Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the GrafTech Fourth Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call and Webcast. This call is being recorded on Wednesday, February 14, 2024. I would now like to turn the conference over to Mr. Mike Dillon, Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Communications. Thank you. Please go ahead.

Thank you. Good morning, and welcome to GrafTech International's earnings call for the fourth quarter and full year of 2023. With me today are Tim Flanagan, Interim Chief Executive Officer; Jeremy Halford, Chief Operating Officer; and Catherine Delgado, Interim Chief Financial Officer. Tim will begin with opening comments, Jeremy will then discuss safety, the commercial environment, sales, and operational matters. Catherine will review our quarterly results and other financials, and Tim will close with comments on our outlook. We will then open the call to questions. Turning to our next slide. As a reminder, some of the matters discussed in this call may include forward-looking statements regarding, among other things, performance trends, and strategy. These statements are based on current expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements are shown here. We will also discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures, and these slides include the relevant non-GAAP reconciliations. You can find these slides in the Investor Relations section of our website at www.graftech.com. A replay of the call will also be available on our website. I'll now turn the call over to Tim.

Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining GrafTech's fourth quarter earnings call. Let me begin by acknowledging a simple fact: to operate in a cyclical industry and find ourselves in a challenging part of that cycle for our industry and for our business. Our results have fallen short of our expectations. Yet our optimism about the long-term prospects of our company remains intact. On this call, we will discuss the actions we are taking in response to the cyclical downturn in demand, which include optimizing our footprint and improving our cost structure, as well as the reasons for our long-term positive outlook. With that backdrop, I will start with the macro environment, which continues to be impacted by economic uncertainty and geopolitical conflict. This includes the ongoing impact of above-target inflation combined with a high-risk interest rate environment. In addition, there are multiple active military conflicts globally as well as strained geopolitical relations, all of which are contributing to expanding disruptions in commercial trade. These and other factors are having a significant impact on the economic performance and outlook for many regions. For example, in the EU, which is collectively the world's third-largest economy and a key region for our business, 2023 represented another year of low industrial production and weak economic conditions, which are expected to continue for the foreseeable future. These factors have contributed to a constrained global steel industry, resulting in persistently soft demand for graphite electrodes. Further, graphite electrode prices remain weak, and the industry has suffered from low capacity utilization. In his comments, Jeremy will elaborate on both of these dynamics. As weak demand played out in 2023, GrafTech was also pressured by the impact of a temporary suspension at our Mexican operations in late 2022. We also experienced ongoing cost pressures, partially due to low capacity utilization. In response, we took a number of steps to help us navigate the headwinds focusing on those things within our control. Our actions included proactively reducing our production volume to align with our demand outlook, closely managing our costs, capital expenditures, and working capital levels, and at the same time, making targeted investments to further improve our operational flexibility and product offerings. The impact in 2023 was significant. Our initiatives to manage working capital led to more than $100 million of inventory reduction over the course of the year, resulting in positive free cash flow for 2023. Further, our efforts to reduce costs nearly drove a 10% decline in our 2023 period costs. However, as we enter 2024, the softness in the commercial environment persists, and in response, we must take additional action. This morning, we announced the implementation of a cost rationalization and a footprint optimization plan. This is a set of initiatives designed to reduce our cost structure and optimize our manufacturing footprint while at the same time preserving our ability to deliver excellent customer service and capitalize on long-term growth opportunities. Let me briefly walk through the three key elements of the program. First, we are indefinitely suspending most of the production activities at our St. Marys facility as well as indefinitely certain assets within our remaining graphite electrode manufacturing footprint. As you know, last year, we announced our intentions to restart production at St. Marys as a primary component of our pin supply risk mitigation strategy. Since then, we have significantly advanced other elements of that strategy. Specifically, we proactively built up our pin stock inventory to exceed historical levels and proved out the capability of Pamplona to be a secondary facility for pin stock production, thereby giving us pin production capabilities on two different continents. With the advancement in these areas, we can adapt to the current environment and align costs and production with demand while remaining confident that our supply chains are well-positioned to meet the needs of our customers in all regions. Second, we are implementing actions that will reduce the company's overhead structure and expenses. This includes a thorough review of all our corporate and support functions globally to ensure we have the right structure and resources moving forward. Third, we will continue to operate our remaining graphite electrode production facilities at reduced levels as needed in response to weak market conditions, thereby aligning our production with our evolving demand outlook. These actions will drive several key outcomes. Specifically, the suspension of production at St. Marys and the reduction in corporate overhead will drive $25 million in annualized cost savings once fully implemented by the end of the second quarter, excluding the impact of one-time costs, which are estimated to be approximately $5 million. Further, the indefinite idling of certain low-efficiency assets across our remaining graphite electrode manufacturing footprint will reduce our stated capacity on a go-forward basis from 202,000 metric tons to 178,000 metric tons, a reduction of 12%. In light of current economic conditions and behaviors of others in the market, we view this as a prudent step. At the same time, it preserves our ability to meet our customers' needs and gives us the flexibility to respond to future upswings in the market. Lastly, these actions will support our efforts to further reduce inventory levels and manage working capital and capital expenditures in 2024. For all the reasons I've noted, we believe these are the right steps for the long-term health of our business. While the focus of my discussion today is on near-term headwinds and how we are responding, it's important not to lose sight of the fact that we operate in an industry with substantial long-term tailwinds. These include the expectations that the steel industry's decarbonization efforts will continue to drive continued share growth for electric arc furnace methodical steel production, thereby driving increased graphite electrode demand. In addition, demand for petroleum needle coke, the key raw material we use to produce graphite electrodes is expected to accelerate driven by its use to produce synthetic graphite for the anode portion of lithium-ion batteries used in the electric vehicle market. GrafTech possesses a number of unique competitive advantages that support our ability to capitalize on these trends. These include substantial vertical integration into petroleum needle coke as well as a distinct set of capabilities that supports a compelling customer value proposition. For all of these reasons, GrafTech is well-positioned to benefit from future growth opportunities and create shareholder value. I'll revisit these topics at the end of our prepared remarks. But first, let me turn the call over to Jeremy, followed by Catherine as they provide more color around our results and near-term outlook.

