Good afternoon. My name is Krista, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Meta Second Quarter Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speakers’ remarks, there will be a question-and-answer session. This call will be recorded. Thank you very much. Kenneth Dorell, Meta's Director of Investor Relations, you may begin.

Thank you. Good afternoon and welcome to Meta Platform's Second Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. Joining me today to discuss our results are Mark Zuckerberg, CEO, and Susan Li, CFO. Before we get started, I would like to take this opportunity to remind you that our remarks today will include forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause these results to differ materially are set forth in today's earnings press release and in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC. Any forward-looking statements that we make on this call are based on assumptions as of today, and we undertake no obligation to update these statements as a result of new information or future events. During this call, we will present both GAAP and certain non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP measures is included in today's earnings press release. The earnings press release and an accompanying Investor Presentation are available on our website at investor.fb.com. And now I'd like to turn the call over to Mark.

All right, thanks Ken. And hey everyone, thanks for joining today. This was a strong quarter for our community and business. We estimate that there are now more than 3.2 billion people using at least one of our apps each day. The growth we're seeing here in the US has especially been a bright spot. WhatsApp now serves more than 100 million monthly active users in the US, and we're seeing good year-over-year growth across Facebook, Instagram, and Threads as well, both in the US and globally. I'm particularly pleased with the progress that we're making with young adults on Facebook. The numbers we are seeing, especially in the US, really go against the public narrative around who's using the app. A couple of years ago, we started focusing our apps more on 18 to 29 year olds and it's good to see that those efforts are driving good results. Another bright spot is Threads, which is about to hit 200 million monthly active users. We're making steady progress towards building what looks like it's going to be another major social app. And we are seeing deeper engagement, and I'm quite pleased with the trajectory here. The big theme right now is, of course, AI. And I'll focus my comments today on three areas: What AI means for our family of apps and core business, what new AI experiences and opportunities we see, and how AI is shaping our metaverse work. So let's start. Across Facebook and Instagram, advances in AI continue to improve the quality of recommendations and drive engagement. We keep finding that as we develop more general recommendation models, content recommendations get better. In this quarter, we rolled out our full-screen video player and unified video recommendation service across Facebook, bringing Reels, longer videos, and live into a single experience. This has allowed us to extend our unified AI systems, which had already increased engagement on Facebook Reels more than our initial move from CPUs to GPUs did. Over time, I'd like to see us move towards a single unified recommendation system that powers all of the content including things like people you may know, across all of our surfaces. We're not there yet. There's still upside, and we're making good progress here. AI is also going to significantly evolve our services for advertisers in some exciting ways. It used to be that advertisers came to us with a specific audience they wanted to reach, like a certain age group, geography, or interests. Eventually, we got to the point where our ad systems could better predict who would be interested than the advertisers themselves. But today, advertisers still need to develop creative themselves. In the coming years, AI will be able to generate creative for advertisers as well. We'll also be able to personalize it as people see it. Over the long term, advertisers will simply be able to tell us a business objective and a budget, and we're going to do the rest for them. We're going to get there incrementally over time, but I think this is going to be a very big deal. Moving on to some of the brand new experiences that AI enables, last quarter we started broadly rolling out our assistant Meta AI, and it is on track to achieve our goal of becoming the most used AI assistant by the end of the year. We have an exciting roadmap ahead of things that we want to add, but the bottom line here is that Meta AI feels like it is on track to be an important service and it's improving quickly both in intelligence and features. Some of the use cases are utilitarian, like searching for information or role-playing difficult conversations before you have them with another person, and other uses are more creative, like the new imagine yourself feature that lets you create images of yourself doing whatever you want in whatever style you want. Part of the beauty of AI is that it's general, so we're still uncovering the wide range of use cases that it can be valuable for. An important part of our vision is that we're not just creating a single AI, but enabling lots of people to create their own AIs. This week we launched AI Studio, which lets anyone create AIs to interact with across our apps. I think creators are especially going to find this quite valuable. There are millions of creators across our apps, and these are people who want to engage more with their communities, and their communities want to engage more with them, but there are only so many hours in the day. Now they will be able to use AI Studio to create AI agents that can channel them to chat with their community, answer people's questions, create content, and more. I'm quite excited about this. But this goes beyond creators too. Anyone will be able to build their own AIs based on their interests or different topics that they will be able to engage with or share with their friends. Business AIs are another big component here. We're