Thank you for your patience. My name is Carly, and I will be your conference operator today. I would like to welcome everyone to the Q1 2025 Xenon Pharmaceuticals Earnings Conference Call. Thank you. I will now hand the call over to Chad Fugere, Xenon's Vice President of Investor Relations. Please proceed.

Good afternoon. Thank you for joining us on our call and webcast to discuss Xenon's first quarter 2025 financial and operating results. Joining me are Ian Mortimer, Xenon's President and Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Chris Kenney, Xenon's Chief Medical Officer, and Sherry Aulin, Xenon's Chief Financial Officer. After completing their prepared remarks today, we will open the call up for your questions. Please be advised that during this call, we will make a number of statements that are forward-looking, including statements regarding the timing of and potential results from clinical trials, the potential efficacy, safety profile, future development plans, and current and anticipated indications, addressable market, regulatory success, and commercial potential of our and our partners' product candidates, the efficacy of our clinical trial design, our ability to successfully develop and achieve milestones in our clinical development program, including the anticipated filing of INDs and NDAs, the timing and results of those filings, and our interactions with regulators, our ability to successfully obtain regulatory approvals, anticipated timing of the top-line data readout for our clinical trials of azetukalner and our expectation that we will have sufficient cash to fund operations into 2027. Today's press release summarizing Xenon's first quarter financial results and the accompanying quarterly report on Form 10-Q will be made available under the investor section of our website at xenon-pharma.com and filed with the SEC and on SEDAR+. Now, I would like to turn the call over to Ian.

Thanks, Chad, and good afternoon, everyone. Thanks for joining our call today. I'll begin with a brief review of highlights from the past quarter and our progress across our growing neuroscience-focused pipeline, including our Phase 3 studies of azetukalner in epilepsy, our expanding clinical development work in psychiatry, as well as our early-stage programs that are entering first in human studies this year. After that, I'll turn the call over to Chris, who will share more details on our clinical development programs, including high-level top-line results from the completed investigator-led MDD study, along with an update on our recent engagement efforts to raise the profile of azetukalner. Sherry will close with a summary of our partnered program, financial results, and anticipated milestones. Starting with our azetukalner Phase 3 epilepsy program. As you've heard from us consistently, delivering data from our X-TOLE2 study remains our number one priority at Xenon. We are nearing the end of patient recruitment in X-TOLE2, which we expect will complete within the next few months, with top-line results anticipated early next year. While acknowledging the slight delay versus our prior guidance, I want to emphasize that we are approaching the conclusion of this study and, importantly, progressing towards our goal of bringing this important new medicine to patients. From the outset, to maximize study success, we have prioritized working with high-quality, experienced sites and monitored key metrics rigorously throughout the study. As we approach the conclusion of this work, we are very pleased that these metrics align consistently with our successful Phase 2b X-TOLE study. Bottom line, we continue to have high confidence in X-TOLE2 and share the epilepsy community's excitement as we progress towards our Phase 3 readout. It's this excitement that drives us and our scientific leadership and investment in the Kv7 landscape. As a reminder, azetukalner is the only Kv7 opener and the only new ASM in development that is backed by long-term efficacy and safety data from clinical studies of patients living with epilepsy, now having amassed over 700 patient years of exposure in focal epilepsy patients. There remains a substantial need for new, efficacious, and well-tolerated epilepsy therapies, especially for those patients who continue to experience the debilitating impacts of focal seizures, even while taking multiple anti-seizure medications. And we believe that azetukalner's key attributes demonstrate its potential to provide an important new option for the epilepsy community. We consistently hear positive feedback about the need for a new medicine to address continuing unmet needs in epilepsy treatment, and there is excitement within the medical community about azetukalner's potential to offer a novel mechanism without titration, early onset of effect, seizure freedom, and mood benefit. Azetukalner has the potential to be a best-in-class anti-seizure medication that could offer significant and meaningful benefits in the future treatment of epilepsy. Shifting to broadening the use of azetukalner beyond epilepsy into neuropsychiatry, enrollment is ongoing in our first phase 3 MDD study, X-NOVA2, with our second MDD study, X-NOVA3, and our first Phase 3 study in bipolar depression, both on track to initiate by mid-year. In addition, and as mentioned in today's press release, we now have the final results from the investigator-sponsored study of azetukalner in MDD. Chris will provide some details on these results in a moment. But briefly, the results are consistent with our expectations and our prior X-NOVA study, including clear drug activity on both MADRS and SHAPS based on separation between azetukalner and placebo at every time point. We believe these results reaffirm the already strong scientific rationale to pursue further development in this high unmet need patient population. Moving now to our early stage pipeline, there is significant momentum across our preclinical programs, with multiple regulatory filings expected this year to support the initiation of first in human trials across a number of validated ion channel targets. This broadening and building out of our early stage pipeline is a direct result of the successful leveraging of our extensive knowledge and expertise in developing potassium and sodium channel therapeutics. As our diverse pipeline of early stage drug candidates continues to mature, I'm incredibly proud of the considerable progress we are making across multiple programs targeting ion channels that include Kv7, Nav1.7, and Nav1.1. Today I'll give you an update on each of these promising programs. Recognizing the potential broad applicability of the Kv7 mechanism of azetukalner, we have identified multiple chemically diverse Kv7 development candidates and believe that this mechanism may have utility in a broad range of therapeutic indications, including seizure disorders, pain, and neuropsychiatric disorders such as MDD and BPD. I am pleased to report that a clinical trial application was recently accepted for XEN1120, a Kv7 channel opener that we intend to study as a potential treatment for pain, and a Phase 1 study in healthy adult participants is now underway. As a reminder, there is good clinical evidence supporting the development of novel selective Kv7 openers optimized for pain. We also have a number of other Kv7 molecules and chemistries that will follow XEN1120. We continue to make substantial progress within our Nav1.7 sodium channel program, where we believe we may have addressed the limitations of first-generation drugs targeting Nav1.7. A key part of Xenon's heritage involves our pioneering work that contributed to the strong human genetic validation of Nav1.7 as a pain target, and we believe Nav1.7 could represent a new class of medicines that address the unmet medical needs for effective alternatives to opioids. We have nominated multiple selective Nav1.7 development candidates to date, and IND enabling work is complete for our lead candidate, XEN1701, for which we expect to initiate a Phase 1 first in human study in the third quarter of this year. Work within our Nav1.1 program also continues to progress. Our preclinical work to date suggests that targeting Nav1.1 could potentially address the underlying cause and symptoms of Dravet Syndrome. Data shows that dosing with an orally available small molecule CNS penetrant and highly selective Nav1.1 potentiator suppressed induced seizures and improved motor function, supporting the potential for improvements in Dravet patient motor function. Further, in these animal models, chronic dosing suppressed spontaneous seizures, protected against sudden unexpected death in epilepsy or SUDEP, and increased long-term potentiation, a potential cellular correlate of learning and memory. These preclinical data are incredibly exciting, and we anticipate that a lead Nav1.1 candidate will enter IND enabling studies this year. This summer, we plan to host multiple R&D webinars to showcase various early stage programs that will include deeper dives into mechanism, underlying human genetics, preclinical results, and other supporting data, as well as an overview of disease prevalence and unmet medical needs within certain patient populations. This first webinar will take place in June and will focus on our approach to treating pain with drug candidates targeting both Nav1.7 and Kv7. As Xenon continues to advance promising late and early stage programs, I believe we are entering a catalyst rich period for the company, as we near, most importantly, the first Phase 3 top-line readout of azetukalner in FOS. This represents a major inflection point for Xenon, signaling our evolution from a clinical stage to a commercial organization. I look forward to keeping you updated on our progress as we await results. I'll now turn the call over to Chris, who will provide some additional details around our clinical development programs, and importantly, the IST results and our broader outreach to the HCP and patient communities. Chris, over to you.

