Welcome to ManpowerGroup’s fourth quarter earnings results conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode until the Q&A session of today’s conference. This call will be recorded. If you have any objections, please disconnect at this time. Now I’ll turn the call over to ManpowerGroup Chairman and CEO, Jonas Prising. Sir, you may begin.

Welcome to the fourth quarter conference call for 2022. Our Chief Financial Officer, Jack McGinnis, is with me today, and for your convenience, we have included our prepared remarks within the Investor Relations section of our website at manpowergroup.com. I’ll start by going through some of the highlights of the quarter, then Jack will go through the fourth quarter results and guidance for the first quarter of 2023. I will then share some concluding thoughts before we start our Q&A session. Jack will now cover the Safe Harbor language.

Good morning everyone. This conference call includes forward-looking statements, including statements concerning economic and geopolitical uncertainty which are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. These statements are based on management’s current expectations or beliefs. Actual results might differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. Slide 2 of our earnings release presentation further identifies forward-looking statements made in this call and factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially, and information regarding reconciliation of non-GAAP measures.

Thanks Jack. Over the last three weeks, I spent time with our leadership teams across the world for our annual strategic road shows, as well as with clients in Europe before attending the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland. From these conversations with our teams, clients, and global leaders, we get insights on the current environment and near-term outlook. This complements our own real-time business data on the current environment and forward-looking research. The economic headwinds and increased caution by employers due to an uncertain economic outlook are resulting in softening hiring behaviors. We see this through extended recruiting and sales cycles and softer order flow with employers in certain sectors as they are exercising more caution in their demand for contingent and permanent recruitment of talent. That said, they are also focused on holding on to business-critical talent while adding headcount for in-demand skills, whether that is supply chain workers or highly skilled professional talent, and as a result, labor markets remain strong overall and we still see good order flow and opportunities in various markets and brands. Turning to our financial results, in the fourth quarter revenue was $4.8 billion, down 1% year-over-year in constant currency. Our reported EBITA for the quarter was $110 million. Adjusting for the U.S. acquisition integration costs, restructuring costs and other special items which we will cover in the financial review, EBITA was $167 million, representing a flat trend in constant currency year-over-year. Reported EBITA margin was 2.3% and adjusted EBITA margin was 3.5%. Earnings per diluted share was $0.95 on a reported basis and $2.08 on an adjusted basis. Adjusted earnings per share increased 8% year-over-year in constant currency. Turning to the full year results for a few moments, reported earnings per share for the year was $7.08. As adjusted, earnings per share was $8.52 and represented a constant currency increase of 31%. Revenues for the year increased 5% in constant currency to $19.8 billion, and reported EBITA was $619 million. As adjusted, EBITA was $698 million, which represented a 22% constant currency increase year-over-year. In the fourth quarter, we experienced softening in demand in some sectors and markets, especially in the US and Europe. Our own quarterly forward-looking ManpowerGroup Employment Outlook Survey of approximately 40,000 employers in more than 40 countries, conducted in November, indicates that good hiring momentum is expected to continue for Q1 2023 especially in IT, finance, energy, and life sciences, with softening hiring intent emerging in Europe and to a lesser extent in the U.S., both weaker in hiring intent quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year. While the headlines may be dominated by tech company layoffs, we see this more as a recalibration of their workforces as a result of bullish hiring post-pandemic. In the wider spectrum of all industries, we are seeing more companies begin to tap the brakes while others have their foot hovering above the brake pedal, and even in this more cautious environment, there remain areas of good demand for our services, such as IT skills within our Experis business, higher margin skills within our Manpower business, RPO, MSP, and right management, and we are focused on delivering into these market opportunities. I will now turn it over to Jack to take you through the results.

