Thank you for joining us, and welcome to the Robinhood Markets Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023 Earnings Conference Call. Currently, all participants are in listen-only mode. Following the speakers' presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. Please note that today's program is being recorded. Now, I would like to introduce your host for today, Chris Koegel, Vice President of Corporate FP&A and Investor Relations. Please proceed.

All right. Thank you, Jonathan, and thank you to everyone for joining Robinhood's Q4 Earnings Call. With us today are our CEO and Co-Founder, Vlad Tenev, and CFO, Jason Warnick. Before getting started, I want to remind you that today's call will contain forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from our expectations, and we have no duty to provide updates unless legally required. Potential risk factors that could cause differences, including regulatory developments that we continue to monitor, are described in the press release we issued today, the earnings presentation, and our SEC filings, all of which can be found at investors.robinhood.com. Today's discussion will also include non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliation to the GAAP results we consider most comparable can be found in the earnings presentation. With that, let me turn it over to Vlad.

Thanks, Chris. Hi, everyone. We're going to try something a little different today; I'm going to keep my remarks brief so that we can spend more time on Q&A. Robinhood is focused on three things: Number one, winning the active trader market. Two, increasing wallet share, as we deepen relationships with our customers. And three, expanding internationally. First off, I want to congratulate our team for a strong 2023. Trading market share was up 14% for equities and 19% for options year-over-year. Gold subscribers were up 25% to 1.4 million, and assets under custody exceeded $100 billion, fueled by the strength of our 27% organic growth in net deposits. We've launched brokerage in the UK and crypto in the EU. A couple of points to call out: In Q4, we finished with $1.3 billion of net positive brokerage account transfers into Robinhood, and we've already exceeded that total halfway through Q1. We've been taking trading market share for some time and are now winning net asset inflows from every one of our major competitors, averaging over $100,000 per transfer. As for funded customers, we've already grown more in the first half of Q1 than we did in each of the last eight quarters. So I love the momentum we're building, and I'm excited about 2024. Before I discuss our roadmap, let's have Jason review our financial results.

