenly the beds are?

That was more of a last year story maybe earlier this year. That's like they're present. They're just not in a big way. The conventional wisdom is that they're waiting for the Fed to ease. And once they do, they'll become meaningful buyers. And that's why I was trying to get out earlier the comment and the one question I was answering is that we had two weeks back in the day. The Fed was just an indiscriminate buyer. And banks were buying too because the Fed was pumping reserves into the system. So even though people didn't talk about it at the time, if you looked at bank holdings of mortgages, they were going up in lockstep with Fed holdings. So you had these two huge buyers of the space. They're pretty much both gone. I mean the banks buy some of it, I just said. So you don't only have this huge indiscriminate buyer, so now the money managers buy it. They're very much relative value-driven. So they'll buy mortgages if they think they're cheap versus say corporates or versus treasuries, whatever. But so the mortgage trading now is all relative value-driven. So nothing stays rich for long or cheap for long. And so you haven't seen mortgages gap wider or tighter much. There's no real potential for that. But that could change if we get banks back in. So we'll see. But the regional banks I think were the biggest culprits when it came to the underwater health and maturity accounts. The Wells Fargo's and JPMorgan's in the world I don't think are in that position as much or at least not at all.

They still have legacy portfolio issues to work off. And the accounting classifications that they use and limit how much they can sell at a loss and redeploy at wider spreads. And so it's just going to be a matter of time. Or in the case of there have been some large bank portfolio movements, and those have been sort of one-off in nature that related to selling some profitable arm of the business and then using the gains from that to offset selling lower coupon mortgages than a loss and then redeploying in higher coupons. So Fed cuts will definitely accelerate the amount of time that they're sort of in the penalty box from having to work off those losses before they can redeploy into more profitable strategies. So I think they'll be present at an increasing rate, but I don't really expect a monumental shift anytime soon.

Okay, and then turn to capital management. Who is the average share assurance price for the ATM in the quarter?

I don't have that in front of me. It did vary quite a bit. I would say in the second quarter we were probably around 97% of book on average what we were selling, book was moving around obviously. That number is higher. We weren't selling for long in July, but it was a much higher percentage of book. But I think the last sales we did were even in the eight sixties, got gross. But the stock has since fallen back. So it's really, we traded in quite a range, probably 825 to 875 throughout the second quarter. And the selling price tracked book more, so it's like I said, it was kind of 97% of book gross, maybe 97.5%. And so it just depends on the day where those prices were. I don't have that in front of me unfortunately.

Yes, so given that you're raising equity capital which is dilutive to book value, how much of the swing in book value this quarter, in the second quarter, was due to these capital raises?

It was about $0.09. And here's how you get to that number. We had GAAP earnings of negative $0.09 and we paid dividends of $0.36. So if you don't issue any shares, the change in your book value is just going to be earnings less the dividend, right? So minus $0.09, minus $0.36, gets you to minus $0.45. But we did issue shares and book was down $0.54. So that difference is that delta is $0.09. It was attributable to share issuance.

And final question, given that, should we expect further book value dilution from the capital raises you've done quarter to date?

Well, we did those at much higher percentages of book. My rough estimate is about a penny quarter-to-date. And that's because I said the last sales we did were almost at book, essentially at book. And so there's very little dilution in those.

Maybe worth noting also that something that makes this a little bit tough to get your hands around or your mind around is that some of the, as I alluded to earlier, some of the capital that we raised, we did so when book was higher and then put the money to work when book was lower. So not to confuse the matter too much, but we did save some capital and put it to work when spreads were sort of at their quarterly lives.

Okay, thanks Hunter. Okay, thanks guys.

All right Chris, thank you.

And that concludes today's call. Thank you for attending.