Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. First Quarter of 2024 Results Conference Call. As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded. I will now turn the call over to Matthew Duffy, the Company's Chief Business Officer. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Jonah. And welcome everyone. Before we proceed with the call, I would like to remind everyone that certain statements made during this call are forward-looking statements under US Federal Securities Laws. These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical experience or present expectations. Additional information concerning factors that could cause actual results to differ from statements made on this call is contained in our periodic reports filed with the SEC. The forward-looking statements made during this call speak only as of the date hereof, and the company undertakes no obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements. Information presented on this call is contained in the press release issued earlier today and in the company's Form 10-Q filed today, which may be accessed from the Investors page of the NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. website. Joining today on the call are Stephen Willard, our Chief Executive Officer; Dr. Jonathan Javitt, our Founder, Chairman and Chief Scientist; and Richard Narido, our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. Stephen and Jonathan will provide a summary of our company's progress, Rich will review the company's financial results and then Stephen will review upcoming milestones before making closing comments. Following their prepared remarks, we will address investor questions. Now, I'll turn the call over to Stephen. Steve?

Thank you, Matt. Good afternoon, everyone. And thank you for joining us. NRx has had an incredibly productive and eventful start to 2024, with a great deal more to come through the remainder of the year. We are accelerating our work to bring hope to life. The past quarter, culminating with our clinical trial results last week, has been enormously productive. Jonathan will be discussing our scientific progress. Let me begin by addressing our progress as a company. You will notice that, at the end of March, we had a lower cash balance than has been typical for us, because we used available cash to pay down debt to Streeterville LLC. During the quarter, we signed and announced a $5.1 million advance against milestones from Alvogen and Lotus Pharmaceuticals and have used those funds to support our clinical operations. Those funds do not appear on our balance sheet because they are paid directly to clinical trial partners. As you saw last week, our corporate debt was accelerated by Streeterville. This principle is publicly charged by the SEC on various matters. That development combined with our recent clinical developments generated enthusiasm from a number of well-regarded funding sources. In addition to the support of EF Hutton on the equity side, we have now signed a $30 million non-binding term sheet that will eliminate our current corporate debt and provide growth capital for revenue-generating approved drugs to add to our pipeline while substantially lowering our borrowing costs. We anticipate that separating ourselves completely from a lender who has not been supportive of our growth will be beneficial to shareholders and will substantially reduce our cost of debt service. Jonathan will talk more about the science behind NRX-101 in a moment, but I'm also excited to point out that our new clinical data for NRX-101 support a product profile that could potentially be superior to the current standard-of-care in bipolar depression. We and our regulatory counsel believe that these data support the filing of a new drug application for NRX-101 in bipolar depression, a market of more than $20 billion. Investors have approximately and appropriately asked us about the planned Hope Therapeutics dividend that we anticipate to achieve in March. We have been advised that the Hope shares are best distributed after they’re already registered in compliance with the 1934 Securities Act, and we are in the process of effecting that registration. The required audits on Hope are near completion and we expect to file the required SEC registration this quarter. We appreciate our investors' patience as we work through these processes. I'm incredibly proud of the progress our team has made this year and I'm grateful to our partners and investors, as well as to all of the patients who have participated in our clinical trials. We look forward to continuing to build value for our shareholders and delivering life-saving treatment to patients. Most importantly, we continue to believe that 2024 will represent our transition from a purely research and development company to a revenue-generating pharmaceutical company. Now, I would like to invite Dr. Jonathan Javitt, our Chief Scientist, to review our clinical development program.