still in Alpha testing with more and more businesses. The feedback we're getting is positive so far. Over time, I think that just like every business has a website, a social media presence, and an email address, in the future, I think that every business is also going to have an AI agent that their customers can interact with. Our goal is to make it easy for every small business, and eventually every business, to pull all of their content and catalog into an AI agent that drives sales and saves them money. When this is working at scale, I think that this is going to dramatically accelerate our business messaging revenue. There are many other new opportunities here that I'm excited about too, but I'll save those for another day when we're ready to roll them out. The engine that powers all these new experiences is the Llama family of foundation models. In this quarter we released Llama 3.1, which includes the first frontier-level open-source model as well as new and industry-leading small and medium-sized models. The $405 billion model has better cost performance relative to the leading closed models, and because it's open, it is immediately the best choice for fine-tuning and distilling your own custom models. I think we are going to look back at Llama 3.1 as an inflection point in the industry where open-source AI started to become the industry standard, just like Linux is. I often get asked why I'm so bullish on open source. I wrote a letter along with the Llama 3.1 release, explaining why I believe that open source is better for developers, for the Meta app, and for the world more broadly. My view is that open source will be safer, will enable innovation that improves all of our lives faster, and will also create more shared prosperity. For Meta's own interests, we're in the business of building the best consumer and advertiser experiences. To do that, we need to have access to the leading technology infrastructure and not be constrained by what competitors will let us do. These models are ecosystems. They're not just isolated pieces of software that we can develop by ourselves. If we want the most robust ecosystem of tools, efficiency improvements, silicon optimizations, and other integrations to develop around our models, then we need them to be widely used by developers across the industry. Once we know that we're going to have access to the leading models, I am confident that we will be able to build the best social and advertising experiences. Part of why I'm so optimistic about this is that we have a long track record of success with open source. We've saved billions of dollars with the open compute project by having supply chains standardized on our infrared designs. Open sourcing tools like PyTorch and React has led to real benefits for us from all the industry's contributions. This approach has consistently worked for us, and I expect it will work here too. Another major area of focus is figuring out the right level of infra capacity to support training more and more advanced models. Llama 3 is already competitive with the most advanced models, and we're already starting to work on Llama 4, which we're aiming to be the most advanced in the industry next year. We are planning for the compute clusters and data we'll need for the next several years. The amount of compute needed to train Llama 4 will likely be almost 10 times more than what we used to train Llama 3, and future models will continue to grow beyond that. It's hard to predict how this trend will trend multiple generations out into the future. But at this point, I'd rather risk building capacity before it is needed rather than too late, given the long lead times for spinning up new inference projects. As we scale these investments, we're, of course, going to remain committed to operational efficiency across the company. The last area that I want to discuss is how AI is shaping our metaverse work, which continues to be our other long-term focus. Last quarter, I discussed how advances in AI have pulled in the timelines for some of our products. A few years ago, I would have predicted that holographic AR would be possible before smart AI, but now it looks like those technologies will actually be ready in the opposite order. We're well positioned for that because of the Reality Labs investments that we've already made. Ray-Ban Meta Glasses continue to be a bigger hit sooner than we expected, thanks in part to AI. Demand is still outpacing our ability to build them, but I'm hopeful that we'll be able to meet that demand soon. EssilorLuxottica has been a great partner to work with on this, and we are excited to team up with them to build future generations of AI glasses as we continue to build our long-term partnership. Quest 3 sales are also outpacing our expectations. I think that's because it is not just the best MR headset for the price, but it's the best headset on the market, period. In addition to gaming, people are increasingly taking advantage of Quest's capabilities as a general computing platform, spending time watching videos, browsing websites, extending their PC via virtual desktop, and more. Horizon also continues to grow across VR, mobile, and desktop, and I expect that it will become an increasingly important part of that ecosystem as well. We're hosting our Annual Connect Conference on September 25th, and we will have lots of exciting updates around all of our AI and Metaverse work, so I encourage you to tune into that. At the end of the day, we are in the fortunate position where the strong results that we're seeing in our core products and business give us the opportunity to make deep investments for the future. I plan to fully seize that opportunity to build some amazing things that will pay off for our community and our investors for decades to come. The progress we're making on both the foundational technology and product experiences suggests that we're on the right track. I'm proud of what our team has accomplished so far, and I'm optimistic about our ability to execute on the opportunities ahead. As always, thank you to our teams who are pushing all this important work forward, and thanks to all of you for being on this journey with us. And now here is Susan.