Thanks, Vlad. It's good to speak with everyone today. We had a strong Q4 and 2023 and we have a lot of momentum starting 2024. Looking at 2023, we delivered significant profitable growth with record full-year revenues, record adjusted EBITDA, and record adjusted EBITDA margins. We grew revenues 37% to $1.9 billion, delivered adjusted EBITDA of $536 million, which is more than three times our prior high, and drove 124% incremental margins as revenues grew by more than $500 million, even while we lowered costs. We expanded adjusted EBITDA margins of 29% as we make progress over time towards the 50% plus levels we see from incumbents. Looking at Q4, we delivered $0.03 of positive GAAP EPS. Aside from the regulatory charges last quarter, Q4 would have been our third straight quarter of positive earnings per share. Q4 was also our sixth straight quarter of positive adjusted EBITDA. We're pleased with our results in 2023 and aim to continue delivering profitable growth in 2024. Let's move to our fourth quarter business results. Assets under custody finished Q4 back over $100 billion for the first time since 2021. We delivered strong Q4 net deposit growth at a 21% annualized rate. We're focused on driving net deposits even higher by improving our user experience and value proposition. When we look at historical customer cohorts, we see they have consistently added to their net deposits over time, which we think provides a strong foundation for sustainable long-term asset growth. Newer cohorts are starting with balances 1.5 to two times higher, which is even more encouraging. We're also delivering growth in Robinhood Gold. Compared to our average customer, Gold subscribers in Q4 had more than eight times the assets with an average of about $40,000, grew net deposits more than twice as fast, and have adopted our products at higher rates. Gold subscribers are up 25% year-over-year to 1.42 million. Gold ARPU is multiples of our average customer, which includes Q4 annualized recurring subscription revenue of $85 million. This Gold growth brings our adoption rate up to 6.1%. We're working to take this even higher as we keep improving the value proposition. We also have strong momentum to start the year, as we added another 60,000 Gold subscribers in January alone — nearly three times the monthly average we saw in 2023. Our team is also hard at work on new credit cards for Robinhood customers, starting with something special for Gold customers. Currently, for funded customers with our historical X1 credit card, they have an ARPU of over $300 on credit alone — that’s nearly four times our current average. This represents another opportunity for us to diversify our business and introduce new products to our customers, who have a median credit score of about 720 and two-thirds of whom are prime or prime plus. We look forward to sharing more about our plans with you soon. Now, let's turn to financial results. In the fourth quarter, we generated net income of $30 million, as total net revenues increased 1% sequentially to $471 million and total expenses came in better than our outlook. Looking at Q4 revenues, transaction revenues increased as crypto notional volumes nearly doubled and other revenues grew as we saw early traction in Sherwood Media and added more Gold subscribers. These increases were partially offset by the anticipated decline in net interest revenues from lower securities lending demand across the industry. I'd also note that our monthly metrics now include total securities lending revenues. So investors have even more visibility into the drivers of our net interest revenues through the quarter. Looking at fourth quarter expenses, adjusted OpEx was $364 million, performing better than our outlook, even while we increased our growth investments. For share-based compensation, it was $81 million, in line with our outlook. This combination drove Q4 adjusted EBITDA of $133 million, up 62% from a year ago. Now let's move to our 2024 outlook. We aim to deliver another year of revenue growth and margin expansion. Looking at revenues, with the current macro backdrop, we're planning for strong growth in 2024, driven by continued 20-plus percent net deposit growth, increasing Gold adoption, double-digit gains in trading market share, exciting new product introductions, and our diversified revenue model. The year is off to a great start. January net deposits were nearly $4 billion, of which about one-third was net positive transfers in from other brokers. That January result was the highest monthly total since the first half of 2021, and we're seeing continued strength in early February. Looking at expenses, we plan to continue investing across new products, features, marketing, and international, while getting more efficient in our existing businesses and managing headcount growth all in the low single digits. Our 2024 outlook for combined adjusted OpEx and share-based compensation is $1.85 billion to $1.95 billion, which is up 5% at the midpoint from last year's $1.81 billion, excluding the founder award cancellation. This range includes about $85 million of quarterly share-based compensation, similar to our run rate for the back half of 2023. As for timing, we anticipate Q1 will likely be in the upper half of our implied range as we lean into marketing investments to start the year. We also continue to closely manage our share count. In 2023, diluted share count decreased nearly 5% due to the purchase of 55 million shares in Q3. In 2024, we expect to manage dilution to 2% or less. We believe this plan positions us to drive profitable growth again in 2024, as we grow revenues and expand margins. We'll have to see how the year plays out. So far, we like the growth we're driving to start the year. I also wanted to share some perspective on the interest rate backdrop in 2024. First, when we look at the forward curve, the implied average fed funds rate in 2024 is roughly the same as it was in 2023, making rates a fairly neutral input for revenue year-over-year. Second, of our $30 billion-plus of interest-earning assets, less than half of that is rate-sensitive because we pass the vast majority of cash sweep interest onto our customers. So as rates move, we do not anticipate a significant change in the yield we earn on cash sweeps. Third, and most importantly, declining interest rates tend to support growth in assets, balances, and trading. We think 2024 is the year when we'll see interest rates shift from being a headwind for our business growth into a tailwind. In closing, we had a strong Q4 and 2023, and we have a lot of momentum to start the year. We remain focused on driving profitable growth for shareholders as we work to maximize EPS and free cash flow per share in 2024 and the years to come. Now, I will turn the call back to Vlad.

Thanks, Jason. As we entered the year, I want to highlight some of the areas we're most excited about to drive growth in 2024 and beyond. First, from winning the active trader market, we're going to continue to invest in our user experience on mobile where we're currently number one in market share. In addition, we will be launching a more feature-rich professional offering on the web for active traders. We're also working on expanding our selection of tradable assets, particularly with index options and futures coming later this year. Second, to grow wallet share, we're focused on increasing Gold memberships and net deposits. We plan to keep investing to make Robinhood Gold even more valuable for our customers and build off the early success of our retirement offering. At the same time, we also plan to launch new products like credit cards and add new account types such as joint accounts. Third, for international expansion, after launching crypto in the EU and brokerage in the UK, we have tens of thousands of international customers so far. What we're hearing from customers is that they want more of the full Robinhood product suite. We're also pursuing opportunities to expand into more jurisdictions. Reflecting on the past four years, we've tripled our customer base and grown revenues nearly seven times. When we look at all that's in front of us, we're excited by the opportunity to continue growing Robinhood significantly from here. We have a ton of momentum to start 2024. I want to thank our customers and team for a great 2023. The team has been working incredibly hard, the roadmap is full, and there is so much to do. Now, let's move on to questions.