All right, Ian, thanks a lot. As a reminder, our Phase 3 epilepsy program includes our two X-TOLE studies in focal onset seizures, or FOS. That's X-TOLE2 and X-TOLE3, and our exact study in primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or PGTCS. As Ian noted, we're nearing the end of patient recruitment in X-TOLE2 in the next few months. Despite the modest change to our top line guidance, we remain highly confident in the conduct and quality of the X-TOLE2 study. As Ian mentioned, we continue to see investigator enthusiasm around azetukalner and a high rollover rate into the open label extension study, consistent with rates observed in X-TOLE. In addition, as with all our studies, we track a number of key metrics throughout the study as we near the end of X-TOLE2. We believe that we are seeing strong consistency on all of these metrics when we compare to our successful Phase 2b X-TOLE study. We continue to be excited by the prospect of this first Phase 3 FOS study outcome, and we believe the finish line is in sight as we look forward to completing patient recruitment in the next few months. As we're getting closer to top line data, we continue our ongoing educational and scientific outreach efforts to raise the profile of azetukalner amongst healthcare providers. Our team recently presented three epilepsy-related posters at the American Academy of Neurology, or AAN, that took place in early April. Building upon more than 700-plus patient years of data, we're excited to share our 36-month azetukalner data from our ongoing X-TOLE open label extension study and FOS that shows sustained monthly reduction in seizure frequency, impressive seizure freedom rates, and a consistent AE safety profile suggesting long-term efficacy and tolerability of azetukalner. We also presented an exploratory analysis from our X-TOLE study showing reduced seizure frequency rates across four focal seizure subtypes. These promising data support our conviction that azetukalner may offer hope for people who continue to seek new, efficacious, and well-tolerated therapies to address the debilitating impacts of uncontrolled seizures. AAN also provided another timely opportunity for us to connect directly with a broad range of healthcare providers and patient advocacy groups. Discussions at the conference were wide-ranging and gave us the opportunity to present the science and the data to date and highlight the mental health burdens associated with epilepsy and engage in meaningful discussions around the under-detected and under-treated depressive symptoms associated with epilepsy. One of our poster presentations focused on patient-reported survey data that we collected, which further illustrates the substantial burden of illness for people living with epilepsy. With reduced quality of life, high seizure frequency, and fatigue, as well as other comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression, further underscoring the need for new treatments to help people living with epilepsy. We also highlighted azetukalner's potential in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as MDD and bipolar depression, based on scientific rationale and unmet medical needs. Before I dive into an update on our company-sponsored clinical programs and neuropsychiatric indications, I wanted to provide additional details and context from the recently completed investigator-sponsored study of azetukalner and MDD that was led by Dr. James Morrow at the Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai. As a reminder, this study was designed as a 60-patient placebo-controlled trial with a functional primary endpoint to evaluate the effect of a 20-milligram daily dose of azetukalner on brain measures of reward, as measured by the change in activation within the bilateral ventral striatum from baseline to end of treatment in week eight, as assessed by functional MRI. And also to evaluate secondary endpoints that include an assessment of MADRS and SHAPS through an eight-week period. Despite being a small study, the results provide additional evidence supporting the potential of the Kv mechanism and azetukalner to have antidepressant and antihedonic effects, which is a significant unmet need in treating patients with depression. Highlights of the IST results include the following. Compared to X-NOVA and what we expect in our Phase 3 program, given our entry criteria, the investigator-initiated trial enrolled a less impaired population, as indicated by lower mean baseline MADRS and SHAPS scores. For both MADRS and SHAPS, the azetukalner numerically outperformed placebo at every time point measured. As expected, given the small sample size, the improvements were not significant. Looking specifically at MADRS, compared to subjects in the placebo group, subjects in the azetukalner group saw both early and larger improvements in MADRS scores. The separation was approximately two points at the first time point measured, week two, confirming early onset of effect and peaked at a greater than four-point delta between active and placebo at week six. As a reminder, week six was the end of the study for X-NOVA and is the end for our Phase 3 MDD studies. Therefore, confirming and actually slightly outperforming our Phase 2 X-NOVA nova data. For the IST, the study went out to eight weeks and the separation between active and placebo was less pronounced at week eight compared to week six due to a significant improvement in placebo between week six and eight. When looking at the individual patient data, this effect could potentially be explained by three subjects whose MADRS scores fluctuated considerably between week six and week eight, all in the context of a small sample size. Subjects in the azetukalner group also saw earlier and greater improvements on SHAPS, measure of anhedonia, which is a core symptom of MDD. Again, we see the same pattern with early separation between azetukalner and placebo group and this separation continued throughout the study consistent with the separation seen in our X-NOVA study, including a greater than three-point delta between active and placebo at week six. On the safety side, azetukalner was generally well tolerated with an AE profile, generally consistent with prior studies and the known mechanisms. In addition, there were no reports of weight gain or sexual dysfunction, which are common adverse events with standard of care agents. The most common adverse events include dizziness, incoordination, and confusion. As we look at the totality of the data, most of these AEs were mild or moderate in severity, with only one serious adverse event deemed unrelated to azetukalner and a low rate of treatment discontinuations due to adverse events that was comparable to placebo. So, in summary, azetukalner demonstrated consistent and numerically greater improvements on MADRS and SHAPS at all time points measured. Importantly, the greater than four-point and three-point separation between azetukalner and placebo on MADRS and SHAPS respectively at week six demonstrates meaningful drug activity and reflects the length of the double-blind period in our Phase 3 MDD program. In addition, we believe the benefit-risk profile of azetukalner is reinforced as there is nothing unexpected or concerning in the adverse event profile seen in this study, given the study design and small numbers. The lead investigator, Dr. James Morrow, has submitted an abstract to present these data at the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology, or ASCP, later this month and intends to submit for peer review publication at a later date. Turning to Xenon's efforts to expand the azetukalner use in neuropsychiatry, I wanted to first highlight that X-NOVA2, the first of three planned Phase 3 clinical trials evaluating azetukalner in patients with MDD, continues to enroll patients after initiating late last year. The next, the second study, X-NOVA3, is on track to initiate by the new year. We continue to engage with physicians who treat patients with MDD to educate them about our ongoing clinical studies and the potentially differentiated profile of azetukalner versus standard of care agents. Of note, physicians are interested in azetukalner's novel selective Kv7 mechanism of action and its potential benefit on anhedonia, rapidity of onset, as well as its potentially favorable tolerability profile, with data to date supporting no notable adverse effects on sexual function or weight gain. We also plan to run two identical clinical studies evaluating the azetukalner in a mixed population of bipolar I and bipolar II depression, with the first study on track to initiate by mid-year after recently receiving IND clearance from the FDA. We look forward to providing more details around our BPD registrational program once our first trial is initiated. In summary, as we drive towards a Phase 3 FOS readout, we believe that azetukalner provides the promise of a new anti-seizure medication to people living with the burdens of seizures and looking beyond epilepsy could address the needs of people living with neuropsychiatric disorders such as MDD and bipolar depression. I'd like to now turn the call over to Sherry, who will begin by providing some additional details around our partner program before summarizing our financial results. Sherry?

