Good morning, and thank you for joining Shopify's first quarter 2025 conference call. I am Carrie Gillard, head of investor relations and joining us today are Harley Finkelstein, Shopify's president, and Jeff Hoffmeister, our CFO. After their prepared remarks, we will open it up for your questions. We will make forward-looking statements on our call today that are based on assumptions and therefore subject to uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. Undue reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise these statements except as required by law. You can read about these assumptions, risks, and uncertainties in our press release this morning, as well as in our filings with US and Canadian regulators. We will also speak to adjusted financial measures, which are non-GAAP and not a substitute for GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations between the two are provided in our press release. And finally, we report in US dollars, so all amounts discussed today are in US dollars unless otherwise indicated. With that, I will turn the call over to Harley.

Thanks, Carrie, and thanks to everyone for being here today. Let's start with the obvious. Today's market is uncertain. As the platform that powers global commerce, we are monitoring potential slowdowns. But our data through April shows little evidence of that. It's still early to assess the full impact of the current trade environment. However, Q1 saw our trend for consistent quarterly growth continue. And more on that in a minute. First, I want to say this: Shopify is built for agility. And in many ways, these days are just like any other. We are here to help merchants of all sizes absorb change rapidly and at scale. This strategy does not change as the landscape underneath us continues to shift. So as we sit here today, we cannot predict what administrations around the world will do. But what Shopify can do is continue to be the guardians of our merchants. We show up, we build, we ship, and we make commerce better for everyone, from entrepreneurs to the largest of enterprises. Now it is not hyperbole to say that businesses do better on Shopify. It is a fact. Since February 2015, growth rates for 38 out of 39 of our quarterly merchant cohorts have outperformed the overall ecommerce market. I want to repeat that: 38 of 39 quarterly Shopify cohorts have outpaced the market when it comes to growth. Think about that in relation to small and medium-sized businesses that are the backbone of every economy. We help them scale as they leverage more of our products and services over time to drive consistent performance and growth. Simply put, businesses on Shopify are more resilient than businesses that are not on Shopify. That merchant resiliency, combined with our operational excellence, will continue to set us apart as we navigate market uncertainties ahead. I need to remind everyone of this: This is where Shopify's agility really comes into play. We've built a business model that allows us to adapt very quickly and pull the right levers to manage through challenges. Those levers mean we can prioritize tools and support needed for merchants to thrive in any environment. We power adaptation at lightning speed, which means seizing new opportunities for growth or responding to changes like we're seeing today. Again, those building on Shopify are better prepared than those who are not. And with that, the Q1 numbers speak for themselves, so I'll keep it brief. Coming off of a very strong 2024, in Q1 of 2025, revenue was up 27% and free cash flow margin hit 15%. We saw real strength in key growth areas, with offline GMV increasing 23% and B2B GMV delivering another triple-digit quarter of growth, up 9% from last year. International GMV grew 31%, and cross-border held steady at 15% of GMV. And we saw continued growth across our merchants' GMV, from entrepreneur through enterprise. Balanced across both existing and new merchants to deliver a seventh consecutive quarter of GMV growth above 20%. This is what we mean when we say our business model is built for this. Our formula for growth remains the same: operational discipline plus a real commitment to innovation. Look at our free cash flow profitability. Look at our operational efficiencies. We can be both disciplined and innovative. This is the operating model you have come to expect from us and should continue to expect to see from us moving forward. Okay. Now with that out of the way, let's dive into what we've built to help our merchants adapt. We've shipped a lot, and we focused on areas that we can have a more immediate impact on. Cross-border trade, making it easier to buy local, duties calculations, and shipping. It is incredible what our team has done in just a few short months, and this is just the beginning. Starting with cross-border trade: We've enhanced our managed markets products, giving US merchants more options with our merchant of record service for collecting and remitting duties and taxes while managing other markets independently. This means if new duties are announced, most merchants can achieve compliance within hours. Next, let's talk about making it easier to buy locally. On the Shop app, we introduced a feature that allows buyers to filter products by country. This promotes local businesses and enhances the shopping experience. That's generated hundreds of thousands of unique sessions since its rollout alone. Moving on to duties calculation. In February, we made our duties calculation available at checkout for all merchants and reduced its price to just 0.5%, making it one of the most affordable options in the market. By March, the number of shops actively using the feature nearly doubled since January. And later this month, we'll introduce duty-inclusive pricing, allowing merchants to set international prices that include duties in the product price. This ensures transparent pricing from the start and helps customers avoid surprise fees at checkout. And just this past week, we launched TariffGuide.ai. This AI-driven tool provides duty rates based on just a product description and the country of origin. Sourcing the right products from the right country can mean the difference between a 0% and a 15% duty rate or higher. And TariffGuide.ai allows merchants to do this in minutes, not days. Finally, shipping and fulfillment. We are simplifying international shipping for merchants by enabling them to purchase prepaid shipping labels known as delivered duty paid or DDP directly from our platform and expect to onboard several carriers soon. Additionally, we've expanded our network of 3PL providers through the Shopify Fulfillment Network app, enabling merchants to access more local warehouses for order fulfillment. Utilizing local warehouses speeds up fulfillment times, reduces shipping costs, and simplifies returns for buyers in those markets. What all this should tell you is that Shopify moves at a pace unlike anybody else. Truly. Our reaction time to uncertainty is unmatched. With the best engineers on the planet ready to tackle whatever lies ahead, our obsession with unlocking every opportunity and filling every important gap in the system to give our merchants the best chance of success is one of our superpowers. Shopify is a different company moving rapidly towards what is next. We rolled out the Shop app filter in less than a week, and the duties calculation to checkout updated over a weekend—literally. The weekend after the tariff changes were announced, the team got to work, and by Sunday evening, we were testing it for production. This is who we are, a company that obsesses over our merchants by thriving on change and living at the cutting edge. This is why our merchants consistently outperform the market, and this is why they trust us. Now before handing over to Jeff, I want to touch on some other products that are foundational to our long-term success. Let's quickly take a closer look at how we're continuing to capitalize on these opportunities. Starting with payments. Shopify Payments continue to be our largest product offering and a key driver. We made great progress in Q1 with payments GMV penetration hitting 64%. We launched Shopify Payments in 16 new markets: Mexico, Lithuania, Poland, Norway, Latvia, Hungary, Estonia, Malta, Croatia, Greece, Slovenia, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Gibraltar. Now I know that's a lot of names, but that's the point. At the end of 2024, and after a decade of offering payments, it was in 23 countries. With our Q1 expansion, we nearly doubled that, bringing the total to 39 countries now supported by Shopify Payments. This is important because having a key product like Payments available in more markets simplifies the onboarding process. It offers merchants a streamlined payment solution that reduces fees and enhances security. Plus, features like Shop Pay improve conversion rates and provide greater convenience for buyers. Adding more products in more markets remains a key driver of our international growth. And with these country launches, even more merchants can process payments seamlessly in their home countries, which is crucial as tariffs and economic factors may complicate cross-border trade. But we did not stop there. We also launched multi-currency payouts in 20 countries across Europe, allowing merchants to receive payments in their preferred currencies. Essential for operating globally and minimizing the impact of fluctuating exchange rates. Now as we look at the success of Shopify Payments, it is clear how foundational it is to our shop products, the buyer-facing side of Shopify that is all about making shopping simpler. One of the biggest advantages to our merchants is access to Shop Pay, and in Q1, 57% from last year, processing over $22 billion in GMV. Within our core pillars of shop, the Shop Pay component continues to be a key product offering that is working to drive up market enterprise-level growth opportunities. Businesses like mattress