Thank you, Tim, and good morning, everyone. As always, I'll start my comments with a brief update on our safety performance, which is a core value at GrafTech. We are encouraged that our 2023 recordable incident rate improved significantly from the prior year level and places us among the top operators in the broader manufacturing industry. Improvement in this area was a key point of emphasis with our internal teams in 2023, and I would like to thank all of our team members for their efforts. Yet we must continue to do better, and we will not be satisfied until we achieve our ultimate goal of zero injuries. Let me now turn to the next slide to provide more color on current macro conditions and the commercial environment. Steel industry production outside of China continues to be constrained by weak demand due to global economic uncertainty. Compounding this has been the impact of steel exports from China, which reached a multi-year high in 2023. Looking at data recently published by the World Steel Association, on a global basis, steel production outside of China was approximately 831 million tons in 2023. While this level of production was in line with 2022 in total, there was a significant divergence among regions. In 2023, steel production increased 12% in India and 6% in China whereas it declined in most of our key commercial regions. Specifically, steel output in Europe declined 7% in 2023 as the ongoing slowdown in industrial production, subdued market demand, and high energy costs continued to weigh on steel production. In the Americas, steel production was down 3% in 2023 despite output in the U.S., the largest steel producer in that region being flat year-over-year. As we move through the early part of 2024, we believe that a significant amount of global economic uncertainty remains as an overhang on steel demand and production in the near term. This, in turn, has resulted in ongoing industry-wide softness for graphite electrode demand. In addition, recent changes in competitive dynamics are further impacting graphite electrode pricing. First, despite the weak demand environment, we continue to see a healthy level of electrode exports from certain countries, including India and China into non-tariff protected regions such as the Middle East. These are typically lower-priced electrodes with prices continuing to decline further of late. Second, given these export dynamics, we continue to see a knock-on pricing effect in tariff-protected countries, such as the U.S., where Tier 1 competitors have continued to lower pricing in these regions to support volume. As Tim will expand on during his closing comments, we view this as transitory changes in the competitive landscape. However, these are nevertheless dynamics that we must manage in the near term. With that background, let's turn to the next slide for more details on how these factors have impacted our results and how we are responding. Our production and sales volume for the fourth quarter of 2023 were both approximately 24,000 metric tons. A key focus throughout 2023 was to proactively manage production volume to align with our evolving demand outlook, and we were pleased with our team's execution of this strategy. Fourth quarter shipments included approximately 5,000 metric tons sold under our LTAs at a weighted average realized price of $8,500 per metric ton and 19,000 metric tons of non-LTA sales at a weighted average realized price of approximately $4,800 per metric ton. This weighted average price for non-LTA sales represents a more than 20% year-over-year decline and a sequential decline from the third quarter of more than 10%, reflecting the pricing dynamics I referenced. Net sales in the fourth quarter of 2023 decreased 45% compared to the previous year. The ongoing shift in the mix of our business from LTA to non-LTA volume was the key driver of the year-over-year decline with lower overall volume and pricing also contributing. For the reasons already mentioned, we expect industry-wide demand for graphite electrodes in the near term will remain weak and pricing pressures to persist in most regions. In response, we are taking the actions that Tim outlined in his comments. In addition, we are being selective in the commercial opportunities we are choosing to pursue with a focus on competing responsibly. We believe that we provide a compelling value proposition to our customers and we can compete on more than just price. Our value proposition includes a strategically positioned manufacturing footprint that provides operational flexibility and reach to key steelmaking regions. Being the only large-scale graphite electrode producer that is substantially vertically integrated into petroleum needle coke, offering access to the electric arc furnace productivity system, and providing customer technical services at no incremental cost to the customer, and a focus on continually expanding our commercial and product offerings. For example, we remain on track to add 800-millimeter supersized electrodes to our portfolio by the end of 2024 to serve a small but growing segment of the UHP graphite electrode market. As always, we remain relentlessly committed to producing the highest quality graphite electrodes and meeting the needs of our customers now and in the future. Let me now turn it over to Catherine to cover the rest of our financial details.

