Good morning, and thank you for joining Lincoln Financial Group's First Quarter 2021 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all lines are in a listen-only mode. Later, we will announce the opportunity for questions and instructions will be given at that time. Now I'd like to turn the conference over to the Vice President of Investor Relations, Al Copersino. Please go ahead, sir.

Thank you, Catherine. Good morning, and welcome to Lincoln Financial's first quarter earnings call. Before we begin, I have an important reminder. Any comments made during the call regarding future expectations, deposits, expenses, income from operations, share repurchases and liquidity and capital resources are forward-looking statements under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations. These risks and uncertainties include those described in the cautionary statement disclosures in our earnings release issued yesterday as well as those detailed in our 2020 annual report on Form 10-K, most recent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and from time to time in our other filings with the SEC. These forward-looking statements are made only as of today, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any of them to reflect events or circumstances that occur after this date. We appreciate your participation today and invite you to visit Lincoln's website, www.lincolnfinancial.com, where you can find our press release and statistical supplement, which include full reconciliations of the non-GAAP measures used on this call, including adjusted return on equity and adjusted income from operations or adjusted operating income to the most comparable GAAP measures. Presenting on today's call are Dennis Glass, President and Chief Executive Officer; and Randy Freitag, Chief Financial Officer and Head of Individual Life. After their prepared remarks, we will move to the question-and-answer portion of the call. I would now like to turn the call over to Dennis.