Thanks Jonas. Going back to the quarterly results on Slide 3, revenues in the fourth quarter came in at the low end of our constant currency guidance range. Gross profit margin came in at the midpoint of our guidance range. As adjusted, EBITA was $167 million, flat in constant currency compared to the prior year period. As adjusted, EBITA margin was 3.5% and came in just below our guidance range and was flat year-over-year. Due to the strengthening of the dollar, year-over-year foreign currency movements continued to have a significant impact on our results. It is important to note that our businesses operate in local currencies and as a result, foreign currency translation does not impact cash flow activity within our businesses and is largely an accounting item based on reporting translation into U.S. dollars. Foreign currency translation drove a 10% swing between the U.S. dollar reported revenue trend and the constant currency related growth rate. After adjusting for the negative impact of foreign exchange rates, our constant currency revenue decreased 1%. Due to the impact of net dispositions decreasing revenue about half a percent and fewer billing days, organic days-adjusted revenue was flat in the quarter compared to our guidance of plus-2% at the midpoint. The lower revenue trend reflected a deteriorating environment during the fourth quarter, particularly across Europe and North America. Turning to the EPS bridge on Slide 5, reported earnings per share was $0.95, which included $1.13 related to restructuring costs, final integration costs from the U.S. Experis acquisition and other special items consisting of a loss on the sale of our Hungary business and non-cash charges consisting of goodwill impairment and pension settlement costs. Excluding the restructuring costs and other special items, adjusted EPS was $2.08. Walking from our guidance midpoint, our results included a softer operational performance of $0.19, slightly lower weighted average shares due to share repurchases in the quarter which had a positive impact of $0.01, a lower effective tax rate which had a positive impact of $0.02, a foreign currency impact that was $0.08 better than our guidance due to the strengthening of the euro and the pound during the quarter, and other expenses had a positive $0.01 impact. Next, let’s review our revenue by business line. Year-over-year on an organic constant currency basis, the Manpower brand reported revenue decline of 1%, the Experis brand was flat, and the Talent Solutions brand reported revenue growth of 7%. Within Talent Solutions, we continue to see year-over-year revenue growth in RPO as permanent hiring trends remained solid across our key markets during the quarter. Our MSP business saw a modest revenue decline in the quarter as we reduced certain lower margin activity, while Right Management experienced a double-digit percentage revenue increase on higher outplacement volumes in the quarter compared to the extremely low levels in the prior year. Looking at our gross profit margin in detail, our gross margin came in at 18.2%. Staffing margin contributed a 30 basis point increase driven by our Manpower businesses. Permanent recruitment, including Talent Solutions RPO, contributed a 20 basis point GP margin improvement as hiring activity contributed to high single-digit increases in gross profit year-over-year. Project and other solutions-related services within Experis resulted in a 20 basis point margin increase. Right Management career transition and MSP within Talent Solutions contributed 20 basis points of improvement, and other items represented a positive 10 basis points. Moving onto our gross profit by business line, during the quarter the Manpower brand comprised 57% of gross profit, our Experis professional business comprised 26%, and Talent Solutions comprised 17%. During the quarter, our consolidated gross profit grew by 3% on an organic constant currency basis year-over-year. Our Manpower brand reported an organic gross profit increase of 2% in constant currency year-over-year. Organic gross profit in our Experis brand increased 3% in constant currency year-over-year. This reflects strong growth in higher margin solutions as well as growth in permanent recruitment. Organic gross profit in Talent Solutions increased 11% in constant currency year-over-year. This was driven by double-digit GP percentage growth in both RPO and Right Management. MSP experienced solid GP growth and significant margin improvement as we improved the mix of business during the quarter. Reported SG&A expense in the quarter was $775 million. Excluding restructuring costs and other special items, SG&A was 4% higher year-over-year on an organic constant currency basis, which is down from the 9% growth in the third quarter on the same basis. This reflects a balance of cost reductions in areas of slowing demand while we continue to invest in growth opportunities, most notably in Experis, Talent Solutions, and specialty skills in Manpower. The underlying increases consisted of operational costs of $31 million, incremental costs related to net acquisitions and dispositions of businesses of $2 million offset by currency changes of $62 million. Adjusted SG&A expenses as a percentage of revenue represented 14.6% in constant currency in the fourth quarter. I’ll discuss goodwill impairment as part of Northern Europe segment review. Integration costs, a small loss on sale, and modest restructuring costs totaled $7 million. The Americas segment comprised 25% of consolidated revenue. Revenue in the quarter was $1.2 billion, flat compared to the prior year period on a constant currency basis. Reported OUP was $58 million and includes $4 million of final acquisition integration costs on the completion of the U.S. acquisition integration, as well as some small restructuring costs. As adjusted, OUP was $62 million and OUP margin was 5.3%. The U.S. is the largest country in the Americas segment, comprising 69% of segment revenues. Revenue in the U.S. was $819 million during the quarter, representing a 3% days-adjusted decrease compared to the prior year. As adjusted to exclude acquisition integration and restructuring costs, OUP for our U.S. business was $45 million in the quarter, representing a decrease of 15%. As adjusted, OUP margin was 5.5%. Within the U.S., the Manpower brand comprised 25% of gross profit during the quarter. Revenue for the Manpower brand in the U.S. decreased 8% on a days-adjusted basis during the quarter, representing a decline from the 3% growth rate in the third quarter. Manufacturing PMI in the U.S. steadily decreased during the fourth quarter from above 50 in October to the 48 range in December. Our U.S. Manpower business experienced a progressive pullback in demand during the course of the quarter. The Experis brand in the U.S. comprised 46% of gross profit in the quarter. Within Experis in the U.S., IT skills comprised approximately 90% of revenues. Experis U.S. revenue growth on a days-adjusted basis represented 1% as we anniversaried very strong growth in the year-ago period. The integration activities for our acquired U.S. Experis business were successfully