Thank you, Steve. As Steve noted, we've made important progress with our clinical development pipeline over the past few months. Our lead drug candidate NRX-101 has delivered unprecedented data in suicidal bipolar depression. Based on these data, NRX-101 has demonstrated comparable antidepressant efficacy to the current standard-of-care, lurasidone, while significantly reducing what is perhaps the most dangerous side effect of this class of drugs, akathisia, a side effect considered by many to be a precursor to suicide. Indeed, reductions in suicidality in akathisia have been seen previously with NRX-101 in our STABIL-B trial, which is published in the peer-reviewed literature. So this is the second time we found this result. Akathisia is consistently seen in 10% to 15% of people who take the lurasidone class of drugs and no prior antidepressant has ever demonstrated a reduction in akathisia. Together, these studies, along with others in the literature, provide strong support for filing a new drug application with the FDA for patients with bipolar depression who are at risk of akathisia. The FDA is well aware of the potential risks associated with today's antidepressants and currently requires that a suicide warning be placed on the label of all current antidepressants. There is existing FDA precedent for approval of novel antidepressants that have comparable antidepressant effect combined with reduced side effects. So far, the key opinion leaders with whom we have spoken have been unambiguous in identifying akathisia as the most troubling side effect of the lurasidone class of drugs. They have told us that they would welcome a new drug that reduces this potentially lethal side effect. We've been invited to present these data later this month at the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology Meeting in Miami, together with Professor Andrew Nierenberg, the study's principal investigator and the Head of Bipolar Research at Harvard Mass General Hospital. We aim to host a key opinion leader discussion of akathisia and bipolar depression at that conference and please look for details. The second new drug application we're planning is for HTX-100, our form of IV ketamine for the treatment of suicidal depression. The efficacy of this product is well established, but it's never been presented to the FDA in the data format and detail that's required for a drug approval. Therefore, we've licensed patient-level data from the government of France, from Columbia University and Harvard University to support this application. The data are further supported by additional findings in the medical literature, including dose-ranging data, which is always important to the FDA. Now, a limitation of ketamine is that the old generic formulation dates back to the Korean War. It's highly acidic and can be used for intravenous infusion, but not for subcutaneous treatment. It hurts and causes skin ulcers. Last month, we announced the formulation of a patentable pH neutral form of ketamine that we've designated HTX-100. We anticipate that this will be the commercial product we bring to market to support Hope Therapeutics. While IV ketamine offers numerous benefits to patients, it's cumbersome for administration in the clinical setting. Intranasal ketamine, on the other hand, has failed to demonstrate anti-suicidal properties. We're going to start with IV ketamine but aim to augment it with a far more convenient form of administration that has equal efficacy. So the studies we've presented demonstrate an exceptional degree of efficacy really in a matter of hours in suicidally depressed patients when treated with ketamine. This is vitally important in our country, where the only approved treatment for suicidality is electroconvulsive therapy. The CDC states that approximately 3.4 million Americans make an active plan to commit suicide each year. By all measures, this is a national epidemic. We plan to bring this life-saving product to market as soon as possible. The current market for intranasal ketamine is already $750 million and that's a product that doesn't have anti-suicidal properties. We expect our market to be much larger. To continue to build value for NRx shareholders, we intend to distribute shares of Hope Therapeutics to existing shareholders in the near term and to seek a public listing for that company on a national exchange. We are actively building out our team, our partners and our network with a goal of launching the product in early 2025. To augment and extend the efficacy of IV ketamine, we're planning the development of a companion digital therapeutic. I previously participated in developing a digital therapeutic for the US Navy to reduce combat stress in Special Forces operators, a product whose development was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, known to many as DARPA, and it's still in use. Today, I'm delighted to announce that our former Chief Strategy Officer, Dennis McBride, who's just completed his tour of duty, will be leading this project on behalf of our company. You'll be hearing more from Dennis in coming weeks. His biography, which includes 20 years in the Navy, three tours of duty as a DARPA Program Officer and most recently an appointee in Office of Undersecretary of Defense, is on our website. Ultimately, we expect the digital therapeutic will be part of our FDA label and that it will further enhance our exclusivity. We'll build on these learnings and technological advances to help suicidal patients stay on track. The addition of digital therapeutics to our ketamine product is expected to extend its effect and to build our market exclusivity. Obtaining FDA approval will enhance our ability to approach insurers to cover the cost of ketamine therapy, which so many people need for the treatment of suicidal depression. Our discussions with clinics to date have indicated that the lack of reimbursement is one of the key impediments to patients being able to get the treatment that they need. We aim to solve this problem and to bring hope to life. In order to gain approval for a drug, you have to manufacture a drug to FDA standards. In other words, you can't get approval for a drug you haven't made. This month, we're in a nine-month stability endpoint in our manufacturing partnership with Nephron Pharmaceuticals. Ketamine is publicly identified by the FDA as being on drug shortage in the United States. Together with Nephron, we're already able to distribute ketamine under a 503B pharmacy license. We anticipate reporting first commercial revenues in the near future. We currently await the results of a 200 patient Department of Defense sponsored study in chronic pain being conducted at Northwestern University with D-cycloserine, the key component of NRX-101. We're as eager as you are to see those results. Our colleagues at Northwestern have advised us that the database is now locked and the Northwestern Institutional Review Board, the IRB, has approved the statistical analysis plan and given clearance for the data analysis. NRX-101 for chronic pain would offer a treatment beyond those treatments that are currently available to patients, because in today's world, you have a choice between the Tylenol and Advil class of drugs that may lack efficacy and the opioid class of drugs that may be highly addictive, but not much in the middle. NRX-101 offers the possibility of a highly effective but non-addictive treatment option. As you know, in January, we opened an IND for NRX-101 in complicated urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. Now, the reasons this drug affects bacteria are completely different from the reasons it affects the brain, but in fact, D-cycloserine began its life as an antibiotic. That IND was based on data from a study we recently sponsored at Charles River Labs, a highly respected contract research organization that demonstrated significant antibacterial effect of NRX-101 against the worst resistant urinary pathogens, the pathogens that are on the congressionally mandated lists of dangerous pathogens and can qualify you for what's called QIDP or Qualified Infectious Disease Product status. In fact, these data motivated the FDA to grant us QIDP status along with Fast Track and Priority Review designations. Several weeks ago, we reported data demonstrating that NRX-101 does not damage the normal bacteria in the intestine known as the microbiome. Well, the reason that's critically important is all other antibiotics for complicated UTI disrupt the intestinal microbiome and are well known to result in an infection called C. difficile. Some people call it C. diff. Now, at best, C. diff causes several weeks of horrible intractable diarrhea. However, C. diff is lethal in 10% of those over the age of 65 who were infected. Therefore, an antibiotic for complicated UTI that does not cause C. diff is likely to have considerable market appeal. Finally, we're working with our partners at the Fondation FondaMental in Paris on an early-stage opportunity that may represent the world's first disease-modifying drug for schizophrenia. Everybody knows of the devastating effect of schizophrenia on patients and their families. 1% of the population has this lifelong debilitating disease. The medicines used to treat schizophrenia may diminish its symptoms, especially the hallucinations to varying degrees. However, there's never been a medicine that has potential to reverse the disease in some patients. We anticipate providing our investors with a complete presentation on what may be the first disease-modifying that is the first potentially curative drug for schizophrenia by the end of this quarter. As you can see, we have a robust clinical development plan with multi-billion dollar potential. We work our hardest every day to bring this plan to reality and to bring hope to life. I'll now ask Rich Narido, our CFO, to review the first quarter financials. Rich?