company Purple, lifestyle brand Johnny Was, fashion icon Lily Pulitzer, and footwear giant Birkenstock are among the latest to integrate this solution into their sites. Just this week alone, we signed up to expand more Tapestry brands to utilize this component as well. Now they started with just CoachOutlet.com, but because it worked so well, they are now rolling it out to online shops for Coach, Kate Spade, and for the Kate Spade outlet. This is more than just a passing trend. It is becoming an increasingly compelling pathway for large merchants to come to Shopify. This is where our journey may start with these large brands. But we are confident, as we demonstrate success, we will unlock more opportunities to add even more of our powerful tools and solutions over time, enhancing their growth and capabilities on our platform. Moving on to the other pillars within shop. The Shop app continued its momentum in Q1, hitting over 94% year-over-year growth in native GMV, an impressive acceleration from 84% growth last quarter, especially considering the seasonality of Q4. Shop Pay installments launched in early access to Canada, marking another important milestone in our global expansion with more countries on the horizon for later this year. Okay. Let's talk quickly about AI. AI is at the core of how we operate and is transforming our work processes. For those who have not seen it, I encourage you to check out Toby's recent company-wide email on AI that has now been shared publicly. At Shopify, we take AI seriously. In fact, it's becoming second nature to how we work. By fostering a culture of reflexive AI usage, our teams default to using AI first, reflexive being the key term here. This also means that before requesting additional headcount or resources, teams are required to start with assessing how they can meet their goals using AI first. This approach is sparking some really fascinating explorations and discussions around the company, challenging the way we think, the way we operate, and pushing us to look ahead as we redefine our decision-making processes. In the past couple of weeks, we built a dozen MCP servers that make Shopify's work legible and accessible. And now anyone within Shopify can ask questions, find resources, and leverage those tools for greater efficiency. This reflexive use of AI goes well beyond internal improvement. It supercharges our team's capabilities and drives operational efficiencies, keeping us agile. As we continue to innovate, AI will remain a cornerstone of how we deliver value across the board. On the merchant-facing side of AI in Q1, key developments for Sidekick included a complete rearchitecture of the AI engine for deeper reasoning capabilities, enhancing the processing of larger business datasets and accessibility in all supported languages, allowing every Shopify merchant to use Sidekick in their preferred language. And these changes, well, they're working. In fact, our monthly average users of Sidekick have more than doubled since the start of 2025. Now this is still really early days, but the progress we are making is already yielding some really strong results from merchants both large and small. Sidekick is yet another reason that merchants on Shopify will have an unfair advantage for whatever lies ahead. Okay. Switching gears a little let's talk about the progress we are making in some of our key growth drivers, starting international. We see the opportunity to capture market share in every European market as well as in Asia and Latin America. In Q1, we saw Europe's GMV grow 36% year over year, which clearly shows that we are gaining traction and expanding our presence in this key region, led by the UK, Netherlands, and Germany. Now I already mentioned some of the product features we are rolling out to merchants to navigate the current landscape. But we also continue to strengthen our foundation for international-specific features with improvements to AI-powered translations and new privacy compliance functionality. Now these enhancements to the product combined with our continued investments in marketing are helping to further grow our reach and market penetration in these really important countries. In our offline business, GMV was up 23% this quarter, thanks to the continued strong growth from our mid-market and multi-location merchants. We are also bringing on more established brands onto the platform, like FAO Schwartz, Just Cozy, and the iconic Japanese watch company, Grand Seiko. Now while this flexibility is really important, our true value goes beyond simply enabling these offline features. It lies in building trust and partnerships through our merchants' unified commerce journey online, offline, and everywhere in between. And a perfect example of this is our recent partnership with Allo, the athletic apparel brand that's absolutely crushing it. Now they wanted to implement same-day delivery, so they approached us with this idea. And we obviously were on board to make it happen. By integrating with partners like Uber and DoorDash, Allo can now offer quick same-day delivery options, allowing customers near the retail stores to receive their gear really, really fast. This is exactly how we support our merchants in staying ahead of the game and seizing every opportunity to grow. No matter what you want to do in your retail business, we default to yes on Shopify. Our efforts to move upmarket are paying off, fueled by strong growth from high-volume brands like Viori, along with more recent additions like BarkBox, Brilliant Earth, and Toys R Us. This evolving landscape, paired with our powerful go-to-market strategy, creates a significant opportunity for us to attract even more brands to Shopify. Our platform is designed to handle changes, like navigating tariffs, quickly and efficiently, making us the go-to choice for merchants of all sizes facing today's challenges. Agility and ease of use are now prerequisites for any modern commerce team. And Shopify is positioned not just as a tool but as a strategic advantage in an unpredictable market. And that is why more global brands are choosing us. They value our ability to move swiftly to deliver incredible value and to provide scalable infrastructure, especially right now. We are in constant conversations with leadership teams and CEOs who recognize the global economy is fluid and they're seeking solutions that enhance their agility. Across various industries, there's this renewed focus on cutting costs by eliminating inefficiencies and modernizing technology. And that is where Shopify really shines. Many legacy platforms are struggling. They're slow and restrictive, lacking consistent investment and unable to efficiently handle basic tasks like pricing updates or loyalty changes. And custom-built systems often prove just as brittle under pressure. As businesses face these challenges, Shopify is becoming the preferred choice for those looking to thrive at scale. The diversity of businesses we are signing, from computer and gaming giants to household appliance brands, sporting goods, and iconic fashion labels, demonstrates the strength and resilience of our merchant base and the power of our platform. Additionally, in Q1, one of the largest apparel and footwear conglomerates, VF Corp, signed up to bring eight of their well-known brands to Shopify, including Dickies, Ultra Running, Kipling, and Icebreaker. And two of their brands, JanSport and Eastpac, have already launched. We cannot wait to bring the others onto our platform. And in the past two weeks alone, even after the tariff announcements, brands continue to sign. One of those is Follett Higher Education Group, the multibillion-dollar company managing campus bookstores at over 1,000 colleges and universities across North America. And in Europe, we signed Caring Beauty, the beauty brand division of luxury fashion houses like Alexander McQueen, Valentino, and Creed. We are incredibly proud to support such a world-renowned group as they unify their customer experience across channels by leveraging Shopify's B2B, B2C, and point of sale solutions. Now this broad spectrum of verticals not only strengthens our platform, but also reduces reliance on any single market, vertical, or customer, allowing us to navigate market fluctuations and seize multiple growth opportunities with confidence. We've also seen a really impressive lineup of brands launching incredible online businesses on Shopify so far this year, including stationary company Paper Source from Barnes and Noble, luxury fashion brand JW Anderson from LVMH, luggage and travel business Away, wellness technology company Therabody, auto supply store and manufacturer Kent Automotive, and apparel and accessory retailer Life is Good. So to close, Q1 was a testament to the sustainable business model we've built. A model that's founded on supporting our merchants. Their success drives our success. This is who we are, and this is why we exist. Shopify thrives on change. It's in our DNA, and it has positioned us uniquely to overcome obstacles and adapt to new climates. It is quite simple; our success boils down to three key principles. And I can assure you that our priorities will remain just as clear in the future as they are right now. First, everything we do is merchant first. Their needs drive every product enhancement and every decision we make. Second, we've demonstrated an incredible ability to pivot when merchants need us most, adapting swiftly to challenges. Our resilience, in turn, ensures our merchants remain resilient too. And third, our operating discipline provides the flexibility we need to deliver unmatched value while balancing profitability and long-term growth. This is a very durable business model, and it is also how the very best companies are built. By staying grounded in our purpose and committed to our mission, we look forward to sharing our journey with you in the course to come. And with that, I'll turn the call over to Jeff. Thanks, Harley.