Thanks Mark and good afternoon everyone. Let's begin with our consolidated results. All comparisons are on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise noted. Q2 total revenue was $39.1 billion, up 22% or 23% on a constant currency basis. Q2 total expenses were $24.2 billion, up 7% compared to last year. In terms of the specific line items, cost of revenue increased 23% driven primarily by higher infrastructure and Reality Labs inventory costs. R&D increased 13%, primarily driven by higher headcount-related expenses and infrastructure costs which were partially offset by lower restructuring costs. Marketing and sales decreased 14%, due mainly to lower restructuring and headcount-related costs. G&A decreased 12%, mostly due to lower legal-related expenses. We ended the first quarter with almost 70,800 employees, up 2% from Q1. Second-quarter operating income was $14.8 billion, representing a 38% operating margin. Our tax rate for the quarter was 11%. Net income was $13.5 billion or $5.16 per share. Capital expenditures, including principal payments on finance leases, were $8.5 billion, driven by investments in servers, data centers, and network infrastructure. Free cash flow was $10.9 billion. We repurchased $6.3 billion of our Class A common stock and paid $1.3 billion in dividends to shareholders, ending the quarter with $58.1 billion in cash and marketable securities and $18.4 billion in debt. Moving now to our segment results. I'll begin with our Family of Apps segment. Our community across the Family of Apps continues to grow, with approximately 3.27 billion people using at least one of our Family of Apps on a daily basis in June. Q2 total Family of Apps revenue was $38.7 billion, up 22% year-over-year. Q2 Family of Apps ads revenue was $38.3 billion, up 22% or 23% on a constant currency basis. Within ad revenue, the online commerce vertical was the largest contributor to year-over-year growth, followed by gaming, entertainment, and media. On a user geography basis, ad revenue growth was strongest in the rest of the world and Europe at 33% and 26%, respectively. Asia Pacific grew 20% and North America grew 17%. On an advertiser geography basis, total revenue growth continued to be strongest in Asia Pacific at 28%. The growth was below the first quarter rate of 41% as we lapped a period of stronger demand from China-based advertisers. In Q2, the total number of ad impressions served across our services and the average price per ad both increased by 10%. Impression growth was mainly driven by Asia Pacific and the rest of the world. Pricing growth was driven by increased advertiser demand in part due to improved ad performance. This was partially offset by impression growth particularly from lower monetizing regions and surfaces. Family of Apps other revenue was $389 million, up 73%, driven primarily by business messaging revenue growth from our WhatsApp business platform. We continue to direct the majority of our investments toward the development and operation of our Family of Apps. In Q2, Family of Apps expenses were $19.4 billion, representing approximately 80% of our overall expenses. Family of Apps expenses were up 4%, mostly due to higher infrastructure and headcount-related expenses, which were partially offset by lower restructuring costs. Family of Apps operating income was $19.3 billion, representing a 50% operating margin. Within our Reality Labs segment, Q2 was $353 million, up 28% driven primarily by Quest headset sales. Reality Labs expenses were $4.8 billion, up 21% year-over-year, driven mainly by higher headcount-related expenses and Reality Labs inventory costs. Reality Labs operating loss was $4.5 billion. Turning now to the business outlook. There are two primary factors that drive our revenue performance: our ability to deliver engaging experiences for our community and our effectiveness at monetizing that engagement over time. To deliver engaging experiences, we remain focused on executing our priorities, including video and in-feed recommendations. On Instagram, Reels engagement continues to grow as we make ongoing enhancements to our recommendation systems. Part of this work has been focused on increasing the share of original posts within recommendations so people can discover the best of Instagram, including content from emerging creators. Now, more than half of recommendations in the US come from original posts. On Facebook, we're seeing encouraging early results from the global rollout of our unified video player and ranking systems in June. This initiative allows us to bring all video types on Facebook into one viewing experience, which we expect will unlock additional growth opportunities for short-form video, as we increasingly mix shorter videos into the overall base of Facebook video engagement. We expect the relevance of video recommendations will continue to increase as we benefit from unifying video ranking across Facebook and integrating our next-generation recommendation systems. These have already shown promising gains since we began using the new systems to support Facebook Reels recommendations last year. We expect to expand these new systems to support more services beyond Facebook video over the course of this year and next year. We are also seeing good momentum with our longer-term engagement priorities, including Generative AI and Threads. People have used Meta AI for billions of queries since we first introduced it. We're seeing particularly promising signs on WhatsApp in terms of retention and engagement, which has coincided with India becoming our largest market for Meta AI usage. You can now use Meta AI in over 20 countries and eight languages, and in the US we are rolling out new features like Imagine Edit, which allows people to edit images they generate with Meta AI. Beyond Generative AI, the Threads community also continues to grow and deepen their engagement, as we ship new features and enhance our content recommendation systems. Now to the second driver of our revenue performance: increasing monetization efficiency. There are two parts to this work. The first is optimizing the level of ads within organic engagement. We continue to see opportunities to grow ad supply on lower monetizing surfaces like video, including within Facebook as the mix of overall video engagement shifts more to shorter videos over time, which creates more ad insertion opportunities. More broadly, we are continuing to get better at determining the best ads to show and when to show them during a