Welcome to ManpowerGroup First Quarter Earnings Results Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode until the Q&A session of today's conference. This call will be recorded. If you have any objections, please disconnect at this time. And now, I will turn the call over to ManpowerGroup, Chairman and CEO, Jonas Prising. Sir, you may begin.

Thanks for joining us today for the first quarter conference call for 2021. On the call with me today is our Chief Financial Officer, Jack McGinnis. For your convenience, we have included our prepared remarks within the Investor Relations section of our website at manpowergroup.com. We will start by going through some of the highlights of the quarter. Then Jack will go through the operating results and the segments, our balance sheet and cash flow, and guidance for the second quarter. I will then share some concluding thoughts before we start our Q&A session. But before we proceed, Jack will now cover the Safe Harbor language.

Good morning, everyone. This conference call includes forward-looking statements, including statements regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. These statements are based on management's current expectations or beliefs. Actual results might differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. Slide 2 of our earnings release presentation further identifies forward-looking statements made in this call and factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially and information regarding reconciliation of non-GAAP measures.

Thanks, Jack. It has been one year since we first referred to the unfolding uncertainty of COVID-19 and the resulting lockdowns in many of our markets. At that time, we all had a little idea of the magnitude of what lay ahead or what the road to recovery in the most challenging operating environment in our history would look like. From that moment on, we were determined to mitigate the impact on our financial results with early and strong actions and continue our investments in strategic initiatives so we emerge stronger when the pandemic ends. Those priorities have enabled us to start 2021 in a good position as we see that the signs of recovery continue to play out in many markets. That said, the recovery is uneven and although many markets are steadily strengthening, other markets, particularly in Europe continue to experience COVID-19 related difficulties which are resulting in the need for more restrictions and which is impacting the rate of recovery. Overall, we believe we are heading in the right direction and expect continued improvements. Turning to our financial results. In the first quarter, revenue was $4.9 billion, up 1% year-over-year in constant currency. We saw increased demand in many of our key markets, and this resulted in a better than expected financial performance. On a reported basis, we recorded an operating profit for the quarter of $98 million. Excluding restructuring charges in the prior year, operating profit was up 8% in constant currency, marking a significant sequential improvement from the operating profit decline of 24% in the fourth quarter. Operating profit margin was 2%, up 120 basis points from the prior year on a reported basis, and after excluding restructuring charges in the prior year, operating profit margin increased 10 basis points. Earnings per diluted share was $1.11, excluding restructuring charges in the prior year period this reflects a constant currency increase of 28%. The improving demand for our services also correlates to the recent results of our Q2 2021 ManpowerGroup employment outlook survey, which indicated broad based improvements in hiring intentions by employers. Our survey of 42,000 employers in 43 countries noted positive net employment trends across the majority of markets, a markedly different and improved outlook compared to the same time last year. 77% of employers anticipate returning to pre-pandemic hiring levels before the end of 2021, which is also a significant improvement from previous quarter surveys. Among the major markets, the U.S. topped the list in terms of overall hiring intentions for the second quarter. As the demand for skilled workers continues to strengthen, technology-related roles continue to be in demand, as has been the case throughout much of the crisis. However, we're now seeing strengthening demand also for talent within the manufacturing sectors as evidenced by the strong manufacturing PMI data in March. Even the industries most impacted by the pandemic, hospitality, entertainment, and airlines are showing positive signs of rehiring with indications they will see significant increases in the second half of this year. Logistics also shows no signs of reverting back to pre-crisis levels, as the consumer shift to online retail is likely structural. As workplaces reopen and workers return in phases, we are seeing demand for HR skills, especially with a greater focus on hiring and wellbeing. And this is evidenced in the significantly improved demand for our RPO services. Organizations that were reducing staffing levels in 2020 are now seeking strategic and operational flexibility as they optimize their workforce plans, reassess talent needs, and implement hybrid work models. We are well positioned to provide the expertise and services to meet this rising demand. I'd now like to turn it over to Jack to take you through the financials and country performance details.