Thanks, Chris. Now, looking briefly at our financial results, we recognize revenue of $7.5 million during the first quarter related to a milestone payment in connection with our collaboration with Neurocrine, triggered by the initiation of a Phase 1 study of NBI-921355, a selective inhibitor of Nav-12 and Nav-16, and development for the potential treatment of certain types of epilepsy. Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities totaled $691.1 million as of March 31, 2025, compared to $754.4 million as of December 31, 2024. Based on current operating plans, including the completion of the azetukalner Phase 3 epilepsy studies and supporting late-stage clinical development of azetukalner in MDD and BPD, we anticipate having sufficient cash to fund operations into 2027. Given our proven track record of strong fiscal management, Xenon is in the fortunate position of having a strong balance sheet to support multiple registrational programs for azetukalner and the continued maturation of our early-stage pipeline. I would refer you to our news release and 10-Q report filed today for further details around our financial results. We're entering a transformational period for Xenon as we evolve from a clinical to commercial-stage company. We believe that positive top-line results from our Phase 3 epilepsy program will enable an NDA submission to the FDA with the goal of advancing azetukalner towards commercialization. In addition, other late-stage neuropsychiatric programs will be well underway by year-end, with two X-NOVA trials in MDD expected to be recruiting patients and a registrational study in BPD also initiated by mid-year. Our deep pipeline also contains multiple promising early-stage therapeutic candidates across a number of ion channel targets, supporting our goal to be a fully integrated, premier neuroscience-focused company. On behalf of everyone on the Xenon team, we're incredibly excited in Xenon's evolution and remain focused on taking important steps forward to bring us closer to delivering azetukalner to people living with epilepsy. With that, I will pause and open the call for your questions.