Thank you, Vlad. For the Q&A session, we'll start by answering the top five shareholder questions from Say Technologies, ranked by number of votes. We have several questions that were already addressed on this call or in prior quarters, and grouped together questions that share a common theme. After the Say questions, we'll turn to live questions from our analysts. So I'll kick it off with a first question from Say. This one is for Jason. Your stock price is down 70% since the IPO. What do you have in place to get your stock price back up? Is a dividend in the works to at least provide some return on investment?

Thanks for the question. We're hard at work on the inputs to driving value for shareholders. In 2023, we increased revenue by over $500 million and grew adjusted EBITDA even faster. We're focused on driving revenues and profits higher in 2024. Over time, as we deliver on these inputs to the business, I think the stock price should follow. As for capital returns to shareholders, last year we bought back about 6% of our shares, and we'll continue to look for efficient ways to deploy our capital, including investments in growth, M&A to accelerate our roadmap, or returns of capital to shareholders over time. But right now, to your question, we don't have any plans for dividends.

All right. Thank you, Jason. The next question is for Vlad. Vlad, what will it take to get Robinhood to the next level to start competing with Fidelity and the rest of the most common brokers?

Thanks for the question. For starters, I think Robinhood is already competing with Fidelity and the rest of the common brokers. If you look at active traders, we've been growing trading market share by double digits. That's not just volume and market share. We won head-to-head net asset transfers from all the other major brokerages in Q4, and that includes Fidelity. That means that more assets actually flowed from Fidelity to Robinhood in Q4 than the other way around. To take it to the next level, we're really excited about our strategy. We think there is so much more to do for active traders. The roadmap is full, and that includes investments across many areas. One, making sure that the user experience remains best-in-class and continuing to invest there. Adding new product innovations that our competitors don't offer, such as a 24-hour market, new asset classes like futures that active traders have been really excited about and asking for. New account types and more of the table stakes features that we still have to get to. There's a lot to do, and I should also mention that not a lot of the brokers have adopted new technologies like crypto. That's an area where we're continuing to invest, and I see us extending our lead throughout 2024 and beyond. Increasing wallet share, we've talked a little about the success we're seeing in driving net account transfers from other brokers. We think that there's a lot of headroom. There are improvements in our passive offerings like retirement; the roadmap there is full, and we're excited about the credit card. In international, we did launch in the UK for brokerage and crypto for the EU. That expands the addressable market quite dramatically. Not many common brokers have an international presence to note. I think over the next few years, we're making significant investments there. If we're successful executing on our strategy, you could see Robinhood winning by even larger margins going forward.

All right. Thank you, Vlad. The next question is for Jason. Jason, Robinhood has been profitable, often on. Do you see Robinhood joining the S&P 500 by qualifying and being profitable four quarters in a row?

We'd love to join the S&P 500, and I think we're focused on the right things to do that: delivering consistent profitability and growing revenues even higher. Remember, there are only 500 spots on this, and this is a committee decision, so it's not completely in our control. We'll keep focused on our business, and over time, it would be great to be part of that index.

All right. Thank you, Jason. The next question is for you, Vlad. What kind of progress should we expect from the company in 2024?

So, I'll break it down into the three areas we're focused on. For winning in the active trader market, there are user experience improvements, new assets like futures and index options. As I mentioned earlier, we've been doing very well on mobile; we're number one in market share there. Frankly, on web, we haven't been doing as well, so we're making a big investment there and we’re going to be launching a more professional offering geared toward active traders. I'm very excited about that. As we continue to execute here, you should be able to track the progress and continued market share gains across all the assets we offer, including equities, options, and crypto. For increasing wallet share, the credit card is something we're very excited about, including a special credit card for Gold customers. There’s more to do on Robinhood Gold in general and in retirement. We’ll also be building and offering new account types like joint accounts. You should be able to track progress there by looking at our net deposits and our Gold subscribers. For expanding internationally, we launched in the EU for crypto and in the UK for brokerage. We're focused on delivering more features, making those experiences more feature-rich, and building on the initial UK and EU momentum we generated. You should see an increase in the percentage of our funded customers that come from international markets, as well as new funded customer growth over time.