Q1 marks our eighth straight quarter of delivering pro forma revenue growth of 25% or greater, seventh consecutive quarter of GMV growth rate exceeding 20%, and seventh consecutive quarter of double-digit free cash flow margins. Before I dive into the Q1 results, I want to build on Harley's comments regarding our key principles and link them to the growth framework that I laid out at our investor day and the strong GMV results that we've been posting. At that time, we talked about growing our merchant base, expanding the breadth of merchants we serve, and helping our merchants grow by giving them the tools they need to connect with and convert more buyers, and run and grow their businesses. All of which are underpinned by continuous innovation. Our consistent GMV performance demonstrates that we are delivering on all of these vectors. If you recall from our investor day, I highlighted that we have seen our US ecommerce GMV grow approximately twice the overall US ecommerce quarter in, quarter out. The trend has continued and strengthened, in fact exceeding two times each of the past five quarters. Another demonstration of our success is that every quarterly cohort, other than one over the past ten years, has outpaced US ecommerce since joining Shopify. Within Europe, we are outperforming the market by an even wider margin, at even higher multiples of ecommerce growth. We've seen robust, greater than 30% GMV growth now for eight consecutive quarters, with that strength being broad-based across countries and merchant sizes. We are executing exceptionally well and our Q1 results reflect that. With that backdrop, let's discuss Q1 results then some perspectives on tariffs, and finally, our Q2 outlook. All growth rates mentioned are year over year unless specifically stated otherwise. GMV in Q1 was $74.8 billion, up 23%. This strong Q1 GMV was driven by same-store sales growth of our existing merchants, growth in our merchant base globally, continued strength in Europe, which grew 36% from both strong same-store sales growth and new merchant acquisition, with same-store sales growth being a larger contributor this quarter. And finally, offline growth of 23% driven primarily by larger retailers joining the platform. As we build a wider array of commerce solutions, our platform has become more attractive to merchants across various industries. Apparel and accessories remain our largest category, and that continues to perform well. But we are also experiencing strong growth in health and beauty, home and garden, and food and beverage. Additionally, smaller yet rapidly growing categories like animals and pet supplies, and arts and entertainment showed particularly strong growth rates in Q1. Revenue for the first quarter was up 27%. Looking at the two components of revenue, Q1 merchant solutions revenue increased 29% driven by the same factors as Q4 including continued strength in GMV, and increased penetration of Shopify payments, which reached 64% for the quarter. Several factors powered the quarter's higher GPV penetration, including the strong performance of those merchants utilizing Shopify Payments, an increasing percentage of which are Shopify Plus, and more merchants across the globe adopting payments, and expansion of payments both into more countries and through the partnerships with PayPal and Klarna. These items were partially offset by the continued strength of our business in Europe, which was a larger percentage of GMV, but where we have lower GPV penetration than North America. This should become less of a headwind to payments penetration going forward, given the launch of payments in more countries in Europe. Subscription solutions revenue grew 21%. With the three largest drivers being an increase in the number of merchants on our platform, and, to a lesser degree, the benefit from the plus pricing change, and higher variable platform fees. As a reminder, the changes to plus pricing took effect in February for new merchants and a few months later for existing merchants. Given that the significant majority of the existing Plus merchants chose to lock in three-year contracts at their existing rates, something that highlights the exceptional value we offer and the trust our merchants have in us, the majority of the benefit in Q1 came from new Plus merchants. Q1 2025, therefore, benefited from two months of year-over-year comparability tailwinds. As I mentioned on our last call, we expect our subscription solutions growth to normalize to a rate lower than merchant solutions in 2025, given the benefits from the Plus pricing changes tapering off and the lengthening of the paid trials. Q1 MRR was up 21% year over year with continued growth in each of standard, plus, and offline, with all three categories seeing an increase in the number of merchants. Plus plans represented 34% of MRR for the quarter. As I mentioned during our last call, in Q4 of last year, we started shifting to a three-month paid trial in certain markets, moving away from our predominantly one-month trials. The adjustment in trial lengths will make the quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year MRR comparisons tougher for you to assess from the outside, and these comparability issues will persist throughout 2025. But it is important to point out that we continue to see the benefits of moving to the longer trial period. Some comparability issues aside, the trend is a good thing. Our testing has indicated that giving merchants a little more time to experiment with our platform increases the likelihood they are setting themselves up for greater GMV success over the longer term. This point became clear through the testing that we did regarding how quickly merchants from various trial lengths achieved certain GMV milestones. As a reminder, paid trials are just one of our merchant acquisition tools. Gross profit was up 22%. Gross profit for subscription solutions grew 19%, slightly less than the 21% revenue growth for subscription solutions. The lower rate was driven primarily by higher cloud and infrastructure hosting costs needed to support higher volumes of geographic expansion. Although we are investing more in AI, it is not a significant factor in this increase. Over the past five years, the gross margin for subscription solutions has centered around 80%, plus or minus a couple of hundred basis points in any given quarter, and we do not anticipate that trend changing in the near term. Gross profit for merchant solutions grew 24%. With gross margin coming in at 38.6% compared to 40.1% in Q1 of 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by the same factors that we saw in Q4, including lower non-cash revenues from certain partnerships that carry a high gross margin, and the impact from the expanded partnership with PayPal. Partially offsetting these headwinds was strong growth in our FX and tax products. This brings our overall Q1 gross margin to 49.5% compared to 51.4% the prior year. Operating expenses were $966 million for the quarter, our 41% of revenue, in line with our guidance. This 41% compares to 47% in Q1 2024 and 60% in Q1 2023. We continue to make significant strides in building a lean, flexible, highly efficient team. Our continued discipline on headcount across all three areas of R&D, sales and marketing, and G&A continues to yield strong operating leverage, all while helping us move even faster on product development aided by our increasing use of AI. In marketing, we continue to lean in on our returns-based approach, executing the plan, and leveraging the signals and data insights we have to quickly adjust our investments based on specific return metrics and payback