person's session across both Facebook and Instagram. This is enabling us to drive revenue growth and conversions without increasing the number of ads or in some cases even reducing ad load. The second part of improving monetization efficiency is enhancing marketing performance. We continue to be pleased with our progress here, with AI playing an increasingly central role. We're improving ad delivery by adopting more sophisticated modeling techniques made possible by AI advancements, including our Meta Lattice ad ranking architecture, which continued to provide ad performance and efficiency gains in the second quarter. We're also making it easier for advertisers to maximize ad performance and automate more of their campaign setup with our Advantage+ suite of solutions. We're seeing these tools continue to unlock performance gains, with a study conducted this year demonstrating a 22% higher return on ad spend for US advertisers after they adopted Advantage+ Shopping campaigns. Advertiser adoption of these tools continues to expand, and we are adding new capabilities to make them even more useful. For example, this quarter we introduced flexible format to Advantage+ Shopping, which allows advertisers to upload multiple images and videos in a single ad that we can select from and automatically determine which format to serve in order to yield the best performance. We have also now expanded the list of conversions that businesses can optimize for using Advantage+ Shopping to include an additional 10 conversion types, including objectives like adding to cart. Looking forward, we believe Generative AI will play a growing role in how businesses market and engage with customers at scale. We expect this technology will continue to make it easier for businesses to develop customized and diverse ad creatives. We've seen promising early results since introducing our first Generative AI ad features, image expansion, background generation, and text generation with more than 1 million advertisers using at least one of these solutions in the past month. In May, we began rolling out full image generation capabilities into Advantage+ Creative, and we're already seeing improved performance from advertisers using the tool. Finally, we expect AI will help businesses communicate with customers more efficiently through messaging. We're starting by testing the ability for businesses to use AI in their chats with customers to help sell their goods and services and to generate leads. While we are in the early stages, we continue to expand the number of advertisers we are testing with and have seen good advances in the quality of responses since we began using Llama 3. Next, I’d like to discuss our approach to capital allocation, which remains unchanged. We continue to invest both in enhancing our core experiences in the near term and developing technologies that we believe will transform how people engage with our services in the years ahead. We expect that having sufficient compute capacity will be central to many of these opportunities. So we’re investing meaningfully in infrastructure to support our core AI work in content ranking and ads, as well as our generative AI and advanced research efforts. Our ongoing investment in core AI capacity is informed by the strong returns we've seen and expect to deliver in the future as we advance the relevance of recommended content and ads on our platform. While we expect the returns from Generative AI to come in over a longer period of time, we’re mapping these investments against the significant monetization opportunities that we expect to be unlocked across customized ad creative, business messaging, a leading AI assistant, and organic content generation. As we scale generative AI training capacity to advance our foundation models, we’ll continue to build our infrastructure in a way that provides us with flexibility in how we use it over time. This will allow us to direct training capacity to generative AI inference or to our core ranking and recommendation work when we expect that doing so would be more valuable. We will also continue our focus on improving the cost efficiency of our workloads over time. Reality Labs remains our other long-term initiative that we continue to invest meaningfully in. Quest 3 is selling well and Ray-Ban Meta smart glasses are showing very promising traction with the early signals that we’re seeing across demand, usage, and retention increasing our confidence in the long-term potential of AR glasses. Finally, as we pursue these investments across near and long-term priorities, we will remain focused on operating the business efficiently. Turning now to the revenue outlook. We expect third-quarter 2024 total revenue to be in the range of $38.5 billion to $41 billion. Our guidance assumes foreign currency is a 2% headwind to year-over-year total revenue growth based on current exchange rates. Turning now to the expense outlook. We expect full-year 2024 total expenses to be in the range of $96 billion to $99 billion, unchanged from our prior outlook. For Reality Labs, we continue to expect 2024 operating losses to increase meaningfully year-over-year due to our ongoing product development efforts and investments to scale our ecosystem. While we do not intend to provide any quantitative guidance for 2025 until the fourth-quarter call, we expect infrastructure costs will be a significant driver of expense growth next year as we recognize depreciation and operating costs associated with our expanded infrastructure footprint. Regarding CapEx, we anticipate our full year 2024 capital expenditures will be in the range of $37 billion to $40 billion, updated from our prior range of $35 billion to $40 billion. While we continue to refine our plans for next year, we currently expect significant CapEx growth in 2025 as we invest to support our AI research and our product development efforts. On to taxes, absent any changes to our tax landscape, we expect our full year 2024 tax rate to be in the mid-teens. Additionally, we continue to monitor an active regulatory landscape, including the increasing legal and regulatory headwinds in the EU and the US that could significantly impact our business and our financial results. In closing, Q2 was another good quarter. We continue to execute well across our business priorities and have exciting opportunities in front of us to deliver more value to the people and businesses using our products around the world. With that, Krista, let's open up the call for questions.