All right. Thank you, Vlad. And then, Vlad, this last Say question is also for you. Please offer a yearly realized gain and loss tracker showing short and long-term gains. I've asked this in multiple earnings calls and currently have to track it manually in Excel.

Well, thank you for the feedback, and thanks for continuing to ask. This is something that the team has actually been working towards. We're working hard to make great improvements to our tax law and P&L tracking this year, and we hope you will like them. So stay tuned.

Alright. Thank you, Vlad. That concludes our shareholder questions from Say Technologies. We appreciate our shareholders taking the time to ask these questions to Vlad and Jason, and we look forward to more next quarter. Now, I will return the call over to Jonathan to lead Q&A from our analysts.

Certainly. Thank you. One moment for our first question. Our first question for today comes from the line of Dan Dolev from Mizuho. Your question, please.

Hey, good evening. Amazing results, congratulations team, really good, making me proud.

Thank you, Dan.

Of course, yes. I was actually really, really impressed by your comment, Vlad, about the $1.3 billion of net positive brokerage account transfer. To me, it looks like you're gaining massive share. I know in the past, other brokers have said that they're taking share away from you. It looks like the tide is turning; what are you seeing now?

Yeah. I mean, we've been investing a lot in the user experience; we've been investing in the service. The product results speak for themselves. In Q4, we were net positive, so positive on a net basis for account transfers from every one of our major competitors. And these are big accounts coming in. What's really amazing is I think the new functionality we've been operating and the service quality improvements have led to people being comfortable moving in hundreds of thousands of dollars into Robinhood, which people wouldn't really talk about as much, but now it's becoming a destination for people's serious money. We're going to continue to double down on that. Again I want to emphasize, we're not getting complacent. There is a ton of work that remains to be done. We've been able to deliver these types of results and see customers coming to us from all of our major competitors in Q4, which has just been a really positive development, and it took a ton of work from the team to both improve the product and service and get to where that's happening.

Amazing stuff. Can I squeeze in another quick question? I know it's early days, but how can you talk a little bit about progress in terms of accounts and traction you're getting in the UK? This is a huge opportunity for Robinhood, so I just wanted to see how that traction has been going. And congrats again.

All right. Yeah, no, we're very excited about that. A big part of our strategy is making Robinhood available to hundreds of millions of additional customers. I think we've talked about tens of thousands of customers in the EU and the UK already. The UK is still rolling out. We're working towards the app being generally available to any customer in the coming months. We know we've got a lot of work to do. There are a lot of features that exist in the US that our customers expect in these markets, and especially on the crypto side; there are things we can deliver in those markets that are not available in the US. The roadmap is full, and both teams have been grinding exceptionally hard to improve the product at a very fast clip there.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Devin Ryan from JMP Securities. Your question, please.

Great. Thanks so much. Hi, Vlad. Hi, Jason. How are you?

I’m great.

Hey, Devin.

A question just on kind of interest rates in trading and appreciate kind of the inverse correlation that you talked about. Obviously, sitting here today with materially higher customer cash balances. As you mentioned, you're passing along the majority of that benefit to clients. If rates eventually do start to move lower, how are you guys thinking about the magnitude that could move back into the market from kind of those cash balances? And then just what the implications are on ARPU? Is that a net positive to ARPU or how should we think about the interplay of revenues?

Yeah, Devin. This is Jason. When we've looked at the movement of trading activity, relative to interest rates moving up and down, we've seen a pretty strong inverse correlation there. We feel really good that we've got a nice natural hedge in the business between interest rates falling and interest in trading picking up. In my comments, I talked a bit about the passing along a big portion of the interest rates to customers on the Gold suite. Looking at the average interest rates expected for '24 being roughly in line with '23, we feel really good about that. Most importantly, we think that falling interest rates create a tailwind for the business. Overall, we feel really good about delivering strong revenue growth in this current macro environment.

