Good afternoon, everyone. And welcome to the NRx Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Second Quarter of 2024 Results Conference Call. Currently, all participants are in a listen-only mode. As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded. I will now turn the call over to Matthew Duffy, the company’s Chief Business Officer. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Franzi, and welcome, everyone. Before we proceed with the call, I would like to remind everyone that certain statements made during this call are forward-looking statements under the U.S. Federal Security Act. These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical experience or present expectations. Additional information concerning factors that could cause actual results to differ from statements made on this call is contained in our periodic reports filed with the SEC. The forward-looking statements made during this call speak only as of the date hereof, and the company undertakes no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements. Information presented on this call is contained in the press release issued today and in the company’s Form 10-Q, which may be accessed from the Investors page of the NRx Pharmaceuticals website. Joining me today are Dr. Jonathan Javitt, our Founder and Chairman and Chief Scientist; Stephen Willard, our Chief Executive Officer; and Richard Narido, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. Stephen and Jonathan will provide a summary of our company’s progress. Rich will review the company’s financial results and then Jonathan will review upcoming milestones before making closing comments. Following the prepared remarks, we will address investor questions. I’ll now turn you over to Jonathan.

Thank you, Matt. Good afternoon, everybody. Thank you for joining us. Steve, Matt, Rich, the rest of the team have now reached a point where years of hard work are beginning to bear visible fruit. We’ve reached three key inflection points on scientific, business and financing fronts in advancing our business. First, on the scientific front, we’re poised to file two NDAs for our product candidates in the coming months. NRX-100 for clinic-based treatment of suicidal depression, which is intravenous ketamine, and NRX-101 for home-based treatment of bipolar depression in patients with suicidality or akathisia, which is an oral combination of D-cycloserine and lurasidone. Second, on the business front, we’ve laid the foundation for a roll-up of state-of-the-art ketamine and interventional psychiatry clinics that will advance the treatment of patients with suicidal depression. In the process, as Rich will tell you, we’ve substantially reduced operating costs and cut our loss per share by nearly 50% compared to the prior year. Third, on the corporate financing front, we’ve fundamentally stabilized our business from an economic perspective by attracting a fundamental investor with more than $1 billion under management, while simultaneously eliminating toxic debt that was the subject of litigation from our balance sheet. That new investor, Anson Partners, committed between $10.5 million and $16 million in new funding, as announced in last night’s 8-K filing. Investors have expressed a repeated concern as to whether we can fund the activities required to get our drugs approved. As announced yesterday, this is no longer a concern. In announcing the funding transaction, the Principal of Anson said, NRx Pharmaceuticals has a promising pipeline with the potential to transform the lives of patients and their loved ones. We are pleased to be working with NRx Pharmaceuticals’ team to support these drugs in their registration, and hopefully, their approval phase. We intend to live up to those wishes. The funds from the Anson investment will both pay for our FDA submissions and will retire debt from our balance sheet that has impeded our forward progress. The Anson funding brings us a substantially lower interest rate, a substantially lower conversion discount on our stock and reduced expenses and its other key features. It frees NRx from extraordinary conversion demands that in the past led to significant erosion in shareholder value. Much of the stock we allocated for this transaction is in the form of currently unregistered shares, demonstrating substantial faith on the part of the new investor that we can and will execute on our commitments to commercial success. These three inflection points, scientific, business, and finance-related, are near-term in nature rather than ephemeral. We aim to receive drug approvals for NRX-101 and NRX-100 in 2025 and to make these drugs available to patients. Until then, we will do so through compounding pharmacy relationships. The first HOPE Therapeutics Clinic has been identified, along with multiple follow-on acquisitions and the acquisition structure is currently in negotiation. One of the nation’s leading psychiatrists who pioneered the use of ketamine more than 15 years ago has agreed to serve as our Chief Medical Innovation Officer. These are critical steps in our quest to bring hope to life. Thus, from a scientific and financial perspective, we have a company that’s now poised to bring life-saving drugs to patients and financial returns to its investors. On the scientific front, we believe that NRX-101 has demonstrated a