Good morning. My name is Warren, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the fourth quarter and full year 2025 PPG earnings conference call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speaker's remarks, there will be a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question during this time, simply press star followed by the number one on your telephone keypad. If you would like to withdraw your question, press star one again. To allow everyone an opportunity to ask a question, the company requests that each analyst ask only one question. Thank you. I would now like to turn the conference over to Alex Lopez, Director of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, sir.

Thank you, Warren. And good morning, everyone. This is Alex Lopez. We appreciate your continued interest in PPG and welcome you to our fourth quarter 2025 earnings conference call. Joining me today from PPG are Tim Kanavich, chairman and chief executive officer, and Vince Morales, senior vice president and chief financial officer. Our comments relate to the financial information released after U.S. equity markets closed on Tuesday, January 27, 2026. We have posted detailed commentary and the accompanying presentation slides on the Investor Center of our website, ppg.com. Following management's perspective on the company's results, we will move to a Q&A session. Both the prepared commentary and discussions during this call may contain forward-looking statements reflecting the company's current view of future events and their potential effect on PPG's operating and financial performance. These statements involve uncertainties and risks, which may cause actual results to differ. The company is under no obligation to provide subsequent updates to these forward-looking statements. The presentation also contains certain non-GAAP financial measures. The company has provided in the appendix of the presentation materials, which are available on our website, reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. For additional information, please refer to PPG's filings with the SEC. Now, let me introduce PPG Chairman and CEO, Tim Kanibich.