Okay. Terrific. And then just a follow-up here on expenses. Obviously, I think the expense guide, 5% at the midpoint is very good. You guys sound confident you can still fund all your growth initiatives. So how do you guys think about maybe core growth and expenses over the intermediate term, maybe the next three to five years? I would assume that it would be higher than that 5%. Maybe just walk us through some of the moving parts there. And then just the second part of the question is just thoughts on leaning in more on marketing spend. I mean, you had a fantastic quarter. It sounds like you're having a lot of success with these promotions. I’m just curious if maybe it makes sense to lean in more there, because it would seem to pay off well with all the momentum you have there. Thank you.

Great question. So first of all, when we look at core expense growth this year, we actually have a plan to take that down to high single digits, perhaps even 10%, redirecting that spend to fund new growth initiatives. Looking out over the mid to longer term, in terms of core growth, we think that could be low single digits. Perhaps even lower, there is still a lot of opportunity for us to drive efficiency in this business and we think we can maintain our core business and redirect savings into growth initiatives over time. On your question about leaning more into marketing, you're on the same page as the management team. That is the plan this year, and we are planning to spend up to about $100 million more in marketing in 2024, which is baked into this guidance. The team is really focused on bringing in high LTV customers with that spend, and we're liking the early signals we see, so we want to lean in more there.

Okay, that's really great color. Thank you guys. Appreciate it.

Thanks, Devin.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Alex Markgraf from KBCM. Your question, please.

Hey team. Thanks for taking my question. Just wanted to come back to the account transfer and some of the disclosure around the 1% bonus offering. Just wanted to understand how the average balance transfer, I think it was $100,000, stacked up against your expectations for that campaign. And then, Vlad, with some of your comments earlier, is that directionally kind of the new normal in some of these transfer campaigns, or how should we think about that?

Yeah. I'd just say looking back over the past 10 years, we've taken market share in trading activity. Now we're coming for the assets too. Our focus is increasingly going to be on driving asset growth. We just completed the 1% promo for ACATS in taxable brokerage accounts, and we saw over $3 billion in ACATS from that. Now, we're turning our focus on the 3% retirement promotion on rollovers and transfers for retirement accounts that runs through tax season. On average, as you pointed out, customers are transferring assets—over a much larger amount than the average account size—and we’re really excited about the momentum we're gaining to start the year.

And maybe if I could just squeeze in one more. Any sort of color or observations you could share with us on the interplay between some of the spot Bitcoin ETFs that were made available in the early part of the year compared to direct Bitcoin ownership?

Hey, Alex, this is Jason. I'll go ahead and take that. We're really pleased to be offering all 11 of the Bitcoin ETFs on the first day of trading; I think that was a great outcome for customers. So far, we're seeing nice interest in the ETFs, but we think it's additive. About 5% of our overall trading in crypto is through the ETF, with 95% still being on spot trading through the crypto business, and that has stabilized. We feel really good to offer the selection for customers. We think it increases overall market interest in crypto and also brings liquidity to the market. So net-net, we're really pleased with the Bitcoin ETFs.

Great. Thanks for all the detail.

You bet.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Will Nance from Goldman Sachs. Your question, please.

Hey, guys. I appreciate you taking the question.

Hey, Will.

I know in the prepared remarks, we're talking about continued revenue growth and margin expansion for the year. The assumption is probably coming more on the revenue side from the trading side than from NII, given the commentary around rates sort of being a push. Correct me if I'm wrong there. If there's an assumption around better earning asset growth. My question would be, in the earlier response to one of the questions, it sounds like there's actually a lot more growth-related investments happening underneath the surface in this expense guide, and you guys are funding that with continued operational efficiencies. I know you guys have done an amazing job over the past two years of rightsizing the expense base. Could you just talk about how much of that growth-related investment is discretionary? If we see some kind of reduction in either near-term trading activity? I know we saw a very nice increase and it seems like both options and crypto towards the end of the year. How much flex is there in those growth-related investments?