periods. This strategy has not changed, and we believe it is continuing to serve us well. Our platform has all the capabilities to grow with and accelerate merchant success. Marketing helps us get those merchants on our platform, allowing us to then grow with them for years to come. Transaction loans and losses, the smallest of the operating expense categories on our income statement, were three percent of revenues, consistent with Q1 of last year. This stability is largely due to higher volumes in our growing capital business. We continue to grow our capital business and have recently introduced several product innovations that give merchants more choice for how they manage their loans and how they choose among various loan options. Operating income for the quarter was $203 million, or 9% of revenue compared to 5% in Q1 of last year. Stock-based compensation for Q1 was $123 million and capital expenditures were $4 million for the quarter. Q1 free cash flow was $363 million or 15% of revenue. In line with our outlook. The strength of our business enables us to achieve these attractive free cash flow margins while still, importantly, investing in the future. To be clear, while we will continue to drive efficiency, we are ultimately still a growth company. We will continue to prioritize investing in key areas like our core platform, international, B2B, enterprise, and offline as opposed to driving for higher free cash flow margins in the near term. It's simply the right thing to do with the immense opportunities we see ahead. But it delivers a profitability level that we are proud of and believe we can maintain without compromising future growth. A quick comment regarding a small but important acquisition that we closed in Q1. In March, we closed the acquisition of Vantage Discovery, which helps accelerate the development of AI-powered multivector search across our search APIs, shop, and storefront search offerings. This acquisition is one piece of a broader strategy to ensure that our merchants are able to continue meeting buyers regardless of where they are shopping or discovering great products. Given the dynamic macro and trade environment, I'd like to share some observations about our merchants and our business before we turn to our Q2 financial outlook. Starting with cross-border, cross-border GMV made up 15% of total GMV in Q1, consistent with previous quarters. Approximately half of that involves US trade, balanced between inbound and outbound, while the rest is largely interregional within Europe. Cross-border levels have remained consistent throughout April and May to date. Turning to de minimis, the recent expiration of the de minimis exemption for goods from China is not expected to have a meaningful impact on Shopify in the near term, as only 1% of our overall GMV is related to imports from China that were subject to the exemption. That said, this expired less than a week ago and we will continue to monitor its impact on our business. The quality and diversity of our merchant base and the buyers they serve are also two key things to keep in mind and which help ensure resilience in the face of potential economic shifts. We support millions of businesses across various industries and verticals, addressing every corner of commerce. This diverse merchant base gives us a solid foundation to navigate changing market conditions, providing unique stability to our business. Certain sectors or segments will require more time to address their supply chains in this environment, but many others also represented on Shopify can move more quickly, mitigating some of the impact to Shopify from these disruptions. Merchants' pivots in response to trade concerns are wide-ranging, including decisions on inventory strategies, pricing changes, and sourcing selections. Consider pricing as one example. While some merchants have raised prices, we haven't seen broad-based price increases yet. However, there remains a mix of strategies at play to navigate tariffs, beyond just pricing. Merchants are considering when to change sourcing countries, when to buy inventory, or even adjusting the product mix in their catalogs. From an end buyer perspective, in 2024, we had over 875 million unique online shoppers, spanning a broad range of income levels and brand loyalties. While all merchants proudly serve consumers across all income brackets, their buyer base skews towards higher income consumers, with more than half of their buyers in the US having incomes exceeding $100,000. We believe this helps insulate our merchants from some of the potential swings in pricing or other market factors as higher income consumers tend to be less price sensitive. We acknowledge the uncertainty ahead and are actively monitoring our data to help us support our merchants and adapt to whatever changes may arise. Keeping all this in mind, let's now turn to Outlook. Our GMV data shows continued strength through April and early May, reinforcing our confidence in outperforming the market. Our expectations for the second quarter of 2025 factor in the strength of our Q1 and what we are seeing quarter to date for Q2. First on revenue, we expect Q2 revenue growth in the mid-twenties year over year driven by many of the same factors that supported our strong revenue growth in Q1. This outlook takes into consideration our best estimates of our performance in the current trade and macroeconomic environment, with potential headwinds largely offset by FX tailwinds. We expect Q2 gross profit dollars to grow in the high teens, driven by a mix shift with more contribution expected from merchant solutions, primarily from payments, followed by subscription solutions. The ongoing strength of our lower margin payment product and the accounting impact from PayPal combined with the impact from changes to the paid trial lengths are key factors in this growth. These dynamics in terms of gross profit dollar mix shifts are likely to persist, resulting in gross profit dollar growth at a rate lower than revenue growth. We anticipate that our Q2 operating expenses will be 39% to 40% of revenues, which represents a 200 to 300 basis points improvement over Q2 last year, when excluding the reversal of the $55 million legal accrual from the prior year. The factors contributing to our expense leverage in Q1 are expected to carry into Q2 as we stay vigilant on headcount, reflectively use AI to multiply our effectiveness, and concurrently invest in high return areas like marketing. On a dollar basis, operating expenses are increasing both year over year and quarter over quarter primarily driven by expectations around higher marketing spend that I just discussed. Moving to stock-based compensation, Q2 SBC is expected to be $120 million. Finally, on free cash flow. For Q2, we expect our free cash flow margin to be in the mid-teens similar to Q1 of 2025, as we continue to focus on driving growth not optimizing for near-term margin. We believe that the free cash flow margin profile that we have achieved over the past several quarters strikes the right balance between profitability and investments in building the best products for our merchants today and into the future. Simply too many compelling growth opportunities ahead. To close, we are delivering growth across multiple products, multiple geographies, and multiple merchant sizes and types, all while being disciplined on expenses but thoughtfully investing for Shopify's continued growth. The more the environment changes, the clearer it becomes to businesses of all sizes that they need a platform that can adapt, scale, and pivot. Shopify is that platform. And with that, I'll turn the call back over to Carrie.

