Welcome to today’s Q1 Earnings Result hosted by Rivian. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speakers’ presentation, we will conduct a question-and-answer session. I’ll now turn the call over to Derek Mulvey, Vice President of Finance. Please go ahead.

Good afternoon and thank you for joining us for Rivian's first quarter 2025 earnings call. Today, I'm joined by RJ Scaringe, our CEO and Founder; Claire McDonough, our Chief Financial Officer; and Javier Varela, our Chief Operations Officer. Before we begin, matters discussed on this call, including comments and responses to questions, reflect management's current views as of today. We will also be making statements related to our business, operations, and financial performance that may be considered forward-looking statements under Federal Securities Laws. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. These risks and uncertainties are described in our SEC filings and the shareholder letter which we filed today with the SEC. During this call, we will discuss both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures is provided in our shareholder letter. Just before this earnings call, we published and filed our shareholder letter, which includes an overview of our progress over the recent months. I encourage you to read it for additional details around some of the items we'll cover on today's call. With that, I'll turn the call over to RJ, who will begin with a few opening remarks.

Thanks Derek. Hello everyone and thanks for joining us today. During our call, I’ll highlight key developments in the first quarter and provide an update on the progress we’re making against our value drivers. First, I'm excited that Rivian delivered a second consecutive quarter of positive gross profit with a gross profit of $206 million. This reflects an outstanding effort from the team and a continued focus on cost and operational efficiency. Rivian has now met the gross profit milestone with Volkswagen Group and expects to receive $1 billion in funding at the end of June, which Claire will provide more details on in her remarks. Customers continue to love our brand, our vehicles, and our products. In the first quarter of 2025, R1S remained the bestselling SUV with a starting price over $70,000 in California and the R1S was the number one bestselling electric SUV in the United States with a starting price over $50,000. Part of what customers love about Rivian is the seamless integration of technology into the product experience and the enhancements that come with our over-the-air updates. One of our most critical technology focus areas which customers will start to see the output of is the Rivian Autonomy platform. With the launch of our second-generation platform, we entirely changed the perception stack and compute. Our R1 vehicles now have 55 megapixels of cameras and more than 200 tops of onboard inference. We designed this platform around an AI-centric approach with vertically integrated technology hardware that has enabled us to build a data flywheel for training our model with an end-to-end approach. With the scale of our second generation fleet growing, the strength of a robust sensor set feeding our data flywheel is enabling an important acceleration to our technology. The metaphorical plumbing for training our AI driving models is in place and the resulting benefits are just starting to be seen. We believe control of the data flywheel and associated autonomy platform will be important for autonomy development which we expect to have a greater impact on consumer purchasing decisions as we look towards the second half of this decade. We recently launched hands-free, eyes-on driving for our second generation vehicles for highway driving and this is the very start of a steady stream of ongoing enhancements which we plan to make. We are focused on delivering turn-by-turn autonomy as quickly as possible while expanding from hands-free, eyes-on to hands-free and eyes-off. We believe eyes-off functionality and autonomy in urban settings will enhance the overall product experience. Considering our broader AI work, including Rivian Autonomy, there are several product and technology advancements which we've been working on but have not yet shown or discussed. This fall we plan to host an AI and Autonomy Day where we'll share more of our product and our technology roadmap. I'm really excited to reveal more of what we're doing here. As Rivian continues to innovate through AI, I’m also excited to announce Aidan Gomez is joining our Board of Directors. Aidan is the co-founder and CEO of Cohere and he brings extensive experience enterprise-wide across AI and is a terrific addition to our Board. In parallel to technology development, Rivian is making significant progress in R2 including the start of our validation builds and the continued work on a 1.1 million square foot expansion to our Normal, Illinois manufacturing facility. We also announced the construction of a 1.2 million square foot Supplier Park in Normal for which much of the building's construction is complete. This supplier park will help us further reduce costs for Normal production. Next year we plan to start construction on our Georgia facility, which is planned to provide an additional 400,000 units of annual capacity for R2 and R3 once fully built out. Rivian's long-term investment in technology such as autonomy, software, electrical hardware, and propulsion has provided substantial cost and performance advantages. For example, our development of the R1 zonal network architecture and associated software is the foundation of what's going into R2. With the expected scale of R2, our investments in this technology begin to build a structural cost advantage which is a core element of delivering R2 at a price point expected to start at $45,000. Rivian's enterprise readiness for R2 stretches beyond just technology, design, and manufacturing for the product. It spans the entire organization as we scale our systems, processes, and infrastructure for rapid growth. I couldn't be more excited for R2's launch. Last week I was driving an R2 prototype and the vehicle is just incredible. Looking externally, the global trade regulation and policy environment is also top of mind. This is complex, multilayered, and rapidly evolving. It impacts our global supply chains, trade, and consumer sentiment. We have 100% U.S. vehicle manufacturing and a majority of our bill of materials, excluding cells, is sourced from the U.S. or USMCA qualified. However, we are not immune to the impacts of the global trade and economic situation which you expect to impact material costs, material availability, capital expenditures, and the demand backdrop. Importantly, as previously announced, the LG battery cells for R2 will initially be produced in Korea, but these cells are expected to be produced in Arizona starting by early 2027. With thousands of employees in the U.S. and more than 2 million square feet of new construction underway at our Normal, Illinois campus, Rivian shares the President's excitement in expanding domestic manufacturing capacity and continuing U.S. technology leadership. I can't wait for R2 and the long-term potential of our midsized platform which we will build in our Illinois facility and future Georgia facility. Lastly, thank you to our employees, customers, partners, suppliers, communities, and shareholders for their support. With that, I will pass the call over to Claire.