Thanks, Jonas. Revenues in the first quarter came in above our constant currency guidance range. Our gross profit margin came in at the midpoint of our guidance range. Our operating profit was $98 million, representing an increase of 161% or 146% on a constant currency basis. Excluding restructuring charges in the prior year, operating profit increased 14% or 8% on a constant currency basis. This resulted in an operating profit margin of 2%, which was 50 basis points above the high end of our guidance. Breaking our revenue trend down into a bit more detail. After adjusting for the positive impact of currency of about 6%, our constant currency revenue increased 1%. After considering net dispositions and fewer billing days, the organic phase adjusted revenue increase was 2%. This represented a significant improvement from the fourth quarter revenue decline of 6.5% on a similar basis. Turning to the EPS Bridge on slide four, earnings per share was $1.11, which significantly exceeded our guidance range. Walking from our guidance midpoint, our results included improved operational performance of $0.42, slightly lower than expected foreign currency exchange rates, which had a negative impact of $0.01, a slightly better-than-expected effective tax rate that added $0.01, and a lower weighted average share count from share repurchases that also added $0.01. Looking at our gross profit margin in detail, our gross margin came in at 15.6%. Underlying staffing margin contributed to a 10 basis point reduction. A lower contribution from permanent recruitment also contributed 10 basis points from GP margin reduction, which was offset by a higher mix of MSP gross profit on very strong growth in the quarter. Next, let's review our gross profit by business line. During the quarter, the Manpower brand comprised 63% of gross profit. Our Experis professional business comprised 21%, and Talent Solutions brand comprised 16%. During the quarter, our Manpower brand reported an organic constant currency gross profit growth of 2%. This was a significant improvement from the 11% decline in the fourth quarter. Gross profit in our Experis brand declined 6% year-over-year during the quarter on an organic constant currency basis, which represented an improvement from the 14% decline in the fourth quarter. Town Solutions includes our global market leading RPO, MSP and Right Management offerings. Organic gross profit increased 6% in constant currency year-over-year, which is an improvement from the 1% growth in the fourth quarter. This was primarily driven by our MSP business with double-digit GP growth. Our RPO business experienced significant improvement during the quarter, crossing back to low single-digit percentage growth in gross profit. Our Right Management business continues to see a run-off from previous outplacement activity as recovery strengthens and experienced a reduction in gross profit of about 1% year-over-year. Our SG&A expense in the quarter was $670 million and represented a 2% decline on a reported basis from the prior year. Excluding restructuring charges in the prior year, SG&A was flat on a constant currency basis. Currency changes reflected an increase of $35 million. The remaining underlying decrease was driven by $1 million from net dispositions and $2 million of operational cost reductions. SG&A expenses as a percentage of revenue represented 13.6% in the first quarter, reflecting first quarter seasonality in revenues. The America segment comprised 20% of consolidated revenue. Revenue in the quarter was $1 billion, an increase of 1% in constant currency. OUP was $44 million. Excluding restructuring costs from the prior year, OUP increased 52% in constant currency, and OUP margin increased 150 basis points to 4.4%. The U.S. is the largest country in the America segment comprising 61% of segment revenues. Revenue in the U.S. was $609 million, representing a flat trend compared to the prior year. Adjusting for franchise acquisitions and days, this represented a 1% increase, which is an improvement from the 5% decline in the fourth quarter. Excluding restructuring charges in the prior year, OUP for our U.S. business increased 122% year-over-year to $29 million in the quarter. OUP margin was 4.8%. Within the U.S., the Manpower brand comprised 35% of gross profit in the quarter. Revenue for the Manpower brand in the U.S. increased 7% when adjusted for days and franchise acquisitions, which represents a significant improvement from the 2% decline in the fourth quarter. The Experis brand in the U.S. comprised 29% of gross profit in the quarter. Within Experis, U.S. IT skills comprised approximately 80% of revenues. Experis U.S. revenues declined 11% on a days-adjusted basis during the quarter, representing an improvement in the 14% decline in the fourth quarter. The U.S. Experis business experienced revenue trend improvement during the quarter and exited the quarter in single-digit percentage declines and we expect to cross over the growth rate in the second quarter. Town Solutions in the U.S. contributed 36% of gross profit and Experis revenue growth of 6% in the quarter. This was driven by RPO which experienced significant double-digit revenue growth as hiring programs continue to strengthen. The U.S. MSP business continued to perform well and experienced mid-to-high single-digit revenue growth in the quarter. Career transition activity continued to run off, which contributed to revenue reductions and Right Management in the U.S., as other Town Solutions offerings experienced solid growth. Provided there are no significant business restrictions impacting our clients across the U.S. in the second quarter, we expect ongoing underlying improvement in revenue growth for the U.S. in the range of 23% to 27% year-over-year. To provide a bit more context comparing expected second quarter revenues to pre-crisis levels on an organic basis, this represents a 4% decline from 2019 results using the midpoint of our guidance for the U.S. Mexico operation experienced a revenue decline of 4% in constant currency in the quarter, representing the improvement from the 6% decline in the fourth quarter. As discussed last quarter, Mexico is in the process of advancing labor legislation that could prohibit certain types of temporary staffing not considered specialized services. The proposed legislation is in the process of review by the senate. When the legislation is adopted in final form, we will assess the potential impact on our business. It is possible the legislation could be finalized before the end of April, and we would expect the effective date would be a number of months following the enactment of the new law. We will provide a further update during our second quarter earnings call. Mexico represented between 2.5% and 3% of our global revenues in 2020. Revenue in Canada increased 3% in days-adjusted constant currency during the quarter. This represented an improvement from the fourth quarter days-adjusted revenue decline of 10%. Revenues in the other countries within Americas increased 9% in constant currency, reflecting improvement from the 4% increase in the fourth quarter. This was driven by significant constant currency revenue growth in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Southern Europe revenue comprised 44% of consolidated revenue in the quarter. Revenue in Southern Europe came in at $2.2 billion, crossing over to growth of 2% in constant currency. This reflects ongoing improvement from the fourth quarter trend driven by France, Italy, and Switzerland. OUP equaled $73 million. Considering restructuring costs in the prior year, OUP increased 2% in constant currency, and OUP margin was flat at 3.4%. France revenue comprised 55% of the Southern Europe segment in the quarter and increased 1% in days-adjusted constant currency. Although increased restrictions slowed the rate of underlying revenue improvement, the French business performed well in a challenging environment. This reflects the days-adjusted constant currency decline of about 9% to 10% in January and February, and