Thank you, Al. Good morning, everyone. Lincoln had a strong start to the year against an improving but still challenging environment. We have continued to execute our reprice, shift and add new product strategy, manage expenses, improve the customer experience and maintain a strong balance sheet. First quarter earnings were affected by elevated pandemic-related claims in our Life and Group businesses, though this was partially offset by another quarter of strong returns from our alternative investment portfolio. We are pleased with the earnings power Lincoln showed in the quarter and the outlook for our business is positive. Now let me touch on the major initiatives that are helping bolster our franchise and earnings power. First, as a result of our proactive and disciplined repricing actions, we are achieving targeted returns in each of our businesses. As a result of our reprice, shift and add new product strategy and the fact that several peers filed our repricing actions, our sales pipelines have begun to expand, and we expect continued sales recovery in the upcoming quarters. We're introducing 8 new products in the first half of this year, which increased consumer choice, broadened the product portfolio and enabled our participation in more market segments. Our new product strategy also gives us a great deal of optionality. If interest rates remain low, our newly launched products will remain attractive given their strong consumer value propositions driven by their innovative product design. If rates continue to rise, in addition to these newer products, some offerings already on our shelf would once again resonate with consumers, and that would also be beneficial to Lincoln's sales results. Second, we are focused on actions to increase productivity across our manufacturing, operations and distribution organizations while enhancing the customer and partner experience. We continue to report declining expense ratios in most of our businesses while, at the same time, investing in client-facing digital tools. Our demonstrated expense management capabilities will guide us as we start another meaningful expense savings program later this year. Third, we have successfully focused on improving the balance sheet, both our RBC ratio and cash at the holding company have increased and remain above target, giving us the confidence to increase our share repurchase pace. Furthermore, as we evaluate risk transfer deals, we would expect for this to provide additional upside potential to our capital deployment, if finalized. Now turning to the business segments. Starting with annuities. We continue to successfully leverage our industry-leading manufacturing capabilities to create new customer value propositions and expand our already broad product portfolio. Last year, we established ourselves as a leader in indexed variable annuities. This year, we are seeing growth in both IVAs and traditional variable annuities without living benefits. With total sales of non-living benefit VAs up 44% versus the prior year quarter and 9% sequentially. Growth in these products, combined with continued market demand for guaranteed living benefits, led to total VA sales growth both versus the prior year quarter and sequentially. We had projected sales to begin the year at a similar pace to that seen in the fourth quarter and build over the course of the year as we benefit from products introduced both this year and last. And we are pleased to see that sales growth is ahead of our expected pace. In fact, this was the first quarter in a year that we saw sequential sales growth across all product categories in the Annuities business. While we experienced negative net flows in the quarter, this is a direct result of management's actions to maintain rigorous return standards and to allow us to continue to direct capital to the highest and best use. In 2021, we expect the earnings to continue to benefit from our high-quality in-force book that generates consistent cash flows and returns and provides excellent value for customers. In Retirement Plan Services, we once again reported strong results driven by our digitally optimized model. This model where high-tech enables high touch differentiates us in the virtual environment. Our innovative product development capabilities are driving results, and we are excited about the continued success of our target date fund alternative, YourPath, as well as the recent launch of Income America, an innovative and simplified income solution for retirement plan participants. Although total deposits were down slightly compared to the very strong prior year quarter, we are optimistic looking forward given our robust sales pipeline. We reported positive net flows once again this quarter. And while flows can be lumpy, we expect this momentum to persist as we remain well positioned in our target markets. It was another excellent quarter for the retirement business, and we expect to benefit from the tailwinds of an improved economic experience and our expanding set of solutions aimed at helping Americans secure their retirement. Within the Life Insurance business, we are positioning ourselves for growth through product innovation and distribution expansion. Sales in the quarter were flat sequentially, but we expect will ramp up over the course of the year as we begin to reap the benefits of solutions we've recently launched into the market. We're seeing good momentum with some key new product rollouts. Our expanded VUL offerings continue to gain shelf space and our innovative MoneyGuard Market Advantage product is appealing to new market segments. Additionally, we are beginning to attract a broader range of advisers with nearly 1/4 being producers who had not previously sold a MoneyGuard product. These new products, coupled with our existing life offerings and the industry's strongest distribution force, position Lincoln for long-term success at attractive returns. Additionally, we are expanding our strong distribution network by adding our life insurance products to the shelf of a large P&C insurer where we have an existing annuity distribution partnership. We are seeing good early momentum, particularly with our Term Excel Solution, which is a fully digital experience and is enabling us to reach a different customer segment. I'm pleased with the solid results the Life Insurance business reported. I am also excited that Lincoln is introducing products with new value propositions that are resonating with customers and helping to drive future growth. Lastly, on Group Protection. Premiums rose more than 2% over the prior year quarter and nearly 7% sequentially, driven by improved persistency, price increases and organic growth resulting from the economic recovery. Sales in what is typically a seasonally smaller quarter were down versus the strong prior year quarter. However, underlying drivers were positive as 2/3 of our sales were employee paid products. As we communicated last quarter, we are taking actions to increase Group Protection margins. We are already seeing improved results as factors such as pricing actions, higher persistency and investments in our claim organization have put our margin, excluding the pandemic and excess alternative income, in the lower end of our targeted range. We continue to expect further expansion building gradually towards the upper end of our 5% to 7% margin target. Briefly on investment results. As I mentioned earlier, our portfolio is performing quite well. Overall credit quality remains high and has continued to improve in recent years, driven by our high-quality new money purchases and proactive derisking. 96% of our fixed income assets are investment grade with 59% rated A or higher. Our well-diversified commercial mortgage loan book has continued to perform well during the pandemic with virtually no credit losses and minimal loan modifications. Additionally, our alternatives performance was once again strong, driven by our portfolio construction that emphasized buyout and growth equity strategies, with a quarterly return of 8% significantly exceeding our long-term target quarterly return of 2.5%. In closing, I would note, sales momentum is building at attractive returns, driven by new product introductions that resonate with our customers and expanded shelf space across distribution channels. Continued equity market tailwinds should boost earnings from fees on assets under management in the Annuities and RPS businesses. The outlook for the Life Insurance business is strong, as our new products are starting to take hold in the market. Group Protection's underlying profitability is experiencing an ongoing recovery. Expense savings initiatives will continue to contribute to earnings growth. And our robust balance sheet, high-quality investment portfolio, strong free cash flow generation and capital ratios, as well as the opportunity to execute risk transfer deals all leave Lincoln in an excellent position to fund expected sales growth while increasing our capital deployment. Based on these positive trends, 2021 is shaping up to be a successful year, and I expect will improve on this quarter's results.