Thanks, Alex. Good morning, everyone. Welcome to our fourth quarter and full year 2025 earnings call. I'll start off by providing some highlights on Q4 and full year 2025, and then I'll move on under our 2026 guidance. I'm pleased to report that 2025 was a year of solid commercial, operational, innovation, and financial performance for PPG. The year also demonstrated the strength and resilience of our diversified portfolio, as well as the dedication of our PPG global team. Despite a very mixed and dynamic macroeconomic environment throughout the year, we delivered consistent organic growth, both volume and price, capping the year off with our strongest organic growth of over 3% in the quarter. We also continued our legacy of driving structural cost improvements for our self-help actions and maintained our heritage of strong cash flow generation and disciplined cash deployment, including returning cash to our shareholders. For the full year, net sales totaled $15.9 billion with 2% organic growth, which was driven by a combination of higher selling prices and volume gains across our segments. Our adjusted earnings per share came in at $7.58, underscoring our ability to maintain solid profitability in a dynamic environment. Our cash from operations totaled $1.9 billion, up about half a billion dollars year over year. supporting a robust free cash flow yield of 5%. This strong cash performance enabled us to return $1.4 billion to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. Our segment EBITDA margin for the year was a healthy 19%, reflecting ongoing operational efficiency and cost discipline. I'm pleased that we have delivered on our organic growth commitment. with sales volume and selling price growth resulting in a full-year increase of 2% in organic sales, which outpaced the estimated market decline of negative 0.2%. This is the result of our productivity solutions for our customers, as well as the share gains in our core technologies. Turning to the fourth quarter, we further accelerated our growth momentum. Net sales were 3.9 billion, up 5% year-over-year with 3% organic growth driven by positive sales volume growth across all regions. We achieved record aerospace coding sales and earnings led by strong demand for our technology-advanced products. Out of OEM, net sales increased 6%, well outpacing the industry driven by share gains and customer mix. Architectural codings in Latin America delivered high single-digit organic sales growth aided by the sequential quarterly recovery of project-related sales and continued strong retail performance. We delivered positive sales volume growth in all regions, with Asia-Pacific leading the pack, achieving mid-single-digit percentage, followed by low single-digit percentage in U.S., Latin America, and Europe. Our segment EBITDA margin for the quarter was 18%, reflecting solid execution despite some macro headwinds that impacted certain end markets. Adjusted EPS for the quarter was $1.51 as the improved organic growth and improved operational performance were more than offset by higher interest costs and increased corporate expenses. Now, looking at each of our segments, in the global architectural coding segment, fourth quarter net sales rose 8% to $951 million with 2% organic growth. This was driven by Mexico's strong retail performance and sequential improvement in project-related spending, as well as favorable foreign currency translation. Project-related spending was weak in the first half of 2025, driven by uncertainties related to tariffs. However, in the second half of 2025, we experienced consistent recovery and expect this to extend into 2026 based on leading indicators and discussions with our customers. Architectural coatings demand in Europe was mixed, low single-digit percentage decline, which was partially offset by favorable pricing. We have now delivered positive pricing for 39 consecutive quarters in this business. Segment income increased 16% driven by improved pricing and cost management, and EBITDA margins improved nearly 100 basis points. We expect positive organic sales and margin momentum to continue in the first quarter of 2026 in this business. The performance coding segment delivered 5% net sales growth to $1.3 billion, led by double-digit organic growth in aerospace and consistent gains in our protective and marine and coatings business, which now has delivered 11 consecutive quarters volume growth. As expected, automotive refinish organic sales decreased by a high single-digit percentage as sales volumes were lower, reflecting customer order patterns stemming from distributors more heavily weighting their purchases to the first half of 2025. However, one closely watched data point in the industry is U.S. accident claims, and the December year-over-year claims were down only 2% compared to high single-digit or low double-digit declines throughout the year. As we communicated in our third quarter earnings call, the industry claims normalization and our 2025 distributor order patterns will result in a difficult sales comparison for PPG in the first half of 26, but incremental volume growth during the second half of 2026. Segment EBITDA margin decrease driven by the lower automotive refinish coating sales and higher growth-related investment spending in aerospace and protective and marine coatings, partly offset by higher selling prices. And we expect margin contraction for the segment during the first half of 2026, with margin growth during the second half of the year. As you know, our aerospace business is an important growth engine for the company, and I want to take a moment to talk about the momentum and industry growth and the demand for our highly specialized, qualified products. the business is equally weighted to oem and aftermarket customers with margins that are accretive to the overall reporting segment and has a strong presence in commercial military and general aviation during our second quarter earnings call we presented the significant expected aerospace oem growth given the increased builds forecast for the next several years In addition to the OEM growth, the forecast for higher aftermarket demand translates into sales growth CAGR of high single-digit percentage growth for the foreseeable future. For PPG, this is a business that is more than just coatings, with the majority of the portfolio being represented by transparencies, sealants and adhesives, and service and materials. For each one of these verticals, we compete with peers that do not have a strong presence in overlapping technologies. This makes our business very unique with a much stronger segment presence than any traditional competitor in our space. Moving to the industrial coding segment, fourth quarter net sales grew 3% to $1.6 billion, with organic growth fueled by share gains that led to 5% sales volume growth, well outpacing industry demand, as we realized the full run rate benefit of share gains was strength in automotive OEM codings and packaging codings. From a business unit perspective, our automotive OEM business delivered a 6% increase in net sales with growth above market as a result of our share gains. We expect to outgrow the market in the first quarter and for the full year in 2026 in this business. Organic sales for our industrial coatings business were flat as sales volumes growth in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region offset lower index-based pricing. Packaging coatings organic sales increased by a double-digit percentage year-over-year, growing significantly above industry rates. These results reflect the positive momentum in share gains led by Europe and the U.S. as a result of the technology shift favoring our sustainable product portfolio. segment EBITDA was up six percent year over year and EBITDA margin improved by 30 basis points to 15.1 percent reflecting the leverage from the organic sales growth along with our manufacturing productivity and strong cost control actions now looking ahead we expect some softness in global industrial and automotive demand to impact organic sales and margins in the first quarter in 2026. Now let me talk about our balance sheet in cash. Strong cash flow generation remains a key pillar of our strategy. As I said, our operating cash flow increased by over half a billion dollars year over year to 1.9 billion in 2025. We returned 1.4 billion to shareholders through dividends of 630 million and share repurchases of 790 million, which represents about three percent of our outstanding shares we ended the year with a strong cash balance of 2.2 billion dollars and the net debt position of 5.1 billion with 700 million of debt maturing in the first quarter of 2026 which we intend to pay from our current cash position our balance sheet is strong which continues to provide us with financial flexibility and we remain committed to using this strength and flexibility to drive shareholder value. Our capital expenditures for the year total approximately $780 million, reflecting our investment and growth initiatives, including expansions in aerospace and Mexico, and our digital and AI capabilities. 2025 will represent the high watermark of these growth investments, and we expect to sequentially paced back to our historical levels approximately 3% of sales by 2027. Looking ahead, I'm encouraged by our organic growth momentum and what we will achieve in 2026. We anticipate that demand in Europe and global industrial end-use markets will remain challenged. However, despite the macroeconomic environment, we expect sales volume growth will be driven by aerospace, architectural coatings in Mexico, and about 100 million of share gains in the industrial coding segment that will be realized in 2026, including 50 million of carryover share gains announced last year. We expect overall price for the company to be positive with strength from our performance and architectural coding segments, which will partially offset by modest contraction in the industrial coding segment. This will result in organic sales growth in the range of flat to positive low single-digit percentage. Raw material basket remains favorable to coatings producers, and we are consolidating our supplier base, which will help us offset the impacts of already enacted tariffs, resulting in expected overall flat raw material costs for the year. Finally, during 2026, we expect growing benefits from operational and excellence programs, reducing our costs by another $50 million. This, combined with the leverage from acceleration and volume growth, is expected to drive earnings per share growth that, at the midpoint of our guidance, represents a mid-single-digit percentage increase. We expect earnings per share to be flat to growth of low single-digit percentage during the first half of the year and increasing to high single-digit percentage in the second half of the year. In closing, I'm excited about the increasing momentum we have demonstrated during the fourth quarter that allows us to start 2026 on strong footing. We are laser-focused on executing our enterprise growth strategy, which emphasizes high-margin business growth, strong cash flow generation, disciplined capital allocation, and operational excellence. Our portfolio pruning completed in 2024 enables us to more effectively win with our customers and drive shareholder value. Additionally, we are investing in customer innovation, including digital and AI capabilities to maintain our technology leadership in coatings, sealants, specialty materials, and productivity solutions for our customers. As always, we remain disciplined with our cash deployment to drive shareholder value. We're confident in our strategy and the strength of our business model to deliver sustainable long-term growth. Thank you to our PPG team around the world who make it happen and deliver on our purpose every day. We appreciate your continued confidence in PPG. I look forward to discussing our results and outlook in more detail during today's call. Warren, please open the line for questions.

At this time, I would like to remind everyone in order to ask a question, press star, then the number one on your telephone keypad.

We'll pause for just a moment to compile the q a roster your first question comes from the line of chris parkinson with wolf research your line is open most of us would still call the macro you know muted or even meager and yet your organic growth you know with maybe one exception has been pretty solid across a lot of the kind of the substrates and the facets you've been focusing on the last few years could you just add a little bit of insight on what you saw in the fourth quarter and how you're thinking about you know know everything in 2026 in terms of breaking that growth down is was the macro actually slightly better than you anticipated is it all share gain is it new product introductions if you could kind of just break that down and how you know that breakdown would actually lead you to think about your 26 guidance that would be particularly helpful thank you yeah hey Chris I guess the high level answer I'll get into some details for you here the high level answer is Macro is not better than we expected.