Thank you, Jeremy, and good morning to all. We had a net loss of $217 million or $0.85 per share. This included a goodwill impairment charge of $171 million and a lower of cost or market inventory valuation adjustment of $12 million. Both of these non-cash charges reflect the near-term industry-wide dynamics we have spoken to, soft graphite electrode demand, and weak pricing, both coinciding with higher-cost inventory remaining on our balance sheet. Adjusted EBITDA was negative $22 million in the fourth quarter compared to positive adjusted EBITDA of $80 million in the fourth quarter of 2022. The decline in EBITDA reflected first, the continued shift in the mix of our business towards non-LTA volume; second, lower pricing; third, lower sales volume; and fourth, the impact of the lower cost or market adjustment. Also contributing to the decline in adjusted EBITDA was higher year-over-year costs on a per-metric ton basis. However, we did see a sequential improvement in this metric from the third quarter as we anticipated. As shown in the reconciliation provided in our earnings call materials posted on our website, our cash COGS per metric ton declined approximately 7% from the third quarter of 2023 to the fourth quarter. The key driver of this improvement was a quarter-over-quarter reduction in the level of fixed costs that are being recognized on an accelerated basis due to low production volumes. In other words, these are costs recognized in the current period that would have been inventoried if we were operating at normal production levels. As a reminder, in the third quarter, we recorded approximately $18 million of such costs, approximately half of which was attributable to Seadrift being temporarily idled through the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, needle coke production at Seadrift resumed. This, along with a modest increase in graphite electrode production resulted in the amount of such costs recognized in the fourth quarter declining to approximately $10 million. Now as it relates to 2024, we anticipate a low-teen percentage point decline in our cash COGS metric ton compared to the full year cash COGS per metric ton of 2023. In addition to the timing impact of the lower cost or market valuation adjustment that we recorded in the fourth quarter of '23, we expect the decline in cash COGS into '24 to be driven by three factors. First, the impact of the cost rationalization activities that Tim discussed, of the estimated $25 million in annualized cost savings once fully implemented by the end of the second quarter. We expect approximately $15 million of the annualized savings will be reflected as reduced fixed manufacturing costs. Second, market pricing for key elements of our cost structure, including decant oil, energy, and coal tar pitch continues to moderate as expected. Third, we expect a modest year-over-year improvement in our sales and production volume in '24, which would have a two-pronged impact on our cash COGS per metric ton. The anticipated increase in our production volume and capacity utilization rates will significantly reduce the amount of fixed costs being recognized on an accelerated basis. In addition, our fixed costs will be recognized over a larger volume base compared to the prior year. Turning to cash flow, for the fourth quarter of '23, we generated $9 million of cash from operating activities and adjusted free cash flow of $4 million. This cash flow performance was supported by our ongoing focus on managing our costs, managing our capital expenditures as well as our working capital levels, including another significant reduction in inventory during the quarter. I'm pleased to note that with our disciplined efforts in this area throughout 2023, GrafTech was free cash flow positive for the year. Moving to the next slide, we ended the year with a liquidity position of $289 million, consisting of $170 million available cash and $112 million available under our revolving credit facility. This reflects the financial covenants that limit borrowing availability under our revolver in certain circumstances. More importantly, we do not anticipate the need to borrow against the revolver in 2024. Furthermore, we have no debt maturities until the end of 2028. Now, let me turn the call back over to Tim for some additional comments on our outlook.