Thanks RJ. I also want to thank our team for a tremendous quarter. As RJ mentioned, in the first quarter of 2025, we achieved $206 million of gross profit which resulted in the second consecutive quarter of positive gross profit. This fulfills the gross profit milestone associated with the next $1 billion of funding expected from Volkswagen Group in association with our joint venture. This positive gross profit is the result of the hard work of our teams as we continue to focus on driving cost efficiency throughout the business. Importantly, when we isolate the first quarter performance of our Automotive segment, we generated positive gross profit excluding the impacts of regulatory credits and depreciation. While our gross profit levels may vary over the next few quarters, given some of the policy impacts we expect to experience, we believe this milestone is reflective of the progress we have made taking costs out and driving towards profitability. As we look forward to launching R2, we expect a faster path to profitability compared to R1, and we also expect that the volumes of R2 in our Normal facility will help lower the total fixed costs per unit across all vehicles coming out of the Normal plant. In the first quarter of 2025, we produced 14,611 and delivered 8,640 vehicles from our manufacturing facility, which was the primary driver of the $922 million of revenue in the Automotive segment. As previously stated, first quarter deliveries decreased due to delivery of more EDVs than is seasonally typical during the fourth quarter of 2024, resulting in limited EDV delivery volumes during the first quarter of 2025. This impact on automotive revenues was partially offset by increased average selling prices due to proportionately higher consumer deliveries, as well as an increase in the sale of automotive regulatory credits. Total software and services revenue for the first quarter of 2025 was $318 million, primarily due to new vehicle electrical architecture and software development services, remarketing sales, and repair and maintenance services. Our total gross profit was $206 million, our highest quarter to date, which includes $92 million from automotive gross profit and $114 million from software and services gross profit. Our adjusted EBITDA losses were negative $329 million as a result of the ongoing investment we are making to develop R2 and our key technologies, as well as the continued growth of our sales and service infrastructure and organization. These operating costs were partially offset by our $206 million of positive gross profit. As of March 31, 2025, we had $7.2 billion of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. In addition to this, we expect to receive up to $3.5 billion of incremental capital associated with our joint venture with Volkswagen Group, up to $6.6 billion loan from the Department of Energy associated with the build-out of our Georgia facility, and have access to $1.3 billion of availability under our ABL facility that we recently amended and extended through April 8, 2030. Included within the $3.5 billion of incremental capital expected from the Volkswagen Group is a $1 billion investment related to the gross profit milestone we achieved in the first quarter of 2025. Subject to customary closing conditions, Volkswagen Group is expected to invest $1 billion in Rivian common shares at a 33% premium to our stock price based on the volume-weighted average stock price from May 15 to June 27, 2025. The investment is expected to be funded on June 30 of this year. We believe external factors, such as changes to government policies and regulations, macroeconomic impact on consumer behavior, and supply chain impacts from trade and tariff policies could impact our 2025 expectations. We're also monitoring potential impacts on our production due to the export restrictions on rare earth materials coming from China. We are actively monitoring these developments and working to mitigate potential risks through a variety of initiatives, including strategic sourcing and proactive engagement with policymakers. While we expect tariffs to impact our material and trade duty costs with respect to batteries, we currently believe we have enough cells in the U.S. for production through 2025 and into early 2026. In addition, we plan to source our R2 4695 cells from LG, which as RJ said, we expect will be manufactured here in the United States by early 2027. While uncertainties persist, we remain focused on executing against our key value drivers and are confident the global car park will fully electrify in the long term. Our guidance represents management's current view of evolving trade regulations, policies, tariffs, and the overall impact these items may have on consumer sentiment and demand. As a result of these impacts, we have revised our delivery outlook to 40,000 to 46,000 vehicles. Due to our strong first quarter results, we are maintaining our outlook range of adjusted EBITDA of negative $1.7 billion to negative $1.9 billion. We also continue to expect to achieve modest positive gross profit for the full year of 2025. In addition, due to the expected impact from tariffs, we are raising our capital expenditure guidance to $1.8 billion to $1.9 billion. We remain on track with the expected shutdown to both our consumer and commercial manufacturing lines in our Normal plant for approximately one month in the second half of 2025 to prepare for the launch of R2 in Normal in the first half of 2026. This is the first line of production for our new midsized platform and as a result we intend to operate R2 on a single shift of production for the majority of operations in 2026. Thank you to our team for delivering a great quarter. We remain steadfast in our belief that R2 will be truly transformative for our growth and profitability. I'd like to turn the call back over to the operator to open the line for Q&A.