Thank you, Dennis. Last night, we reported first quarter adjusted operating income of $350 million or $1.82 per share. There were no notable items within the current or prior year quarter. However, this quarter was impacted by a number of items. First, pandemic-related claims reduced earnings by $222 million or $1.15 per share. Second, results benefited from strong performance in the alternatives investment portfolio, boosting earnings by $84 million or $0.43 per share above target. Third, there was $11 million or $0.06 per share of unfavorable tax adjustments. Finally, within the Other Operations segment, there was $11 million or $0.06 per share of expense variability related to elevated deferred compensation costs resulting from the increase in Lincoln's share price during the quarter. Adding these items together, it was no doubt an extremely strong quarter that highlights our underlying earnings power. Net income totaled $225 million or $1.16 per share. With the difference between net income and adjusted operating income primarily being driven by a $144 million noneconomic loss from variable annuity nonperformance risk. The VA hedge program performed exceptionally well with 99% effectiveness in the quarter. Moving to the performance of key financial metrics compared to the prior year quarter. Adjusted operating revenue increased 6% with operating revenue growth in each of our 4 business segments. Average account values increased 15%, the expense ratio declined in all businesses except Group Protection, where it remained flat. And book value per share, excluding AOCI, stands at $72.36, an all-time high. Now turning to segment results, starting with Annuities. Operating income for the quarter was $290 million compared to $261 million in the prior year quarter. The increase was primarily due to higher account values driven by growth in the equity markets as favorable alternative investment income was offset by a $9 million unfavorable tax adjustment that I noted upfront. Average account values of $160 billion increased 16% year-over-year and 6% on a sequential basis, as equity market strength over the past year more than offset negative net flows. This contributed to a 7% increase in operating revenues in the quarter. Base spreads, excluding variable investment income, were down 18 basis points sequentially, primarily driven by noneconomic change in the spread calculation methodology. G&A expenses, net of amounts capitalized, decreased 3% from the prior year quarter, leading to a 100 basis point improvement in the expense ratio. Return metrics remained solid despite fewer fee days in the quarter, with return on assets coming in at 72 basis points and return on equity at 22.9%. Risk metrics on the VA book continue to demonstrate the quality of our in-force business with the net amount at risk at 64 basis points of account values for living benefits and at 36 basis points for death benefits. Growing account values, a quality book of business, and expense discipline are all indicators of strong future performance from the Annuity business. Retirement Plan Services reported operating income of $57 million compared to $40 million in the prior year quarter, driven by higher account values, expense management, and favorable alternative investment performance, which more than offset spread compression and $2 million of the unfavorable tax adjustment. Deposits totaled $2.6 billion and net flows continue to be positive with $347 million in the quarter, consistent with recent periods. These positive flows, combined with favorable equity markets, drove average account values up 18% over the prior year quarter. G&A expenses net of amounts capitalized were down 4% compared to the prior year quarter, driving a 320 basis point improvement in the expense ratio. Base spreads, excluding variable investment income, compressed 12 basis points versus the prior year quarter, back in line with our stated 10 to 15 basis point range as crediting rate actions take hold. The Retirement business started the year with strong results, including a 25 basis point ROA with continued momentum in flows and expense management serving as positive drivers going forward. Turning to Life Insurance. We reported operating income of $180 million compared to $171 million in the prior year quarter. Although impacted by the pandemic, these results were solid and reflect strong underlying business drivers. This quarter's earnings included $132 million of excess pandemic-related mortality, partly offset by $59 million of favorable alternative investment experience. Underlying values are up 10%, and average life insurance in-force is up 8% over the prior year. G&A expenses net amounts capitalized decreased 2% from the prior year quarter, leading to a 60 basis point improvement in the expense ratio. Base spreads declined 2 basis points compared to the prior year quarter, better than our 5 to 10 basis point expectation. Outside of the impacts from the pandemic, the Life Insurance business had a strong quarter and key growth drivers remain positive. We expect pandemic headwinds to decline over the course of the year as vaccines are more widely rolled out. This combination of underlying growth and improving mortality results positions us nicely for improved results looking forward. Group Protection reported a loss from operations of $26 million compared to operating earnings of $40 million in the prior year quarter with the decrease driven by $90 million of pandemic-related claims, with $61 million of direct COVID-19 mortality; $7 million of morbidity; and $22 million of indirect mortality. This was partially offset by $6 million of favorable alternative investment experience. The reported total loss ratio was 86.8% in the quarter, 1 percentage point better sequentially as an increase in the life loss ratio was more than offset by an improvement in the disability loss ratio. Excluding pandemic-related claims from both periods, the total loss ratio was 76.6% for the quarter, down 2.3 percentage points sequentially. The expense ratio remained flat year-over-year as increases in G&A expenses, net of amounts capitalized, related to investments we have made in our claims organization were offset by premium growth. Excluding pandemic-related claims, the business had solid results which, as Dennis mentioned, put us back in the low end of our target margin range. While pandemic impacts continue to be a headwind, we are optimistic about the outlook for the business as improving unemployment rates, coupled with vaccine rollouts should provide tailwinds going forward. Turning to capital and capital management. We ended the quarter with $10.7 billion of statutory surplus and estimate our RBC ratio at 464%, up 13 percentage points from year-end. As a reminder, this includes 24 percentage points from non-economic goodwill associated with the Liberty acquisition that we expect will go away by year-end. Cash at the holding company stands at $758 million, above our $450 million target as we have prefunded our $300 million 2022 debt maturity. We deployed $105 million towards share buybacks this quarter, slightly above the $100 million we targeted. Given our strong capital position, improving capital market and health trends and our positive business outlook, we expect share repurchase in the second quarter to be approximately $150 million, in line with pre-pandemic levels. To conclude, this quarter's results included a large impact from COVID-19, but we expect these headwinds to abate over the remainder of the year. Looking past that, we see strong underlying earnings and several positives. Revenue growth in all 4 businesses, a positive outlook for sales looking forward, record end-of-period account values providing a tailwind to earnings, continued strong expense discipline across the company, and a strong capital position which is contributing to our ability to invest in growth and increase our capital return to shareholders.