Thanks, Catherine. Thus far, we've discussed the current environment and how we are responding. Let me spend the last few minutes of our prepared remarks by looking further ahead beyond the near-term challenges. To reiterate one of my opening comments, our optimism about the long-term prospects for our company remains intact. We operate in a cyclical industry, which necessitates making tough decisions at times as we manage the things within our control. As a company and a management team, we've been here before, and the actions we announced today have been designed to preserve our flexibility to capitalize on future recovery in the market, and we expect the market to recover. Why do we remain confident? While cyclical, we also operate in an industry with significant long-term tailwinds. Decarbonization efforts are driving a transition in steel with electric arc furnaces continuing to increase their share of total steel production. The EAF method of steelmaking now accounts for nearly half of global steel production outside of China, up from 44% in 2015. This trend of EAF share growth is expected to continue. In fact, we continue to see examples of governments providing incentives to companies to help fund investments in new EAF capacity. This ongoing transition towards EAF steelmaking is expected to drive demand growth for graphite electrodes over the longer term. Overall, considering planned EAF capacity additions based on steel producer announcements, along with production increases at existing EAF plants, we estimate that this would translate to a graphite electrode demand outside of China growing at a 3% to 4% CAGR over the next five years. While we've seen changes in the competitive dynamics of late, as Jeremy indicated, this isn't entirely unexpected at this point in the cycle. We view these as largely transitory, and we are well-positioned to benefit from the long-term demand growth for graphite electrodes. To note a few reasons: First, as prior cycles have demonstrated, the anticipated recovery in graphite electrode demand in coming years will help ease the current competitive pricing pressures. As a historical reference point, over the last 20 years, the selling price for our non-LTA volume has averaged approximately $6,000 per metric ton adjusted for inflation, which is significantly above current market prices. Second, anticipated demand growth for petroleum needle coke, the raw material that we use to produce graphite electrodes, will also present a pricing tailwind. To expand on this point, needle coke demand is expected to accelerate, driven by its use to produce synthetic graphite for the anode portion of lithium-ion batteries used in the electric vehicle market. Growing demand for needle coke should result in elevated needle coke pricing. Given the high historical correlation between petroleum needle coke pricing and graphite electrode pricing with an inflation-adjusted spread that has averaged approximately $3,900 per metric ton over the last 20 years, this trend should translate to higher market pricing for electrodes. Third, specific to competition with Chinese graphite electrode producers, we continue to view their opportunity for competitive inroads in our key markets to be limited over the longer term. The imposition of customs duties and other turf protections in key EAF steelmaking regions, including the U.S. and the EU, have served to limit the level of imports from China into these regions. Further, a quality gap still exists between Chinese electrodes and Tier 1 producers, which will become increasingly evident as new EAFs with more demanding applications come online in the coming years. As it relates to China's domestic graphite electrode demand, the country produces approximately 1 billion metric tons of steel annually, with roughly 90% still produced using the traditional method of steelmaking. With even a relatively small percentage shift in the output to the more environmentally friendly EAF model, this would absorb a significant level of domestic graphite electrode production, thereby decreasing incentives for them to explore the export markets. Lastly, and specific to GrafTech, for all the reasons that Jeremy referenced, we provide a compelling value proposition to our customers and can compete on more than just price. As such, we continue to believe that GrafTech will get through this challenging period, emerge as an industry leader and the preeminent supplier of mission-critical products to the electric arc furnace industry. Before concluding our prepared remarks, let me transition to a brief update on our participation in the development of a Western EV battery supply chain. We continue to see potential long-term value creation opportunities in this space as we possess key assets, resources, and know-how to support this industry. Our activities continue to advance in both areas we have spoken to previously. First, leveraging our assets and technical know-how in the area of petroleum needle coke production given the expected demand growth for this key raw material. Second, leveraging our graphitization resources and expertise to produce synthetic graphite material for battery anodes. We remain excited about the opportunity and look forward to sharing more as we can. In closing, we remain optimistic about the long-term outlook for our business and our ability to deliver shareholder value. We are an industry-leading provider of a consumable product that is mission-critical for the growing electric arc furnace method of steelmaking. We possess a distinct set of assets, capabilities, and competitive advantages. Lastly, as a result of our disciplined capital allocation strategy, we have ample liquidity to navigate the near-term. This concludes our prepared remarks. We'll now open the call for questions.

Ladies and gentlemen, we will now begin the question-and-answer session. Your first question comes from the line of Matt Vittorioso from Jefferies.

I appreciate the insights on the steps you're taking to navigate this market. I was wondering if we could discuss your expectations regarding cash costs being in the low teens. If I do some quick calculations, it seems like that could bring you to the high $4,000s, perhaps around $4,800, which aligns with the current spot price or the non-long-term agreement realized price you had in the fourth quarter. This rough estimate suggests you might be looking at a neutral or zero EBITDA environment. Is that what you are anticipating for 2024 as you manage cash costs and realized pricing?

Yes, Matt, thanks for the question, and I appreciate it. Certainly, I think if you apply the current spot price here at the end of the fourth quarter and do the math the way you do, I think that's what it would suggest. But I would also just remind you that, that cost guidance also reflects the fact that while we've said that we're going to improve or slightly increase sales volume year-over-year. We still expect to be running at a utilization rate kind of well below kind of normalized capacity. So we still think there's room for cost to come down as we move through. As volumes pick up, we expect the cost to navigate down towards the lower $4,000 range over time. But in the current environment, at spot pricing is what you said we recognized in the fourth quarter, I think that's a fair statement.

I would like to hear your thoughts on working capital. You've managed working capital well in 2023 to generate cash. What opportunities do you see for working capital or inventory in 2024 as we consider liquidity and how it may evolve throughout the year?