Our first question will come from Dan Levy with Barclays. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hi, good evening. Thank you for taking the questions. I wanted to first start with a question on batteries and the tariff impacts. I appreciate the disclosure that you have enough cells to get you through into early 2026, but perhaps you can give us a sense thereafter what your strategy is, especially around LFP. I appreciate that you do have the cells for R2 eventually going to be from the U.S., but what's your strategy around LFP? And if you could just confirm, are the LFP cells tariffed as an automotive product at 47.5% or as a non-automotive product at 145%?

Yes, thanks Dan for the question. Yes, certainly we've been spending a lot of time looking at just the overall landscape around trade and certainly that has a big impact on battery tariffs. For us, as you said, through the end of 2025, we have inventory that provides us resilience to then increases in tariffs. As we look at 2026, very importantly, with the launch of R2, the 4695 cell that we're using is initially sourced out of Korea, but we've been working very closely with our partner on this, which is LG, to localize that into the United States and starting in 2027 those cells will be produced in Arizona. And so that's outstanding for us in terms of the long-term cost structure for R2. And then as it pertains to R1, both with the 2170 cells that we're using as well as the LFP cells, this is something where we're actively working to address some of the changes in trade and we have the flexibility to be looking at alternatives and to be thinking around how do we evolve our cell sourcing strategy for R1 as we look at 2026 and beyond.

Okay, thank you. Second question is also on the theme of tariffs and the timeline associated with the $3,000, I think that's out there, what period is that for what vehicles? And then B, if you could just talk to broadly how you see the cost of goods sold (COGS) of R2 being impacted? So I appreciate the battery commentary, but what other cost considerations are there for R2? How dramatically does this change the cost structure for R2?

Sure, Dan, we expect the per unit direct impact from tariffs to be a couple thousand dollars for 2025 based off of the currently announced tariffs in place. And as you can imagine, we're exploring a number of offsets to those cost increases, including strategic sourcing decisions as RJ made related to some of the batteries over the longer term. And beyond those strategic sourcing decisions, we also have the opportunity to explore opportunities for us to see how we're deploying our incentive spend or drive improved mix which will help further offset some of the impact from tariffs themselves as well. Maybe I'll invite Javier to jump in as well as we think about R2 sourcing, where there's certainly more opportunities in the longer term for us to strategically adjust some of our sourcing strategies and approach to mitigate some of the longer-term impacts.

Yes. Thank you, Claire. Yes, we have been working for a while on getting a more resilient supply chain and as a result we are sourcing from the U.S. and the USMCA qualified region heavily. Though there are some flows coming from overseas, for those flows, we typically use global suppliers that have facilities in the three regions in Europe, Asia, and North America. And we still have time to relocate or study some of those flows in the next months before the launch of R2.

Great, thank you.

Our next question will come from Adam Jonas with Morgan Stanley. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Thanks everybody. RJ, I want to ask you about autonomy. The competition with Tesla is becoming more intense as FSD continues to advance. How do you plan to catch up and match them technologically with such a small fleet, limited computing resources, and a later start on transitioning to end-to-end? How confident are you in your ability to develop this in-house, or do you think you need an external partner to accelerate the process?