Yeah. I think marketing is almost always considered discretionary spend. As I mentioned in my earlier response, we're leaning into marketing, that is always subject to reevaluation, either up or down, depending on the macro backdrop, how that changes, and how effective the marketing spend is. We'll continue to see how that plays out and update as we go. In terms of the cost savings we’re realizing in our core business, I said high single digits to perhaps 10% of cost reduction there. We're redeploying that into new areas of our business, areas that Vlad was highlighting earlier. New growth is certainly discretionary. However, we've decided that we're pursuing these growth opportunities, and I wouldn't expect us to pull back there, especially in 2024. Will, you did say rates are a push, and I agree with that. I would say that we also continue to see strong double-digit growth in net deposits. Assets continue to improve year-over-year, and we're certainly starting with a higher balance at the beginning of '24 than we saw in '23.

Yeah, all that makes sense. Just questions around your thought process regarding the European expansion over the course of this year. What does that play into expectations, if any? What's the latest thinking on when this could be a more meaningful part of the story over time? Thanks for taking the questions.

Yeah, I'll take that one. While it's still early, we really like the initial traction we're seeing. We're already seeing a healthy portion of our user growth coming from outside of the US. Our focus is really rounding out the product suite and bringing more services to customers across the globe. We think there's a huge opportunity for international to become a big part of our business.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Steven Chubak from Wolfe Research. Your question, please.

Hey, good afternoon. This is Michael Anagnostakis filling in for Stephen. I just wanted to ask...

Michael.

Hey, glad. How are you doing? So good to hear you. I just want to touch on securities lending here. Could you give us an update on where you are in the journey for the fully paid program? How much incremental penetration do you think you can drive? Given the uptick has been obscured by what’s a challenging backdrop, can you remind investors what you think that business can deliver from a revenue perspective in a more normal environment? Thanks.

Yeah. Thanks, Michael, for the question. We're really pleased with the progress that we're making in the inputs of the securities lending business, particularly fully paid securities lending. Equities enrolled in the program increased from Q3 to Q4, from $10 billion to $14 billion. We’re really pleased with that, added 500,000 customers into the program on a sequential quarter basis. I still think that there's quite a bit of headroom for us to continue to penetrate and get securities lending fully paid into the hands of our customers. It's a great way to augment yield, as we all know, and the team is hard at work to make sure customers understand that. I think that's showing up in the progress we’re making. At the moment, rebate rates we're seeing are lower across the industry. However, over time, I think as that normalizes a bit, the progress we’re making on inputs will show through from a revenue basis.

Yeah, we think we still have room to run, and we could make meaningful progress towards heightened penetration this year.

Got it. Thank you. And then I guess my follow-up, I wanted to briefly hit on expenses again, maybe in a different vein. Now that the headcount reductions are largely in the rearview, how should we be thinking about the direction of travel for expense per head, given the scalability of Robinhood coupled with the investments you're making, particularly internationally, where I imagine that may drive some incremental headcount growth? Thanks.

Yeah. So the plan on headcount is to be roughly flat to slightly up this year. We feel really good about the headcount posture that we have. In terms of the expense per head, there continues to be opportunity for us to get even more efficient. Today, the vast majority of our headcount is in higher-cost US geographies, and there’s opportunity there over time. I think the real opportunity for us on headcount is really just increasing revenue per employee. There’s a lot of opportunity for us to leverage the fixed cost infrastructure we have at the company as we grow the business over time.

Great. Thanks for taking my questions.

You bet.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Michael Cyprys from Morgan Stanley. Your question, please.

Hey, good evening, and thanks for taking the question. I wanted to ask about crypto, an area you guys continue to invest in. I was hoping you could elaborate on the investments you're looking to make here in '24 and beyond, as well as how you envision crypto contributing to your business as you look out over the next three to five years.