And to your questions about is our growth based on macro, share gain, or technology introductions, the answer is yes, yes, and yes. So the spaces where we're seeing macro help, you know, aerospace, right, that continues to crush it for us. The sequential improvement in Mexico, that helps us. And, you know, I'd say still a pretty strong, robust PMC market. When you look across the rest of our businesses, well, and those businesses, if you think about auto OEM, you know, S&P has Q1 down. The rest of the year, call it flat-ish. But we're committed to outperforming that, and we will grow. packaging industry is very mixed bag and we're crushing it there with multiple quarters of double digit and that's largely share game and I will tell you largely Europe where we're doing we're doing quite well quite well there you know if you look at the other businesses architectural Europe still flat ish industrial or general industrial which as you know is the catch-all. It's, you know, some segments are up, some are down. Overall, I still call it pretty flat. So really, there's a few markets where we're getting macro help. Most of our businesses were getting share gain help. And to the technology question, a lot of the share that we're gaining in packaging is technology-driven. A lot of the share that we're gaining in refinish, even though the you know the uh the stocking is is covering this right now a lot of the share gain is driven by the productivity tools that that that we launched so it's really a combination of all three but high level i don't think anything has changed significantly with our view of the macro your next question comes from the line of alexei iframov with key bank capital markets your line is open good morning thanks for providing all the color on and markets i was hoping you could just give us some details on uh on total volumes and and price uh for organic growth in 26 sure let me um do the easy one first and that's pricing uh you should expect to see a positive price in virtually all of the protective businesses i'm i'm sorry performance businesses and the architectural businesses you know you heard my even our most challenged region for architectural in europe we've gotten price 39 straight quarters i don't see us breaking breaking that streak and of course our position our strength in mexico will capture price there So you'll see price there. Refinish, aerospace, to a lesser degree, PMC. So those two segments will definitely have positive price. Now, in industrial segments, I would call it flat-ish, but we do have two slight negatives. We still do have a little bit of index pricing carryover. And automotive, frankly, automotive in China, we see some low single-digit price declines, frankly, that are offset by lower raw materials than we expected in China. But all in, you'll see, you know, performance and architectural offset a little bit of decline in industrial. You know, volume-wise, we're on a pretty good trend. You'll continue to see volume growth in aerospace, PMC, packaging, modest volume growth in architectural. You'll see volume growth in auto OEM. I'm frankly, you know, we have we've had second two quarters in a row of eating market there. And we're optimistic about doing that throughout 2026. And that's driven that's driven by share gains. And then, you know, as as we move through the year, I think you'll start to see some more in general industrial where some of the share gain wins that we've had will actually come come to launch. So thank you. Thank you for the question, Alex.

Your next question comes from the line of Kevin McCarthy with Vertical Research Partners. Your line is open.

Yes, thank you, and good morning. Tim, it was nice to see you finish up the year at plus 3% on organic sales growth. If I look at the EBITDA line, though, it was relatively flat. And so I was wondering if you could walk us through your thoughts on operating leverage. It seems, though, as though raw materials are pretty benign, and you've been, you know, taking costs out of the company as per your restructuring. And so maybe why did EBITDA not grow more in the quarter? And more importantly, how do you see that trending as 2026 progresses?

Yeah. Hey, Kevin. There's several contributors, but the one that by far drives that math is the refinish destocking. As you know, that refinishes one of our higher margin businesses. So when it's down, you've got destocking. I think we were down double digits in Q3, high single digits in Q4. That just, it overwhelms the positivity of the other businesses' organic growth, just given its margin profile. So what you should expect to see there, unfortunately, you'll see some of that in Q1 and Q2. I think you'll see it sequentially get better as the other businesses kick it in more and more pricing kicks in, more of our cost out and productivity kick in.

But really where you'll see that flip is once we get back to the normal buying patterns, which will be the second half of the year. yeah kevin let me this is vince just uh let me remind everybody our segment earnings did grow in the fourth quarter so they were up uh about 20 million year over year your next question comes from the line of vincent andrews with morgan stanley your line is open uh thank you and good morning i wanted to dig in a little bit more and we finish if i think of some of the the metrics that have been discussed uh over the last couple of calls i think i think third quarter claims were down mid-single digits, but 4Q claims are back down. High singles, though, you noted, Tim, that December was only down 2%, and I believe in the answer to Kevin's question, you're still anticipating, you know, the sort of second-half recovery and normalization of customer shipments. So, could you just help us tie all that together with sort of the latest update and what you're hearing from customers as well as not just – and now you're interpreting all that claims data.