Yes. So we took out just over $100 million of inventory during the year, but we also commented we offset some of the reduction of our inventory on hand with building additional pin stock, right? So a little bit of an offset there. We think there's opportunities with the footprint optimization that we've just outlined to further reduce inventory levels, not certainly to the order of magnitude that we've seen in 2023, but there's some opportunity to relieve some additional inventory here in '24. That being said, as volumes pick up, both on the sales and production side over the course of the year, you'll get a little bit of a negative impact on working capital. So net-net, fairly balanced from an overall working capital perspective as we go throughout the year.

And I think we've gotten the comment or question from a lot of investors just given the current liquidity picture. I think you've outlined some nice steps today to manage and preserve liquidity. But as you see things today, any reason to raise additional capital or borrow additional money in the context of having $290 million of liquidity today?

Yes, you said it at the end there, right? We ended the year with $177 million of cash and the availability that's on the revolver. We feel good about the liquidity position and where we stand today. And really, it's all in the context of the steps and what we've announced this morning was the idling of St. Marys, the rationalization of the rest of our footprint as well as kind of the corporate and the overhead side of the business, taking a hard look at that as well. We think all of those steps really position us well to manage the near-term environment.

Last one for me, if I could just squeeze it in. The other conversation we have a lot is just around customer relationships and contracting as it pertains to customers that have rolled off those long-term agreements. Maybe there being some ill will or just bad taste in certain customers' mouths post having those long-term agreements in place that were at higher prices. I'm sure you're not going to provide specifics on conversations. But any commentary or feel or body language you can give us around like, is that a persistent problem? Are you making progress in sort of bridging that gap with customers? You talked about the long-term opportunity here, which seems pretty positive, assuming you can sort of get customers back in your good graces. So just any color or thoughts on that would be really helpful.

Yes, Matt, good question. No, we're not going to comment on any particular customer interactions or relationships. But I would say, we went into the '24 negotiation process, which continues, right? It's ongoing throughout the year. With a pretty difficult macro backdrop that we've talked to. I think we're pretty pleased with the way that it's played out in terms of the level of engagement with customers, both in the Americas as well as in Europe and the rest of the world for that matter. So generally speaking, very pleased with where our customer relationships stand. We're going to continue to focus on those customers where they value the long-term relationship and the value proposition that we bring to the table. It's the technical services, it's the continuous furnace monitoring that we offer. Those customers that value that are the customers that we build these relationships with, and we're having the most success with. So we're pleased with where our customers stand at the moment.

And your next question comes from the line of Bill Peterson from JPMorgan.

I guess how should we think about the shape of shipments as you see it today as we think about throughout 2024? I'm asking in the context of one of your Tier 1 peers. No, they provided some sort of sales outlook and expect the first half of '24 to decline versus the second half of '23, but also decline again in the second half of '24 relative to the first half. I'm not really sure what their assumptions are around pricing, but it would seem to indicate there's no expectation of improvement at least from a shipment profile in the back half of the year. So just kind of wanted to get a view on how you're thinking about that.

Yes. It's really tough to comment on somebody else's shipping patterns and the way they've contracted and the way that they manage kind of their customer relationships or how they do that. I think as we look out in '24, as we've commented, without providing specific numbers, we do anticipate an increase, a modest increase in sales volume next year. We'd expect sales to be in line Q1 from where we did in Q4. Then in the year, we'll progress from there. I think as we look out longer, as we head into 2025, we are anticipating volumes to continue to pick up and some market recovery.

I guess from your advantage point, again, some more, how are peers in the industry responding in terms of supply? It appears directionally we had a few of the peers reducing output but also have higher utilization than GrafTech. So I guess, what is the risk to your share or maybe continued pricing environment given that your peers are not really trimming capacity? It doesn't appear to be terminal capacity as much as you are.

Yes. I mean I think we, again, are focused on taking the steps that we believe are right for GrafTech as a business that will not only position us best from a cost perspective but allow us to deliver electrodes to our customers in all regions. We think the plans that we've laid out allow us to do that. Absent of what our competitors are doing and what their drivers are in terms of their own respective business. But right now, I would generally say everybody is probably operating at less than optimal utilization levels, and we're no different.

It seems you're confident in your cash position for the year, but I'm curious if you're anticipating a significant decline in demand and shipments. Are you considering any liquidity options, such as asset sales or secured debt issuance, in case the situation worsens? I'm just trying to understand what alternatives you might have.

Yes. I mean, there's always the risk that the market continues to move sideways or down further. At this point in time, we have a fair portion of our order book locked for the year, just given the negotiation process that we just went through. That certainly is something that we took into account as we looked at the cost rationalization and footprint optimization program that we just went through. So again, we feel good about the steps we're taking and how it positions us this year. The world will play out as the world plays out going forward.

