Thank you for standing by, and welcome to the H.B. Fuller Third Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. All participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speakers’ remarks, we will have the question-and-answer session. As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded. I would now like to turn the call over to Steven Brazones, Vice President of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thank you, operator. Welcome to H.B. Fuller's third quarter 2024 investor conference call. Presenting today are Celeste Mastin, President and Chief Executive Officer, and John Corkrean, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. After our prepared remarks, we will have a question-and-answer session. Before we begin, let me remind everyone that our comments today will include references to certain non-GAAP financial measures. These measures are supplemental to the results determined in accordance with GAAP. We believe that these measures are useful to investors in understanding our operating performance and to compare our performance with other companies. Reconciliations of non-GAAP measures to the nearest GAAP measure are included in our earnings release. Unless otherwise noted, comments about revenue refer to organic revenue, and comments about EPS, EBITDA, and profit margins refer to adjusted non-GAAP measures. We will also be making forward-looking statements during this call. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from these expectations due to factors covered in our earnings release, comments made during this call, and the risk factors detailed in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, all of which are available on our website at investors.hbfuller.com. I will now turn the call over to Celeste Mastin. Celeste?

Thank you, Steven, and welcome, everyone. In the third quarter, we continued to incrementally expand EBITDA margin year-on-year and realized positive organic growth. Several factors, including volume leverage, restructuring actions, and benefits from acquisitions, drove the improvement in EBITDA margin and resulted in an EBITDA performance within the range we expected for the third quarter. With that said, our volume growth came in at the low end of our expectations. Slowing market demand in certain durable goods-related market segments in EA constrained consolidated volume during the quarter. While volume growth was relatively stable sequentially, we were anticipating incremental strengthening throughout the year. Several market segments in EA, which had exhibited relatively strong market demand even during the rising interest rate environment over the past years, began slowing during the third quarter. This was offset by continued strong volume growth in construction adhesives and improving volume trends across most of the HHC portfolio. While EA volume was below our expectations, we expect these volume dynamics to moderate and reverse over time as interest rates decline. We fully expect EA volume growth to accelerate and be more in line with our long-term expectations as macro conditions normalize. Additionally, we remain confident that our long-term strategy to disproportionately invest in higher growth, higher margin businesses while improving our operating efficiency and cost structure will drive strong EBITDA growth and result in an EBITDA margin of greater than 20%. Looking at our consolidated results in the third quarter, our organic sales trend continued to improve against a weak economic backdrop, and we achieved positive organic sales growth of 0.4%. Volume increased 3% year-on-year, and pricing declined 2.6%. Index-based pricing adjustments moderated sequentially as expected, and we anticipate further moderation in the fourth quarter. From a profitability perspective, we executed well and delivered strong results. We grew adjusted EBITDA 6% year-on-year to $165 million and expanded adjusted EBITDA margin by 70 basis points year-on-year to 18%. Volume leverage, restructuring savings, and benefits from recent acquisitions principally drove the increase in margin relative to the prior year. Now let me move on to review the performance in each of our segments in the third quarter. In HHC, organic revenue development continued to improve significantly. Improving volume performance across most of the portfolio and moderating index-based pricing adjustments led to the improved organic sales performance for HHC. Strength in bottle labeling, packaging, and medical drove the improvement in organic sales performance. We would expect this trend to continue to improve, as evidenced by the fact that nearly every market segment in HHC achieved positive volume growth during the quarter. Adjusted EBITDA was down 7% year-on-year for HHC in the third quarter, and adjusted EBITDA margin decreased 70 basis points year-on-year to 16.5%. Positive volume leverage and restructuring savings were offset by the unfavorable carryover impact of 2023 index-based pricing adjustments. In Engineering Adhesives, organic revenue decreased 2% in the third quarter, driven by both slightly lower pricing and volumes. Automotive and electronics had slower but solid organic growth, while Clean Energy generated significantly lower organic sales as a result of market dynamics, particularly in China and actions we've taken to reposition the portfolio. Overall, most