completed during the quarter. Talent Solutions in the U.S. contributed 29% of gross profit and experienced a revenue decline of 4% in the quarter. This was driven by a decrease in RPO revenues in the U.S. as permanent hiring programs softened in the fourth quarter and we anniversaried dramatic growth in the prior year. Although RPO programs are slowing in the current environment, fourth quarter RPO revenues were well above pre-pandemic levels. The U.S. MSP business saw a modest revenue decline as we reduced some lower margin activity, while outplacement activity within our Right Management business drove significant revenue increases. In the first quarter of 2023, we expect a slightly higher rate of year-over-year revenue decline compared to the fourth quarter trend in the U.S., which reflects the current environment and represents some further softening across Manpower, Experis, and RPO. Southern Europe revenue comprised 43% of consolidated revenue in the quarter. Revenue in Southern Europe came in at $2.1 billion, representing a 2% decrease in organic constant currency. Reported OUP for the Southern Europe business was $106 million in the quarter. As adjusted, OUP margin was 5.1%. France revenue comprised 57% of the Southern Europe segment in the quarter and increased 2% in days-adjusted organic constant currency. As adjusted, OUP for our France business was $59 million in the quarter, representing an organic increase of 3%. As adjusted, OUP margin was 4.9%. The business in France continues to operate in a very low growth environment based on supply chain impacts from the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war and broader inflationary pressures. Activity in January 2023 indicates further softening. We are estimating the year-over-year constant currency revenue growth rate in the first quarter for France to be slight growth to flat based on January activity trends. Revenue in Italy equaled $413 million in the quarter, reflecting an increase of 1% on a days-adjusted constant currency basis. OUP equaled $29 million and OUP margin was 7.1%. As we continue to anniversary significant revenue growth in the prior year period, we estimate that Italy will have a slightly lower constant currency year-over-year revenue trend in the first quarter compared to the fourth quarter. Our Northern Europe segment comprised 20% of consolidated revenue in the quarter. Revenue of $973 million represented a 3% decline in organic constant currency. OUP represented $16 million and adjusted OUP margin was 1.7%. Our largest market in the Northern Europe segment is the U.K., which represented 36% of segment revenues in the quarter. During the quarter, U.K. revenues decreased 6% on a days-adjusted constant currency basis. This reflects a slightly higher rate of decline from the third quarter trend. We expect a similar year-over-year revenue trend in the first quarter compared to the fourth quarter. In Germany, revenues decreased 3% in days-adjusted constant currency in the fourth quarter, a significant improvement from the third quarter trend. We continue to take actions to improve our Germany business and have progressed various initiatives focused on business mix and operational improvements. Overall, in the first quarter, we are expecting a slightly improved year-over-year revenue trend compared to the fourth quarter trend. The Netherlands is one of our smaller businesses in Northern Europe. The revenue decrease in the fourth quarter of 5% days-adjusted constant currency was a slight improvement from the third quarter trend on this same basis. Based on the prolonged decline in revenues in the Netherlands, increased interest rates, and the worsening economic conditions, we updated our goodwill impairment assessment at year end, which concluded in a non-cash impairment charge of $50 million. Having said that, we have taken various actions in the Netherlands which have recently improved profitability and we expect further improvement in 2023. The Asia Pacific Middle East segment comprises 12% of total company revenue. In the quarter, revenue grew 8% in constant currency to $579 million. OUP was $23 million and OUP margin as adjusted was 4%. Our largest market in the APME segment is Japan, which represented 46% of segment revenues in the quarter. Revenue in Japan grew 11% in constant currency, or 12% on a days-adjusted basis. We remain very pleased with the consistent performance of our Japan business and we expect continued strong revenue growth in the first quarter. I’ll now turn to cash flow and balance sheet. In full year 2022, free cash flow equaled $348 million compared to $581 million in the prior year. In the fourth quarter, free cash flow represented $115 million compared to $238 million in the prior year. At year end, days sales outstanding increased about half a day to 56 days. During the fourth quarter, capital expenditures represented $20 million. During the fourth quarter, we repurchased 376,000 shares of stock for $25 million. As of December 31, we have 2 million shares remaining for repurchase under the share program approved in August of 2021. Our balance sheet ended the quarter with cash of $639 million and total debt of $987 million. Net debt equaled $348 million at quarter end. Our debt ratios at quarter end reflect total adjusted gross debt to trailing 12-months adjusted EBITDA of 1.32 and total debt to total capitalization at 29%. Our debt and credit facilities remained unchanged during the quarter. After successfully lengthening our debt duration profile with the euro note executed in mid-2022, we enter 2023 with a very strong balance sheet. Next, I’ll review our outlook for the first quarter of 2023. Based on trends in the fourth quarter and January activity to date, our forecast is cautious and anticipates that the challenging environment will continue through the first quarter. We are forecasting underlying earnings per share for the first quarter to be in the range of $1.61 to $1.71, which includes an unfavorable foreign currency impact of $0.15 per share. We have disclosed our foreign currency translation rate estimates at the bottom of the guidance slide. Our constant currency revenue guidance range is between a decrease of 3% and an increase of 1% that at the midpoint represents a 1% decrease. There is no meaningful impact for acquisitions and dispositions, but there is an increase in billing days year-over-year bringing the days-adjusted constant currency decrease to 2.5% at the midpoint. This represents a decrease from the flat fourth quarter revenue trend on this same basis. We expect our EBITA margin during the first quarter to be down 30 basis points at the midpoint compared to the prior year. We estimate that the effective tax rate for the first quarter to be 29.5% and for the full year of 2023 to be 29%. This reflects the enacted decrease in the French business tax that I mentioned last quarter and our latest estimate of mix of country earnings. As usual, our guidance does not incorporate restructuring charges or additional share repurchases, and we estimate our weighted average shares to be 51.5 million. I will now turn it back to Jonas.