Thank you, Jonathan. And good afternoon, everyone. I will now review the highlights of our first quarter 2024 financial results. For the first three months ended March 31, 2024, we at NRx Pharmaceuticals reduced our net loss from operations by 41% compared to the prior year from $11 million in the first quarter of 2023 to $6.5 million in 2024. For that same period, we reduced research and development expenses from $3.7 million in 2023 to $1.7 million in 2024, as we finalize our clinical trial enrollment. The $2 million decrease is related primarily to a decrease of $1.6 million in clinical trial expenses, $0.2 million in regulatory and process development costs and $0.1 million in stock-based compensation. Also in that three-month period, we recorded a 26% reduction in general and administrative expenses from $5.8 million in 2023 to $4.3 million in 2024. The decrease of $1.5 million is related primarily to a decrease of $1.2 million in insurance expenses and $0.4 million in employee expenses, slightly offset by other general administrative expenses. As of March 31, 2024, we had $1.3 million in cash and cash equivalents. However, this does not tell the whole story because of the clinical expenses that are now being paid directly by our partners. Over the first three months of 2024, we improved our access to working capital by $8 million in total, representing $2.9 million from equity sales and $5.1 million from the Alvogen milestone advance, while reducing our corporate indebtedness to Streeterville LLC by $2.2 million. Subsequent to March 31, 2024, we continue to increase our working capital by $3.3 million from equity sales. We continue to implement operational efficiencies to extend runway and focus on our path to generating revenue and value for our shareholders. With that, I will turn it back to Steve for closing remarks. Steve?