Well, I'll leave it there and take it offline, but good luck with navigating the environment here.

And your next question comes from the line of Alex Hacking from Citi.

I apologize if I missed this, but could you provide any color on the pricing outlook for the first half of this year?

Yes, Alex, thanks, and I appreciate you joining the call. We haven't provided any outlook for the pricing environment. Frankly, there's no benefit in terms of getting into a discussion around where pricing is. You can look at pricing, what we reported for the fourth quarter and use that if you want.

And then I guess, regarding India and China exports. Yes, I think as you mentioned, Chinese steel production was probably up a little bit last year. Indian steel production was up strongly last year. Yet they seem to be exporting more graphite electrodes. Do you have any color on what's happened or capacity adds there? I guess what's driving the increase in exports from those regions?

Yes. So I think our commentary about exports was on the steel side. Chinese graphite electrode exports are maybe introducing some pricing pressures in the market, which we talked a little bit about in the third quarter. Year-over-year, Chinese electrode exports are actually down kind of a double-digit percentage. Indian exports, again, may be up slightly year-over-year, but on a scale, they're a fraction of what the Chinese export market looks like. So net-net, I don't think there's that much more material being put into the export market, but I think the pricing has been more aggressive certainly.

So I guess you haven't lost market share to Indian and Chinese material last year. In fact, if anything, you would have gained share against that if exports were down.

No, I mean. Is it fair? I don't know if that's the way I would look at it. There are certain areas in the non-tariff regions where you see more activity from those players in those markets that we otherwise would not want to sell into, and we would otherwise put material into our core markets of the U.S. and the EU.

And then I guess just finally, any comments around your market share in the U.S. market in particular. I think it's the most attractive market for electrodes. We know that you potentially lost some market share beginning of last year, given the Monterrey issues. So any update on your U.S. market share?

Yes. And I think we commented in the third quarter on this, in particular about how the first step for us was to be able to go into the Q4 negotiation window with all of our customers, not just those customers in the U.S., with the ability to commit to volumes for the full year. We've done that, and as I said earlier in one of my responses to a question, we're very pleased with the way those negotiations went and the volumes that we were allocated from all of our customers. We don't necessarily give specifics in terms of market share. Again, the Americas is a substantial part of our business and will continue to be going forward.

And your next question comes from the line of Arun Viswanathan from RBC Capital Markets.

I would like to ask about the significant reduction in cost per ton you've mentioned. I understand that footprint optimization will contribute to this, but what utilization rates should we expect as the year progresses? Based on our calculations, it seems you would need to achieve utilization in the 70s or 80s to bring that cost per ton down to the $4,000 or $5,000 range. Is that necessary? I recognize that you're shutting down St. Marys, but are there additional measures you can take? Operating at 47% implies that around 50% of your capacity remains unused. Would you consider shutting down other plants like Pamplona, or could you clarify your plan regarding this?

Thank you, Arun. That's quite a comprehensive question, so please let me know if I overlook anything. To address your first question about costs and reducing them to levels below our guidance, it's important to note that this won't solely rely on fixed cost leverage or reductions, as fixed costs account for about 25% of our total cost structure. An increase in utilization will enhance our cost structure, but we also expect improvements from price declines in needle coke and our other variable costs. We are observing positive market trends for all of these, particularly concerning energy prices in Europe. Regarding your second question about whether we would consider shutting down another plant, the steps we've taken with St. Marys and our corporate overhead are based on our perspective of the business landscape and our understanding of the market. We believe we've made the necessary moves to successfully navigate this low period and to be well-positioned for when the market rebounds. Operating our plants in Europe and Monterrey is crucial for us to fulfill our commitments to our customers and to capitalize on future market opportunities. We are confident that the market will recover over time, driven by the decarbonization of steel and the growing demand for needle coke in the EV sector. We will continue to run those assets as efficiently as possible.

Sorry about that I was on mute. Just one other question. Just could you elaborate on your plans to pursue commercialization of your needle coke into the EV market? Is there any support you can get from IRA or any other strategic initiatives there?

Thanks, Arun. I'll let Jeremy take that one.

Yes, Arun. A few points to mention. As we previously noted in July, we submitted a permit application to significantly expand the capacity at Seadrift. At that time, we indicated that if we proceeded with the project, we could increase the 140,000 ton nameplate capacity by about 40% through a combination of calcine and pre-calcined needle coke. We anticipated that this process would take about a year, and we currently have no reason to believe that the permitting process will be longer or shorter than that. We are moving ahead on that front. Regarding commercialization and engaging with potential customers, we are actively pursuing both needle coke and graphitization opportunities. We have conducted trials with several customers, and the pace of activity in this area is increasing. We are optimistic about our progress, but there is nothing to announce at this time.