Yeah, thanks, Vincent. And if you don't mind, I'm going to pick a rather holistic answer here, try to answer all the refinish questions here. So I want to make sure we leave time to get to everything in the portfolio here. So I'm going to answer maybe your question in and more when it comes to refinish. So the headline I'd say is there's nothing that indicates a huge change for us versus what we told you at the end of Q3 relative to the industry and to our trajectory. However, we are seeing what I would call some reinforcing green shoots as we move through the quarter. Okay, so we're still very confident in our best-in-class productivity solutions to grow share, and that's happening. We have market share momentum. That's happening largely in the US, but also across Europe. This is and will be a very good business for PPG as we work through this transitory kind of period, just given the strength of our position versus others. I will also add that there is clearly industry anxiety out there, partly driven by the pressure that body shops have been on for the last 18 months, but also driven by consolidations, divestitures in this industry. And what all of those anxieties play to our strength, one, because of the strength of our productivity offering, but second, because of the certainty of continuity that we provide. Insurance rate spikes were really the key driver to this disproportionate drop in claims over the last year and a half or so okay and that led to multi or leading to multi-quarter de-stocking in our channel i mentioned last time how it ties to our rebate structure etc and we said at the last quarter we expect normalization of buying patterns from our distributors in the second half of 2026 and normal i'll remind everybody would be kind of low single digit claims down and that's very good normal is very good for ppg because our track record for decades shows that at that kind of level we can put up record after record because the strength of our of our offering now if you look at our guide i'll remind you too everybody that we had a very strong first half of 2025 combined with a pretty weak second half of 2025 so when you combine that with what we're saying now which is okay de-stocking for two quarters sales volume and EBIT growth in Q3 and 4 that really explains a lot of the you know the EPS difference between the first half of the year and the second half of the year so that's kind of the fundamentals now updates everything we're seeing and hearing from our customers since we last spoke is playing out as expected distributors are de-stocking as we expected body shops are starting to see the beginning signs of normalization as we expected and thus we we reinforced our guide today the few points of reinforcement and green shoots because of that because of two things strength of our productivity offering and the anxieties in the marketplace that I mentioned we're winning a lot of share we saw you saw one public announcement yesterday a lot of other ones happening that are not publicly announced and there are more to come second insurance premiums are normalizing okay so kind of the the catalyst for this whole cycle is beginning to normalize. We continue to reinforce the strength of our productivity offering. Two things we did just this quarter, we launched the next chapter of digital tools for the body shops, you know, beyond Moonwalk, beyond Link, beyond Visualized, we launched a new digital tool called Mix and Shake, which drives further body shop productivity savings, and that's being well received. And we also launched our first AI formulated product in refinish to, again, to help body shops be more productive. So the industry is playing out as we expected. We're winning share with our solutions. It reinforces our guide to see de-stocking in first half, normalized order patterns in second half. Two other things that happened notably in December, you did see the minus two percent claims one data point i get i get that but you got to start somewhere so let's watch that closely closely as we move through the first half of 26 and we did start to see what we call fill-in orders from our distributors okay so this multi-quarter de-stocking um you know you can only de-stock so far before you've got to supply the body shops and that's when you start seeing fill-in orders and we did start to see those in december so another reinforcing sign so all that added up we expect a muted first half for continued destocking second half return to sales and ebit growth for a finish and a more normalized distributor buying pattern so you know just one other thing more more for the segment and to speak to the strength of our portfolio despite a challenging back half of the year in one of our best margin businesses you know the performance coding segment still put up a record record sales year and record earnings year for the for the full year 25 so the strength of our portfolio just uh just really comes through there when things like pmc aerospace and traffic can offset this transitory period of refinish so So I hope I answered your question and more on our finish. It's playing out as we expected. And obviously, more data points to come as we move through Q1 and Q2.

Your next question comes from the line of David Begleiter with Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.

Thank you. Tim, on aerospace, can you tell us what the growth of the sales growth was in 2025?

And are you at all capacity constrained in 26 ahead of the new supply capacity coming on next year? yeah we thanks david um the growth rate for for 2025 was double digit uh by the way it was 20 double digit and 24 as well so we expect continued growth you're starting to lap double digit on top of double digit denominators are getting bigger uh by the way this business is almost the same size as refinish now so the denominator is getting bigger and bigger as you start lapping multiple double digits so we're guiding high single digits for um you know 2026 i think for aerospace um we are capacity constrained no doubt about it we that's why our capex has been above our historical norm for the last couple of years uh round numbers i approved about 120 million of capex last year that i would call incremental aerospace de-bottlenecking capex expansion we've also brought in a number of consultants to help us just with with de-bottlenecking on the expense side and that's why you see some of the uh margin challenges that i think kevin asked about um and in addition to that 120 or so we announced 380 million dollar new factory that'll take about two years to bring online for the sealants and coating side of the business and we're working on some other capacity expansions i can't get ahead of my board here uh but you know we're not done we're this this business will be growing likely for the rest of of my career and And hopefully, that's longer than Mr. Morales' career here. So we see that coming as far as our forecasts go.

Your next question comes from the line of John Roberts with Mizuho. Your line is open.

Thanks, and congrats on a long career, Vince, and best wishes. Thank you, John. Could you talk a little bit more about the depth of the AI reformulation activity going on. You launched the first product and refinished. And how broad is this across the industry? Does PPG have a differentiated position or are the consultants sort of bringing AI to all the coding companies?

Yeah. Hey, John, we're super excited about this. There are things in AI that consultants are bringing to everybody. And I would say that's more kind of back office, customer service, you know, the finance transaction processing. Those are things that are kind of table stakes that everybody's doing. Formulation AI, this is internally developed, working with a few partners, but it's organically internally developed, and we believe it's a differentiator. Now, I'm guessing our competitors are out there trying to work on it and catch up, But we believe we're definitely out front here. And we've launched, commercialized, a refinish clear code that optimizes performance of the end coding, as well as productivity in the body shop for our customers. We launched that. It was the first product fully developed using AI, but it's not based on anything public. It's based on scraping all of our internal formulations that we've developed over 100 years and optimizing. So that is commercialized. Beyond that, we've launched another 50 products already where they were existing products in the marketplace that we've used AI to optimize both from a product performance standpoint and a cost to PPG standpoint. 50 products already since we made that first announcement. Going forward, we'll continue to both optimize existing formulations, but we've got development projects like we did in Refinish across virtually all of our businesses, so more to come there. Hope you hear a little kick in my step on this one, John, because I'm pretty excited not only about where we are, but where we're going.

Hey, John, this is Vince. Let me add a little here. The precursor to this was really the scraping of the data that Tim described. So we were fortunate a couple of years ago, we digitized a lot of our data. So that we think that puts us in maybe the pull position, certainly in the front row in the industry, because of that activity was very time consuming. And we did it a couple of years ago that allowed us to now take advantage of that digitized data.

Your next question comes from the line of John McNulty with BMO Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Yeah, thanks for taking my question.

So, Tim, over the last couple of years, you've dialed back investment in inorganic growth. You've really focused internally, and it seems like it's delivered. You've gotten share gains, you know, like you were saying, from technology, from service, the whole nine yards. And it seems like you're you're able to outpace your markets right now. I guess as we look forward, just given the strength of the balance sheet, the strength of the cash flows, is that still pretty much the main focus where, look, inorganic growth really isn't necessary for PPG going forward and you keep focusing on the internal opportunities? Or have you played a lot of that out? And now that you're in a stronger position, do you start looking maybe a little bit more aggressively at acquisitions? I guess, how should we be thinking about that?