Your first question comes from Paul Matteis with Stifel.

We were just wondering, from the top-line epilepsy data in early 2026, how quickly could you file, assuming that's positive? And then just a second question, you guys talked about tracking some key metrics. Could you provide any color on what those are? And, yes, just like kind of what those metrics are and how they compare to the Phase 2b. Thank you.

Yes, happy to address both of those questions. So, on the top-line data to NDA filings, we haven't provided specific guidance, but I think many people have heard from us in the past, and we'll be able to refine this over time. But it's approximately six months from top-line data to filing. Important to note is that it is the clinical data that's on the critical path, so we know just how broad an NDA filing is as it relates to the non-clinical sections, CMC, clinical pharmacology, all of the data, all of that is in really good shape. And we're already writing certain sections of the NDA now, and we'll continue to do that through the remainder of this year. On the metrics question, so there's a lot of things that we track in all of our clinical studies to really make sure that we believe we have, we're working with the highest quality sites, we're making sure we're getting the right patients in, the conduct is there. But just to give you a bit of an idea, in epilepsy, you know, we have a patient screening period, we have a baseline period, then the patients are randomized that goes through a double-blind period, and then if they complete the double-blind period, they have an ability to roll over into open label extension. So, as we think about that, there's lots of things that we can kind of measure along the way. So, in that kind of screening, I'll give you some examples kind of in that screening and baseline period, we can look at the patient baseline characteristics, the demographics, what their baseline seizure burden is, we can measure, even before they get randomized, what their compliance is going to be like to a diary. We can also look throughout the double-blinded, a number of things, and then we can look at rollover rates into the open label extension as well. So, there's a number of things that we kind of track along the way just to make sure that we're comfortable in terms of the way the study is being conducted.

Your next question comes from Tessa Romero with JPMorgan.

Following up here, can you provide any quantification on how many patients you still need to recruit for XTOLE-2, any numbers you can put around it for us, and what are you specifically focused on to ensure you meet this guidance, or is it really just par for the course here? We noticed on clinicaltrials.gov that it seems like some additional trial sites have recently been added. And finally, can you talk to what the screen failure rate is coming out to be, and is that similar to what you saw in XTOLE-2? Thanks so much.

Sure, Tessa. I'm happy to provide my perspective. Chris, you can add to this as well. So, yes, Tessa, I think you kind of saw in the press release and with our prepared remarks is we're getting close. So, we feel in the next couple of months we'll be done. Difficult to predict exactly. There's always, we've talked about in previous calls kind of these ebbs and flows in a clinical trial like epilepsy just given the number of clinical sites that we use overall and the number of patients that are screened or randomized from any given site is a reasonably small number that you do see some variability kind of months to months in screenings and randomizations. But I think we feel good that we're getting close to the end, we can see the finish line, and we'll get there over the next couple of months. In terms of kind of new sites, yes, I mean, look, the vast majority of the sites for XTOLE-2 have been up and running for some time. Obviously, in the early parts of a clinical trial, if we look back in a couple of years ago as the study was getting up and running, those sites come online at different rates for a whole bunch of different reasons, some of it's jurisdictional based. And some of it's just the individual site as we work through contracting and site visits. There's a couple of sites that come in late. And the only reason there is because for whatever reason, maybe they now have the resources ready to participate in a clinical trial, or there was something else that prevented them from starting earlier. But I think it's a very, very small number. So I wouldn't focus too much on that. I think what we should all be focused on is that we're getting close to the end here. Chris, anything to add?