Thank you. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. And your first question comes from the line of Brian Nowak from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.

Great. Thanks for taking my questions. I have two, one for Mark, one for Susan. Mark, I wanted to sort of go back to some of the new generative AI-enabled use cases for users and advertisers. You talked about Meta AI, Studio, chatbots, foundation models. If you could just sort of hone in on one or two of those that you are most excited about, we are seeing good signals that could be a real driver for the business in '25, '26, just so we know where you're most focused on all those opportunities, it would be helpful. And the second one, Susan, you have a lot of CapEx priorities from building new infrastructure for next-generation models, compute capacity. Just walk us through again on the CapEx philosophy and any guardrails you have around ensuring you generate a healthy return on invested capital for investors from all the CapEx. Thanks.

I can start with the first point. I believe that the biggest contributors to our results in 2025 and 2026 will relate to how AI is enhancing our current products. This includes improving recommendations and assisting users in discovering better content, as well as making advertising more effective. There is significant potential for growth in these areas since we already have products at scale, and our AI initiatives will enhance them, leading to improved user experience and business outcomes. As we all know, our business cycle for launching new products and scaling them to reach over a billion users takes time, and we typically begin monetizing at scale only after that milestone is achieved. Therefore, for projects like Meta AI or AI Studio, while we expect these to boost engagement and provide other benefits in the short term, actual monetization will take years. This aligns with our previous experiences with features like Reels. Those who have closely followed our business can usually gauge when initiatives are likely to succeed well in advance, and those early indicators are valuable for making informed decisions. Regarding Meta AI, we recently initiated its rollout, and I believe we are on track to become the most used AI assistant by the end of this year, which is significant. However, this is just the beginning; we aim to deepen user engagement before focusing on monetization. Although it's still early, the initial signals are promising. It's essential to recognize that AI will influence almost every product we offer, enhancing current ones and allowing for new innovations. This is why technology leaders often discuss AI during earnings calls; it's genuinely exciting and has transformative potential across various areas over time.

And Brian, I can take the second question. On the ROI part of your question, I’d broadly characterize our AI investments into two buckets: core AI and Gen AI. The two are really at different stages as it relates to driving revenue for our businesses and our ability to measure returns. On our core AI work, we continue to take a very ROI-based approach to our investment here. We are still seeing strong returns as improvements to both engagement and ad performance have translated into revenue gains, and it makes sense for us to continue investing here. Gen AI is where we are much earlier, as Mark just mentioned in his comments. We don't expect our Gen AI products to be a meaningful driver of revenue in 2024. But we do expect that they are going to open up new revenue opportunities over time that will enable us to generate a solid return off our investment while we are also open-sourcing subsequent generations of Llama. We’ve discussed the four primary areas that we are focused on here on the Gen AI opportunities: to enhance the core ads business, to help us grow in business messaging, the opportunities around Meta AI, and the opportunities to grow core engagement over time. The other thing I’d say is that we are continuing to build our AI infrastructure with fungibility in mind so that we can flex capacity where we think it will be put to best use. The infrastructure that we build for Gen AI training can also be used for Gen AI inference. We can also use it for ranking and recommendations by making certain modifications, like adding general compute and storage. We are also employing a strategy of staging our data center sites at various phases of development, which allows us to flex up to meet more demand with less lead time if needed while limiting how much spend we are committing to in the outer years. So while we do expect that we are going to grow CapEx significantly in 2025, we feel like we have a good framework in place in terms of thinking about where the opportunities are and making sure that we have the flexibility to deploy it as makes the most sense.