So, hey, John, great question. So they're both important to us. But the tip of the spear, as I always say, continues to be building this organic growth and margin engine, because I believe in many, if not most of the cases, we can deliver better shareholder returns by making those investments in organic growth, organic productivity, organic cost out, et cetera. Now, we still will do acquisitions, either bolt-ons or someday transformational. We still believe that the industry needs some consolidation and we're supporters of that. We still believe there are acquisitions that will add value to PPG's customers and shareholders that can be tuck-ins from a technology standpoint or reinforce our position somewhere. But I would say that it's organic first. We still look at every opportunity. We put it through a filter of, is it the right asset that's consistent with our enterprise growth strategy, where it gives us a strong number one or number two, or reinforces a strong number one or number two? Is it the right asset? Is it the right time, given everything else that we have going on, so that we can ensure that we can not fall back in the trap where we had built this excellent inorganic muscle, but not an excellent organic muscle? So is it the right time that we can still do do both if you will and most importantly is it the right price um you know especially given where our our depressed or undervalued stock price is um when you do the mathematics and say well okay it's organic first then on some of these inorganics man i'm better off buying shares so i want to make sure everybody recognizes that all of those are on the table organic investment, inorganic investment, share repos, but we run them through this filter to make sure that all of our decisions are maximizing share owner value.

Your next question comes from the line of Matthew Dio with Bank of America. Your line is open.

Yeah. Good morning, everyone. And, you know, and also echo John's comments and congrats on the career and the retirement. it. I wanted to walk through some of the corporate cost inflation and bucket some of this stuff out across potential sources. I mean, you're not the only coding company to talk about healthcare inflation, and I get that, but where is that coming in? And kind of related, does it make sense to align compensation fully to organic growth if there isn't commensurate EBIT accretion? Because, you know, it's helping the top line, but it also seems to exacerbate the headwinds from some of the other unabsorbed fixed costs.

Yeah, Matt, I'll take this first, and I'll let my short-timer CFO here take it from there. The leading answer here is medical claims in Q4. Vince will explain it. We're a pay-as-you-go company they exceeded our expectations the second piece is incentive comp now remember some of that's a year-over-year comp issue right because we were we were drawn down our incentive comp accruals in q4 of last year because of overall performance and in this year we were we had done the same but then we came in stronger in q4 much stronger in q4 on two of our three metrics that guide our incentive payout our short-term incentive payout there's a it's important point that short-term versus long-term i'll get that in a second so um our short-term incentives are based on three metrics, organic growth, EPS growth, and cash, cash flow. So on two of those three, we finished better than expected. So that increases the payout. But a lot of that all came in Q4. So we had to catch up for the full year, right? So when you compare that to last year's comp, it looks like a big number. I want to reinforce that we are not overpaying our sales or our team because the total payout is still less than target. Now, another point to your point about, you know, kind of how do you balance all these different metrics? If you look at the grand total compensation for our executives, including myself, you know, the TSR payout, which is an important factor. If you look through our proxy, you know, that is not paying out. We have not performed there. The other one is on our restricted shares. You know, we did not meet our EPS growth for that payout.

So some of our longer term payouts for the year will be significantly below target but that kind of just explains how and why you see that Delta in the Q4 yeah Matt I'll just add good summary by Tim the the prior year again we lowered our Q4 incentive comp as we ended the year lower than we expected when we came into the Q4 this year a strong fourth quarter organic growth exceeded strong strong cash flow especially the latter part of December in receivables welcomed and our cash from ops was a 500 million higher than the prior year as Tim mentioned we did not hit our EPS target so we are not getting target payout for that flipping back to the medical we are a company that's pay as you go. As I talk to my peers in the industry, we do see folks. We think pulling some medical expenses into 2025 ahead of some potential inflation in 2026. So our medical costs year over year were up significantly in Q4 and particularly in December. So hopefully that answers some of the questions you had on corporate expenses.

Your next question comes from the line of Michael Sisson with Wells Fargo. Your line is open.

Hey, guys. A couple quick questions. Architectural EME, that's a business that has struggled to grow. I mean, end markets, I understand. But why is that a good business for you all to keep longer term? And maybe what's the growth algorithm there? And maybe similar on industrial coatings. Again, I understand end markets have been tough. But how do you see those two businesses grow longer term And then and just curious if Vince is going to take the Browns coaching job because I don't think anybody else wants it.

Let me answer that question first, Mike. I think that's a hopeless job. So I'm trying to retire, not go into a hopeless job.

I think he's already declined it officially, too. So so, Mike, the the the two answers to the two businesses you asked about are very different. One is an ongoing macro issue, and that's architectural Europe. The other one is really kind of a tariff and, you know, time-stamped issue, and that's general industrial. But let me talk about architectural Europe. It's been a depressed volume market for years, as has much of the European economy. two years ago I guess three years ago now 2023 which was depressed we generated record earnings and record cash it goes all the way back to 2008 so even in depressed markets we can generate good earnings into good cash and we don't spend that cash within the business we use that cash to supplement what we're trying to do in some of our higher growth businesses. What's happening these last couple years is, you know, the volume decline has been, you know, pretty pronounced. At this point last year, one of the things we missed, frankly, was we were projecting some upside in the market. We are not projecting upside in the market this year. We're saying flat, flat-ish for the whole year, but we're not waiting. We're not sitting around waiting for this macro to improve. It still makes good money for us, but with the actions we've started to take and will take throughout the year, we'll see margin expansion, cash generation expansion out of this business as we move through 2026. It's not our best growth business, certainly, but it can deliver, has delivered good earnings, good cash in a challenging macro.

Yeah. Before Tim goes on to industrial, Mike, I just want to remind everybody that this is a maintenance cycle business. We did have significant growth during COVID. So 2020, 2021. So the maintenance cycle clock reset. Typically, this is a five to six year maintenance window. So we're now getting to that fifth year where repaint typically would occur. So some of the volume declines the past couple of years really have been because we pulled forward maintenance into those COVID years.