We will now take your questions. Please use the raise hand feature in Zoom to ask your question. If you're dialing in by phone, you will need to press 9 to join the queue and 6 to unmute yourself. We ask that you limit yourself to one question so we can try to get to as many questions as possible. Our first question comes from Samad Samana at Jefferies.

Hi. Good morning, and thanks for taking my question, and congrats on a really strong quarter. In a tough environment. Maybe Jeff or Harley, for either one of you, of the things that we are trying to figure out is not just where what's like GMV makes this for merchants, but maybe where merchants are sourcing the inventory that they're ultimately selling? And I appreciate all the disclosures that you gave. How are you do you have any ability to map where they're currently sourcing from and how much through tariff exposure that they have? And have you factored that in? Like, how are you balancing maybe potential demand destruction versus average order value going up? And I know that's not a precise question, but if you could help illuminate that for us, it would be very helpful. Thank you so much.

Look, I think it's still very early and we're learning a ton. Because of our visibility, we're learning a ton. What I can tell you is that we have merchants everywhere of all sizes across pretty much every industry and pretty much every vertical. I mean, that is the benefit of the Shopify business model. There's no, you know, our merchant base is not concentrated in one area. So in terms of where they make their products, exposure really does vary by merchant. Some are impacted more than others. But net-net, we're not seeing any meaningful impact on GMV. And, again, it's still pretty early. One thing I would add also is if you think about the buyer perspective, in 2024, we had about 875 million unique buyers purchase from a Shopify store. And while it does span a broad range of income levels and certainly brand loyalties, because I think our merchants serve customers across every income bracket, more than half of the buyers in the US have incomes exceeding $100,000 to our merchants, and I think the scale and that diversity does help insulate our merchants and us, by extension. We'll continue to monitor that, but so far, we're not seeing anything meaningful impacting GMV.

Yeah. And, Samad, the only thing I would add is that incorporate into our views on guidance, it definitely is. I put some comments in the prepared remarks around how we're thinking about both overall consumer spend as well as some impact from FX. That's all factored in there. And as I also mentioned, we've seen strength through April. We've seen strength in the early May. So it's a continuation of all the things that we saw in Q1, which was a very good quarter, and we feel good as we think about the consistency of performance when you look at what we've laid out for Q2 and think about what we did in Q1 as well as we've done over the last couple of years in terms of consistent revenue growth in the margins and the GMV delivered. And we put all that into perspective.