Yes. Hi, thanks for taking my question. Just as we look at the revenue guidance and the outlook, Susan, any color you can share on just kind of the state of the overall digital ad market? And you've highlighted some areas where you are seeing strength versus some of the idiosyncratic efforts you've made to kind of improve the efficacy of the ad product. Thank you.

Hi, Mark. We are continuing to see healthy global advertising demand, and we are also delivering ongoing ad performance improvements just related to all of the investments that we've continued to make over time. Improving ads targeting, ranking, delivery, all of the fundamental infrastructure there, and we expect that all of that will continue to benefit ad spend in Q3. We do expect year-over-year growth to slow in Q3, as we are lapping strong growth from China-based advertisers, as well as strong Reels impression growth from a year ago. We also expect modestly larger FX headwinds in Q3 based on current rates.

Thank you so much for taking the question. I'll just ask one. You called out building community size and what's happened in the United States, as well as Threads. How are you thinking about those newer, faster-growing elements of either Messaging or Threads as a platform and the mix between the potential for engagement growth and overall monetization longer term of either the messaging layer or Threads and what you are most excited about there to build to sort of capitalize on scale but bring it back towards monetization? Thank you.

I can start, and Susan can jump in if she has anything else that she wants to add. The WhatsApp stat, I think, is really important as a business trend just because the United States punches above its weight in terms of it being such a large percent of our revenue. So before, WhatsApp was sort of the leading messaging app in many countries worldwide but not in the US. I think now that we're starting to make inroads into leading in the US as more and more people use the product and realize that, hey, it is a really good experience and the best experience for cross-platform communication within groups and all these different things. I think that means that all of the work that we are doing to grow the business opportunity there over time is just going to have a big tailwind if the US ends up being a big market. That’s one reason why it's really relevant. It is also personally somewhat gratifying to see all the people around us starting to use WhatsApp, so I think that is pretty fun but maybe somewhat less relevant from a business perspective. Threads, I think, is another example of something that got off to about as good of a start as any app that I can think of. It was the fastest growing app to 100 million people. And it is a good reminder that even when you have that start, the path from there to 1 billion people using an app is still multiple years. That’s our product cycle. That's something different about Meta and how we build consumer products and the business around them compared to many other companies that ship something and start selling it, making revenue from it immediately. That's something that our investors and folks thinking about analyzing the business need to grapple with—products we ship them then there is a multiyear time horizon between scaling them and then scaling them into not just consumer experiences but very large businesses. The thing that I think is exciting about Threads is that we’re going to add it to our portfolio. There are not that many growth opportunities like that in the world. There are maybe a dozen of them globally, and we do pretty well when added to the portfolio if executed correctly. Obviously, there is a lot of work before that can happen, but the potential is really exciting. We have almost reached 200 million, which is a great milestone, and I look forward to what comes next.

Eric, I would just add to that in terms of nearer-term sources of impression growth. We really expect that video is going to remain a source of impression growth for us in the second half. On Instagram, we expect Reels to continue to drive growth, while on Facebook, we expect to grow overall video time while increasing the mix of short-form video, which creates more impression growth opportunities. Generally, we expect continued community growth across our apps.

Hi, thanks for taking my questions. One for Mark, one for Susan. Mark just in terms of infrastructure and CapEx, you've talked about currently building out not just for Llama 3 and 4 but really out to 7 perhaps. Given how much you are building ahead, how does that influence the shape of the CapEx curve over a multiyear period? And then Susan, if you could talk a little bit more about the Q3 outlook. I know you are talking about tougher comps, but at the same time, it really suggests only 1 point of FX-neutral deceleration at the high end. So just curious if there's anything else you can point to more specifically that's driving the expected strength here. Thanks.