growth of 27% in March as we began to anniversary the onset of the pandemic. OUP was $43 million in the quarter and OUP margin was 3.6%. As we begin the second quarter, despite the increased restrictions in France, we are holding associates on assignment relatively steady and cautiously anticipate modest improvement in activity during the quarter. We are estimating a year-over-year constant currency increase in revenues in the range of 68% to 72% in the second quarter overall, as we anniversary the bottom of the pandemic. Comparing estimated second quarter revenues to pre-crisis levels in constant currency, this represents an 11% decline compared to 2019 levels in the second quarter, using the midpoint of our guidance. Revenue in Italy equaled $403 million in the quarter, reflecting an increase of 14% in days-adjusted constant currency, which was a significant improvement from the 3% growth in the fourth quarter. Excluding restructuring costs in the prior year, OUP increased 13% year-over-year in constant currency to $19 million and OUP margin was flat to the prior year. Italy is already performing above pre-crisis 2019 levels in the first quarter. We estimate that Italy will continue to perform very well in the second quarter with year-over-year revenue growth in the range of 42% to 46%. Revenue in Spain increased 5% in days-adjusted constant currency from the prior year. This represents a reduction from the significant growth in the fourth quarter which reflected significant seasonal year-end logistics activity. Revenue in Switzerland increased 7% in days-adjusted constant currency from the prior year in the quarter. This represents a significant improvement from the 14% decrease in the fourth quarter. Our Northern Europe segments comprised 23% of consolidated revenue in the quarter. Revenue declined 2% in constant currency to $1.1 billion, representing a significant improvement from the 11% decline in the fourth quarter, driven by all major markets. Excluding restructuring costs in the prior year, OUP decreased 14% in constant currency, and OUP margin decreased 10 basis points to 0.4%. Our largest market in Northern Europe segment is the U.K., which represented 38% of segment revenue in the quarter. During the quarter, U.K. revenues grew 6% in days-adjusted constant currency, which represented a significant improvement from the 7% decline in the fourth quarter. Our U.K. business continues to see strong public sector activity and increased demand across all brands. The U.K. is already performing above pre-crisis 2019 levels in the first quarter. We expect growth in the 30% to 35% constant currency range year-over-year in the second quarter, which also reflects significant new customer activity. In Germany, revenues declined 16% in days adjusted constant currency in the first quarter, which represented a significant improvement from the 31% decline in the fourth quarter on the same basis. Although Germany continues to be a difficult market for our industry, we expect to see ongoing revenue improvement in Germany with year-over-year growth in the second quarter. In the Nordics, revenues declined 1% in days-adjusted constant currency, representing an improvement from the 6% decline on the same basis from the fourth quarter. Revenue in the Netherlands decreased 4% in days adjusted constant currency, representing an improvement from the 12% decline on the same basis in the fourth quarter. Belgium experienced a days adjusted revenue decline of 14% in constant currency during the quarter, which also reflects improvement from the 25% decline on the same basis in the fourth quarter. Other markets in Northern Europe crossed over to growth in the quarter. Revenue increased 18% in constant currency, which represents ongoing improvement from the fourth quarter increase of 9% in constant currency. This was driven by strong revenue growth in Poland, Russia, and Ireland. The Asia Pacific Middle East segment comprises 30% of total company revenue. In the quarter, revenue was flat in constant currency to $627 million. OUP was $19 million. Excluding restructuring costs in the prior year, OUP decreased 7% in constant currency, and OUP margin decreased 30 basis points to 3%. Revenue growth in Japan was up 6% in days adjusted constant currency, which represents a slight improvement from the 5% growth rate in the fourth quarter. Our Japan business continues to perform very well and we expect ongoing revenue growth in the second quarter. Revenues in Australia were flat in days adjusted constant currency. This represented an improvement from the 2% decline on the same basis in the fourth quarter. Revenue in other markets in Asia Pacific Middle East declined 7% in constant currency, which was equal to the rate of revenue decline in the fourth quarter. Now that ManpowerGroup Greater China Limited has released their 2020 annual report, we'd like to provide a brief update on their results. As we previously disclosed, we remain the largest shareholder and record our approximate 37% share of earnings below operating profit. In 2020, the company successfully managed an extremely challenging environment and recorded year-over-year revenue growth of 6%, which includes a 28% staffing revenue growth in Mainland China, and it achieved an increase in profits attributable to owners. We are very pleased with the progress of ManpowerGroup Greater China Limited. I’ll now turn to cash flow and balance sheet. During the first quarter, free cash flow equaled $128 million compared to $172 million in the prior year quarter reflecting more significant accounts receivable declines in the prior year quarter. At quarter end, day sales outstanding decreased year-over-year by almost four days to 56 days. Capital expenditures represented $13 million during the quarter. During the first quarter, we purchased 1.1 million shares of stock for $100 million. As of March 31, we have 2.2 million shares remaining for repurchase under the 6 million share program approved in August of 2019. Our balance sheet was strong at quarter end with cash of $1.52 billion and total debt of $1.08 billion, representing a net cash position of $440 million. Our debt ratios at quarter end reflect total gross debt to trailing 12-months adjusted EBITDA of 2.33 and total debt to total capitalization at 31%. Our debt and credit facilities did not change in the quarter. In addition, our revolving credit facility for 600 million remained unused. Next, I will review our outlook for the second quarter of 2021. Our guidance continues to assume no material, additional lockdowns or business restrictions impacting our clients in any of our largest markets beyond those that exist today. On that basis, we are forecasting earnings per share for the second quarter to be in the range of $1.36 to $1.44, which includes a favorable impact from foreign currency of $0.10 per share. Our constant currency revenue guidance growth range is between 27% and 31%. The midpoint of our constant currency guidance is 29%. A slight increase in billing days in the second quarter is partially offset by the slight impact of net dispositions. As a result, our outlook for organic days adjusted revenue growth is also 29% at the midpoint. Adding the context of comparisons to pre-crisis activity levels, this would represent a second quarter organic constant currency decline in the range of minus 4% to minus 6% compared to 2019 revenues. We expect our operating profit margin during the second quarter to be up 180 basis points at the midpoint compared to the prior year. This reflects another quarter of continued strong sequential underlying improvement. We estimate that the effective tax rate in the second quarter will be 34%. Based on improved earnings mix, we are now estimating the full year effective tax rate will be approximately 34%, a 1% improvement from our previous estimate of 35%. As usual, our guidance does not incorporate restructuring charges or additional share repurchases, and we estimate our weighted average shares to be 55.4 million. I will now turn it back to Jonas.