Thanks, Rich. With two NDAs planned for the coming months, the Hope shares distribution plan, two out-licensing opportunities and an improved cash position, we are well positioned for the future. Addressing a range of unmet medical needs in suicidal bipolar depression, chronic pain, suicidality, and complicated urinary tract infections, we have an opportunity to create a highly successful and vibrant biotechnology company. I'm incredibly proud of our team, our collaborators and partners, and most of all the patients who have made such an important contribution to these efforts. Together, we are pursuing NRx's goal of bringing hope to life on a daily basis. We couldn't have gotten to this point without you, our investors. If you would like to help spread the hope, please go to the Contact Us page on our website and ask us to send you a hope lookout pin. Operator, we are ready to take questions from the audience.

Thank you. Your first question comes from the line of Tim Moore.

For NRX-101, can you kind of maybe just give a rough timing frame on the 300 person registrational trial enrollment and sites being lined up for that more statistical significant sample size?

Well, as you know, Tim, if that trial is necessary, it will be conducted by our partner Alvogen at their expense, and they will establish a timeline. However, we are also investigating whether the data we already possess might provide a route for accelerated approval of NRX-101 for a smaller group of patients—specifically, those who cannot tolerate the lurasidone class of drugs due to akathisia, are at risk of suicide, and have no other therapeutic options. Essentially, it's a matter of whether we can assist some patients in urgent need right away while Alvogen prepares for the larger trial.

And I know that you had what three manufacturing lots initiated. So I know the press release, I think, mentioned July. Is it still maybe a realistic goal for the NDA? Does that seem like it's still on track?

As you pointed out, we've said in the past, there's a million pills of what's called GMP or good manufacturing practices drug in our warehouse at Alchemy in North Carolina. And really by the end of the summer, we should be able to submit what's called the module three of our new drug application for NRX-101. It's a drug that's been granted breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA and therefore, we're entitled to submit the NDA in parts—that's called rolling review. So we expect to kick off that process in the fall. And at this point, we've got two years of real-time stability. We expect that this is a stable oral form drug that will have five years of room temperature shelf stability.

And my last question is, data is coming soon from that 200 person DOD funded trial of DCS. What are you kind of looking for to see the most in that data from Northwestern, without getting too specific yet, but just in general?

If we knew the answer, it wouldn't be a trial. What we do know is what was published in 2016. In that year, they reported the data by week of treatment. They conducted a trial where each week the amount of D-cycloserine administered to the patient was increased. Once they reached 400 milligrams a day of D-cycloserine, they observed a pain-relieving effect comparable to what one would expect from an oral opioid. Importantly, D-cycloserine is non-addictive and does not cause any of the side effects associated with opioids. Even if an opioid is not addictive, some people find side effects like constipation or mental clouding intolerable. D-cycloserine avoids those issues. Our perspective is that if a 200-person trial replicates the findings from their 2016 Phase 2a trial, it would demonstrate an effect strong enough for approval and encourage the preference for D-cycloserine over opioids and even over over-the-counter pain relievers like Tylenol or Advil. The 400 milligrams a day dosage is on the lower end of the therapeutic range for D-cycloserine. The patents established by Dan Javitt indicate that D-cycloserine does not function as an NMDA antagonist until reaching that 400 milligram threshold. However, we can administer this drug up to 1000 milligrams a day. There is good reason to believe that if the Northwestern trial indicates any significant benefit at the 400 milligram dosage, there could be even greater efficacy at higher doses. We are eagerly anticipating the data, and the investigators at Northwestern are equally eager to see it.

I appreciate the elaboration on that. And I'll save my remaining questions for our conference tomorrow. Thanks a lot.

Your next question comes from the line of Ed Woo.

My question is specifically on the UTI indication. You mentioned that you guys are looking for partnerships. What is the market like that? Is it pretty receptive? Has it slowed down? And is there any timeline that you could possibly share with us?