Thank you, Dennis and Randy. We will now begin the question-and-answer portion of the call. With that, let me turn the call over to Catherine to begin Q&A.

Operator: Our first question comes from Elyse Greenspan with Wells Fargo. Your line is open.

Hi, thanks. Good morning. My first question, you guys last quarter spoke of your willingness to consider some type of risk transfer transactions with both your Annuity and your Life Business. Have thoughts or desires changed over the past quarter related to your willingness to consider transactions? And then could you just update us on a sense of timing or size of deals that you're potentially considering?

Yes, Elyse, thank you for that question. And you're absolutely right. In terms of block sales, we're looking at across our Individual Life and Individual Annuity books of business. There is an active market for both of those. Timing is always very difficult to speak to, because they're complex transactions, but we have a lot of resources behind this idea. And probably we'll continue to have resources behind this kind of activity for some time. The other area that we're looking at is flow transactions. And just broadly speaking, and we've mentioned this a couple of times, so you know this, we have done more or as many flow transactions, both in the living benefit space and in the fixed annuity space as most companies have. We, of course, have done a block transaction already with the fixed annuity business. So we remain active and remain optimistic. There's a lot of participants in the marketplace. Randy, do you want to add to those comments, please?

Elyse, thanks for the question. Probably reiterating a bit of what Dennis said, but there's -- if you think about the block sale marketplace, we continue to see a lot of interest on the buy side. It's actually regularly received in bond calls. We know we have a very large block of in-force business across the life annuity business that, that buyer base is interested in. And we believe the in-force value is not fully reflected in our share price. And so, that gives you the underlying thesis for why we are, as Dennis said, allocating significant resources to see if something makes up. So at least, we continue to be very interested in the idea and actively working on it. But I agree with Dennis, it's always difficult to talk about timing.