paradigm-changing breakthrough in the care of bipolar depression. Unfortunately, that breakthrough may not be completely understood because advances in drugs are so often viewed as advances in efficacy rather than advances in safety. In our recently completed clinical trial, we did not demonstrate that NRX-101 is more effective in reducing symptoms of depression than the market-leading drug lurasidone. It doesn’t need to be in order to be an extremely effective drug. What we did demonstrate is that NRX-101 is the first oral antidepressant to reduce symptoms of suicidality and the first oral antidepressant to reduce symptoms of akathisia, a highly dangerous side effect of every known antidepressant. The NRX-101 data presented at the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology demonstrated a new paradigm for the treatment of bipolar depression. From the start, serotonin-targeted drugs for the treatment of depression, it was known that these drugs caused side effects such as akathisia that directly caused their propensity to trigger suicidality. Doctors and patients have lived with these side effects in order to achieve the critical antidepressant effects that are needed to control this life-threatening disease. The data we presented at ASCP confirms our earlier STABIL-B trial demonstrating that NRX-101 is the first oral antidepressant to have effective antidepressant properties while simultaneously decreasing akathisia and suicidality. On the NRX-100 or ketamine side, as our quarterly report was going to the printer, a major scientific breakthrough was published in the Journal of Translational Psychiatry. A retrospective cohort study that considered the electronic medical records data of more than 500,000 Americans with depression demonstrated that those treated with ketamine were substantially and significantly less likely to have suicidal ideation for up to nine months post-treatment versus those not treated with ketamine. Although the FDA traditionally considers data from randomized controlled trials as its primary basis for determining efficacy, real-world data such as this, when it mirrors the findings already demonstrated in randomized controlled trials, as we have shown, can be important and persuasive. As you know from our various scientific presentations, we aim to present the FDA with patient-level data on nearly 1,000 patients in which ketamine has been tested in a prospective, randomized manner against placebo, active comparator, and electroshock therapy. We thank our investors for their patience as our novel, preservative-free presentation of ketamine matures and becomes ready for FDA filing. Unfortunately, many in the public don’t know that in order to seek approval of a drug, you must actually hold a fully manufactured drug in your hands that’s been stable on the shelf for a year or more. Without that, the FDA will refuse to file a new drug application. We anticipate reaching a critical point in our manufacturing stability program where FDA filing is possible for NRX-100 by the end of October. A second key requirement for FDA to file an NDA is alignment on a pediatric study plan as required by law. Several weeks ago, we announced that we achieved this critical alignment with the FDA. The notion of a preservative-free ketamine has been surprising to some in the public. However, data have emerged from both primate and human studies that repeated doses of the currently available commercial intravenous ketamine are toxic to the brain. The commercial preparation was designed for anesthesia in a multi-dose vial where it was anticipated that doctors would draw from the same vial for multiple patients. That’s no longer allowed in hospitals today, but that’s how it was designed. Accordingly, commercial ketamine preparations are manufactured with a potentially toxic preservative, Benzanthonium Chloride. While there’s no evidence that Benzanthonium Chloride is toxic at its current concentration for the intended use of anesthesia, its safety has never been shown or even proposed for chronic use. Hence, we believe we are poised to file the first new drug application for a novel preparation of ketamine in unpreserved form that will bring substantial value to patients and be reimbursable by payers, whereas the current off-label use of ketamine is available only to patients who can pay substantial amounts of money out of pocket. In introducing Steve, I’d like to thank him for his profound contribution to our company as its first Non-Founder CEO. Steve joined our company on the tail end of the COVID pandemic at a time when we were restarting our psychiatry program and recovering our equanimity in the wake of a world catastrophe that cost the lives of 1 million Americans and many millions more around the globe. Steve brought a methodical wisdom to our team. Steve has advised me that as we prepare for 2025 as our first year of commercial operations, we should seek a CEO who has had commercial experience in marketing and successfully selling at least $1 billion in pharmaceutical products. We’re starting that search today and Steve will be a key part of that process. Through his poise and legal discipline, Steve has afforded me the opportunity to take bolder steps in advancing our scientific agenda and our commercial process. He’ll continue to be a key member of our team and our family.