In talking to investors, I have yet to be in a room full of investors where somebody doesn't have a friend or a relative who went to the doctor with a urinary tract infection. The first-line drugs, Bactrim, Amoxicillin, those drugs didn't work. They wound up on an expensive antibiotic and an antibiotic that caused them problems, and frequently they wind up on IV antibiotics. We have an investor whose wife started out with what should have been a fairly straightforward UTI and wound up in the hospital for three weeks with C. difficile. So there's enormous receptivity among urologists and among gynecologists for antibiotics that can treat these more aggressive urinary tract infections, and we are talking 3 million infections a year. There's 15 million people each year who get urinary tract infections. And at this point, one-fifth of those, 3 million a year, have these complicated UTIs that can go in some very ugly directions. I'd like to take a moment to acknowledge a really terrible loss we suffered last week, Professor Michael Manyak, who was the Head of Urology at George Washington University, Head of Urology for GlaxoSmithKline, and became our guiding light on urology, passed away last week. But the people he brought to us on our Urology Advisory Board are some of the top people in the country. And they all tell us that there's enormous need for a safe, oral antibiotic, because too many of the CTI drugs are intravenous—a safe oral antibiotic that patients can take for urinary infection without a likelihood of getting C. difficile, without a likelihood of getting a vaginal yeast infection, without the kind of unpleasant symptoms that these ultra-strong antibiotics cause people that all of us know about. So that's where we're pointing to. But at the same time, unlike suicidal depression, where there are really only 1,600 psychiatrists in the United States who treat those patients and there are people that we are increasingly getting to know and people whom we can reach out and talk to, a much, much broader range of doctors treat patients with complicated UTI. And therefore, we really need a partner who already talks to those doctors, because for a company our size to spin up a sales force and try to address 30,000 or 40,000 doctors or more wouldn't be feasible. So that's why we're actively looking for a partner who is already in that business, who already knows the doctors, because we know that the doctors and the patients are looking for the treatment.

Your next question comes from the line of David.

Back in November, you shared that you had a problem with substantial unreported naked short interest. The number you gave then was a minimum of 1 million to 1.5 million shares. You also described the upcoming dividend as among other things one of the tools you'll be using to dislodge those naked short positions. And you recently announced that you have former SEC enforcement leadership working to get brokerages to forcibly close those positions. Can you get the current estimate of actual short interest? And can you say anything about any progress you're having with the brokerages?

So I'm going to ask Matt to present some of the numbers. But the thumbnail answer is 1 million to 1.5 million shares is really just the tip of the iceberg. Matt, why don't you talk about the research we've done?

So if you look at the bare—you’re asking about the bare minimum. The bare minimum would be what NASDAQ reports on a biweekly basis, and that's about 500,000 right now. That's only what's short through NASDAQ and reported appropriately. As some of the work we've done with other firms has indicated, there is very likely, perhaps even as much as an order of magnitude more short than that—multiple, multiple, multiples of that 500,000. There's another set of data that are interesting as well and that are available through certain channels, and that is intraday shorting, because every time a trader, whether they're a computer or a person, enters a trade, they have to enter whether it's a buy, a sell, a sell short, or a cover. Those are just the four categories. And time ago, there were some lawsuits and some requests to the SEC to make the short sale information available for intraday trading. We've been tracking that and gotten that from some folks that have approached us, and something in the vicinity of 46% over the time period they shared, which was I think the March through the end of April were short sales intraday. Now, market makers are allowed to do that as long as they cover during the day and not report it and not borrow, but they have to cover by the end of the day. Whether they do or not is a subject of a lot of speculation, and that probably can fuel a good deal of unreported short interest. I'll hand it back to Jonathan for comment.

So the question you asked, David, is important and the short interest is impressive. But it's important to recognize that if somebody's selling our stock short, they are essentially betting that we're going to fail to get to data and go out of business. And therefore, they'll be able to buy back their short position for almost nothing. The best way to really disappoint the short seller is to succeed. And, a, that's what we aim to do. And I think over the last quarter, we've turned some corners that may start to help our shareholders recognize that not only do we aim to succeed, but we are in the process of succeeding. And if people want to invest their hard-earned money in betting against us and shorting our stock, we aim to help them lose their money.

There are no further questions at this time. I will turn the call back to you, Matt.

Thank you, Jonah. And thank you everyone for joining us today for the conference call. We appreciate your support, your interest, and are always interested in hearing questions and feedback through our website as well. Have a good evening.

Thank you, everyone, for participating. You may now disconnect.