Thank you, Jack. As we wrap up our reporting of 2022 and begin 2023, I would like to provide an update on our DDI strategy - diversification, digitization, and innovation, and acceleration plans which together with continued investments in our technology roadmap, are strengthening our capabilities to capture higher margin opportunities and create long-term sustainable value. On diversification, we’re making excellent progress shifting our mix to higher margin businesses within and across all of our brands, ensuring our clients have the talent and workforce strategy to adapt quickly to market shifts as they happen. We are also very pleased with the completion of our rapid and successful integration of our ettain acquisition into our Experis business, and we are starting 2023 with a very strong position in the U.S. IT professional resourcing and services market. We also see strength in the Experis brand globally, positioning us to capitalize on the growing global professional IT resourcing market. Our industry leadership and star performer status in both Experis and Talent Solutions RPO and MSP offerings has also been recognized in 2022 by Everest Group, as discussed in the recent quarters. On digitization, we continue to make excellent industry-leading progress on our technology roadmap. Last year, I communicated that we had completed PowerSuite cloud-enabled front office implementations in 22 markets. I am pleased to report that in 2022, we have implemented PowerSuite in 11 additional markets and are in flight in six more markets as we speak. By the end of 2023, we will have substantially all of our major businesses on this leading platform. During 2022 we have further strengthened our mobile app leadership position in France and advanced our Associate app in various other key markets, with more countries being added in 2023. Our global enterprise data lake is in place for our top three markets, France, U.S., and Italy, further strengthening our business insights to clients and improving our candidate experience, all of which is critical to our B2C – business to candidate - strategy at a time when talent shortages remain high. Our back office cloud-enabled infrastructure projects are also driving efficiencies and improving our processes. On innovation, our engine for growth, we are making great progress on leveraging our PowerSuite technology stack here too and are accelerating the deployment and adoption of our AI-based recruitment tools and machine learning to enhance recruiter productivity to be more data and insight-driven to find the best talent match quickly and focus on activities that create the most value for our candidates, associates, and clients. As we continue to differentiate our higher value services, we are increasingly focused on being creators of talent at scale by expanding our talent engine offerings across our brands and for our internal employees and associates. Our talent academy is recruiting and training our own and new talent to be experts in key skills and industry verticals, including IT. Our Experis Academy, now active across 14 markets, is providing intensive role-ready tech training and coaching for our Experis consultants, especially in cloud and infrastructure, business transformation services, and digital workspace specialist skills, so we can find or create the best talent which our clients need, and our Manpower MyPath has boosted the employability of almost 200,000 temporary associates in 15 markets, increasing recruiter productivity, achieving higher reassignment rates, stronger Net Promoter Scores, and driving higher GP margin across specializations. In addition to this, we engage in many more training initiatives at a local country level as well. We are also making excellent progress with our Working to Change the World ESG plans, recognized in 2022 for our impact across planet, people, and prosperity, and principles of governance. ESG is increasingly important to our clients, associates, and employees as they choose with whom to work or be associated. We earned an A-minus rating in this year’s Carbon Disclosure Project survey, driven by our science-based target initiative validated emission reduction targets. We maintained our industry-leading Sustainalytics score, were included on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index for the 14th year, recognized by Newsweek as one of America’s Most Responsible Companies for the fourth year, and ranked in the top half within the Wall Street Journal’s Top 250 Best Managed Companies by the Drucker Institute, scoring highly for customer satisfaction, innovation, and social responsibility, all of which reinforces our reputation as a leading organization with strong performance in the areas of environment, social, and corporate governance, and our talented teams should be proud. In closing, we have seen the broader economic environment soften over the past months. This has translated into lower demand for our services in some markets, which we expect will continue; however, we still continue to see good demand for specific skills and industry verticals that support growth in our higher margin offerings. We are very confident in our ability to manage this dichotomy of market opportunity, as we have done many times in the past, and we will adjust our resources as we see the market evolve going forward. Longer term, we remain convinced that in this fast-changing, post-pandemic landscape, our clients’ workforce transformation needs will grow, the value of data and insights will increase, and building the right blend of people and tech will be even more critical. We are confident that our DDI strategies and excellent progress positions us to leverage these opportunities and more to accelerate profitable growth and value creation. I’d now like to open the call to Q&A. Operator?