I think you covered it. Thanks for the question, Tessa. The one piece that you asked about was the screen failure rate. So Ian already provided you with a number of metrics that we follow in the Phase 3 program to ensure that the quality and conduct of X-TOLE-2 is heading in the direction that we want and screen failure rate is one of them. And so we haven't seen, I think, as you know, the inclusion exclusion criteria are really quite similar between the two studies. And in fact, there's sort of a pretty standard recipe that's used for FOS studies. So it's basically a very similar study to the Phase 2. So we're seeing, so not surprisingly, based upon that, we're seeing screen failure rates that are very similar.

Your next question comes from Brian Abrahams with RBC Capital Markets.

Really two for me, I guess. First, do you have any senses to the reasons behind the slight timeline slippage for XTOLE-2? Are there kind of implications on kind of competitive dynamics there and any learnings that you can apply to patient finding in the commercial setting? And then secondly, on the Mount Sinai study, it seems like in a more mild population, I don't think they had MDD entry criteria there. There were fairly robust effects as good or even better than what you saw in your study. Any thoughts on how that might impact, I guess, your Phase 3 plan in terms of your entry criteria or any modifications there or to the powering of your Phase 3s in MDD given what you're seeing coming out of Mount Sinai? Thanks.

Thanks, Brian. Chris, I can take the first one just on the timeline and any competitive dynamics and commercial stuff. And then do you want to address just any learnings from the IST and any read through into the Phase 3 MDD program? So, Brian, on your first question, yes, look, we view this as a pretty minor delay. We'll get there in the next couple of months and we should see data early next year. I think as I mentioned on the last question, you know, when we kind of take a big step back, we do see some variability just kind of month to month. So, I don't think we read too much into this. On the competitive side, we're not seeing a change there. So, we're not seeing, you know, the competitive dynamics change at the individual site level. Given at least in our experience, most clinical sites and maybe I should say most investigators focus on one FOS study at a time on the therapeutic side. They're generally not running multiple. Sometimes you'd get a handful of different PIs at an institution. Different PIs may focus on different things, but for the most part, the experience and feedback we've had from our clinical investigators is they're focused on kind of one study at a time. And given that, we've been in this Phase 3 program, you know, longer than our competitors have in terms of their clinical programs right now, I don't think that's having any impact. I will just comment a little bit on the commercial setting because I think that's a really, I think that's an important question. When we look at clinical development and the inclusion-exclusion criteria, including the baseline seizure burden that's necessary to do the statistical analysis and the powering in a clinical study, that's a very different population than what we think about in the commercial setting. And, all of the work we've done commercially from primary market research to feedback from physicians at AES and all of the medical congresses is there's still this 30% to 50% of patients that are not getting good seizure control and are really looking for new therapies. And as we've said a number of times, if we look at the profile and the attributes of azetukalner, we get this really warm reception and excitement about azetukalner coming to market. It'll be the first time we have a novel mechanism in quite some time. If we look at the placebo-adjusted efficacy for X-TOLE, we look at the long-term open-label data, the no titration, the easy-to-use attributes, and potentially the benefit on mood as well as that we see early onset. And that's kind of a package that I think we haven't really seen in the treatment of epilepsy. And so I think the commercial excitement continues to be there. And I would actually say the profile of azetukalner coming off of AES in Los Angeles a few months ago, AAN, and all of our outreaches, the profile of the molecule just continues to grow in the medical community. But Chris, I'll let you handle the second one in terms of the IST.

Yes, sure. Thanks, Ian. And thanks, Brian, for the question. I'm just going to say kind of one overarching comment, and then I'll answer your question directly. I'm just, I mean, I'd like to kind of zoom out for a second and just acknowledge that in depression, having one study after the other be positive for any drug is challenging. And what we're sitting on now is the second study in major depressive disorder using azetukalner that suggests that this drug may have activity on depression and anhedonia. That's our X-NOVA, now James Morrow's study, the investigator-initiated trial. But then don't forget that actually there was another controlled trial with Ezogabine that showed similar results, and there was an open label as well. So you actually have four studies that are suggesting, two different drugs with the same mechanism of action showing that this mechanism shows promise. So just on a high level, it's really I think it's just reassuring. I mean, we don't know how the Phase 3 program is going to pan out, but it's reassuring. To be more specific about your question, they use different criteria to get patients into their study. The major enrichment criteria that Dr. Morrow and Dr. Matthews used was the clinical global impression of change rather than the Ham-D or any other depression scale. And I should just say this, I mean, Ian and Sherry have been very consistent all along. The study is not gaining. We weren't waiting for this data to change anything. And so, the punchline is that we have no intention of changing anything in the Phase 3 program. But I would attribute the really robust data more to the fact that it's two sites, two investigators, that the data is very controlled. And then, things get more complex as you kind of blow out to a Phase 3 program with 40 or so sites. So anyway, I mean, it's pretty impressive. We got a separation of active and placebo, four points at week six. The Phase 3 program is powered at two to 2.5 points. So I think we're in pretty good shape. And again, thanks for the question, Brian.

Your next question comes from Brian Skorney with Baird.