Okay, Great. And then my second question is on the group business. You commented that you're working towards the upper end of the 5% to 7% margin target. So just wondering, I had a couple, I guess, questions there, just if you -- given that, it seems like results ex on COVID and ex CII came in, within that range and a little bit better than what might have been expected and where you were trending. So can you just give us an update on when you might kind of get towards the upper end of that range? And I'm assuming that also assumes that once we get out of COVID, the indirect mortality, so the $22 million that you saw in the quarter that, that would all kind of go away and normalize once we're done with the pandemic?

Yes, Elyse, it's hard to predict exactly when that top end of the margin will be achieved. In my script, I mentioned moving from 5% to 7% gradually. I mentioned a couple of initiatives underway, which include some repricing going on as business comes up for renewal, strengthening pricing in some of our new business segments. Those take time to enter into the margin, because it's new business or renewals for in-force business. So -- and then we have cost initiatives that are underway. And those also -- to do that type of thing effectively and to be able to get those numbers into our planning process where we can be confident that we’ll achieve the expense savings. That takes time. So I think just over time without getting into a quantification of that, but it's going to build gradually. And so we're going to start seeing some of that improvement.

Elyse, I'll just add a little bit to that, right? It might be beneficial to think about what's happened over the last year. And if you think about the first quarter of last year, we made $40 million. This year, we lost $26 million. But we also know that this year in the first quarter, we had about $90 million of pandemic-related impact, right? So absent anything else happening, $40 million last year, new negative $90 million, you would have expected this to be around negative $50 million, and we outperformed that by about $24 million. About a quarter of that is the strong performance I mentioned. But the other three quarters is improvement in underlying profitability of the business, and that's reflective of renewal price increases, the strong work of the claims team. We've talked about the investments we're making there. So that's an indication of what we can do in just a year's time. So I hope that helps, Elyse.

Yes. But then just on -- you would expect, right, that $22 million of the indirect mortality, right, that that would kind of go away once we're out of the pandemic?

Yes, we do, Elyse. No, this is an interesting topic. We spend a lot of time looking at the overall mortality experience. And so the question is, why do you believe that indirect component is related to the pandemic? It's really -- there are a number of aspects of that. The first thing we look at is just what is the nature of COVID-19. The nature of COVID-19 is that while it is more impactful than the flu, it acts like the flu in that it hits people with comorbidities harder. So that's just the nature of COVID-19. We also know that when we look inside of our experience, where this indirect component is coming, is coming in areas where you would expect the comorbidities to emerge, respiratory and cardiac, which is just like the flu. We also know that when it comes to comorbidities, it's oftentimes the case, and we see this with the flu. It's not -- flu is rarely noted on the death certificate as the cause of death, but it's oftentimes what starts the process. So everything that we know about COVID-19, all of our experience is what leads us to really assess this indirect component is related to the pandemic and something we believe will go away when we get this pandemic behind us in the country.

Okay, that’s helpful. Thanks for the color.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Tom Gallagher with Evercore. Your line is open.

Thank you. Dennis, maybe just to start, a follow-up on Elyse's question on risk transfer. I guess, when you first mentioned considering risk transfer, Lincoln's share price was in the 30s, now it's in the 60s. So -- and realizing you started from a very depressed level to just now still depressed but less depressed level. When you think about -- and I realize you're still working on it, but I presume you have some indication of pricing among the various blocks, but is there still a big positive arbitrage when you think about execution price relative to where your stock is? Any color on that would be helpful.

Yes. Tom, you're hitting squarely the issue as to why we would do a block sale, which is to direct capital out of that business, Life or Annuities, and into share buybacks. And so both sides of the equation have to work. Where the price is today, based on our valuations of the different blocks, it still works pretty well. And so we're continuing to pursue it.

That's clear. And Dennis, would you say, again, more high level just from a pricing standpoint. Is the pricing most attractive on the life side or the variable annuity side or the fixed annuity side?