Thank you, Jack. The challenging operating environment has not slowed our investments and plans to accelerate our diversification, digitization, and innovation initiatives. Our plans to simplify and prioritize are helping us realize improved efficiencies. Amidst all the disruption, what we knew all along has been confirmed. It is the combination of technology and a PeopleFirst approach of our teams that allows us to confidently manage global uncertainty, deliver locally and collaborate both personally and remotely as necessary. A good example of this is the recent recognition by industry analyst ALM for our digitally enabled, data-driven Workforce Solutions in ManpowerGroup Talent Solutions. We are the only company in our industry to have received the pacesetter designation, and it serves as a good example of the strength of our power suite technology platforms. ESG is a very important component of our strategy. We're also proud to have been recognized around the globe for our commitment to driving positive change for people and societies and for our responsible business practices. We have been awarded the highest recognition by EcoVadis, a provider of trusted business sustainability ratings. Our France and Norway businesses achieved the global platinum award level, placing us in the top 1% of all companies assessed. We now have Platinum, Gold, and Silver EcoVadis ratings in more than 20 countries. For the 12th year, ManpowerGroup has also been recognized by Ethisphere as a world's most ethical company. Again, we are the only company in the industry to earn this award. These recognitions are testament to the dedication and commitment of our people to keep the world of work turning in a sustainable and ethical way, placing millions of people into jobs during a global pandemic, living our purpose that meaningful and sustainable employment has the power to change the world. I’d now like to open the call for Q&A. Operator?