I guess also to follow up on the ISP study as well, maybe you could just kind of walk through the details around the fMRI primary endpoint, what the neuroimaging expectations were here originally, what the thought process on making that the primary was, and what we've seen versus other active MDD drugs that are approved on similar neuroimaging endpoints. Thanks.

Thanks, Brian. Chris, do you want to address the fMRI question?

Yes, sure. Happy to, Ian. Thanks. Thanks for the question. I mean these were two academicians, Dr. Morrow and Dr. Matthew, who were following up on a study that they had done where the primary endpoint was fMRI with Ezogabine, and that study had 46 patients. So less than 30 per arm. And yet the results for fMRI were somewhat promising. They were non-significant in that Ezogabine trial, but they did appear to be promising. And so what they did is they powered a study larger than that, 46 up to 60, and powered the study for fMRI to see if there was a difference, and there wasn't. So I would position this as, I mean, all along, we've been really interested in what the clinical scale showed. But in defense of the approach, it really does ask a very interesting mechanistic question about, how is it that this mechanism actually improves depression? And there was a hypothesis behind it about the reward circuit, which I'll spare all of you the details of. But ultimately, as a clinician and as a company, we were really interested in the clinical scales. And they showed consistency improvements in separation between active and placebo for MADRS and SHAPS on the order of what we saw with X-NOVO. So overall, yes, the primary endpoint of fMRI was negative, and so I don't want to dodge that. But the clinical scale showing evidence of efficacy, similar to what we're planning on doing in Phase 3 is, I think, a pretty good outcome for us.

Your next question comes from Marc Goodman with Leerink Partners.

This is Asma on for Marc. We have a question about the Nav1.1 in Dravet Syndrome. Given the competitive landscape and the multiple ongoing trials in Dravet Syndrome, first, we would like to know your plan to assess the efficacy of this asset. And also, since this is a precise approach, are you planning to evaluate behavior and cognition in your trial as well? Thank you. That's it for us.

Yes, thank you for the question. Yes, as you've seen in our prepared remarks, and for those that had the opportunity to attend the American Epilepsy Society meeting last December, I think we're generating some really compelling preclinical data. And that really gets to the heart of your question, both on seizure reduction, but the potential for disease modification as well. So, yes, we would agree that there are a number of drugs that are used and have been developed to treat Dravet Syndrome, but there's been very few that have really gotten to the underlying genetic cause of the disease. And so, we think, to our knowledge, we're the only company that's developing an oral small molecule that can potentiate the channel that can have an impact not only in these genetic animals, these animals that actually have a 50% loss of function of Nav1.1, which is the human, it really is the human disease, is that we can protect these animals from seizures, spontaneous seizures, from SUDEP, and then we can have this impact on long term potentiation. So, that's the real potential here. So, it is a little bit early to kind of map out the entire development plan for Nav1.1, but given our approach, we would want to look at, in clinical development, both seizure reduction, as well as some of those endpoints that you're referring to in terms of disease modification. And we really think that a lot of these pediatric and genetically defined epilepsy, that's where the field needs to go. We need to continue to provide better drugs for these patients, both in terms of seizure reduction, but importantly, disease modification. And that's really what we hope to address with the Nav1.1 program.

Your next question comes from Myles Minter with William Blair.

Just on the powering, I think you've said it, for X-TOLE-2, 99% powered at 25 mg dose, 90% at 15 mg for that 360 patient target enrollment. And we did some work. I think if you look at Phase 2, going to Phase 3, the placebo doesn't really change in FOS studies, but the drug effect comes down. And I think it was about a 7% on that medium seizure frequency. So just wondering, given your comments that you powered this study based on what you saw in X-TOLE, which was better than we expected, do you assume some sort of effect size erosion going into Phase 3? And if you do, are you going to take this as an opportunity to maybe increase enrollment beyond that 360 patient number? Just wondering how you think about that. Thanks.

Great. Thanks, Myles. Chris, can I pass this one to you in terms of the modeling for the primary endpoint in the X-TOLE program?

Yes. I'm actually happy to cover this one. So you're correct, Myles. The study is powered at greater than 99% for the 25 mg. It's actually powered higher than 90% on the 15 mg arm. And then it's powered for multiple key secondary endpoints as well, as we're interested in week one endpoints and patient global impression of change and so forth, trying to get them into the label. So we think that we're covered from a powering perspective. I do hear what you're saying, that conventionally, these studies can be over-enrolled at times, but I would say that the study is powered appropriately right now. And that in general, there's a fairly good consistency transitioning from Phase 2 to Phase 3 in epilepsy. And the Phase 2 data was robust. And so I think we're in good shape from a powering standpoint and enrollment perspective. Do you want to add that Ian?

Your next question comes from Laura Chico with Wedbush.

This is Dylan on for Laura Chico. So just to clarify, how long do you envision X-TOLE3 enrollment taking relative to X-TOLE2? We're just trying to understand the separation of the readout timing.