It varies, but let me -- right now, we're sort of focused on Individual Life because we've already done a big fixed annuity block. We're also looking at variable annuity. But again, that's a much more complex transaction. Fewer players would be available on the life side. So again, we're looking at everything. What's the buyer's discount rate expectations is obviously important. In other words, what are they going to want as a return? So I would just say that it's fluid and very fact-dependent. But as Randy just said, we have a pretty large number of blocks on the Individual Life side that have value in them.

No, Dennis, I think you covered it quite nicely.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Humphrey Lee with Dowling & Partners. Your line is open.

Good morning and thank you for taking my questions. My first question is related to Life Insurance. So if we were to back out the COVID-19 claims and the strong VII in the quarter, I think that would get you to $180 million for the quarter, which seems pretty strong for a normal Q1, but can you talk about some of the drivers that led the $180 million?

Humphrey, thanks for the question. It is a strong quarter. It's a little stronger than the first quarter of last year, which was $171 million, which was also a strong quarter. I think it's a big business, Humphrey. And I think it's fair to say that when you think about the pluses and minuses that go on inside of any big business, that in the life business, most of those items fell positive this time, and that leads to a strong quarter above your expectations. But I also think it's fair to point out that across the broader Lincoln, for instance in the Annuity Business, I think it's fair to say that the items fell a little negative. So I think when you think across the broad organization, we're very happy and comfortable with the numbers. But yes, I think it's fair to say just inside of Life alone that it was just a strong quarter where things went the way of the Life business.

So like did you see maybe non-COVID-19 mortality being favorable or like how should we think about it in terms of -- like I think in the past, you shared the kind of actual versus expected for your Life business. If you were to exclude COVID, like what would that be in terms of the actuals we expected?

What we believe based upon probably us reading the same stuff you read, Humphrey, is that we didn't see the normal seasonality -- elevated mortality seasonality that we see in the first quarter. We saw mortality on an underlying basis, more like we would see in the upcoming second quarter. So that's our best estimate. But once again, what typically drives seasonality in the first quarter, the biggest driver is the flu. We believe, we read the same articles as you do, that it was a very light flu season. Because I noted in response to an earlier question, flu is actually rarely noted on the death certificate as a cause of death. So we're hypothesizing a bit. What we believe we didn't see a normal level of seasonality in the first quarter that we do in a typical year.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Ryan Krueger with KBW. Your line is open.

Hey good morning. I had a follow-up on that. The other expense opportunity that you're embarking on later this year, is that related to efforts to preserve the $100 million of sales that you generated last year, or is that something new that would be in addition to what you've talked about before?

Ryan, the -- again, it's hard to keep all these numbers clear for the benefit of yourself and others on the phone, but the amount that Randy talked about is separate from a new program, the $100 million that we captured in 2020 and then is expected to stay in 2021 remains there. And then the savings program would add to those two items. And we're talking about it, you've seen other companies speak to large-scale expense reductions. It's the right thing to do. And we -- but we never actually size these numbers for our investors until we're prepared literally to put them into a financial forecast with someone's name behind them, when are they going to emerge, how much it's going to cost. And we're not going to be in a position to do that until the second half of 2021 to publicly bring that incremental savings into some type of estimate.

Our next question comes from Jimmy Bhullar with JPMorgan. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning. First, I just had a question on the retirement business. And your flows have, obviously, been pretty strong for the last several quarters. Can you talk about what's driving that? And what are you seeing in terms of trends on deferrals matching contributions and how that's changed over the past year or so?

Yeah, Jimmy, I'm not -- deferrals and matching contributions dropped in 2020 because of COVID, the difficulty in small businesses. And actually, those are beginning to come back with the improving economy. So that's a positive. The activity in 2020, again, was a little bit lower because of COVID and people wanting just to sit still and watch and see what was going to happen. And so we're seeing activity on the new business side return to more what we would expect, absent COVID. Not 100%, but closer. So we have a very strong pipeline in the RPS business. We're seeing more contributions, matching contributions coming back into the market. So overall, it's a pretty favorable environment for our RPS business. We expect to see that in the numbers in the second quarter, sales and so forth.