Jonathan, thank you for those very gracious comments. The chance to lead NRx has been one of the great joys of my life and I look forward to helping guide NRx to its success as a commercial enterprise. I’m incredibly proud of the process and progress our team has made over the past months, and I’m grateful to our partners and investors, as well as to all of the patients who have participated in our clinical trials. We look forward to continuing to build value for our shareholders and deliver life-saving treatments to patients. Most importantly, we continue to believe that these steps represent the beginning of our transition from a purely research and development company to a revenue-generating pharmaceutical company. We’ve made important progress with our clinical development pipelines this year. Suicidality is a national epidemic. Approximately 3.8 million Americans make an active plan to commit suicide each year, according to the CDC. We plan to bring NRX-100, clearly a life-saving product, to market as soon as possible. The current market for intranasal ketamine is already $800 million, which has not demonstrated anti-suicidal properties. We expect our market to be much larger. We continue to work toward a distribution of shares in HOPE Therapeutics to our existing shareholders. We plan to seek a public listing for the company on a national exchange. HOPE is planned to be a care delivery company developing a best-in-class network of clinics that currently offer ketamine and other life-saving therapies to patients with suicidal depression and related disorders, together with digital therapies designed to augment and preserve the clinical benefit of NMDA-targeted drug therapy. We expect funding for HOPE to be independent and thus non-dilutive to NRx. At the same time, we believe this will continue to build value for NRx shareholders with this important asset on its balance sheet. I will now ask Rich Narido, our CFO, to review the first quarter financials. Rich?

Thanks, Steve. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, we at NRx Pharmaceuticals reduced our net loss from $8.7 million in the second quarter of 2023 to $7.9 million in 2024, representing nearly a 10% improvement year-over-year. For that same period, we reduced research and development expenses from $3.9 million in 2023 to $2.8 million in 2024. The $1.1 million decrease is related primarily to a decrease of $2.4 million in clinical trial and development expenses, offset by an increase of $1.3 million related to the Alvogen warrants. Also, in the three-month period, we recorded an increase in general and administrative expenses from $4.1 million in 2023 to $4.2 million in 2024. The increase of $0.1 million is related primarily to an increase in consultants and legal fees, partially offset by lower insurance expenses. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, NRx Pharmaceuticals reduced its net loss to $14.4 million, compared to $19.8 million in the prior year. These deficiencies represent an improvement in net loss of $5.4 million year-over-year and a $1.32 or 47% improvement in net loss per share year-over-year. Over that six-month period, we recorded $4.6 million of research and development expenses compared to $7.5 million for the same period in 2023, representing a 39% decrease year-over-year. The decrease of $2.9 million is related primarily to a decrease of $4.1 million in clinical trial and development expenses, $0.3 million related to fees paid to regulatory and process development consultants, while offset by $1.3 million related to the Alvogen warrants, and $0.4 million related to fees paid to regulatory development consultants. Also in that six-month period, we decreased G&A by $1.4 million from $9.9 million in 2023 to $8.5 million in 2024, nearly a 15% decrease year-over-year. As of June 30th, we had $1.9 million in cash and cash equivalents. As previously stated, we recently announced that we secured up to $16 million of senior secured debt financing from Anson Funds. This financing is expected to support the 2024 filing of new drug applications for NRX-100 and NRX-101, and to support the launch of HOPE Therapeutics as well, as retired historical debt with more favorable terms and a lower annual interest rate. NRx continues to implement operational efficiencies to extend cash runway and maintain focus on our path to generating revenue and value for our shareholders.

Thank you, Rich. With two NDAs planning for the coming months, the initiation of HOPE’s clinic acquisition program to be financed through a non-dilutive mechanism, together with a stabilized cash position, we’re in a solid position to build shareholder value. Most importantly, we’re poised to address critical unmet medical needs for patients suffering from suicidal bipolar depression, suicidal major depression and those with limited access to advanced psychiatric care. In other words, we intend to deliver on our promise to bring hope to life. Operator, we’re ready to take questions from the audience.

Thank you. Your first question comes from the line of Ed Woo from Ascendiant. Your line is now open.

Yeah. Congratulations on all the progress. It seems like your initial focus will be on the U.S. market, but have you given thought about international opportunities for both NRX-100 and 101?

Well, there’s no question that the rest of the world is important to us and we’ve consistently listed a large number of foreign patent approvals. As you know, we have composition of matter patent protection on NRX-101. And so far, it’s been approved in just about every jurisdiction where we’ve applied. So that rest of the world opportunity is something we’re very much focused on. As you know, we’ve added Professor Marion Leboyer, who’s one of the leading psychiatrists in France, a Professor of Psychiatry Inserm in Paris to our Advisory Board. And it’s something we think about on a regular basis. That said, we do anticipate that the initial launch will be in the United States.

Great. Thanks for answering my questions and I wish you guys good luck.