Thank you so much. We will now begin the Q&A session. Our first question for today is from Andrew Steinerman of JP Morgan. Your line is open.

Hi everybody. I wanted to look back at Slide 7. Despite the softening demand environment in the fourth quarter in terms of staff and gross margins, we’re still up 30 basis points, so Jack, just was hoping you could talk a little bit about what’s driving that. Is there a mix factor, how are bill pay spreads doing, and how is that same figure likely to trend into the first quarter?

Thank you, Andrew. I'd be happy to address that. The primary factor driving our performance is the staffing margin, which has shown a year-over-year increase of more than 100 basis points. Even with the pressures on volumes that we discussed, pricing remains strong across all our major markets. There is also a mix component on the staffing side; we've been adjusting our overall portfolio and divesting from certain countries that weren't meeting our hurdle rates, including a recent business divestment in Europe. While mix plays a role, the main contributor is the robust pricing environment reflecting the current labor markets and demand for talent. Overall, staffing margins are performing very well. Additionally, the brand mix, particularly with Experis and Talent Solutions, continues to represent a significant portion of our business, which is having a favorable impact. In terms of spreads, they have remained steady sequentially from the third to the fourth quarter, with no significant changes in bill pay spreads, consistent with solid pricing. Regarding perm, while it is starting to slow from record levels, it still positively contributed to our year-over-year growth, reflecting high single-digit growth overall and aiding in GP margin improvement. We've also seen strong activity on the non-resourcing side of Experis, with a notable increase in solutions and other services. Lastly, our Managed Service Provider segment contributed to year-over-year margin improvement, and we have observed a rebound in Right Management outplacement activity from last year's record lows, also positively impacting margins.

That makes sense, Jack. Thank you so much.

Thank you. Our next question is from Jeff Silber of BMO Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Thank you so much. You talked in your prepared remarks about doing cost reduction in areas of slower demand. I was wondering if we could get a little bit more color on that in terms of where that was, are these cost reductions expected to continue, and if not, what are you looking for before holding off on that?

Yes, I’d be happy to discuss that. As mentioned in our prepared remarks, it’s still a balance for us. We continue to invest in growth and good opportunities, particularly with Experis and in some permanent markets that are performing well. However, we are reducing investments in areas where we see weakness. For instance, SG&A increased year-over-year in the fourth quarter primarily due to growth momentum earlier in the year. Yet, when looking at FTEs and headcount sequentially, we’ve actually decreased since the end of the third quarter. Our headcount is down, particularly in North America where trends indicate a slight reduction in the U.S. and Canada. In Europe, we're making adjustments as well, particularly in Germany and Norway, responding to softness in sectors like construction. Overall, despite a choppy environment, we grew GP dollars across all brands, which indicates that there are still good opportunities, including in pockets of the Manpower segment and ongoing investment in specialty. As for slowing areas, we are making adjustments as needed, and you can expect this to continue based on market trends. I also mentioned some minor restructuring this quarter, which involved slight adjustments in the U.S., Latin America, and Mexico, as well as small changes in Northern Europe, including Germany, Norway, and France. We will keep monitoring these trends regarding overall activity levels moving forward.

Thank you for the update, Jack. I appreciate it. Let's move on to taxes, which is a topic everyone is interested in. You mentioned the impact of the French business tax. Should we consider the 29% as a reliable figure for the future, even though you’re not discussing 2024 yet?

Yes, that's a great point. The Government of France has passed the French business tax reduction as part of the 2023 budget, which is confirmed. Therefore, we anticipate a 29% rate for the full year 2023, reflecting a benefit of about 1.5%. We've also adjusted the mix of country earnings, contributing to this 29% figure. This estimate might be somewhat conservative. Looking ahead to 2024, there are projections to eliminate the final part of the French business tax, pending approval in the 2024 budget at the end of 2023. If it passes, we expect another 1.5% reduction, bringing the rate down to about 27% to 27.5% for 2024. We will continue to monitor this and will have more clarity when the preliminary budget is released in the fall, with more certainty expected in the fourth quarter. If it passes as planned, that would be very beneficial.

Thank you. Our next question is from Manav Patnaik of Barclays. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning. This is actually Ronan Kennedy on for Manav. Thank you for taking my questions. Last quarter, if I’m not mistaken, the commentary was indicative of seeing solid demand, little to no signs of deterioration. While increasing risks and uncertainty were acknowledged, the commentary was indicative of that solid demand, but now it’s broader economic softening, lower demand for services in some, not all markets, the uncertain economic outlook. How did that happen? Can you assess what happened in the quarter versus your expectations, even from a timing standpoint and with regards to your visibility, and how we should expect first quarter and the remainder of the year to play out in consideration of that?

Sure Ronan, good morning. The risks and uncertainties we talked about in the prior call to some degree came to pass. For the first three quarters of the year, especially after the Ukraine war, we started to see Europe soften but the U.S. held on, and Q4 was really the time when we started to see the U.S. demand soften broadly across the brand, but clearly more pronounced for the Manpower brand, and that shouldn’t have come as much of a surprise. As you know, for the Manpower brand, PMI is a good indicator. Both across Europe during the year and in the U.S. at this time, PMIs are all below 50 and we really could see that softening demand occurring in the Manpower brand in particular. At this point, as Jack has just spoken about, it is clearly visible across all of our brands, but having said that, we see big differentiation between the softening, with Talent Solutions still leading the way in terms of growth of GP in the fourth quarter. The same is true for Experis, holding up well, and really it’s the Manpower brand that we’re seeing having more of an impact due to the slowdown in industrial activity and across various sectors.