Okay. And then on your comments on risk transfer, it seems like part of your interest is just motivated by the valuation or multiple arbitrage and your multiple being low. And obviously, typically, the simpler the block, the easier it is to transact and you get better prices. But If you do some risk on Individual Life, as you mentioned, one of the issues would be that your exposure to variable annuities would increase even more and – which is whether it's warranted or not, one of the main reasons for the stock trading at a low multiple. So how does that – how does the risk profile of your remaining business figure into your thinking into a potential risk transfer transaction, because I think you seem to be hinting that hits – VAs are sort of a low likelihood scenario there.

Jimmy, the – if we look at a source of earnings, we think about morbidity and mortality as a bucket, we think about assets under management as we look at investment spread. And in terms of that view, there's not going to be a material change because of the transaction. If I step back and maybe add something to your question, which is out of guarantees in our individual businesses that we're running, you recall, it's been some time since we focus on this. But company focused on 70% of our business being non-guaranteed and maybe up to 30% guaranteed business, long-term liabilities. In the first quarter, long-term liabilities on the non-guaranteed business were 19%. And that is really driven by pricing actions as interest rates drop, the value proposition or fee risk benefits wasn't as strong as some of those sales go off a bit. So big picture, I don't think risk transfer is going to materially change the source of earnings number. And we're considering, because I expect to continue to be in that guaranteed versus non-guaranteed range, better than the 70-30 for some time to come, again, driven by the level of interest rates, product designs and all the factors that go into the sales mix.

Jimmy, I just may add to that, just on the whole topic of variable annuities at Lincoln. I'd point out that at the end of the first quarter, $144 billion of liabilities, what is oftentimes overlooked, so maybe we should spend more time on it, is that over 40% of those liabilities, it's about $60 billion of those liabilities are VAs without any living benefit or IVAs. And that percentage, which is 42% in the first quarter, is up five points over last year, and that's all about where we're selling today. So, you have like a very large shift on a year-over-year basis. And then I would expect that shift to continue if you just look at the existing sales mix. So, let's not conflate that $144 billion with all being something that has a living benefit tied to it.

And then just maybe one more on the shifts away from guaranteed products that you've undertaken over the past couple of years. It seems like more of a strategic shift. But if the market stays strong and you do get higher interest rates, do you think you'll be back selling more products with the guarantees with the appropriate prices, or do you intend the shift to be more of a permanent change in your strategy?

Yes. The answer to that is, you're exactly right. The value proposition for long-term liabilities is dependent predominantly on interest rates. And we don't see in our forward-looking plans interest rates rising so much that you'd see a significant change in the mix towards the 70/30 from the 90/10. But that's very dependent on mostly interest rates, but other factors. We certainly wouldn't strategically want to go above the 30%, and I'll repeat, for the foreseeable future, somewhere between the 90/10 and sort of somewhat higher than that, but not significantly.

Thank you. Our next question comes from John Barnidge with Piper Sandler. Your line is open.

Thank you for the color on indirect mortality. A number of participants talked about like death the spare and then impact from delay in care, particularly Alzheimer's and Heart. One talked about that's the spare being 20%, the 80% being the remainder. Can you talk about what you're seeing on that side that's probably independent of the indirect mortality?

John, we're not seeing that. So, whether you're talking, let's say, suicides or overdoses, those sorts of things, we're not seeing an elevation in those causes of death. As I mentioned, it is in the things that are related to a virus like COVID-19, respiratory and cardiac. In terms of the delayed care question, as we talked to the doctors here at Lincoln, that is not sort of something that's going to impact mortality in the very near-term. It's something that will impact mortality in a very modest way over the longer term, and it would probably be more than offset by, as we've talked about, on the Life side, the front end of claims that COVID has caused, which will probably benefit us over the next few years.