Thank you. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. Our first question is from Andrew Steinerman at JPMorgan. Your line is now open.

Hi, Jonas and Jack. Jack, let me ask you a question on how you set up the second quarter revenue guide. I did really like how you referenced both year-over-year and a reference to 2019. So when I think about the second quarter 2021 revenue to be 4% below second quarter 2019 revenues, I get that context. What I'm a little puzzled by is when I think about operating margins, the operating margin guide for second quarter, which is 2.4 to the midpoint is like 130 basis points below the second quarter 2019 level, which was, I think, 3.7. And so my question is why the big operating margin difference versus second quarter 2019 if revenues are only down 4% from those levels?

Thank you, Andrew; I would say, I think the thing to keep in mind is we're still going through the deleveraging process. And so we see that in Q1 with the higher revenues we were. And we're very pleased with the fact that our higher GP dollars basically fell down to the bottom line in Q1, we held our costs relatively in line with what we estimated. So that was a very good result. But it does reflect that we are starting to see the de-leveraging. And effectively that's playing out in the Q2 forecast. So although revenues and GP dollars are improving, which is great and part of our overall forecast, on the cost side, we're still going through that process. And I'd say that's the biggest reason we would expect, as we continue to see increased demand going forward, you would see improvement in that operating profit margin going forward. So sequentially, and I think that's what I would really focus on is sequentially, we've seen very, very good ongoing improvement in the operating profit margin over the last three quarters. Now here in the first quarter, very good improvement, and in the second quarter up 180 basis points year-over-year, as we continue to see the benefits of the revenues coming back and getting more operational leverage with that. So I think that that will continue to strengthen as we continue to see the increase in demand.

Okay, thank you very much.

Thank you. Our next question is from the line of Jeff Silber of BMO Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Thank you so much. You had a really strong beat from really better than expected operating performance in the quarter. Can we get a little bit more color compared to your expectations where that beat came from?

Yes, Jeff, this is Jack, I'd be happy to give you a little color. So I'd say if you look at our biggest operations, you can see the very strong growth in Italy. So Italy definitely performed above our expectations in the first quarter. And that's great. We did note that they are above 2019 levels currently. We see that obviously continuing into the next quarter, so continued very strong performance from our Italy operations. I would say the U.S. was very, very strong. And what's great about the U.S. and we've talked about this in the past, the U.S. has our best mix of businesses, we saw Talent Solutions coming back very, very strong. In the first quarter we talked about the RPO double-digit growth in the U.S. MSP continues to be very strong. So U.S. was a big contributor to the outperformance. And I would say France even though France has been in a more difficult environment with the restrictions in place, they did a very good job managing their costs based on the fact that they did not have the progress during the course of the quarter that some of the other markets did. They did not have as strict of restrictions. But despite that, they've done a very, very good job managing their profitability. So of our biggest businesses, they all contributed very nicely to better than expected performance. And I think lastly, I would call out the great performance of the U.K. So we saw the U.K. crossover to growth. The U.K. is performing very well. We highlighted the fact that the U.K. has actually brought on some new clients and that takes us into the second quarter forecast for their improved performance going forward as well. So, our four largest businesses were the big drivers, Jeff.

Okay. That's really helpful. If I could focus on the U.S. we're seeing a lot of headlines of companies scrambling for talent, specifically in blue-collar jobs. I'm wondering if you're seeing that? And if so, what you're doing about that? Thanks.

Good morning, Jeff. Yes, this is something that we're seeing in the U.S. as well. So there has been a tightening of supply of workers. Now, some of that we think is related to the Easter Holiday, some of that is related to the extra unemployment payments, as well as the stimulus payments. So people are taking advantage of those. But whatever the effect is that we are seeing, we expect that to be temporary. We think that the supply will continue to adjust to a more normalized environment. Overall, it's great to see that the U.S. market is coming back so strong. And as you might have seen on the latest Labor Market Report, the penetration rate is already past where it was, so it's moving up higher. And that's a really good sign as well.

Okay, great. Thanks so much.

Thanks, Jeff.

Thank you. Our next question is from the line of Manav Patnaik of Barclays. Your line is open.

Thank you. Good morning, gentlemen. The comparison versus 2019, obviously, was helpful. And clearly, it's still down because things haven't fully reopened. But I was just curious to how you guys think about whether once things open, if this cycle has been reset. Like, are we at the starting point of a multi-year growth period, and I was just hoping if you could give us some of your thoughts there?

We think that the trends that we are seeing now are really the traditional dynamics of the beginning of the new cycle and the beginning of a recovery that we're seeing play out now. We look at this from two perspectives. First of all, as we're very pleased to see that despite the continued lockdowns in a lot of our major markets, we saw a cyclical recovery. So companies started to ramp up their workforces in the face of increasing demand for their products and services. And at the same time, we also saw increased demand for some of our more strategic products in terms of structural flexibility, such as ManpowerGroup Talent Solutions. That would also indicate that we're in a phase where companies are really appreciating the services and solutions we provide to enable them to have more strategic and operational flexibility. So we're really seeing both of these trends start to take shape. We see this as being very positive for the business.