Yeah, industrial, very different. It's a bit more cyclical than probably our most cyclical business is auto. Second most would probably be our general industrial because you're essentially painting big hunks of metal that get moved around the world. And so with the tariff uncertainty and what that's done, the confidence of some of our customers, that's been dialed back. And then what's that's done from consumer affordability, you know, so some of those folks are struggling. But we do see sequential improvement in this business. What's interesting is we see really good sequential improvement in places like Europe in Latin America, largely driven by share gain. We see sequential improvement in things like heavy-duty equipment, not ag-related, but construction-related. We see some sequential improvements in transportation and powder and in a broad category of general finishes. But we still see challenges in the U.S. market, and we still see challenges in a small part of what we do in China is exported to the U.S. about 10 percent of what we do in China and think electronics and kitchen and bakeware those kind of things remain you know depressed a bit so the industrial story is more of a timing one and we are starting to see green shoots we are starting to win share and we'll start to launch those share wins as we move through 2026.

Your next question comes from the line of Jeff Secaucus with J.P. Morgan. Your line is open.

Thanks very much. Your performance coding's revenue expectation for 2026 is flat to up low single digits. And in that segment, you've got aerospace and you've got auto refinish. If aerospace grows at a high single digit rate, in order to meet that guidance, refinish has to contract at a high single-digit rate or a mid to high single-digit rate? Is that the correct conclusion to draw? And for Vince, how many shares did you buy back this quarter and what did you spend?

Hey, Jeff, I'll take the first one. I don't think we're seeing that much of a decline more like low to mid low to mid for a finish in the first half uh if you think sequentially uh what did we see in q3 q4 we saw a double digit then we saw a high single digit so i'd say you ought to say that that that slope can slope continued towards normalization as we move as we move through the quarter you know remember uh i mean traffic's quite small there But we also have a nice PMC business in there that's not small, that'll contribute to some of the grand total of what we guided to for the year.

Yeah, Jeff, for us, from a share repurchase perspective, we bought just under 980,000 shares at an average price of about $102. And we spent, as we said in the press release, around $100 million in the fourth quarter.

Your next question comes from the line of Gansham Panjabi with Robert W. Baird. Your line is open.

Thanks, Alfredo. Good morning, everybody. Vince, congrats from our team as well. Wish you the best in retirement. I guess a quick one on raw materials. Sorry?

I'm still here until July, but thank you.

Yeah, I understand. Just an early congratulations. On the raw materials side, you know, as it relates to guidance, can you just give us a bit more color as to the constituents, as you think about, you know, some of the major ones that TIO2, Petros, et cetera, it looks like you're getting flat for the year and also flat for the first quarter, but some of the spot markets were weaker from the fourth quarter of 2025, so just curious as to which categories may be inflating as well.

Yeah. So first, Gonsham and a public service announcement for everybody. This is not Vince's last earnings call. And I don't want Vince to think it's his last earnings call. He's still got six more months of work to do here. But thank you for the kind words. And we'll have lots of kind words as we get closer to his actual date. But Gansham, high level, it's still a very long, favorable to us supply-demand balance. So across the board, that generally means good pricing for us. But what offsets that, a couple of things, I put them in three categories. Epoxies are up a bit because of tariffs, right? And that's included in our guide. And, you know, that obviously affects more of the industrial businesses, so it doesn't affect deco companies because most deco products do not have epoxy. So when you compare to what others might say, the epoxy is one. The second one is pigments, but let's not put TIO2 in that. I'd say more of the specialty pigments. We are seeing some inflation there driven by tariffs because those things come from all over the world. Okay. And the other category that's up is metal packaging. And everybody knows what's happening on the, you know, aluminum and steel tariffs. Those are really the only categories that I can think of that are up in our guide. And TIO2 is still pretty soft. Just given the supply demand, we've been doing some supplier consolidation. We've been working volume commitment deals for pricing. So that one is still pretty soft. You know what oil is doing, so that drives solvents to be. And then across the board, everything else is still in a very long situation. Add it all together, and we come up with flat for Q1, flat for the year.

Yeah, and I'll just remind everybody what we said at the outset. You know, we do have targeted pricing that we institute either in a back half of 2025 or we'll institute in 2026, including in Q1. So we do expect higher pricing for 2026.

Your next question comes from the line of Josh Spector with UBS. Your line is open.

Yeah, hi, good morning. I just wanted to ask on Mexico. I don't know if there's a way you can maybe index your volumes for where you are today in fourth quarter versus a year ago. Because obviously there's some easy comps in the first half with all the Liberation Day disruptions. But it seems like the fourth quarter performance might say you're even above where you were coming into last year. So can you help us square that away a little bit?

Let me give a high level and then I'll let Vince give the details because he's doing the math in his head here. So we definitely finished pretty strong in Mexico. And if you look kind of sequentially at how we move through the year, we're down, down, call mid single digits in Q1, up low single digits q2 up mid single digits q3 up high single digits q4 now where that puts us relative to year-end 24 i'll give that to give that to vince yeah josh if you look at the fourth quarter as a standalone basis and again there's two parts of our mexican business there's the retail consumer segment uh there's also the project segment the the retail segment has continued to grow.

The project segment's the one that had contracted the most in the first half of the year. Fourth quarter over fourth quarter, just on the volume basis, we're right around mid-single digits higher. Again, some of that's recovery. And we expect, again, in the first quarter, a good volume based on an easier comp.

Your next question comes from the line of Laurent Favre with BNP. Your line is open.

Yes, morning guys. I want to go back to the M&A discussion. I understand what you're saying on buybacks versus M&A, but there are some pretty obvious situations with assets coming out or potentially coming out of the recent announcements in Germany, Amsterdam, and Philly.