Thank you, Adam, for your question. This is a major focus for us, and as I mentioned in my opening remarks, we are very excited about this aspect of our business. We have dedicated a significant amount of time to establishing the necessary infrastructure, which includes equipping our Gen 2 vehicles with advanced sensors at launch. This has led to substantial enhancements in our onboard computing capabilities and, importantly, supports our data flywheel. The performance we aim for relies not only on having a larger fleet but also on the quality of data generated by the vehicles. Our high-performance cameras excel in both low-light and bright conditions, and our multimodal sensor approach—including five radars, with a front imaging radar—compensates for our smaller fleet by ensuring we gather high-quality data. As mentioned, the training for our offline models significantly benefits from the data we collect from these vehicles. We've already begun introducing features like hands-free driving, and as our fleet expands, the data flywheel will increase further. The quality of our data set is enhanced by our ability to control which events trigger data collection and the subsequent data transmission. While all our vehicles have LTE, many are also connected via Wi-Fi, allowing us to efficiently transfer data to the cloud for model training. We are optimistic about this approach. Our unique data infrastructure stands out because it does not rely on third-party camera systems or platforms that may obscure or alter the data. We get raw data that we can use effectively for an end-to-end model with a strong AI focus.

Thanks RJ. And just, just a follow-up for Claire. You called out rare earth supply specifically and said that you will explore strategic sourcing to mitigate. For rare earths, which are so critical for the powertrain specifically, what exactly are you doing, can you do in the event that China were to make sourcing of such materials or the processing upstream less available? I just want to know exactly what those efforts could be. Thank you.

Yes, this is a complex issue as you call out. It's something we're working on really, really thoroughly. And given that a lot of the processing of some of these heavier earth metals that are used in magnets, which is particularly important for electric vehicles using permanent magnet motors, we're very close to the situation and it's quite dynamic as we think about the overall trade environment. Now, saying that there are an array of different solutions to solve this. And I think importantly for us, as we look out in the longer term, planning for R2, developing around heavy rare earth-free motors, so using different types of magnets that are more available. And then, of course, in the longer term developing rotor assemblies that don't require rare earth metals. And so this has long been talked about as a technical topic. I think we're going to start to see the beginnings of that start to reach commercial deployment and certainly some of these trade challenges are going to accelerate that.

Our next question will come from Shreyas Patil with Wolfe Research. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hey, thanks so much for taking my question. Just to clarify, I think, Claire, you mentioned $2,000 per vehicle of tariff cost. I just want to make sure I heard that right. And then does that incorporate the latest U.S. manufacturing reimbursement program that the administration announced last week? And if so, is the primary exposure as it relates to tariffs is that primarily on batteries?

Shreyas, as I mentioned, we expect a couple thousand dollars of impact per unit for 2025, and that does include the benefits from reimbursement that have been announced as well. And then you heard RJ talk a little bit about some of the longer-term sourcing opportunities that we have with R2 being sourced out of a U.S. facility with LG and longer-term opportunities as we think about bringing more of our battery production onshore.

Okay, great. And then I was wondering if you could maybe just help us think through some of the remaining material cost opportunities that you see with R1 and then as we kind of transition to R2. I know obviously last quarter you had the launch of the refreshed R1. It looked like COGS per unit further improved into Q1 versus Q4. So I'm just wondering how much of that was material related and where you see additional opportunities both for this program and then additionally for R2.

Sure. In Q1 we saw a $3.3k per unit improvement in COGS and that was despite the fact that we had a higher concentration of R1 deliveries in Q1 relative to Q4. And as you probably recall, our commercial van has a lower material cost associated with it. So to be able to deliver that level of improvement despite some of the mix was formidable in nature as a whole. And the key driver for us in Q1 was predominantly driven by some of the improvements that we've made in operational efficiency as well as the fixed cost leverage that we had in the quarter given the higher production volumes with just over 14,600 units produced as a whole. And then as we look forward from here, while we certainly will have some increases from tariffs that we spoke a little bit about, we do still anticipate seeing some raw material savings in the business as a whole as we work through the remaining quarters of 2025.

Okay, great, thanks.

Our next question will come from Joseph Spak with UBS. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Thank you everyone. Claire, you mentioned auto gross profit, excluding credits and depreciation was positive and that's obviously a pretty good proxy for cash gross profit, so that's encouraging. It did look though like the depreciation and amortization in COGS line was down quite meaningfully quarter-over-quarter, and it's really actually trended down for a while. So I guess I just want to understand what's driving that and how we should think about depreciation going forward, because you guys are still investing, so I would have kind of expected it to move the other way.