Thank you for your question. Our next question will come from Martin Toner at ATV.

Thank you very much. Is it possible for you guys to give us some more commentary around what has happened with your China-specific merchants in early May?

Yeah. I don't have any specifics as it relates to how we alluded to both and I mentioned just a moment ago that both April and May have been strong in terms of what we've seen in GMV performance. It's obviously a dynamic environment. It's still too early to tell, I think, in terms of where this is all going to play out, both in terms of the quantum and the timing of the tariffs. But, again, I would say that we’re roughly a month into the escalation of tariffs, and we continue to see strength in GMV. But as we look at the guidance we gave in Q2, it obviously assumes continued strong performance. In terms of exact detail in China, we don't have anything more to give on that at the moment.

Thank you, Martin. Our next question comes from Rob Wildhack at Autonomous.

Hey, guys. A question on new merchant acquisition.

Harley, you highlighted a bunch of new features, tariff-related and other. I imagine those serve to further differentiate Shopify and the value prop. Against that, though, I could also see a scenario where, you know, given all the uncertainty out there, merchants are reluctant to make any big switch in their systems or their infrastructure. So how is the new merchant pipeline playing out? Both in SMB and enterprise? And how has that changed at all over the last couple of months?

Yeah. I mean, SMB has been consistently very strong. We haven't seen any changes there. In fact, I would actually argue with you on the larger merchant side. Actually, I think a lot of what we're seeing, at least, is that many legacy commerce platforms are actually being exposed as pretty slow and pretty restrictive. Some of these older legacy platforms that larger retailers are on can't even handle basic tasks like price updates. I heard something this week about loyalty changes being difficult or adjusting inventory on a more rapid basis. It's not just legacy systems, actually. What we're also hearing from is that larger retailers and brands with custom-built or in-house platforms are realizing that those platforms are just as brittle and slow as, you know, especially right now. So as a result, I think, actually, brands are moving to Shopify. Larger brands are moving to Shopify at an even higher clip. And I think, you know, partially it's because they want to simplify complexity. They want to improve execution speed or reduce friction. But they also are looking for lower total cost of ownership. One of the things that I think we've become well known for is that our merchants are more resilient. We mentioned that 38 of 39 of our merchant cohorts since the IPO ten years ago have performed better than the broader ecommerce market. But also, as a responsibility, we are building tools at an incredible clip, whether, you know, I think as soon as any toxic tariffs came out, we created a buy-local filter over a weekend in the Shop app. Managed markets have evolved incredibly. Duty calculations, pricing transparency. So I think this actually, you know, one of the things we're seeing is that a lot of these larger, more legacy systems are using this opportunity to reevaluate whether or not they have the right commerce partner long term. Again, not just because of flexibility, but also because of total cost of ownership. And that's been really great. As I mentioned, we've had some incredible, some of the most iconic retailers and brands on the planet come into Shopify the last quarter, and that pipeline has not slowed down at all.

Thank you for your question. Our next question comes from Bhavin Shah at Deutsche Bank.

Thanks for taking my question. Jeff, Harley, you both alluded to on the call several times about your ability to lean into AI internally. And given this additional emphasis that you guys put on this starting this year, is this impacting your kind of views on overall expenses relative to the prior commentary that you guys talked about on free cash flow margins? And then Jeff, how willing are you to maybe adjust your marketing spend if you do see changes in merchant or consumer behavior?

Maybe I'll start just on the sort of AI internally, and then Jeff can talk a bit about the financial impacts and opportunities there. I think all of you by now have hopefully seen Toby's note on AI. It is being built into the culture and frankly built into the DNA of how we operate. It is now a reflex that is expected of our 8,000 people who work with us. So we're really leaning into this. You know, even just in the last couple of weeks, we've built roughly a dozen MCP servers that make every single corner of Shopify's work legible, which means that everyone at Shopify now has more access to more information at a much more rapid clip. Obviously, the Vantage team coming in, who are rock stars in AI, are going to help take our search capabilities to the next level. So we don't just necessarily talk about AI from the superpowers we can give with Sidekick and Magic to our merchants to make them far more effective, but even in terms of how we use it internally to make Shopify more effective in doing our day-to-day work, we think Shopify is best positioned to leverage that.

Yeah. And as it relates to the implication on margins, obviously, AI will be one of the tailwinds that's hardly alluded to that can multiply the effectiveness of the team. But it also dovetails into your question, think, Bhavan, as you're trying to think about how does that in terms of market opportunities, changes in this dynamic market, how does that all play out? I would say nothing's changed in our views on free cash flow margins and the power of this business. We like the free cash flow margins that we've achieved. We think this margin profile strikes the right balance of profitability and investing, as we alluded to. And we've obviously been really thoughtful and disciplined in terms of how we've gotten to this point. So we will continue to exercise that discipline, but I would also say that the discipline allows us to both cut back if the spending returns aren't there. For example, if some of the things on the marketing front change as a function of the overall market. But also lean into it, of course, which is the right thing to do if you see compelling opportunities that are going to get great merchants on our platform and bring all the long-term value that they would bring. So I just I think I fundamentally believe the best companies are built on focusing on the long term and seizing these opportunities. So, again, we worked hard to get here. We take that very seriously. We have guardrails on the marketing spend, and we also think about guardrails on the profitability. But I think we are very good at finding early signal adapting. And Harley alluded to that in his comments. I think that's something we do exceptionally well. So we're going to remain focused on our merchants, getting great merchants on the platform, and nothing again, nothing's changed in our philosophy here.