Now, I think it's unlikely that we'll have any clarity before the second half of 2027 so am i right to assume that this might be a very quiet year for buybacks as your way to get clarity on what's happening on those situations no you know um i i wouldn't say that laurent i i would say look our balance sheet is strong enough that we've got optionality if something gets spit out of either of those two deals and if it makes sense to us at the right price we've got optionality to do something there in 2027 without it impacting our ability to um to do buybacks in 2026 you know we're i think we're on nine straight quarters of buybacks now and you know we run a play uh vince myself our treasurer and our our corp development guy sit down every quarter and say what's the pipeline look like what's cash flow look like and we make a decision on buybacks and we'll continue to do that because even if we make a buyback and then all of a sudden i get a phone call saying hey there's something on the table here from one of these deals that that's being uh spun out i i'm not worried about my ability to do both your next question comes from the line of frank mitch with fermium research llc your line is open

uh thank you and uh and good morning tim i hope you can uh understand some of the confusion we have regarding vince's retirement date uh since many of us had already assumed that he was so appreciate your clarification there um i want to um i want to drill into a little bit about the first quarter here um you know in the script not i don't want to make too big a deal about it but But, you know, in the script, you described the first half as being low single-digit EPS growth. And in your comments this morning, you talked about it being flat to low single digits in the first half of the year. Obviously, you didn't provide any 1Q guidance. You know, can you just speak to, you know, your expectations in terms of 1Q? I mean, I guess flat down, modestly up, all that's in the calculus as we sit here in late January.

Yeah, Frank, by the way, I made that clarification not only for you, but I made that clarification for Vince, too. And I will publicly acknowledge that you were right a year ago that Aaron Rodgers would be better with us than anything he could do with the Jets. So we'll leave that out there. Um, so, so look, here's the easiest way to say it. We're going to ramp up in our EPS growth. Uh, I, I said flat to low single digits for, uh, the first half. So I would interpret that as flat ish for Q1, low single digits ish for Q2, and then stronger in the second half of the year.

Your next question comes from the line of Mike Harrison with Seaport Research Partners.

Your line is open. hi good morning uh tim in response to one of the first questions you were asked on this call uh about organic growth and kind of what was running ahead of expectations i was surprised to hear you not specifically mentioned china it sounded a little bit like a specific was ahead of expectations um can you talk about what you're seeing in china and i guess in particular or what do you see, you know, as we're kind of going into the new year, new year, new year. Thank you. Thank you.

Yeah. Hey, Mike, I'm glad you asked that question because I want to clarify. I was I was responding by by business, by vertical, not as much by geography. So I appreciate the opportunity to do that. Despite all the headlines, we're growing in China. We grew, we grew in Q4 in China and will grow in 2026 in China. You know, it's because we have a strong position of local for local businesses. We're well positioned in the kind of the right industries. um but more broadly asia pacific is very strong for us because india is doing great for us uh parts of southeast asia are doing great for us so if you look at specifically china going forward and you know we'll we'll see you know low single digits kind of growth maybe mid single digits kind of growth in 2026 so it's not the it's not the growth of a decade ago but it's also not the bloom and doom that you see at least for our portfolio because we're in the right places with the right kind of offering for the customers you know if you move to India you know India is delivered double-digit growth for us throughout most of 2025 we expect that to continue into 2026 so part of that That overall Asia-Pacific story is China still putting up growth numbers, India contributing with double-digit growth numbers.

Your next question comes from the line of Eric Boyce with Evercore. Your line is open. Your line is open.

Thanks. My question is back to Arrow. I appreciate the inter-business mix breakdown as Aero becomes a bigger percentage of the segment. From a profitability and margin standpoint, how would you rank order Aero coatings, transparencies, and sealants? And then maybe also on customer mix, military versus G&A commercial. And then I think you mentioned the OEM tailwinds, but how do you see the product mix for transparencies and sealants evolving in 26 and beyond?

Hey, Eric, this is Vince. As we've never done, we don't give our inter-business profitability by product or by end market. As Tim said in his opening remarks from one of the Q&A questions, it's certainly one of our better performing businesses due to the technology and specification requirements. But we're not going to give product-specific profitability. Yeah.

And as far as some of your other questions, mix of OEM, military and general aviation, I think we provided that pie chart. And the growth rates among those three are very similar, which helps the portfolio. And to Vince's point, look, we're giving more detail on aerospace because we don't believe it's fully understood because we have a competitor that has a very, I'll give them props. They've got a very good aerospace coatings business. This is much more than that. And as I said in my opening comments, coatings is actually the minority of our total profile here. So I don't know if I've addressed all your questions. I know you're particularly interested here because I believe you're a pilot or an Air Force pilot. So we're happy to show you how we make F-35 canopies someday or F-16 canopies. Not sure which bird you flew.

Yeah, and if you look, again, by end market, we do sell to OEM. We sell to military and general aviation. All those markets right now are sold out. All the products we have are sold out. Hence, the capital increase we've had the last couple of years. Also, the operating expense increase as we have folks trying to de-bottleneck our existing operations. These operations are specified and qualified, so they do require significant handholding as we change processes.

Yeah, and one more point and then we can move on, but it's also significant R&D in this business. That's why we're able to command a better margin, better than better than rest of better than many parts of our portfolio because of the significant long cycle R&D investment that it takes to win in this space.

Your next question comes from the line of James Hooper with Bernstein. Your line is open.

Good morning, guys. Thanks very much for the question. My question's on auto OEM and the share gains there. Yeah. Can you unpack a few more of the drivers for us, please? Is this to do with kind of your positioning in China, or is it to do with your customers gaining share of the auto-OM market? And can you give us a little update about some of the technology offering there? Is that a driver of share gains?