That's fantastic. Thank you for the answer. Related follow-up. I can't help but note you're talking about more detail on a public estimate around cost cuts in the second half and then juxtapose that with return to office. Another participant talked about a hybrid model for their employees this morning. Is the cost-cutting program going to take into account real estate as well?

It will. It's a comprehensive look at all questions around cost and effectiveness and execution. It's a pretty -- use the term of art, it's a pretty cool program that I think we're going to be able to execute on, in general, both efficiency, but also upgrading skill sets of our employees, possibly some top line opportunities as well. So on your specific question, we do believe that -- and we're referring to this as our long-term employee model. We'll have sort of significantly less people in the office on a daily basis. So there will be some real estate benefit, but it's -- so it will be in there, in the numbers that we report towards the end of the year, but it's not -- it's a meaningful number, but it will be in there. I'll just leave it at that.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Suneet Kamath with Citi. Your line is open.

Thanks. Good morning. I wanted to start with the Life Insurance sales. It feels to me that the amount of sort of new product that you guys are rolling out this year might be much, much higher than what's normal. There just seems to be a lot of activity. So I'm just wondering, if you can kind of give us a sense of the pace of the sales improvement. With this much sort of new product coming out your distribution, could it take longer for them to kind of inflect, because they're just kind of dealing with so many new products?

Suneet, thanks for the question. I think it's fair to say that life sales, at least so far, are sort of rolling out exactly as we thought. Dennis mentioned that we sort of bottomed in the first -- in the fourth quarter last year. We ended up in the first quarter this year with a number right in line with that number, and we expect to grow from here. What's driving that is new product introductions, but also changes that some of our competitors are making in their pricing. And as we said, we believe we went in front of everybody else. When you think about two big product introductions, for instance, that we had in the first quarter, the MoneyGuard Market Advantage, which is MoneyGuard on a variable platform. And then a reduced guarantee VUL product. The facts didn't roll out until the middle of February. In fact, when you look at that MoneyGuard product, it's not on our two biggest MoneyGuard distribution partners yet, and it's already making us, by the way, about 30% of our submit. So we think we've hit the mark with those products, but it takes a while to get these things onto all the platforms you want. And then you ultimately really don't know a success on a Life product for probably six months before you really know whether you hit the mark. Hopefully, that answers your question, Suneet.

Yes. And Suneet, let me just add to that. I mentioned in my remarks, sort of separate from the new business that would -- the new products that we're putting out. And as Randy said, there are certain amount of education, certain amount of shelf space that has to be acquired. In other parts of the business, some of the things that we've done in the past connected with the expansion of distribution, we're seeing payoff separate from that issue. And that is large relationship they have with the -- I mentioned with the P&C organization. And I just want to mention that because the account count initially for that, although small facing announcement has been pretty good. But the reason that we're able to be effective with that new partner, i4LIFE is because of the investments that we've made in automated underwriting. So those sales are being digital or digital apps, digital underwriting and digital issue. And I'd just like to point out that we've been making these comments about our digital program from the cost perspective. But the digital program is really, as we go forward in many areas of the company, is going to permit us to not have to staff up because in the past, if you didn't have digital issue and apps and things like that in order to improve your customer experience, you just have to add people. But we don't as much now because of the several hundred million dollars that we invested in digital.

Okay. That's helpful. And then just last one. I know it's early days on tax reform, but historically, I think higher taxes have been a catalyst for some of your retail products that have tax benefits. Are you seeing anything in these initial proposals or even just comments coming out of Washington that could impact your demand for your products one way or the other?

Yeah. Suneet, we think some of the sales that we have already seen in the non-guaranteed VA are in part motivated by people's concern about changing capital gains tax rates. We have a product that i4LIFE, which is a very tax-efficient way to distribute. So some of the -- so we've seen some of it already. But until we know what the final facts are, I'm not -- it's hard to predict how much impact it will have.

Thank you all for joining us this morning. As always, we're happy to take any follow-up questions that you have. You can e-mail us at [email protected]. Thank you all, and have a great day.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect. Speakers, please stand by.