I would just add to that. Manav, based on the question at the opening of the queue regarding the operating profit margin for the second quarter. I think the thing to keep in mind is we still have some pretty good upside opportunity as markets like France loosen their restrictions in the future and see the recovery really take hold. As we mentioned in our prepared remarks, those restrictions really prevented them from seeing the improvement that some of our other countries saw, as they operated close to down 10% for the first two months of the quarter, until they anniversary the pandemic. But when we look at the second quarter, France is still down 11% versus 2019 levels. As they continue to recover, that's really going to help our operating leverage as we go forward. So I think that's the one item I would ask people to remember our biggest operation, 25% of our revenues is still 11% under 2019 levels. As we saw in the fourth quarter, when those restrictions are lifted, we would expect to see similar dynamics that we saw in December, where there will be pent-up demand that will come through once those restrictions are lifted.

Okay. Got it. That's very helpful. And just one other question I had was, could you just comment a bit on the competitive environment? Like, are the competitors being rational here? Or is there kind of this drive to just get all the recovery here?

We are in a very competitive industry. But overall, if I look at pricing, it is rational still. So that's a good sign. I think the competitive environment is strong in a number of countries. But we've been able to drive our business with a very good pricing discipline. So we've seen some good expansion of margins, good bill rate expansion as well in a number of countries, notably in the U.S. So we expect that to continue also going forward.

Right. Thank you very much.

Thank you. Our next question is from the line of Mark Marcon from Baird. Your line is open.

Hey, congratulations on the strong results here in the first quarter and the upbeat nature of the comments going into the second quarter. I'm wondering if you can talk a little bit about a couple of different things. One, Jonas, you talk about the digitization efforts that you have underway. Could you provide some granular sense for how that's improved the efficiency? Whether it's recruiters, account managers, speed of placements. Is that just keeping you even with the competition? Or do you feel like you're getting ahead of the competition? Which countries are the most advanced? And what are some of the implications longer term?

Thanks, Mark. We have a comprehensive technology transformation roadmap. As we've discussed in past earnings calls, it's really all the way from the back to the middle to the front. From a recruiter productivity perspective, we're really starting to see some great impact of the tools we started to implement a number of years ago, notably they helped us navigate this pandemic, and we're able to connect with candidates and recruit individuals remotely, to a much greater degree than we were able to do before we have those tools. To give you a little bit of color on what the difference would be for a recruiter. In a number of our markets, we're leveraging AI and data to serve up the most likely candidates for placement, alongside the ranking of the most viable orders that any recruiter has received. So we rank both orders and candidates to fill those orders. That served up to the recruiter when he or she starts their work. It means they can immediately get down to connecting with the candidates and finding the perfect match. We save a lot of time in terms of creating the match and sending them on the assignments. Previously, we talked a lot about our mobile apps for associates and candidates, for instance, in France. What that helps us do is, of course, they have a lot of self-service capabilities that they are availing themselves to. That frees up a lot of time for our people as they are able to both find new assignments, change their current assignments, find out when they got paid. All of those transactional activities that took up a lot of time or used to take up a lot of time for our recruiters, those are the ones that we're seeing increasingly move away, and either be done and controlled more by the associates themselves or our ability to fill orders faster with a better match enabled by technology. To note, it's the combination of the human talent with the enabling technology that's creating the magic. It’s not just technology on a standalone basis. It is the experience of our recruiters and talent agents who have also been trained to conduct the MyPath assignments that really is showing the difference. We think we're still at the very early stages of this, so we still have a long way to go to gain further opportunities, both from a growth perspective and gaining further efficiencies.

Great. And then, obviously, that would have some implications with regards to the margin profiles longer term, correct?

As we will be able to optimize the match to the best talent available to the orders that we can fill the fastest, that should have a very positive impact on our client satisfaction, our candidate satisfaction, and yes, also on our margin profile.

Yes. I would just add to that, Mark. I think to your point about what specific markets so the U.S.? Our RPO business as part of talent solutions has been part of the power suite technology implementation. We're seeing very good GP margins, strong GP margins in that business. The Experis business in the U.S. has been part of our power suite front office implementation. We're starting to see the benefits of that in efficiency. We will be even more as the recovery continues to take hold, and we see convenience come back. Another example that we would point to is our associate, our market-leading associate app in France, which we've talked about in the past. That's really provided significant efficiencies for us as we think about the processing of all our associate data when it comes to time and expenses and those types of things. Some really good examples where those have definitely driven more efficiencies in those countries. As volume starts to come back and revenues start to come back and we get more operating leverage, we'll see that come through in a stronger way in both the GP margin line and the operating profit margin.

Great. And then, I was wondering, just a quick follow up with regards to President López Obrador’s initial proposal in Mexico. I know, the Senate is still considering it. But how has the what is being considered now changed relative to the initial proposal? What's your general sense?

At this point, it's actually quite hard to know because the details in how the legislation is drafted will be crucial. We're not significantly further along than from our discussion at the last earnings call. It's still under debate. The application and precise wording will ultimately determine the impact on employers and our industry in Mexico. We hope to provide a more detailed update in our next earnings call in July.