Thanks. Yeah, thank you, James. It's a little bit of all of those. I mentioned there is some element of customer mix there where one of our customers where we have a fairly large share wallet had a rough couple of years. They're recovering now, and that helps us to some degree. But most of what we're winning on, we've been introducing lower cure products. We've got a new ElectroCode product out there that brings more productivity and some sustainability benefits to our customers. We've been doing very well with automotive parts in that business. We've been doing well with a particular large EV manufacturer based in China who, you know, despite some headlines of what's happening to the EV market is doing very well, both domestically and export, not to the U.S., obviously, but to many, many other countries. So it's a combination of some customer mix, some new technology wins, and some, as Alicia, who runs a business for us, calls it, targeting the win with the winners, partnering with those that are going to win in the marketplace and developing and bringing them their best value proposition and then growing with them.

Yeah, as we said all year, we did pick up some significant share in South America as one of our competitors exited the market. We've realized the full quarterly benefit of that in Q4. We had some benefit in Q3, full quarterly benefit in Q4. That'll carry over into the first half of 2026.

We've also got, as I said in my opening remarks, in addition to the carryover, there's another significant double-digit millions share wins that will launch throughout 2026 that we won in late 2025.

Your next question comes from the line of Patrick Cunningham with Citigroup. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning. Thanks for taking my question. Just a quick one on protective and marine. You seem to call out normalization to industry growth rates. It seems like you still have some nice marine products that are ramping up. So are there any share losses offsetting in 2026? And what would you expect the overall industry growth rate to be across the platform?

Yeah, Patrick, this is Vince. Just really two factors there. Tim mentioned 11 consecutive quarters of volume growth, organic growth. That's compounding. So we're running up against some very difficult comparables. This is a project-oriented business. So as projects roll off, we have to win new projects. So those are two of the factors. We do feel good about our technology, as you mentioned. That's going to continue to allow us to carry the day.

And you specifically mentioned marine. Marine is a particular area of strength for us right now. We've been disproportionately winning in aftermarket. also you know dry docks because of our sigma glide uh technology this year we've also been disproportionately winning in asia new builds so marine continues to be a real strength for us as well then on the protective side some of our specialty fireproofing products your next question comes from the line of arun viswanathan with rbc capital markets your line is open Great.

Thanks for taking my question. Congrats on the impending retirement events. Great. Great. We're working with you over the last several years. So I guess first off, I just wanted to dig back into the operating leverage and corporate expense question. So it looks like you're guiding to about 4% EPS growth. If I back into it, it looks like about 3% EBITDA growth. And as you show on the slide flat to low single digit up organic growth. So I think you mentioned price would be slightly positive. So that would kind of imply slattish to maybe even slightly down volumes. Is that correct? And then I guess as a follow on, is it really that volume number that we need to see go higher that would drive the operating leverage?

Or are the corporate expenses going to be structurally higher and kind of mute that uh you know for in the foreseeable future how do we kind of get to the point where you do see kind of a lot of the the fruits of your labor um paying off and you see that that actual eps growth uh come through thanks yeah yeah thanks i'll take it first vince will fill in the details you know first we're not seeing structural change in our corporate expense going on right that's or going forward vince will explain that the biggest issue with our our lack of leverage with the volume growth that we're getting today is first second and third the refinish destocking because it's just such a such a strong margin for us that a lot of the other gains until that stabilizes and you'll see it in the second second half of the year as normalization happens there but that's that's like kind of number one number two and number three as the reasons why you're not seeing more leverage. We'll continue to gain incremental volume going forward, and that'll bring incremental leverage. Pricing will bring incremental leverage. We've got the cost outs, which will continue bringing incremental leverage. In the second half of 2025, all those happened, but they got overshadowed by two things. One, the refinish destocking, and two, corporate and interest.

With that, let me throw it to Vince and fill in the details yeah right if you look at 2026 versus 2025 a couple the segments are going to grow uh mid-single digits are higher in aggregate in terms of segment earnings we do have higher interest costs like most companies we have some very low cost debt rolling off we have three maturities two maturities in 2025 roll off we have another maturity in early 26 roll off we're replacing that in kind in absolute dollars but not at the same interest rate so unfortunately our interest costs are higher in 26 versus 25. in addition and most companies are also seeing this we're seeing a slight increase in our tax rate and that's driven around a variety of different factors especially in different jurisdictions so the those two items are a bit of a detractor, but the segment results, we are seeing growth year over year in 2026.

Your next question comes from the line of Lawrence Alexander with Jeffries LLC. Your line is open.

Good morning. Just two quick ones. First, on the AI investments, given it's you're leveraging internal projects, do you have enough data to see what your paybacks are like on incremental investments? And secondly, on the share gains in industrial, do you expect those to be pro or contra cyclical? You know, if demand accelerates, do you expect their rate of share gain to accelerate?

Yeah, yeah, Lawrence. Let me take both, and Vince can fill in anything. The AI, so first of all, it's still early days, right? We are, yeah, part of our increase in operating expense and capital expense is because of the AI. We've got a few runs on the board that have delivered millions to the bottom line, not yet material to the company, but very favorable early indicators relative to the investments that we made that this will be a very good ROI for us as we go forward. And you consider the fact that we only, air quotes, optimized 50 formulas that are commercialized so far, and we've only launched one that was AI developed so far. And if you look at the size of our pipeline, the materiality is yet to come.

But even today, we're booking savings to the bottom line with what's already been launched. so very confident in the roi going forward yeah on the on the industrial side lawrence uh we would expect our share gains to be additive if there's a cyclical recovery here as tim mentioned earlier this is one of our early warning businesses both up and down kind of the canary in the coal mine we have seen and passed and expect some point green shoots in this business and then And with our share gains and technology offerings on top of that, we'd expect it to be added.

There are no further questions at this time. I will now turn the call back over to Alex Lopez.

Thank you, Warren. We appreciate your interest and confidence in PPG. This concludes our fourth quarter earnings call.

This concludes today's conference call. You may now disconnect. You may now disconnect.