Thank you. Operator, we’ve received some electronic questions as well. I think this is for Dr. Javitt. Would you please tell us more about the HOPE business plan, how the funding is going to work and what the benefits to NRx shareholders may be?

So one of the things we’ve realized is that, while there are some outstanding ketamine clinics run by dedicated psychiatrists in the U.S., many of the initial attempts to create ketamine clinic networks across the country have been private equity-driven, focused on minimizing costs of care but not necessarily maximizing quality and innovation of care. And what we intend to do through HOPE Therapeutics is to bring together best-of-breed ketamine and interventional psychiatry clinics, together with networks of clinics that want to learn from them, want to bring their standards up to the best possible standards and we’ve seen a fair degree of investor enthusiasm for that structure. We’ll certainly have more to say in coming months, but I think you’ll see HOPE as a living, breathing entity in the coming quarter.

Thanks. Another one came in, and the question is, how do you see NRX-101 fitting into the treatment paradigm for bipolar depression?

If we’re able to get accelerated approval for NRX-101 in patients who have akathisia and/or suicidal ideation on the current generation of 5-HT2A antagonist drugs, so you’re talking about lurasidone, olanzapine, cariprazine, that family of drugs, I think you’ll see NRX-101 become a preferred drug in that category because akathisia is, as one leading psychiatrist put it to me, the worst side effect of every antidepressant. It can have lethal consequences. And until now, people didn’t talk about it too much because there wasn’t much to do about it. All of a sudden, there is something to do about it, and we hope to be that solution.

Okay. Thank you. The last electronic question that we received is, Steve mentioned that ketamine had, sorry, inhaled ketamine had not shown an improvement in suicidality. Why would IV be better than that?

It is certainly possible that future trials may demonstrate that intranasal ketamine has better effects on suicidality compared to placebo. However, this has not been observed with either inhaled racemic ketamine or inhaled esketamine so far. Some doctors have speculated that the steady state of intravenous administration may be significant compared to the more acute and variable effects of intranasal ketamine. Instead of focusing on others' methods, I believe we should concentrate on our own findings, which indicate a notable reduction in suicidality in the clinical trials we are presenting to the FDA. This reduction has also been confirmed in a study involving 500,000 participants. This is the key takeaway.

Okay. Thank you. Those are all of our electronic questions. Ed Woo has, I believe, asked another one. Operator, would you please take his question?

Thank you. We have a follow-up question from Ed Woo. Your line is now open.

Yeah. Thanks for taking up my follow-up question. As you guys are planning on submitting NDAs this year and possible approval for next year, have you thought about your commercial strategies, whether you will develop your own commercial team or whether you’ll look for commercial partners? Thank you.

Well, in the case of NRX-100, we already know who the customers are because it’s a clinic-based drug. And there’s a limited number of clinics, about 600 and it could grow to 1,000 by next year who are using the drug. And some of those clinics are going to be clinics that HOPE Therapeutics owns. So there’s no need for the overhead of a large commercial partner to reach customers who already want to talk to you. In the case of NRX-101, it’s also a fairly compact footprint. There are approximately 1,600 psychiatrists in the United States who currently prescribe the lurasidone class of drugs. And you can reach that number of doctors with a fairly compact sales force of about 50 people. Now, I’m possibly the least qualified person in the company to talk about that. Matt Duffy started out doing that for a living, and Matt, why don’t you comment?

Thanks, Jonathan. Sure. You can look at a number of different parameters in terms of the number of prescribers, in terms of geography and access to representatives. There are a number of ways to approach it, but you can very effectively get out with reps in the 20 to 30 rep range, or not necessarily reps, but field force and really target the key prescribers in, actually, as Jonathan pointed out, both of these drugs. As you do so, really target the highest prescribing folks out there. I’ve done this before at Lev and at Medimmune, and a targeted sales force is a really good way to go. It’s very efficient and you can really get the word out there very quickly. And so those are, I think, the important parameters as we look into taking this really to the next level, because there’s just a tremendous amount of opportunity.

Great. Thank you, and again, I wish you guys good luck.

Thanks, Ed. Operator, it looks like we don’t have any questions over the phone. Please continue. I’d like to hand the call over to Mr. Matthew Duffy. Thank you, Franzi, and thank you, everyone. That’s all the time we have for questions and for our call. So thank you, everyone, for joining us this evening and this concludes the NRx Pharmaceuticals second quarter 2024 results conference call. Thank you for participating.

Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today’s conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect. Thank you.