Yeah. Let me just sort of underline that point because I think it is a uniquely Shopify. This is an area where we have real flexibility given the sort of return-based approach to marketing. I think we are uniquely positioned with incredible visibility and signal what's working, what's not. In some parts of our growth engine, we can actually get a sense of changes to customer acquisition cost within a week, and on the LTV side the same type of thing. That means we can flex up and flex down our spend based on solid data views that we can get back at this incredibly fast rate. I think that that ability to allow us to sort of play with those levers, if we see opportunities to gain market share, we'll take them. if we see things are changing, we can pull back as well. So, you know, as it relates to Q2, you know, more of that we're really able to view what's changing at a very, very fast clip and then make very good decisions on either side, whether, again, things are going one way or the other. I think that that is a real advantage to Shopify's growth and our funnel and our business model.

Thanks for your question. Our next question will come from Michael Morton at MoffettNathanson.

Good morning. Maybe a quick one for Jeff and a bigger picture one for Harley that I've asked before. Jeff, with the three-month trials and the slight step up in marketing spend, just if you could maybe dig a little deeper on who you're targeting with that like, a certain type of merchant, a certain product, a certain geography, that would be great. And then for Harley, I've asked this before, but we're seeing it develop more, actually, a lot of search conversation this week in the news, and shopping has some really interesting partnerships with the large language models. I was wondering if you're seeing any change yet in traffic generation sources for your merchant base and then if maybe a slight shift of the center of gravity of the legacy ecosystem that feeds people from Google search to Amazon, maybe pointing more consumers to DTC websites. Thank you.

So thanks for your question, Michael. I'll start with your question on marketing, then I'll hand it over to Harley. There's no specific in terms of our marketing spend on merchant ads. Again, the merchant acquisition engine is working very well, executing exactly as we would be hoping. And that ties back into the marketing spend, but there's been no change in the marketing philosophy in terms of the segments we're trying to target. Obviously, the majority of our spend, as we've talked about before, is performance-based marketing. It's supporting both areas of growth as well as all the areas that traditionally have been strongholds for us. So there's spend in the US, there's spend in Europe. I alluded in my comments how well I think it's working in Europe as a function of both the product market fit we have and how the marketing's dovetailing to that. It's supporting point of sale, it's supporting SMB, it's supporting enterprise, it's supporting all the various elements. So I can't well, I'd say there's no specific segment where we feel like, hey, we really need to focus on this one at the expense of others. It's disciplined, return-based marketing to support all the great things we're doing. We really think, as we think about the product s-curves, the growth curves of all our solutions, they're performing well, and we're supporting them.

Let me just talk quickly about AI and I think the question really is around AI shopping. The first thing is, I just kind of want to say this because I don't think I get a chance to hear this very often. I think Shopify is widely recognized as one of the best companies globally for fostering long-term, very beneficial world partnerships. You've seen that obviously with what we do with payments or with some of the stuff we're doing with buy now pay later or cross border. So you can, you know, one of the things we think about is that wherever commerce is taking place, Shopify will be there. And obviously, one of the things we are seeing is that more and more searches are starting on places beyond just, you know, somebody just a search engine. That's a huge opportunity whereby more consumers are going to be searching for great products. For us to qualify and then requalify to be the core retail operating system for the millions of stores that use us and many millions more in the future, we have to make sure they show up everywhere where commerce is happening. Obviously, we've talked about some of the partnerships in the past. You've seen we've done with Perplexity and OpenAI. We will continue doing that. We're not going to front-run our product roadmap when it comes to anything, frankly. But we do think, though, that AI shopping, in particular, is a huge opportunity, and you can expect that Shopify will be wherever consumers are looking to find incredible products.

Thanks for your question. Our next question will come from Keith Weiss at Morgan Stanley.

Excellent. Thank you guys for taking the question. And I really appreciate the way you guys are coming at this period of uncertainty and highlighting the quality of Shopify. And what we've seen historically is that high-quality companies tend to pull away from the pack in periods of stress. And I think you guys are doing a really good job of showing why Shopify is that high-quality company and why you have the ability to pull away and gain market share even in times when the macros are perhaps not a tailwind to you guys. So kudos on that. That is great positioning. The other side of the equation, though, gross margins is a key metric that software investors definitely look to. Degradation in gross margins tends to freak out investors, to use the technical term. So can you maybe talk to us a little bit about the durability of these or sort of how long these gross margin pressures are going to persist, particularly maybe enumerate what's happening with the PayPal accounting change, since you could give us an idea of what the top line revenue impact was there versus what the gross margin impact is? And just fundamentally, when will we see overall gross margins start to stabilize, or will we see overall gross margins start to stabilize sometime in the not too distant future?

So, Keith, thanks for your question and for your opening comments. We definitely think about flight to quality and the opportunity for us to continue to differentiate ourselves from the pack here. On your gross margin question, let me break it into two pieces: one, what we're seeing on the subscription solutions side, and then two, on the merchant solution side, and dovetail onto some of your other pieces there. I alluded in my comments earlier on the subscription solution side, we've been stable here in terms of how we think about it. It's been 80% plus or minus a couple hundred basis points, generally higher rather than lower than that 80 basis points. But you look back several years now and it's been pretty consistent. And I mentioned in my comments earlier that we don't see that changing. So that's something from that vantage point, which I think we continue to execute on really well. As it relates to the gross profit levels or gross margin levels on merchant solutions, PayPal is a piece of it. We have not quantified it. Payments is one of the things, of course, and it continues to be a larger and larger percentage of revenues that has some headwinds on gross margin. And to the extent that larger GMV merchants come on platform, of course, that will have some headwinds to it. Payments, though, is obviously a good thing because it brings along a lot of other products that generally fall in the slipstream of what we're doing on that front. And we talked about the strength of tax and capital and cross border and all those things. So we did have a little bit of impact from the fall-off of the non-cash revenues from certain partnerships, which carry a high gross margin, and the impact from the expanded partnership with PayPal. Partially offsetting these headwinds was strong growth in our FX and tax products. This brings our overall Q1 gross margin to 49.5%, compared to 51.4% the prior year. Operating expenses were $966 million for the quarter, our 41% of revenue, in line with our guidance. This 41% compares to 47% in Q1 2024 and 60% in Q1 2023. We continue to make significant strides in building a lean, flexible, highly efficient team. Our continued discipline on headcount across all three of R&D, sales and marketing, and G&A continues to yield strong operating leverage, all while helping us move even faster on product development aided by our increasing use of AI. In marketing, we continue to lean into our returns-based approach, executing the plan, and leveraging the signals and data insights we have to quickly flex up and down our investments based on specific return metrics and payback periods. This strategy has not changed, and we believe it is continuing to serve us well. Our platform has all the capabilities to grow with and accelerate merchant success. Marketing helps us get those merchants on our platform, allowing us to then grow with them for years to come.