Sure. So as you think about the dynamics of Q1, because we produced more vehicles than we delivered in the quarter, we absorbed more of our depreciation into inventory and so that's one of the key drivers. If you looked on it on an aggregate basis, and including the depreciation that went into inventory, the overall number still came down. However, a lot of what you're seeing in terms of $75 million of COGS related depreciation was driven by the absorption of that depreciation expense into inventory itself.

So it's on the balance sheet.

Yes, it's predominantly on the balance sheet. We'll start to see depreciation pick back up once we start production of R2 next year as well. So you'll see more of a steady-state run rate in aggregate, excluding some of these impacts from absorption into inventory, and then we'll see that ramp back up with R2 coming online.

Okay, and then maybe a good segue to the second question, which is, you talked about the overproduction. You're mentioning this couple thousand dollar per vehicle tariff headwind. I mean, it seems like that overproduction probably helps you minimize the impact for the year. Right? Since there was probably a more minimal tariff impact in the quarter. So I mean, rough math, it seems like it should probably be under $100 million total impact for the year. Is that ballpark correct? And I guess I just want to understand if that's changed versus the, I think you mentioned last quarter, a couple hundred million dollars impact undisclosed from what, but related to policy.

Yes Joe, as you take a step back and look at the overall policy impact, there is several hundred million of impact that we had baked into our original guidance related to tariff expectation, consumer benefits from EV adoption, regulatory credits. So there was a much broader basket, as is currently still the case as we think about the overall impacts for 2025 as a year. However, as we look at the overall tariff impacts, to your point, we produced more vehicles than we delivered in Q1 to help offset some of the lost production in the back half of the year as we shut down our manufacturing facility for roughly a month to integrate R2 into the plant. And so we'll have those vehicles, which largely don't have tariff impacts associated with them, to sell in subsequent quarters as well.

Our next question will come from Mark Delaney with Goldman Sachs. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Yes, good afternoon. Thank you for taking my questions. With respect to reducing the full year outlook for deliveries, can you help us better understand is that based on weaker incoming orders, Rivian has already been seeing or purely an expectation that the market is going to deteriorate going forward as you think about tariff costs and the effects on pricing as well as the broader economy?

Thanks, Mark. Yes, there's just a lot of uncertainty and I characterize it as there's a challenging backdrop from a consumer demand point of view. And what we're seeing is the interest in our flagship product, R1 continues to be strong in that. The R1 is the bestselling premium electric truck or electric SUV across the whole United States, over $70,000. And it's the bestselling premium SUV, electric or non-electric in the state of California. And so in terms of how our products are performing relative to alternatives in the market, we're doing extremely well. The challenge is consumers are more price sensitive than they typically are or typically have been, I should say, and are looking for lower priced alternatives. And this is what makes us so excited about R2 and the R2 price point starting at $45,000. You know, if you look at even just in Q1, the average across both R1 and our commercial van, the average selling price is $88,500. So and that's with the vans included. So we have a very high ASP, which is a great thing on our flagship product. But by virtue of that, the size of that market is just more limited and I think in this environment with the level of uncertainty, it becomes even more constrained in this backdrop. But if we can have a fraction of the success we have with R1 in the much bigger market that R2 is operating in, much, much bigger market that R2 is operating in, we will be very happy.

That's helpful and hopefully the new advertising campaign also is a step forward. I did like the lemonade advertising campaign that you guys just launched. My other question was on regulatory credits came in very strong in the first quarter. I wanted to better understand if the company still expects about $300 million of regulatory credit revenue for 2025, or does the strength that you saw in the first quarter imply some upside to the outlook there? Thanks.

Thanks, Mark. We still expect to be roughly in and around the $300 million area for the year as a whole as we look at the broader outlook for rent credits.

Our next question will come from Philippe Houchois with Jefferies. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Yes, good afternoon. It's Philippe Houchois, Jefferies. Second follow-up on the question from Joe on inventory. I'm surprised inventory didn't go up more than the $250 million considering the overproduction with Claire, you just said about shifting some of the depreciation into inventory and also the fact you hold more batteries. Did you do any action to actually free up some capital from the inventory?

Sure. The dynamics that we saw in the quarter was both a reduction in our raw materials by about $220 million and then we did have a significant increase of roughly $563 million in our finished goods inventory as a whole. And part of that was, and maybe I'll have Javier jump in as well, but we're very focused on driving towards more lean manufacturing principles from a logistics perspective. But Javier, if you want to comment on some of the initiatives at hand?