Yeah. We’re investing a larger amount into crypto, both in the EU and domestically. I think there is a ton of improvements left to make. Last year, we were really focusing on the trader experience and providing clarity, which we believe we've made significant progress on in just how much better our pricing is than that of our competitors. We've seen that reflected in crypto trading market share. We’ve also seen, and you probably caught this announcement just in the past couple of days, our on-ramp technology of Robinhood Connect. We've been making meaningful progress there. When you think about all we have to be really good at to power our retail crypto offering, we've gotten good at quick money movements and getting fiat dollars into crypto as seamlessly as possible through building out our transfers products. Delivering those funds into non-custodial wallets seamlessly. Robinhood Connect really leverages that and turns that into a powerful B2B product. We announced a partnership with MetaMask a few days ago, and that's one of the market leaders in non-custodial wallets. They do a really nice thing where you can compare the use of different on-ramps, and they sort it by which one is the most cost-effective. When you look on that page, you see Robinhood at the top. It shows the investments we've made in our platform, and it's reflected in us being able to offer lower cost, not just for our consumers, but for business partners as well. We think we can be the leading player in bridging the worlds of traditional finance and crypto. Much more to come on that.

Great. Just a follow-up question if I could. On the expense side, you continue to drive efficiency in the business. I heard you mention you can reduce underlying costs in '24 by up to 10% or so. I understand you plan to reinvest that elsewhere. Over the medium term, you could potentially look to grow expenses at a low-single-digit pace. I was hoping you could elaborate on the top contributors to that level of efficiency, the specific steps you're taking here in '24, and how those steps may differ as you look out over the medium term to hit those particular targets if you want.

Sure. We've been really fine-tuning our skills over the last couple of years in terms of efficiency. We focus on business process efficiency using technology. We have a team spun up that helps the business find opportunities to improve efficiency. One project we just finished was on recruiting, and we think we can save 20% to 40% of our time just optimizing our business steps that are involved. As I mentioned earlier, I think there’s an opportunity for us in terms of place of work, with the vast majority of our employees working in high-cost locations within the US. That's something we can make progress on in '24, as well as beyond. Those are the big levers I'd point to.

Great. Thank you.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of John Todaro from Needham & Company. Your question, please.

Great. Thanks for taking my question and congrats on the beats. I guess I have two here, both on the crypto components. The Bitcoin ETF versus buying Bitcoin directly on the platform, you had mentioned earlier about 5% of overall crypto you thought was flowing into the ETF. Was that 5% that migrated away from buying Bitcoin directly or was that an additive 5%?

Yeah, we saw it was mostly additive. There were some traders that sold out a spot and got to ETF, but that was really more of the exception. We also offer the ETFs in our retirement accounts, which accounted for some of the pickup as well. We don’t view this as cannibalization; it’s additive, and we think it’s really good for customers as well.

Great. Thanks for that. And then just one more on the MetaMask integration. I think that's really interesting. It does pivot Robinhood to be more of that fiat on-ramp to the ecosystem—DeFi on-chain stuff. Just curious though, what is the monetization strategy with that integration, short-term and then longer-term?

Yeah, so we collect fees on the activity of the on-ramp; that’s the primary source of monetization. Any trading on our platform for that on-ramp also would show up in our transaction-based revenues.

Got it. Understood. Thanks.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Patrick Moley from Piper Sandler. Your question, please.

Yeah, thanks for taking the question. I just had one on Robinhood Gold. Just hoping you could update us on how you think about pricing there. With the expanded offerings that you're adding, $5 a month seems like somewhat of an inexpensive price to pay. Just hoping you could update us on your thoughts there. As we look internationally, how do you see that subscription model playing out overseas with a different kind of geographic customer mix? Thanks.

Yeah, this is Jason. I'll start and we'll see if Vlad has any additional color. We love the Gold program; Gold members have an ARPU that's multiples of our average ARPU. You're right—the $5 a month is just a screaming deal. We want it to be obvious for every customer that they should be a Gold subscriber. We're paying close attention to the behavior of Gold—they're bringing in more net deposits, using more of our products, and doing so with a relatively modest monthly subscription. We'll evaluate pricing over time, but all in, we love the economics of the Gold subscription. I do think over time there’s an opportunity for us to take Robinhood Gold internationally.

I don't have much to add there. Other financial service companies offer these Gold perks to high-net-worth customers, usually with balance requirements. We think it’s very mission aligned to provide those same types of services to any customer for such a small monthly fee. It really has the potential to disrupt the wealth management industry in the same way we’ve been disrupting trading. We focus on making the experience better, getting the adoption rate up, and making it easy for new customers to onboard onto the product. We’ve seen healthy improvements in the first week attach rate of Gold among new customers, and we believe there are further improvements to come. We have a lot slated for this year to make the Gold offering even better.