Okay. I appreciate that. And then you may have made a leadership change in Northern Europe. Can you talk a little bit about that?

From time to time, we do move our people around, and we have a very talented global executive that's going to take over the Northern Europe region. Riccardo Barberis comes from our most profitable country operation. But he's had prior Pan European and Latin American assignments as well. A very experienced operational executive that's going to continue to drive the profitable growth in Northern Europe. As you'd seen, Northern Europe is the one region that's lagging in the growth rates, and it's of course, where we have most of the bench countries in our business. We would expect it to lag, and we look forward to his impact in helping us drive that business forward.

Thank you.

Thanks, Mark.

Thank you. Our last question is from the line of Kevin McVeigh of Credit Suisse. Your line is open.

Great. Thanks so much. Jack, any thoughts as to how the stimulus you factored into a guidance, if at all? Is it was kind of the Q1? Or any thoughts on that around client discussions?

So Kevin, I'm assuming you're referring to the U.S. stimulus. I answered that question just a while ago. We believe we're seeing some of the supply shortages that we believe also are temporary, being impacted by those stimulus payments, as people are staying on the sidelines and not engaging in the workforce. But we do believe that this is a temporary effect, and that it will stabilize once those funds run out, and we come back to a more normalized environment.

Helpful. And then, Jack, can you give any specific numbers as to how the bill rate shaped up in the quarter? If you did, I apologize, I missed that. If you could repeat that?

Kevin, we don't necessarily give details on bill rates. But what I would say to kind of get to your question is we see good positive momentum. I'd say, Jonas talked about where we're seeing some good opportunity. I would put the U.S. and Japan at the top of the list in terms of our ability to improve pricing in those markets. That's going really well. Generally speaking, I think we have further opportunity in our European businesses as we start to see the recovery take hold. But I'd say generally speaking, positive momentum on bill rates across most of our businesses.

Thank you.

Thank you. Our next question is from the line of Gary Bisbee of Bank of America Securities. Your line is open.

Good morning, everyone. I appreciate the insights on the long-term efficiency potential from technology and your other initiatives. As I look at the next several quarters, how should we approach the headcount investments in the business? You've significantly cut SG&A expenses last year, but revenues are rebounding, and SG&A is increasing again, as indicated by the Q2 guidance. Are you currently staffed appropriately for the expected pace in the upcoming quarters? Can you align costs with revenue growth, or are there particular areas where you'll need to expedite cost recovery due to last year's cuts? Thank you.

Thanks, Gary. Our goal is always to bring the cost back to be prepared for the increase in demand. That's what we've been doing. To give you a bit of a data point. At the end of March, our FTEs were still down 3% year-over-year. But if we go back, that was closer to 9% at the end of 2020. So we've been progressively increasing our FTEs. We're investing in the business in those markets that are seeing the great growth opportunities. We've been steadily investing in perm consultants in Italy, that is paying off with positive perm in the first quarter, perm recruitment, gross profit dollars year-over-year. We see that market continuing to strengthen. We're doing the same thing in the U.S. in our Experis business. We're certainly increasing into the demand on the U.S. side. But we're doing it carefully. I did talk earlier about France, that hasn't seen the same level of growth. We expect that to kick in once the restrictions are loosened in France. Then we'll start to ramp up headcount. We're doing that currently in very specialized roles as well when we talk about perm recruitment. We're watching that carefully. Looking at 2020, the name of the game was recovery ratio. So, how much SG&A we can cut to offset the GP declines? Now the name of the game is GP flow-through. How much of that increase in GP can we bring down to the bottom line? We're very happy with what we did in the first quarter. That’s how we will continue to manage this going forward.

Great. And then the follow-up. Just on the solutions businesses, obviously, strong performance there. What's the key to further adoption of these businesses? And even what's happened? Are there any opportunities, as businesses rethink a whole host of different things about their workforces to try to drive further penetration of these businesses?

We think we're starting to see exactly that, Gary. We talked about not losing any of our clients in the talent solutions space during the pandemic, and how we won some big logos and opportunities over the last six months. Our pipeline looks very strong. In conversations with clients, they are really thinking about how to bring on their workforces, be they contingent or perm in new ways post pandemic. We think this will be the next leg and not only in the cyclical growth, but also in the structural secular growth, particularly here in the U.S., which is the most mature market, especially in Europe. That’s where the penetration rates of these offerings are much lower than what it is in the U.S. That’s where we will see very, very good opportunities to catch up to the U.S. penetration rates, and both of them moving higher as those strategic solutions are becoming more attractive post pandemic for many of our client companies.

Thanks. Appreciate the color.

Thank you. Our next question is from the line of Tobey Sommer of Truist Securities. Your line is open.

Could you talk to us about what you see your GP mix being over the medium to long term between the core manpower brand and your other higher margin services? And when we may see some capital deployment in that direction to further shape the business?