Ronan, I would just add to that, I think when we released our third quarter results on October 20, we’d just had a couple weeks of activity in October at that point. I think if you look at some of the labor market data, particularly in the U.S., on what happened from October through December, you’ll see a significant trend change in terms of what was happening with temporary workers in November and December as they ended the quarter. Certainly in France as well, you would have seen the industry data there - step down in the month of November and December, and actually our business held up fairly well compared to that industry data that went negative year-over-year in November and December. But clearly the environment changed. When we went out on October 20, we did say that we anticipated a stable environment, to your point, and what happened in November and December actually moved away from that.

That’s very helpful, thank you. Then margins were touched on in response to Andrew’s question, but just for guidance for the first quarter overall, obviously it is a function of the top line and potential declines there. But what are the other puts and takes to the upside or downside to the margins as well, and then ultimately earnings?

Yes, happy to talk to that. I think for the first quarter for GP margin, still holding up very well, I’d say, so you can see at the midpoint we’re at 18.1% - that’s still up 70 basis points year-over-year. I think based on the earlier question we had on GP margins, still anticipating and seeing good staffing margin, still solid pricing environment, and we don’t see that changing. Although perm is coming off record lows and slowing on a year-over-year basis in terms of growth trends sequentially, there is still good perm activity in various markets, so we still see that contributing to the GP margin. I think on the bottom line, it’s actually pretty straightforward. We are seeing a decrease in operational leverage with the revenue trends. I mentioned in the first quarter, we ended up on a flat organic days-adjusted basis. We stepped down in the first quarter, so although at the midpoint in constant currency it’s at minus-1, as I mentioned, we have more days in the first quarter, so when you adjust for days, that takes it down to about minus-2.5%. It’s really the lower volumes that are translating into lower GP dollars, which are falling down. We are making adjustments, but that is contributing to the EBITA margin of the minus-30 basis points year-over-year in the first quarter, really driven by the volumes.

Thank you, appreciate it.

Thank you. Our next question is from Mark Marcon of Baird. Your line is open.

Good morning and thanks for taking my questions. Jack, RPO, where is that as a percentage of GP?

Mark, we typically discuss permanent placements overall, which includes RPO as well as the permanent activity within our staffing brands like Manpower and Experis. In the fourth quarter, permanent placements accounted for about 18.6% of our total gross profit. We have mentioned that this figure has decreased from the record levels seen in the second quarter, where it was slightly above 20%. It's now dropped just below 19%, and we anticipate this trend will continue toward more historical levels, perhaps even a bit lower as we move forward.

Yes, you mentioned that RPO continued to grow during the fourth quarter, although it declined in the U.S. Where are you observing growth on the RPO side? Considering it is stabilizing as a percentage, what range do you anticipate it reaching if the global economy softens further and caution increases?

Sure, I’d be happy to discuss that. The U.K. experienced significant RPO growth in the fourth quarter. Poland has also been a strong operation for us in supporting our global RPO, showing impressive growth. Japan and France also posted strong RPO growth, contributing to overall growth despite a decline in the U.S. in the fourth quarter. Overall RPO revenues increased by double digits, which were the main drivers of our performance. Regarding the outlook, we anticipate that year-over-year growth rates for permanent placements will continue to decrease as we move forward, especially as we move further from the record activity levels of the previous year. It’s challenging to predict specifics at this time, but perm has been performing better than expected, given the circumstances, and continues to perform well despite some pressure in staffing volumes in certain markets. While we expect the growth rate to continue to decline, it’s uncertain whether it will drop into negative territory soon. We will need to keep monitoring those trends, but overall, we are encouraged that it remains stable in many key markets.

That’s great. Jonas, you were just in Europe, you were at Davos. Can you talk a little bit about what you’re hearing from clients and just generally speaking with regards to in the key markets - France, U.K., Italy, Germany, what you’re hearing with regards to areas that seem to be holding up a little bit better than what we hear on this side of the pond would imagine as it relates to Europe, and what areas of caution are there? How are you thinking about things, not just for the next three months but over the course of the year, broadly speaking?

Sure Mark. The conclusions of discussions with clients is clearly their hiring intent is softening somewhat, but despite what you read in the papers in terms of both big tech companies pulling down and other larger corporations also having workforce reductions, most of our clients are continuing to hire. They may not hire the same skill set, so they take longer to hire, the sales cycles are a bit longer, recruitment times are going up, and they’re very specific about the skills that they feel they’re going to be needing heading into the year. But they are continuing to hire, and that speaks exactly to this dichotomy in terms of demand. On the one side, we feel that some of the skill sets, notably in logistics, are becoming softer. Construction has been softer due to the interest rate environment. You have others, financial services and tech companies, where demand is still holding on really in Europe as well as globally, so we’re in this time where we are balancing between customers that are tapping the brakes, they’re not hitting the brakes, they’re tapping the brakes. Some have their foot over the brake and thinking about what they would do if they see the environment deteriorate further, to many clients saying that they’re working through the pandemic supply chain issues and they have a big order book that they need to fulfill during 2023. It’s quite uneven, but at the same time quite encouraging because you can tell all of this is reflected in still very strong labor markets, and what’s not unusual, as you all know, is that our industry leads the way in a softening economy but it has yet to translate into the broader labor market. We don’t know to what degree it will. We note, of course, the reduction in demand for some places with Manpower skills in particular as we see industrial outlooks come down, but overall it’s still a constructive environment but it is difficult to predict where it’s going. Most companies we spoke with and are speaking with still are looking to bring on talent because they have the memory of the pandemic very, very fresh. You think back over past recessions, and this may be the most pre-announced recession that we have ever experienced, be it technical or otherwise. Employers in the past really absorbed most of the slowdown in reduced productivity because they wanted to hold onto the workers, and that means we may well, as Jack has alluded to, still see reasonably good perm activity, some parts of the business feeling more of the softening and others still see very good demand. It’s hard to predict, but we’re ready to manage this whichever way it goes, and as you can tell, we feel really good about our diversified business mix, where we feel that we have some good resilience in higher skill sets and developing more resilience in also Manpower higher skill sets. We’ll manage it as it evolves based on the trends that we’re seeing, but I’d say the tone in Davos was more optimistic than I had expected.