Thank you for your question. Our last question will come from Tim Chiodo at UBS.

Great. Thank you for taking the question. I want to touch a little bit on the Shopify point-of-sale in-store business. You mentioned some of the larger brands coming onto the platform. I was hoping we could tackle it from two angles. First is competitive differentiation, whether it's inventory functionality or location, or maybe you could expand upon that, particularly as it's relative to Clover, Square, Lightspeed, and maybe some of the other legacy providers, the micros, etc.? And then the second piece is around the distribution side. So Clover utilizes ISOs and bank partners and has direct sales. Square recently signed its first ISO in the US, and they're hiring salespeople. Maybe you could just compare and contrast the distribution efforts behind the point-of-sale offering for Shopify.

Yeah. Thanks for the question. It's a great question. So first off, I think point of sale, think about this as this incredible multiyear growth initiative for us. I think the results for the quarter show that we're making really great traction. I mean, Q1 offline GMV was up 23% in the quarter. And, again, getting these brands like Just Cozy, FAO Schwartz, Grand Seiko, we're getting a lot of these much larger multi-location ones. I mentioned on the enterprise side, working with these companies like Follett right now that has, you know, a thousand stores across campus, every university campus in America. So I think you'll continue to see a lot of momentum, especially with these large complex multi-location merchants. And the competitive advantage is just the fact that the feature set is amazing. You have tap-to-pay expansion, having ship-to-store capabilities. I mean, the amount of features that we're rolling out for point-of-sale by itself just in the last two quarters is more than any of the other companies you mentioned roll out in years. So just the velocity of product expansion is incredible. In terms of the go-to-market, there's a couple of things we are doing here. So obviously, we're looking at new geographies, new verticals, new segments, but it's not just necessarily our go-to-market. We also have incredible SIs we are working with. And some, I've mentioned this on previous calls, we’re working with frankly, the largest SIs on the planet that are bringing us to market as well. Then I think probably the larger piece of why we're winning when it comes to point-of-sale and retail is that I don't think the future of retail is going to be online versus offline. Where these incredible businesses think about different segments, channel conflict. They want a single place where they can view all their business, online and offline, and potentially through AI and on social media platforms. And so this idea of Shopify being this unified commerce system that allows you to sell across every channel and as more channels, you know, could come to play again, you know, we talked about AI a little this call that wasn't around two years ago, now it is, the fact that you can default that with Shopify, we think is an incredible opportunity. The other thing is like, you know, Allo came to us a couple weeks ago and said they actually want to offer same-day delivery at their checkout, like their physical checkout. And so, we worked with Uber and DoorDash to get that going for them within a matter of weeks. That velocity, that confidence that these large and legacy brands are giving to us because they know we can be a long-term partner is allowing us to win this market. So, you know, I know the companies you mentioned, but I think from a product perspective and from an integration perspective with unified commerce, we'll continue to win business.

Thank you, Michael. Our last question will come from Dominic Ball at Redburn Atlantic.

Hey, everyone. Hey, Harley. Maybe a question for you. We sort of touched on it earlier. How does Shopify view the emergence of AI agents in terms of do you guys see this as an opportunity or more of a threat? Because on one hand, they could facilitate direct checkout with their own platforms. On the other hand, this may also unlock a sort of new sales channel for Shopify merchants, very similar to sort of what happened with social media commerce. And then one last, if purchases are done automatically through AI agents. So this would reduce the value proposition of Shop Pay as well? So how are you guys thinking about this dynamic?

We think it's a great opportunity. Look, the more channels that exist in the world, the more complexity it is for merchants and brands. That's where the value of Shopify really shines. So if there's a new surface area, whether it's through AI agents or through just simply LLMs and AI wrappers that a consumer goes to to look for a new pair of sneakers or a new cosmetic or piece of furniture, they want to have access to the most interesting products from the most important brands. And those are all on Shopify. So for us, we think that all of these new areas where commerce is happening is a great thing. It allows Shopify to increase its value. And we're working with pretty much every single company that you have in mind to ensure that we are surfacing Shopify products, Shopify merchants' products when people are searching for it. So we think it's a huge opportunity. One thing I will say also just before we end because I think it's important, I know we're getting to closing time here, you know, I hope on this call, presumably all of you picked up the tone of Jeff in my comments. We believe that Shopify is performing quarter after quarter, both in terms of top-line momentum, but also managing expenses and delivering profitability. But one thing I do want to say, just given the nature of the questions on this call, that I want to reiterate, hopefully most of you already know this, but we’re about to cross the ten-year mark since our IPO, and one thing that I think most of you have come to understand is that Shopify was absolutely built for times like this. Times where things seem uncertain or unclear. This is when we thrive. Whether it was 2008, whether it was the pandemic, or right now, Shopify was absolutely built for agility, and I think these days for us are just like anything else. And, you know, our objective in these times is to shoulder complexity so our merchants don't have to. It's how we build so much trust, and it's why I think our merchants are so resilient. But for us as a company, we operate very well in these environments, and we have the right levers to adjust on a dime, but we can also seize huge opportunities if and when they arise and grow our business. So it's precisely in times like this that we can demonstrate that those building on Shopify are simply better prepared than those that are not. And with that, I just want to thank you all for joining the call. And for us, we'll get back to building the future of commerce. Thank you.

With that, this concludes our first quarter 2025 conference call. Thank you.