Yes, Tobey. I'd be happy to talk to that. Our goal is to continue to grow the Experis and Talent Solutions businesses to become a bigger part of the overall GP dollar pie. We typically give an update on that mix. That’s going well. We've been able to do that. If I look back at the last year, certainly Experis, particularly in the first quarter, have come back very strong in terms of the ongoing improvement. So that mix, we would expect to see that part of the business grow and become a bigger part over the medium term. Organic growth is our number one priority in those businesses and that's going well. From a capital allocation perspective, we've been pretty open. When it comes to M&A, we keep an eye out for the professional staffing side, the Experis side as well as Talent Solutions. That would be an opportunity. If you look at what we've done in the past, that's where we've had an area of focus as well. From a capital allocation standpoint, our strategy is the same. We look at our excess cash. The dividend is the number one priority. Beyond that, if there is an acquisition that will take priority for the excess cash. If there isn't, we'll continue to look at share repurchases as a vehicle to return cash to our shareholders but doing that opportunistically.

Thanks. And as my follow-up, absent further regulatory and legislative changes to different tax jurisdictions in which the company operates. Should the normalization of profitability have an effect on the tax rate in the out years?

Yes. It definitely will, Tobey. I think even this year, we're seeing a positive development. Three months ago, with what we were thinking at that time in terms of earnings mix for the year, we forecasted a 35% effective tax rate for the full year with the increased earnings in the first quarter. What we're projecting for the second quarter has lowered that effective rate to 34% for the full year. I wanted to make sure everyone caught that in the prepared remarks. The positive changes in France will continue to be a tailwind for us as pre-tax profits continue to increase to pre-pandemic levels. We will over time see that 34% gradually improved to 30% as we get back to pre-tax levels of profits. That's a positive tailwind for us as we go forward. As you said, that ignores any other changes. We know that France already has part of their tax reform that’s going to step down again next year from 27.5% to 25% corporate tax rate. We already have the great benefit of the CVAE reduction. We'll see what happens in terms of other geographies with any tax changes, but we'll manage those as they come through.

Thank you.

Thank you. Our last question is from the line of George Tong of Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

Hi, thanks. Good morning. Do you notice that restrictions in France are continuing to have an impact on the rate of revenue recovery there? Can you discuss how revenues in France performed on a month-over-month sequential basis moving through 1Q and into early April?

Yes, George. This is Jack. I guess what I would say is if you look at our biggest operation in France, I think as part of the prepared remarks, we gave an indication. That's really where the restrictions have been quite strict with the curfews and weekend restrictions. They were running at about 10% down for January and February, generally speaking, and really, that kind of continued through the first half of March and then they anniversary the big drop. The important thing is the associates on assignment give you an indication of what's happening on an underlying basis. That was relatively steady, and as we look into April. April is a bit of a funny month because we have the Easter holidays and so forth. But it continues to hold fairly well, and the most recent week just ticked up a little bit. Generally performing in the countries where there are restrictions, the business has actually been performing fairly well considering those restrictions. If I turn to another country like Italy, Italy was very strong over the course of the quarter overall, continued to strengthen. On a days-adjusted basis, 6% growth in January went to 13% growth in February, went to above 20%. The restrictions in Italy haven’t impacted the ability to work and to travel for work purposes. The Italy business, as I mentioned, is already above 2019 levels. The third one is the U.K., which has seen very strong progress. The U.K. had very strong results in the first quarter. We saw them leaving March with a 10% days-adjusted growth rate. That gives a bit of a flavor for our three biggest businesses. Generally speaking, they're managing the restrictions well. As we look into Q2, we expect over time some of those restrictions to start to ease, and we would see further improvement.

Got it. Makes sense. And I guess that's a follow-up beside from France, where do you see most potential impact from ongoing or renewed restrictions that could impact the pace of revenue recovery?

I'd say that most companies at this point are looking past the pandemic, and thinking about where they need to be when the restrictions are lifted. We've seen the evolution of what happens with the vaccination rates and anywhere from in Israel, where the vaccination rates are up to 80%. Ourselves here in the U.S., the U.K., countries in Latin America like Chile at about 40%. Then Europe being at about 20%. In some countries in Asia, notably Japan significantly behind vaccination rate. What we have observed as the vaccination rates are rising, confidence in the economy is rising. Even with existing lockdowns or additional lockdowns, companies are preparing their workforces for what they believe there's going to be a robust and strong economic recovery and growth environment. They are hiring to the best of their ability despite the restrictions. You can see that in a lot of the external PMI data, in the services data as well that the outlooks are strengthening and companies are responding accordingly.

Very helpful. Thank you.

Thank you, George. With that, we come to the end of our first quarter earnings call. We look forward to speaking with all of you again for our second quarter earnings call in July. Thanks, everyone. Have a good rest of the week.

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