I wanted to ask again about the potential substitutes for electrodes and competition from electrodes sourced in China and India. During the shutdown at Monterrey, there may have been customers looking to source from other suppliers. What is your strategy for recovering those volumes? You've mentioned the value and service you offer, but given the current pricing environment, it seems like price would be the primary way to regain some market share. Could you provide more details on the services you believe would help in winning back that share?

Yes, Arun. I mean I think ultimately, like any commercial relationship, right? It's the relationship and it's providing a compelling value proposition, not only through a quality product, which, again, we think our electrodes are the best in terms of quality. But it's also what else you offer your customers and how they view you as well. It's important to remember that especially in the U.S. market, in particular, price isn't always the bottom line in determining just given the fact that the U.S. mills are still running at very healthy utilization rates. Any sort of quality issues or breakage or interruption to their furnaces ultimately cost them money. So they're going to continue to err on the side of producing quality electrodes, and that's what we remain focused on.

And your next question comes from the line of Kurt Ki from Capital.

Just a few follow-ups, if I may. On the competitive landscape, I completely recognize it's not all about price. And cost can be a moving target. But where do you think your three plants are on the cost curve? Maybe just which quartile do you think they are in?

Sorry. I thought you had a further question or more to that. Yes, again, we don't necessarily break our plants down separately. We look at the overall manufacturing footprint as a global network. We think we're very cost-competitive. We're exactly on the cost curve, I won't speculate, but we think we're well positioned from a cost perspective. As we continue to drive up our utilization, that just makes those plants even more competitive given their overall size and scale.

And with respect to editors idling electrode capacity, can you expand on that? Do you have any estimates of what might be happening on that front?

I can't comment on what our competitors are doing. It would just be pure speculation. But if they want to idle capacity, I'm okay with that.

Last call, you mentioned that China was limiting the export of synthetic graphite. Is that any comments on that front?

Yes. I think the specific comment had to do with synthetic graphite for use in anode materials and a recognition of the value of synthetic graphite as we start seeing further electrification of the fleet. That continues to be the case, perhaps restricting or they're at least requiring licenses from the producers before they're allowed to export that material. It's not something that we've got direct experience with, but we do know that that is a key driver of potential exports from there and kind of a recognition of the importance of synthetic graphite in the overall electric vehicle supply chain.

And on Cedar, how much would a 40% increase in capacity cost?

Yes. We haven't provided a specific number, but what we've guided to in the past is that a full replication of Seadrift would be north of $750 million, and the replication or the addition of that 40% isn't linear, right? It's not 40% of $750 million. We can do it much more efficiently than that.

Super helpful. Last one, the order book, how much have you sold for fiscal '24, how much volume?

Yes. We haven't provided exact numbers regarding the total volume we anticipate for the full year, but we are over 50% committed at this point as we enter the first quarter.

And your next question comes from the line of Curt Woodworth from UBS.

I wanted to follow up on the EV anode market. PSX has signed some deals with NOVONIX on the coke side, and there's a lot of EV development happening. You have a competitive advantage with petroleum coke as it relates to synthetic, and you also have capabilities in equipment machining material processes. My question is where do you see the most compelling value in your portfolio? Is it more in processing or on the coke side? What should we expect for next steps? Is it more likely that you would seek a partnership to expand Seadrift, or do you have excess machining capacity to produce synthetic? I understand it's still early, but any insights you could share would be greatly appreciated.

Yes. Let me start and then Jeremy, I'll ask you to chime in as well. The two areas that I commented on in particular where we see the opportunity as it relates to us is utilization of our graphitization assets as well as our expertise in Seadrift as a facility, whether it's constructed today or if we were to pursue an expansion. Both of those are pretty compelling because both sets of assets are really dual-use assets. The process for graphitizing anode material isn't really any different than the process for creating electrodes that we do and have been doing for decades. It's an opportunity for us to not only maximize our utilization of our assets, but also there's an arbitrage opportunity to go after the markets that have the best margin longer term. In the short run, right, there's really no benefit or upside in '24. These are all kind of longer-term opportunities in place for us, but still are certainly exciting ventures as we head out. The way we think about it from a balance sheet perspective and what the construct looks like, there's a dozen different ways that this could play out or more than a dozen different ways that this could play out. But certainly, given the challenging environment right now, we wouldn't do this on our own in most cases, given the capital outlay or any sort of significant expansion of Seadrift; we wouldn't be in a position, nor we wanted to take on that cost on our own. Jeremy, I don't know if you want to add to that?

Yes, that's right, Tim. This is an opportunity that will be comparatively small in the near term. Thinking 2024, as we accelerate through 2025 and into the latter part of the decade is really when we see the Western supply chains developing and seeking to be a participant.

And then in terms of needle coke in the past, you've commented on third-party pricing data that you have. Can you give us a sense of where you think needle coke? And then I know you're hesitant to provide any commentary on pricing for electrodes. But directionally speaking, order of magnitude, should we think that your 1Q non-LTA price will fall similarly in fashion as the last Q-on-Q? Any comments would be helpful.