Thanks, Dylan. Yes, we haven't given, for the other two epilepsy studies or the depression program. We haven't given specific guidance to top-line data. So if we go back and just remind everyone, when we transitioned from Phase 2b our X-TOLE study into Phase 3, we focused on X-TOLE2, and that was based on that being on the critical path to filing the NDA and the regulatory interaction that we had had at that time. And so X-TOLE2 was up and running first, and we also prioritized into X-TOLE2 the majority of sites that we had worked with in X-TOLE, both from the individual site level as well as a number of the countries that we prioritized. And so there is a delay to X-TOLE3 because it did get up and running later. We haven't given specific guidance on that, but it will be later than X-TOLE2. I think later this year, we'll be in a position to give guidance on X-TOLE3.

Your next question comes from Paul Choi with Goldman Sachs.

Hi, this is Daniel on for Paul. We are interested in your trial design for the BPD. Do you plan to stratify the BPD Type 1 and Type 2 in order to increase the detection for the signal-to-noise ratio? Thank you.

Thanks for the question. So I'll give a high-level comment, and then Chris, I think you can address specifically Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2 in terms of the patient population that we're including in the Phase 3 program. But we'll provide, when the Bipolar registration program gets up and running in the next couple of months, we've said mid-year, the first Phase 3 will be up and running, we'll give more detailed information on the Phase 3 design. So stand by for kind of the more granular detail on the endpoints and powering assumptions and sample size. But we can address your specific question on Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2, and including both of those in the Phase 3 program. Chris?

Yes, sure. So the Bipolar, there'll be two studies in Bipolar depression. There'll be a mixture, both studies will be a mixture of Type 1 and Type 2, as you know, based upon the question that you're asking. So you're specifically asking about stratification. So we, as I said in my prepared remarks, we intend to share a lot more information about those studies in the near future. Suffice it to say that if you have a primary endpoint and you think that it can be affected by something in the study like a mixture of patients, then stratification is a pretty good question to be thinking of. And I think on a theoretical level, there's reason to think that there could be a little bit of a difference in the response between Type 1 and Type 2. And there's probably going to be, you know, not a 50-50 mixture of 1 and 2, it will be lopsided. I think you're making a good point about stratification, something that we're definitely seriously considering and we're going to share all that soon.

Your next question comes from Andrew Tsai with Jefferies.

Hey, thanks for the updates. My best wishes to Sherry. I believe that's your last earnings call at Xenon. For X-TOLE2, is the general guidance still to revise the data timing guidance to a specific time point over time, such as a specific month? Or by chance, could you plan to press release or announce when you do, in fact, complete enrollment? And then, secondly, we know back in X-TOLE, there was a stronger efficacy differential for patients who are on fewer AEDs at baseline. Any color on the enrolled Phase 3, X-TOLE2 and X-TOLE3 patient type, in terms of the number of prior and concomitant AEDs there on that baseline? Thank you.

Thanks, Andrew. Yes, I can address those. So yes, as we do with all of our clinical studies, as we get closer to the end, you can expect us narrowing and refining that guidance, just so everyone has a really good idea of when the top line data are going to be available. Generally, we've just updated enrollment in our quarters. But as we get closer to top line data, we'll definitely be refining there. In terms of the patient baseline, kind of the demographics, is your question on fewer AEDs? And I would even broaden out, it's more than just fewer AEDs, but I think that's a good one to track. And obviously, we track all of that. I think what we're, I'm not going to give you a specific number right now because the study is still ongoing, and so those things can change. But we are getting close to the end of the study. And so, as you heard in our prepared remarks, and in some of the Q&A already, is that we're seeing kind of consistency with the X-TOLE study. So I think the way that you can interpret those comments is that we believe that the patient population overall in Phase 3 will be consistent with the Phase 2 patient population.

Your next question comes from Joseph Thorne with TD Cowan.

Maybe the first one on the inclusion of the bipolar I patients, maybe if you could just give us a little bit more detail as to why you decided to include both bipolar I and bipolar II patients in the study, especially given the Biohaven data that came out earlier this year. And then maybe just a second question on the Sinai Phase 2. Obviously, it's small, but I think in that study, the patients were taking two pills of 10 milligrams, I guess assuming BID, and then obviously your Phase 2, it was 20 milligrams once a day. Do you think there's anything in sort of that two tablets versus one tablet that could have led to the greater results here? Are you thinking about changing anything relative to that? Obviously, no, it's a small study. But thank you.

Thanks, Joe. Chris, do you want to just comment on BP I and II and just make sure that we're clear that obviously it's not manic patients or patients with mania that we're enrolling? So maybe you can just go through a few details there. And also just the clarification on the dosing from the IST.