Yes, indeed. In the last months we have been focusing on accelerating lean manufacturing implementation in our operations, focusing on the flow, on compacting our processes, improving the workstations, empowering the front line to continuously improve the process, and particularly in our charging time operation. So we are heavily reducing our inventory and incoming material that takes on hand not only in the plant, but as well the flows that are coming from the suppliers to our plant in the cross docks or whatever is on the trains or in the trucks. So that's a great contributor to this cash free from, I mean reduction of their working capital.

Great, that is good to hear. Thank you. And then maybe a follow-up on your Autonomy platform. Is that part of the technology you would potentially share with Volkswagen and particularly on using the Volkswagen volume market share to acquire more data and the sensors or is that separate?

Thanks, Philippe. Yes, the Autonomy platform is entirely separate from our joint venture. The joint venture captures our operating system and software platforms across our zonal ECUs and then also includes the zonal ECUs themselves, but doesn't include our in-house compute platform or compute stack or the perception stack that we've developed. And of course, not the foundation model and the work that's going into the software to drive our self-driving platform.

Our next question will come from Edison Yu with Deutsche Bank. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hi, thank you for taking our questions. I wanted just to confirm one thing on the comments about tariffs as it relates to R2. Is the current thinking that if the existing tariff regime stays, that we would not be impacted in the timing of SOP and also the starting price that we're aiming for?

This is, as you've heard us say a few times here, this is just a dynamic situation, so I want to make sure we reflect that. But we're not planning changes in our $45,000 starting price. This is important for us and there's a number of variables that we are actively working on. Javier talked about it with regards to an incredible focus on our supply chain, our suppliers themselves, their production locations. We have a warning, if you will, or timing to, you know, we have the time to respond to the new policy framework that we're operating within. You know, it's very clear the President's intentions and we're very supportive of that in terms of driving more manufacturing to the United States. We're of course doing that already with our Normal plant and with the plant that we're also building in Georgia, but we're also driving that into our supply chain as heavily and aggressively as we can.

Understood. And then follow-up on Autonomy, I'm wondering if you could share your latest thoughts on the economics of that? And if you could, I guess there's two elements. There's the cost of getting there and there's the sort of monetization and if there's any kind of more updated numbers you could share perhaps on if you know the pricing this could ultimately be, would it be similar to FSD? Would there be subscription offerings? Something along those lines? Thank you.

I think this is a part of a business that's going to evolve a lot over the next five years and way we think about it is first and foremost, increasingly customers are going to want to see higher levels of autonomy. I said this earlier in my opening statements just around the importance of going from a hands-on, eyes-on approach to hands-off and then very soon hands-off, eyes-off, which is where you get your time back. You can use the time to be on your phone, reading a book, doing something else with the hands-off, eyes-off and then ultimately having that work across any type of road, so urban, highway. And so we see this as really critical from a customer experience point of view. And the way these systems are developed now is so different than what the world looked like just a few years ago with transformer-based encoders and using an end-to-end training approach where we're building truly an AI-centric approach and think of it like a foundation model in the LLM world where there's a large parameter model that we understand how the vehicle operates within the physical world and a distilled version of that runs in-vehicle on our inference platform. And so we're very bullish on the technology. We think the changes that have happened in terms of the use of transformers have completely shifted how we look at this just in the last couple of years. It requires vertical control of the sensor set, meaning it's impossible to design a system that has multiple third parties that are providing sensors or creating any layers of abstraction amongst those sensors. And so with all that said, we really believe this is going to be a key value driver for customers. Now the question is, how does that value get harvested? So does it show up as an incremental paid feature? Does it show up in vehicle pricing? Does it show up in market share? I think it's yet to be seen. We certainly have lots of hypotheses internally, but ultimately it's going to show up as value to the business in some way. And it's interesting watching the difference in the ecosystem here in the West, or in particular in the United States versus the ecosystem that exists in, let's say, China. And what we increasingly see happen in China is that the self-driving features and capabilities are being used to drive market share. They're being used to drive sales. That is a path that could go, but it really depends on the competitive landscape. If there's only one or two brands or one or two companies that have this type of capability, we may see it show up more as a paid feature.

Thank you.

Our next question will come from George Gianarikas with Canaccord Genuity. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hi, good afternoon. Thank you for taking my questions. There's a debate around how to increase EV adoption. Obviously, you're bringing R2 and R3 to market to help lower price points to that end. And some companies in China are introducing faster charging batteries with likely faster battery degradation as well. We obviously need more charging network density. Can you sort of talk to us about any technologies you're trying to bring to market to make that happen? Maybe your own batteries to improve EV penetration in the U.S. and the West. Thanks.