Thanks, Doug. I can go ahead and talk about both of those. Your first question was about the longer-term CapEx outlook. We haven't shared an outlook on the longer-term CapEx trajectory. Infrastructure is an extraordinarily dynamic planning area for us right now. We are continuing to work through what the scope of the Gen AI road maps will look like over that time. Our expectation is that we are going to significantly increase our investments in AI infrastructure next year, and we'll give further guidance as appropriate. But we are building all of that CapEx with the factors in mind that I talked about previously, thinking about how to build it flexibly so we can deploy to core AI and Gen AI use cases as needed. Your second question was about the Q3 revenue outlook. Again, I mentioned this earlier. We have seen healthy global advertising demand on our platform. We are delivering ongoing ad performance improvements, which again, we feel like is a result of many, many quarters of effort that have accrued and will continue to accrue value to our platform. We saw basically in Q2 where revenue grew 22% that there was broad-based strength across regions and verticals, including particular strength among smaller advertisers, and we expect that generally to continue into Q3.

Great. Thank you. I just want to get back to the comment on US young adult user growth, especially on Facebook and Instagram. I know you made a big change with Reels a couple of years ago. But what are those users doing on Facebook and Instagram? And can you give us any quantification of the usage growth? Thank you.

Thanks, Justin. Building products with young adults in mind has been a core priority area for the Facebook team in recent years, and we've been very encouraged to see these efforts translate into engagement growth with this cohort. We have seen healthy growth in young adult app usage in the US and Canada for the past several quarters. We have seen that products like Groups and Marketplace have gained particular traction with young adults. Posting to groups in the US and Canada has been growing and has been boosted mainly by young adults. We also see that they are active users of Marketplace, which has benefited from product improvements and strong demand for second-hand products in the US.

I was going to ask about Marketplace, so that's a nice segue. It is a great, somewhat under-monetized or arguably very under-monetized asset. I know you indirectly monetize it, and it's a very large marketplace. Your thoughts on what you may want to do in the future in terms of monetizing it, in part, maybe even improve the quality of the Marketplace. And then secondly, I just want to ask you about headcount. It is down about 1% year-over-year. You're pretty much back at par with where the employee headcount was prior to significant reduction. How should we think about headcount growth going forward? Did you talk about a significant growth in CapEx? Should we expect moderate growth in headcount significant? Any thoughts on that would be helpful. Thank you.

Thanks Mark. On your first question about Marketplace, again we are obviously excited that it's been one of the drivers of strength in young adults. I would probably just say that more generally, Marketplace is one prong in a broader commerce strategy that we have which continues to be focused on basically creating the best shopping experience on our platform. Marketplace is obviously consumer-oriented. The broader part of the commerce strategy is about making it easier for businesses to advertise their products, for buyers to find and purchase relevant items on our platform. To that end, I’d say that we feel quite happy with the investments we've been making in Shops ads. Shops ads revenue is growing at a strong year-over-year pace. We see Shops ads drive incremental performance for advertisers. It is also working well in combination with some of our other products like Advantage+ shopping. Your second question was about headcount. We continue to be disciplined about where we are allocating new headcount to ensure that it's really focused on our core company priorities, but we are also working down a prior hiring underrun. As we further close that hiring underrun over the course of this year, I do expect that we will end 2024 with an in-seat reported headcount that is meaningfully higher than where we ended 2023. We aren't providing 2025 headcount growth expectations yet as we haven't started our budgeting process yet. Again, I expect that we’ll primarily target our hiring to focus on priority areas, and we will be running a very disciplined headcount process.

Great. Thank you very much. So the AI system using Llama 3.1 has been incorporated in different variations and looks really impressive and seems to be getting closer to becoming a full search engine for virtually everything except for commercial queries so far. So are there any plans to open it up to the broader web? Kind of like what may be OpenAI is off to testing, maybe link it to third-party marketplaces for commercial search, etc. And then on Ray-Ban, can you maybe talk a little bit more about the opportunity to deepen your relationship with EssilorLuxottica? What would that look like? What kind of areas are the most exciting to you, Mark, in that relationship? Thank you.