Okay, that's great color. Just a follow-up on the equities and options take rate; those have been coming down for the last couple of quarters. Options fee capture seemed to stabilize somewhat in the fourth quarter. Equities declined again. As we look out to the next year, how do you see the take rates there? What's the trajectory over the next couple of quarters, I guess, is the question. Thanks.

Yeah, you bet. I’d zero in on options for that. For the back half of the year, both Q3 and Q4, we were running at $0.41 per contract. In January, we're in that zone, but the mix is improving a bit. We’ll have to see how the year plays out; nothing really to highlight on the equity side.

Okay, thanks, guys.

Thank you.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Ken Worthington from JPMorgan. Your question, please.

Hi, good evening. Thanks for taking the question. As we look to election season in the SEC, do you expect the SEC will execute on the market structure changes proposed last year for equity markets? If so, do you think that equity market structure changes will differ from the original proposals, or are they likely to stay on track? Which changes are most important to Robinhood here?

We think a fair amount will be executed heading into the election season. I think BestX is an important aspect of that. We participated in the comment process, and we feel like a fair number of our comments were incorporated and are baked into the expectations we have for 2024.

Okay, great. Thank you. On TOAs, you mentioned that the TOAs are positive for the major brokers. Are you seeing positive transfer of assets from the major crypto providers as well?

It's a bit difficult to reconcile the crypto activity in that way because a lot of people use crypto on Robinhood as an on-ramp to purchase crypto, and then they often use it in the Web3 ecosystem. The behavior is a little different compared to brokerage ACAT transfers where those assets tend to sit and accumulate. I don't think you can make really an apples-to-apples comparison.

The one thing, Ken, that I'd highlight is that the crypto volume on Robinhood nearly doubled in Q4, so we’re really seeing strong engagement and increasing market share.

Okay, great. Thank you very much.

Thanks, Ken.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Benjamin Budish from Barclays. Your question, please.

Hi, good evening, and thanks for taking the question. I wanted to follow up on an earlier question about taking the subscription model overseas. Can you talk a little bit about, now that you're rolling out in the UK, what the revenue model looks like over there? I think we all understand it will look somewhat different than the US, but can you give us any kind of color on what that should look like as the platform ramps over there? What are the main sources of revenue? Thank you.

In the UK, we know that payment for order flow isn’t allowed, but really all the other income streams are available there over time. This includes margin, fully paid securities lending, certainly interest on cash. I would say, as we look internationally, the revenue characteristics and ARPU in some jurisdictions will be a little higher than the US and some a little lower. On average, we think that the income potential is pretty much on par with what we’re seeing in the US.

We know that market in particular is very used to subscription products. We’re definitely hard at work crafting a great Gold experience for international customers.

Remember that payment for order flow is actually a pretty modest portion of our revenue for equities trading in the US, so not having that in the UK is not a big concern.

Got it. That's helpful. Maybe one follow-up, sort of connected. Can you talk about the activity you're seeing in your 24-Hour Market? I know some of the appeal is for overseas investors who are far away in different time zones. You've talked in the past about expanding access outside traditional trading hours. What sort of activity are you seeing there? What kind of uplift might you see as you continue to roll out more stocks to that offering? Thank you.

I think the team has done tremendous work making the 24-Hour Market offering better and better. We started with a pretty limited set of names, roughly a year ago. They've been adding names by the hundreds, so we have around 900 tickers available in the overnight trading session. Hundreds of thousands of our customers have used the product, and we've seen particularly strong activity around earnings when Robinhood is among the only places available to trade some of these tickers. We're going to continue to invest there; there’s a lot to do, especially as we improve the active trading tooling and offerings because this product resonates particularly well among our key active trader customers.

Got it. Thank you very much.

Thank you. This does conclude the question-and-answer session of today's program. I'd like to hand the program back to Vlad Tenev for any further remarks.

Thank you all. Great questions. The team is already hard at work getting 2024 started, so not much holiday rest here for Robinhood. We look forward to seeing you next quarter.

Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for your participation in today's conference. This does conclude the program. You may now disconnect. Good day.