Yes. Thanks for the question, George. I love this question. I think it's an important one. I think there's a few big elements here. And one could debate what's the most important or the biggest. But in our view, there's – in the United States, in particular, there's a pretty extreme lack of great choices. And when I say an extreme lack of great choices, in particular price points that start below $50,000. And in order for us to see large-scale adoption of electrification, we need to have enough selection in terms of brand, the design or the look of the vehicle, the form factor of the segment. And if you think about it in terms of consumers coming out of ICE vehicles and finding their way into EVs. There's hundreds of choices you have in the ICE world for products under $50,000. And there's a very, very small number of compelling choices of EVs under $50,000. And there's an even smaller subset of different form factors. And so as a result of that lack of choice, we've seen significant market share consolidation with Tesla, and they've got great products with the Model 3, Model Y in that price category, but the market needs more choices. And this is why we're so excited about R2. We really believe this is something that will give consumers an alternative that's in a choice that's really interesting. It's going to help pull more people, we believe, out of internal combustion into electrification. I spent a lot of time in the product. I was just in Arizona driving it. It is absolutely incredible. The dynamics, the function, of course, for us, knowing all the work that we put into optimizing the way it's manufactured from a cost structure point of view. I just couldn't be more excited about what's coming with R2. But saying that, there are other elements here. And I think building out charging infrastructure is an important one for us. Within Rivian, what we've done is we have a relationship with Tesla that allows our customers to use the Tesla network, but we're also building out our own network. And in fact, we referenced it in our shareholder letter, but this is a – our network is – there's really only two networks that have the level of uptime that we have, Tesla's network, which is outstanding in our network, which we have over 700 chargers. The uptime is higher than 98%. And so consumer reports actually called out specifically our network as being incredibly performing and very easy to use, which is great to see. So we're continuing to scale that network. It's an open network, so it's also revenue generating, which helps build the acceleration of the flywheel, if you will, of that network being expanded. And I think the last piece, which actually ties to the question that came up before is not for technical reasons, but in some ways by coincidence, autonomy and electrification are often interlinked and so I do think the growth of autonomous features. And what we're going to see as we look out into 2027 and 2028 will help draw more customers into electric vehicles. Certainly, we feel that way about our own products. And so we're quite bullish on what that will represent in terms of driving consumer behavior.

Thanks. And maybe as a follow-up on the Volkswagen JV, can you tell us if any other OEMs have possibly approached you to collaborate? Thank you.

Yes, both Claire and I mentioned that our second consecutive quarter of profitability with $206 million in gross profit for Q1 unlocks an additional $1 billion in financing from Volkswagen Group, which is outstanding. The relationship is progressing very well, with our teams collaborating closely. What excites us from a mission perspective is the deployment of our technology, software stack, and zonal ECU architecture across various vehicles and brands. This will provide customers with more choices and promote the adoption of electric vehicles. The scale of our partnership with Volkswagen Group, the second-largest vehicle manufacturer in the world, is significant. We are currently focused on executing numerous programs within Volkswagen Group. While we are open to and plan to engage with other OEMs, we don't have additional guidance at this time beyond our commitment to these exciting programs with Volkswagen Group.

Our next question will come from Ben Kallo with Baird. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hey guys. Have you seen an uptick just in demand from – from everything going on with Tesla? And my second question is about slate auto and what that means to you guys? Thank you.

Yes, the – as we talk about consumer choice, Tesla's got an incredible set of products with the Model 3, Model Y. The vast majority of their volume is there and the price point is quite a bit different than our flagship product. So roughly, our flagship product, ASPs are roughly double Tesla's Model 3 and Model Y. And so while you certainly do have some cross-shop, really R2 will be much more of a similar product in terms of pricing, very different in terms of execution. And again, jumping off the previous points I made around the need for product selection and diversity of choices. The slate product is in a very different consumer than Rivian product. And I'll always say this, I think it's really important that we have lots of choices. And those choices are not all on top of each other in terms of price positioning, customer demographic vehicle form factors, vehicle positioning. So I'm always pleased and encouraged to see new product concepts and new product ideas emerge, and this is one that's certainly not at all playing in the same spaces where Rivian operates today.