Yes. I'm very excited with how Llama 3.1 landed. I think the team there is doing really great work going from the first version of Llama, the Llama 2 last year that was a generation behind the frontier and now Llama 3.1, which is basically competitive and in some ways, leading the other top-closed models. Meta AI uses a version of Llama 3.1 as well as a bunch of other services that we've built to kind of build a cohesive product. When I was talking before about we have the initial usage trends around Meta AI but there is a lot more that we want to add. Things like commerce and you can just go vertical by vertical and build out specific functionality to make it useful in all these different areas are eventually what we're going to need to do to make this just as to fulfill the potential around just being the ideal AI assistant for people. It is a long roadmap. I don’t think that this stuff is going to get finished in the next couple of quarters or anything like that. But this is part of what's going to happen over the next few years as we build something that will be a very widely used service. I'm quite excited about that. We are going to continue working on Llama 2. You mentioned Llama, and I think the question was a little more about Meta AI, but they are both connected. Llama is sort of like the engine that powers the product and it's open-source, and I'm just excited about the progress that we are making on both of those. On the smart glasses, EssilorLuxottica is a great partner. We are now in the second generation of the Ray-Ban Meta glasses. They are doing well, better than I think we had expected, and we expected them to grow meaningfully from the first generation, so that's been a very positive surprise. Part of that success is that it is well-positioned to dovetail well with the AI revolution that we are seeing and offering all kinds of new functionality there. So that was great. EssilorLuxottica is a great company that has a lot of different products that we hope to partner with to continue building new generations of the glasses and deepen the AI product and make it better and better. I think there is a lot more to go from here. That said, compared to what we thought at this point, it is doing quite well compared to what it needs to be to be a really leading piece of consumer electronics. I think we are still early, but all the signs are good.

Krista, we have time for one last question.

Thank you. That question will come from the line of Ross Sandler with Barclays. Please go ahead.

Great. Mark, so on Monday in your interview with Jensen, you said something along the lines of if scaling ended up stopping one day, you'd have five years of product work ahead of you. So outside of agents or AI assistants, what other areas in AI are you thinking about or looking at in that five-year roadmap? And then the second question is maybe one more stab at the capacity question. You guys said that Llama 3.1 was trained on 16,000 H100s. You've also said that you're going to have 600,000 available by year-end. So even if we go up to 160,000 GPUs for Llama 4, we have plenty of extra capacity for inference and future products. How are you guys modeling out this entire CapEx roadmap between training, inference, and future things? That's all. Thanks a lot.

I can start with the first one, and then I'll let Susan answer the second one. It is an interesting question. It is a little hypothetical because I mean, I do think it's true that if, let's say, there were no future foundation models, I think there would just be a huge amount of product innovation that the industry would bring to bear, and that just takes time. But then at the same time, there are going to be future foundation models, and they are going to be awesome and unlock new capabilities, and we are planning our products around those. So I'm not really planning our product roadmap assuming that there isn't future innovation. On the contrary, we are planning what's going to be in Llama 4 and Llama 5 and beyond based on what capabilities we think will be most important for the roadmap that I just laid out for having the breadth of utility you’re going to need in something like Meta AI, making it so that businesses, creators, and individuals can stand up any kind of AI agents that they want. You are going to have these real-time, multimodal glasses with you all the time that will just be increasingly useful for all the things you are doing. That connects to the huge set of use cases already about people wanting to discover content and interact with their friends and businesses reaching people, and all that stuff is getting better with this too. My point is that there is some lag between technology becoming available and products becoming fully explored in the space. I think this is an exciting area where there will be a lot of innovation for a long time to come.

Thank you. We are clearly in the process of building out a lot of capacity, and Mark has alluded to that in his comments about what we have needed to train prior generations and the next generation of Llama. That is driving what we talked about in terms of the significant growth in CapEx in 2025. We aren't in a position now to share a longer-term outlook. When we think about any given new data center project that we are constructing, we think about how we will use it over the life of the data center. We think about the amount of capacity we could use in terms of training whatever the subsequent generations of Llama are, and it's architected around that. Then we also look at how we might use it several years into its lifetime toward other use cases across our core business, across what we think might be future needs for inference, for generative AI-based products. There are several use cases for the life of any individual data center ranging from generative AI training at its outset to potentially supporting generative AI inference to being used for core ads and content ranking and recommendation, and also thinking through the implications of what kinds of servers we might use to support those different types of use cases. We are mapping across a wide range of potential use cases when we undertake any given project. We are doing this with both a long time horizon in mind, given the long lead times in spinning up data centers, while recognizing that there are multiple decision points in the lifetime of each data center regarding when to order servers and what servers to order. This gives us flexibility to make the best decisions based on the information we have in the future.

Great. Thank you all for joining us today. We appreciate your time, and we look forward to speaking with you again soon.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation, and you may now disconnect.