Yes. Let me start on the electrode side, and then I'll let Jeremy comment on needle coke. Yes, we're not going to provide specific outlook, whether directional or not, beyond the macro commentary we've provided. We're still negotiating orders on a daily basis, and it doesn't benefit us to signal where we think those prices are going to go.

Yes. If we look at needle coke, we did see some further softening of the needle coke market again. We rely on some import-export data to tell us where the market is trading, and that does tend to lag by a couple of months. But we did see fourth-quarter spot pricing for needle coke in the $1,000 to $1,300 range, which was further decline from where we were in the third quarter. This is a very highly volatile market. We can see in the recent past prices as high as $3,000 a ton in 2022 when, in fact, they were closer to $1,000 the year before that. So where it's pretty volatile. We are still in the long-term trends on needle coke. The softness right now, I think, is a reflection of the soft graphite electrode market without an offset in the form of the expanding Western EV supply chains yet.

And would your captive cost of Seadrift below $1,000?

Yes. We haven't given a lot of detail on Cedar because we do see it as a competitive advantage for us. Even in this sort of needle coke market, given the quality of the Seadrift needle coke, it is still cost-competitive in this market.

Our last question comes from the line of Ab Landa from Bank of America.

Just a few questions for me. I want to maybe touch on the regional differences, what you're seeing on the outlook side, primarily between U.S. and Europe. What are you seeing in terms of competition differences between those two areas? Maybe how it relates to what you're seeing graphite electrode pricing there and kind of maybe a sense of your capacity utilization by the regions.

Yes. Thanks, Ab. In terms of the outlook by region, it really follows the macro story more broadly. The U.S. has remained a fairly healthy market for us. Steel utilization rates continue to be in the mid-70s. Europe is a market that is certainly more challenged from an economic standpoint. I think capacity utilization in Europe ended the year in the 50% or 53% range. You can kind of reduce the overall quality or intensity of those markets. In terms of other competition, we do have tariff protections in the U.S. and Europe. U.S., there are tariffs in place against Chinese imports, and in Europe, there are both Indian and Chinese imports. The markets are where they're at. Again, we look at our network as a global manufacturing footprint so we won't provide capacity utilization by plant. I don't think it's relevant in terms of how we look at our business.

Is that non-Tier 1 competition different in Europe versus the U.S. or the intensity of it and its impact on pricing? Do you notice any differences or not really?

No. I mean you don't see much of a presence in Europe of either the Chinese or the Indians. Your Tier 1 players are for the most part the incumbents in that market. You do see a small Indian presence in the U.S., but I don't know if I would say the intensity is any different.

And then kind of on your cost rationalization and footprint plan, you mentioned in the third point, operating at reduced levels. I think you kind of mentioned taking your capacity from 202 to 178 tons. Can you just walk us through that, how you're thinking about implementing that and how we expect that to trend kind of over the year?

Yes. Really, there are three things there. One is the idling of St. Marys, right? So we're taking down most of the production activities at our St. Marys location. We also looked at all of our assets across our entire footprint and said, which are the ones that are most efficient, and how can we best optimize the utilization of our assets. There's another subset of assets in the other plants that we're continuing to run that will stop running and won't otherwise consider those as part of our productive capacity. The combination of those two things and the remaining footprint is what will inform the 178,000 metric ton capacity that will measure our utilization against going forward. With respect to aligning our production of our operating footprint relative to commercial demand, it’s the 178,000 tons that are part of our capacity. We will scale our production to our demand. We need to be conscious of our working capital, where we’re going on as efficiently as possible and we’ll continue to operate much like we’ve done here in ‘23, where we’ve scaled back operations at various points in time to ensure we’re in alignment with overall demand.

So it seems like you potentially have some room to maybe idle certain assets to better match it if, for some reason, the market takes a further downturn? Is that the right way to maybe look at it?

Yes. Again, I would say that we've idled the assets that we think best position us to navigate our view on the market as it exists today. As we look out further, we can slow down other assets at various points in time during the year. We want to have those assets ready and in a position to begin production or continue production as the market recovers and as we look out over the long-term.

And my last one, is there a minimum operating cash number that you'd be comfortable operating at?

Yes. I mean, I think we've said in the past, $50 million is a very effective or easy number for us to manage the business on. I think just overall liquidity, we're sitting again in a very healthy liquidity position as we look out into 2024.

Thank you. This concludes our question-and-answer session. I will now hand the call back over to Mr. Flanagan for closing comments.

Thanks, Ina. I'd like to thank everyone for your call or your interest in our call today, and we look forward to speaking with everyone next quarter. Have a great day.

Thank you. That does conclude our conference for today. Thank you all for participating. You may all disconnect.