Our next question will come from Ronald Jewsikow from Guggenheim Securities. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Yes, RJ, Claire. Good afternoon and thanks for taking my questions. Maybe starting on the delivery guidance changes. Any detail or high-level commentary on if the reduction is primarily from vans or consumer vehicles? And is there some supply risk baked into the reduction? I know you talked about railroad restrictions, Claire or is this solely what you're seeing in kind of the current demand backdrop?

We discussed the uncertainty regarding how consumers perceive the market and its implications for overall demand. I highlighted the price sensitivity of our flagship products on the consumer side, which have a high average selling price. We believe that R2 will create significant demand growth and boost our production volume, thereby improving our fixed costs across our facilities. Looking ahead to 2025, our guidance reflects our adjusted expectations of consumer behavior for the rest of this year, as well as our projections for the commercial segment, including our close partnership with Amazon to expand their fleet. We are also taking into account the potential impacts of the tariff environment on our suppliers, both from a cost perspective and in terms of supplier health, to prevent any supply interruptions. Having experienced several supply challenges before, we are very aware of the difficulties that can arise from missing even a few parts, as a vehicle comprises thousands of components. Our supply chain team has proven adept after navigating the supply chain crisis of 2022 and 2023 and is responding effectively to current trade conditions. We believe that the skills and training gained during the previous years are now proving beneficial.

Yes, I appreciate the color there. And then it's exciting to see some of R2 content start to trickle out on social media. It seems like we're getting to the point where you're doing pilot production and it's starting to feel a bit more real. I guess maybe is there an update on retooling and production downtime? And just for clarification, have you sourced the capital equipment you need for the R2 already or is that what some of the capital equipment inflation is for this year, just as we think about risk for the R2 launch?

Yes, we are beginning to release some content, and we're genuinely excited about it, which is reflected in the images we're sharing. The R2 program is progressing well, and we are currently producing pilot scale validation builds. We even included a picture of our validation pilot line in the shareholder letter. These vehicles are essential for validating both the vehicle from an engineering perspective and our suppliers, ensuring their processes are reliable. For me, this represents a significant advancement. It’s challenging to convey fully just how much the R2 program has evolved compared to its sales start in the first half of next year versus the R1's launch timeline. The level of thoroughness and testing we have achieved, as well as the supplier and plant readiness, is remarkable due to the wealth of learning integrated into this program. A significant part of this success is attributed to our expanded team, including our leadership, platform leadership, and our COO, Javier, who will now discuss our efforts regarding capital equipment and the R2 plant development.

Yes. I was with you last week driving local and on the prototype. And 35 years of experience launching cars in the automotive industry and I can tell you that the dynamic status that we have in this call is amazing. It was awesome and very fun to drive. We had a really great time. When it comes to the product builds, they are underway that design the validation build is how we call it. And for the equipment, the building, we are increasing the footprint in normal. So the building that will host Body Shop and assembly is finished. And now we start implementing the processes inside. All the equipment is sourced. The test in the equipment maker is ongoing for shipping it. We typically test and we calibrate the equipment there. And related to the downtime you were referring to, we'll have that downtime in the second half of the year. and that's to integrate in the paint shop that we currently normal delivers R1 in advance to integrate the R2 in there. So this requires a heavy work in an existing flow requires a downtime and again, is underway. There are still work during the weekends to prepare some of the still work in that paint shop, but the big transformation will come in the second half. in that downtime that will be executed as planned. So overall, great progress in as excited as everyone to get the car out in the roads and a great team behind. I really appreciate, and I would take the opportunity to thank all the teams for their great efforts and capabilities put in place.

Yes, we're excited for it as well. I appreciate it all the color, thanks.

Thanks, everyone, for joining us today. This is a really exciting quarter for us being the second quarter positive gross margin and our highest gross margin to date with $206 million. We're excited to continue driving cost efficiency throughout the business and even more excited to see the effects that R2 will have on the business in terms of increased scale, sharing more of the fixed costs of our normal facility and therefore, driving even higher levels of gross margin profitability and ultimately profitability for us as a business. With that said, we're also incredibly focused on driving forward in terms of our autonomy platform. This is something that it took years of time to implement in our Gen 2 platform in terms of the hardware topology, and we're now just at the beginning of seeing this nonlinear growth rate in terms of capability and features. And we'll continue to talk more about this. As I said earlier, we're going to be having an autonomy and AI day in the fall. And in that, we'll provide a lot more visibility and details into our technology stack, both the hardware side of things as well as the software and provide demonstrations of what some of this roadmap looks like. And hopefully, everyone can see why we're so excited about this internal effort. So with that, thanks again for the call, and I look forward to speaking with everybody next quarter.