Yes, sure. I mean, yes. I mean, what Ian just said is critically important. So you're talking about the same patients between the Biohaven study and ours in the sense that they have bipolar, but they're very different because all those are type one by definition because they have these manic episodes. But we're interested in the portion of the disease where these patients are struggling with most of the time, which is depression. So the underlying pathophysiology of the depression is thought to be pretty similar between Type 1 and Type 2. We sought out advice from multiple key opinion leaders who spend time in this area of research and got a pretty consistent message that it was worth studying both. So we think that the chance of success is good while those patients are in a depressive state. And yeah, I mean, the fact that the mania study was negative from Biohaven, I mean, there's been a very limited release of information. So I think it's hard to kind of know what to glean from that. I mean, one thing that's reassuring is assuming that placebo and drug behave similarly, it tells us that, you know, the mechanism doesn't exacerbate mania, which I think is somewhat reassuring as we go forward into bipolar depression. But I think if you take a look at the totality of the data that exists, there's a much stronger argument to go forward into bipolar depression than mania. And I think I actually said the same thing in the last earnings call, which was before those data came out. Thanks for the question, Joseph. Oh, tablets. Yes. So yes, just on the number. Yes, the quick answer is don't think that that should make any difference whether they're taking 2 10s or 1 20s. Same formulation. The drug has a long elimination half-life. And so it probably makes very little difference whether the drug is being taken, once or twice and whether you're taking it as 2 10s or 1 20. So I don't think that explains any of the differences. I think, look, I mean, again, zoom out. Like there's a consistency of separation between drug and placebo on the SHAPS and the MADRS in two controlled studies with azetukalner. And it was supporting data from Ezogabine. And you're talking about small studies, right? Ezogabine, 46 patients. Our study had about 55 patients per arm. And then this study, the investigator initiated trial was about 30 patients per arm. So they're small studies. And I think you're going to end up with variability. And I would be cautious to kind of over-interpret a point here or a point there.

Your next question comes from Jason Gerberry with Bank of America.

This is Dina on for Jason. Thank you, guys, for taking our question. First one, apologies if a similar question might have already been asked, but can you just remind us for X-TOLE2 where seizure freedom measure kind of fits into the statistical hierarchy? And if you have any assumptions for how seizure freedom rates will kind of shake out relative to that high single-digit percentage that we saw in X-TOLE? And then for XEN1120, just how are you guys thinking about lead indication selection? And you can maybe speak to what you're hoping to see from the drug pharmacology profile and in Phase 1 testing. Thank you.

Thanks, Dina. I'll do, Chris, why don't I do the XEN1120 question first, and then maybe I can start on the seizure freedom question and then please provide your perspective as well. So on XEN1120, so yes, really great progress. I'm overall incredibly pleased with the progress that we've been making on our discovery portfolio. Maybe just think about it, we're in the last couple of months, Neurocrine filed this DTA for 355, which is a molecule that we synthesized that's this Nav 1.6, 1.2 inhibitor. We have filed a CTA in first in human for XEN1120. And in the next couple of months, we'll be in the clinic with a Nav 1.7. We finished the GLP in life for that. So 3 INDs in a pretty short period of time for the early stage portfolio. So I think it's really exciting times. The first in human for XEN1120 to answer your specific question will be a traditional healthy volunteer study where we're going to want to see a number of things. We're going to look at obviously the pharmacokinetic profile as well as the adverse event profile at a variety of different dose levels. As we think about future development, what we said in our prepared remarks is, we'd like to take this molecule into a proof-of-concept study in pain. We think there's good clinical validation and rationale to go into pain. And I think that would really broaden out the applicability for the mechanism. And so that's the current plans for XEN1120. On your question on the epilepsy program in terms of seizure freedom, when we think about seizure freedom, I'll just make kind of some global comments because I think it's important to set context. And then, Chris can get into his perspective and some of the details is, I wouldn't say there's a standard definition for seizure freedom. But generally when we talk to clinicians, as they really think about the patients over a one-year period. So have they had any seizures over one year? So obviously that's something that's not tested in the double-blind portion of a clinical study because the double-blind portion is eight weeks or 12 weeks depending on the study. And so you really are following those patients in open label extension and seeing how they're doing over a longer period of time. And that's what's really important as we look at that kind of 100% reduction in seizure burden. And that's why the open label data that we continue to generate, and we continue to present at medical congresses. As a reminder, we started with a one year open label extension study for X-TOLE. We extended it to three and then five, and now it's a seven-year study. So we have patients that have been on a azetukalner calendar for many, many years, and we can look at those seizure freedom rates which we've published, which we think are really impressive over time. But Chris, maybe just talk about that 100% of seizure reduction in the double-blind period.

Yes, sure. I mean, I think that, it's worth emphasizing that the epileptologists, when they think of seizure freedom, they're looking over a really long time horizon, not eight weeks or 12 weeks. Specifically, the question was about whether seizure freedom is in the statistical hierarchy. It isn't. We're interested in the rapidity, the onset that we saw in X-TOLE. And so the week one time point is in the statistical hierarchy, but not seizure freedom. And where we're really focusing on the seizure freedom is the data that we're seeing over several years in the X-TOLE OLE and then, obviously, eventually in the Phase 3 open label as well. Thanks for the question.

Thank you. I will now turn the call back over to Sherry Aulin for closing remarks.

Thanks, everyone, for joining us today on our call. I know there were a few of you that we didn't manage to get to your questions during the allotted time, so we'll reach out to you directly after this to connect. Operator will now end the call.

Ladies and gentlemen, that concludes today's call. Thank you all for joining. You may now disconnect.