That’s good to hear, thank you.

Thank you. Our next question is from Kartik Mehta of Northcoast Research. Your line is open.

Thank you. Jack, you talked a little bit about competition and pricing holding up. I’m wondering, is that across all brands? Is maybe the Manpower brand seeing some additional competition because of some of the pressures, and the other brands are holding up? Were your comments kind of overall pricing is holding up? I’m just wondering if you look at the brand, what you think about competition currently.

Yes, thanks Kartik. You know, actually it’s a very good point and I should have clarified that actually Manpower had very good staffing margin improvement in the fourth quarter, so I could understand why there would be a question, if they’re seeing the most pressure on volumes, are they starting to see some pressure on margin, on staffing margin, and that actually is not the case. Despite volumes being down, pricing is holding up very well on the Manpower side, and when we look at that 30 basis points for staffing margin, Manpower was a big contributor to that. No, it’s holding up quite well, and I’d say on the Experis side, margins are holding up very well as well, I think in line with the trends that we’ve talked about in recent quarters. I think the good news is despite some of the pressure we’re seeing in some of the slowing environment, that is not translating into pressure on margins on the Manpower side.

Then Jack and Jonas, all the conversations you’ve had with your clients, and maybe your trip to Davos and Europe, and Jack, just you’re looking at business and the statistics, what would you anticipate for wage inflation? It seems like it’s come down a little bit, but it’s probably mid-single digits - if that’s correct, and I’m wondering kind of your outlook for the year and what you would anticipate for that.

You know, as many, we’ve been clearly looking at wage inflation, and just as a reminder, from our perspective, wage inflation is actually a positive effect because it translates into our business through higher bill rates. Our business model is not negatively impacted by the direction of inflation or wage inflation; it actually benefits from it. Obviously, from an economic perspective, high inflationary pressures are not good, and to your question, we expect wage inflation to continue to come down, as you’ve seen over the last six months, although the pace of that decline is hard to gauge. But I would say this - if you speak, and we speak obviously to employers at large, their expectation is for wage inflation to come down, which is why their wage increases on average are still quite contained, so they are not responding on average to these wage demands; they are trying to manage it through one-time bonuses, hiring incentives, all kinds of one-time effects because their assumption is that wages are going to be coming down over time and they want to remain competitive in the market in their business. We would expect wage inflation to continue to come down, but based on the gradual and slow decline that we’ve seen certainly over the last nine months, we think there’s still - it’s still going to take a while. But overall, our wage inflation expectations are for it to moderate.

Thank you very much. I really appreciate it.

Thank you. Our next question is from Tobey Sommer of Truist Securities. Your line is open.

Hey, good morning. This is Jasper Bibb on for Tobey. The gross margin guidance for the first quarter looks really strong despite some of the headwinds we’ve talked about. I think historically, that’s easily been the weakest margin quarter for the company. How should we think about the seasonal pattern of margins over the balance of the year and any impact that some of your permanent placement businesses declining might have on margins over the course of the year?

Thank you, Jasper. You’re correct that we usually experience some pressure. However, we have made significant progress in improving margins over the past few quarters, and we’ll carry that into the first quarter. The rate of increase is slowing; we were up 100 basis points year-over-year in Q4, and now it’s 70 basis points, as the comparisons are starting to even out. Currently, we feel optimistic about pricing, staffing margins, and the continued contribution from permanent placements, along with the business mix. While we don’t typically discuss future quarters, it’s fair to say we usually see higher gross profit margins in the second half of the year. This year, we are particularly focused on the contributions from permanent placements. If there’s a significant slowdown in that area, it will affect our margins, and we might see them decline. The good news is that we are already seeing permanent placements return to more traditional levels as a percentage of gross profit. As that stabilizes, we should see less volatility in gross profit margins moving forward. That’s what I would say, Jasper.

Thanks, that makes sense. Then Europe PMI has been contracting month over month for most of the second half of ’22, but your organic revenue guidance for Europe is still roughly flat year-over-year in the first quarter. Could you speak to any differences in how managers are using temp labor in this environment and are they more, I guess, reticent to let people go, given the shortages we’ve seen in the past two years?

I’d say that they are definitely careful about letting their talent go. The uncertainty and the volatility in terms of the outlook and the economic conditions also mean that they prefer to have a more flexible workforce, which is helping us offset some of the demand weakness we may have seen. Employers use these workforce solutions that we provide through Manpower and, to a lesser degree in terms of economic cycle in the Experis side and Talent Solutions side to create some flexibility in their outlook and be able to quickly respond to either increases in activity or decreases in activity. I think that’s what we see. They have definitely and continue to be influenced by the difficulties in finding talent, and they are increasingly looking to us to help them provide that talent. As you’ve heard from our prepared remarks, they are also very pleased with our increasing capabilities of up-skilling and re-skilling talent that isn’t available in the market. We see this as a tremendous opportunity both from a Manpower perspective as well as from an Experis perspective. As the demographic trends in Europe and in North America are clearly getting tougher over time with lower birth rates, the ability to tap into talent pools and to create skills that are missing in the market, we think is going to be a great competitive advantage for both Manpower and Experis at scale.

Jasper, regarding a technical detail, your observation about the constant currency guidance being relatively flat, moving from minus-1% in Q4 to minus-1% in Q1, is noted. However, there are more days in Q1, and typically, days play a larger role than usual during this period. This results in about a 1.5% difference due to the additional days. When we account for this, we see a sequential decline that brings the overall figure down to approximately 2.5%. In Europe, specifically in some markets, after adjusting for the extra days, we are noticing a slight decrease in France and Italy, which we mentioned in our prepared remarks. This is an important aspect to consider as you reflect on the situation.

Appreciate the detail there. Thanks for taking the questions, guys.

Thank you. Our next question is from George Tong of Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

Hi, thanks. Good morning. You mentioned customers are exercising more caution in their demand for both contingent and perm recruitment. Can you compare how quickly contingent trends are changing relative to perm placement trends, particularly exiting the quarter?

You can see that we are still holding onto perm and that Manpower staffing is coming down quicker than perm, so it is connected to a very strong labor market and some of the volatility you see in certain industry verticals in some countries. Perm at this point is holding up better than contingent staffing, especially for Manpower.

Great. You indicated that activity in France in January points to further softening from a growth perspective. Can you elaborate on what you’re seeing in France in terms of order flows, sales cycles, and various end market performance?

Well, I would say that we’re tracking well to market. You’ve seen some of the prism data soften over the last couple of months and then you saw it as well recently, so. France is continuing and actually is still holding steady, but at a low level. It is one of the countries, one of the few countries where we, as well as the industry never came back to pre-pandemic levels, so I would say the same phenomenon that we’re seeing in other markets where there is a slowdown, longer sales cycles, longer times to close recruitment cycles, but still an environment that is constructive to our higher value offerings, our higher skill sets within Manpower and also some very good opportunities in workforce transformation as it relates to Talent Solutions. All of this indicates a slight step down, as Jack talked about, but still something that is manageable from our perspective.

Great, thank you.

Thank you. Our next question is from Heather Balsky of Bank of America. Your line is open.

Hi, thank you for taking my questions. I was hoping you could talk a little bit about Germany. You mentioned in the prepared remarks about some of the initiatives you’re taking there to turn that business. I was hoping you could elaborate on that. Then I’m curious about the underlying environment you’re seeing in that market. You didn’t call that out as one where you’re seeing some slowing, but just curious what you’re seeing in some of those end markets. Thanks.

Well, I think the overall market is still holding steady. Unemployment rates are still low, and there is a lot of work that we’re doing to make sure that our business is competing the way it should. We were pleased to see an improvement sequentially between the third quarter and the fourth quarter. We expect to continue to see an improvement. As we’ve talked about in prior calls, our exposure to the automotive sector in Germany is the highest that we have across all of our countries, and that’s really giving us a lot of work to do to diversify our business into segments that are holding up a bit better. Even if the market could go softer also in Germany in the first quarter, I think we have initiatives in place where we’re hoping to see continued improvement in our own business as we move forward, and we have a Proservia business that is also working to recover some of the lost ground. But overall, we’re pleased to see signs of improvement, but we still have a lot of work to do, Heather, to make sure that we’re competing at the right level in the German market.

Thank you. Another question regarding the reopening of China. I'm curious if there are any advantages to this reopening or if it has no significant impact on your business.

Well as you know, our Chinese business has managed through a listed company in Hong Kong that is covering the Chinese market, but overall I would expect that when Chinese demand improves, it will have the benefit of creating demand for products and services for the rest of the world, which will be positive, and it will probably also increase pressure in terms of demand for resources and energy costs might go up. But overall, a growing China should be beneficial for the world economy and as such, we would benefit from that evolution. Certainly on the Manpower side, that might mean that PMIs start to turn the other way and go in the right, positive direction again. From our own business perspective, not an impact, but as opposed to there might be a secondary effect of an improving economic environment to which China’s growth contributes.

Got it, thank you very much.

Thank you.

Thank you everyone. That brings us to the end of our fourth quarter earnings call, and we look forward to speaking with you again when we catch up in April. Thanks everyone. Have a good rest of the week.

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