market segments in EA saw positive volume growth during the third quarter. Adjusted EBITDA increased 5% in EA, and adjusted EBITDA margin expanded 40 basis points year-on-year to 19.7%. Net price and raw material cost management and acquisition benefits offset, partially by the impact of lower volume drove the increase in adjusted EBITDA margin year-on-year. In Construction Adhesives, organic sales increased 10% year-on-year on continued strength in roofing, which grew nearly 25% year-on-year. Demand in construction remains strong, and we expect a declining interest rate environment will benefit CA moving forward. Adjusted EBITDA for CA increased 36% versus the third quarter of last year to $25 million, and adjusted EBITDA margin expanded 240 basis points to 16.4%. Net price and raw material cost management, volume leverage, and restructuring savings drove the improvement in adjusted EBITDA margin year-on-year. Geographically, Americas organic revenue was up 3% year-on-year in the third quarter. CA drove the increase for the region, achieving a double-digit increase in organic sales. HHC organic revenue was flat versus the prior year, representing a significant improvement from the first quarter when organic sales in the Americas region for HHC declined nearly 10% during destocking. EA organic revenue was down modestly. In EIMEA, organic revenue declined 2% year-on-year, continuing its market improvement in organic revenue performance since the beginning of the year. The organic sales development for all three GBUs improved sequentially in the region. HHC was flat year-on-year while EA and CA were both down modestly. In Asia-Pacific, organic revenue decreased 2% year-on-year, driven by the significant volume decline in clean energy. Excluding clean energy, organic sales for Asia-Pacific increased approximately 6% year-on-year. HHC achieved a double-digit increase in organic sales in the region due to strong organic revenue growth in packaging-related end markets. EA experienced a mid-single-digit decline in organic revenue. Excluding clean energy, organic revenue for EA in the region was up 3.5% year-on-year, driven by relatively strong results in insulated glass, automotive, and electronics. On the M&A front, we completed the acquisition of HS Butyl Limited in the third quarter. HS Butyl is the United Kingdom's largest manufacturer and distributor of high-quality butyl tapes servicing the building infrastructure and construction markets. This highly strategic acquisition further strengthens our butyl tape product portfolio and establishes an important beachhead in Europe, where the waterproofing tape market is twice as large as that of the United States. The addition of HS Butyl represents a continuation of our efforts to globalize our construction adhesive business and greatly complements our 2022 acquisition of North American-based GSSI Sealants. The acquisition will initially be included in construction adhesives. However, we expect growth opportunities to extend into engineering adhesives in markets such as automotive and other transport. HS Butyl’s 2024 annualized sales are expected to be approximately $23 million. Now let me turn the call over to John Corkrean to review our third quarter results in more detail and our updated outlook for 2024.

Thank you, Celeste. I'll begin with some additional financial details on the third quarter. For the quarter, revenue was up 1.9% versus the same period last year. Currency had a negative impact of 1.5%, and acquisitions increased revenue by 3%. Adjusting for those items, organic revenue was up 0.4%, with volume up 3% and pricing down 2.6% year-on-year in the quarter. Adjusted gross profit margin was 30.4%, up 40 basis points versus last year. Volume leverage, restructuring savings, and the benefit from acquisitions primarily drove the increase in adjusted gross profit. Adjusted selling general, and administrative expense was up 3% year-on-year, driven by acquisitions. Adjusted EBITDA for the quarter of $165 million was up 6% year-on-year, reflecting volume leverage, restructuring savings, and the favorable contribution of acquisitions, which more than offset higher wage inflation and the net impact of pricing in raw. Adjusted earnings per share of $1.13 was up 7% versus the third quarter of 2023, driven by operating income growth. Year-to-date, operating cash flow was flat year-on-year as improved profitability was offset by working capital investments related to higher volume. The 13% year-on-year growth and trailing 12-month EBITDA resulted in net debt to adjusted EBITDA of 3.1x at the end of the third quarter, flat on a sequential basis versus Q2, and down from 3.3x at the end of the third quarter of last year. During the third quarter, we made continued progress on our share repurchase program and acquired 225,000 shares, bringing the total shares repurchased so far this year to 407,000. With that, let me now turn to our guidance for the 2024 fiscal year. As a result of our year-to-date performance and current macroeconomic conditions, we are updating our previously communicated financial guidance for fiscal 2024 as follows: Net revenue growth is now expected to be up approximately 2% with organic revenue flat year-on-year. Adjusted EBITDA is now expected to be in the range of $610 million to $620 million, equating to growth of between 5% and 7% year-on-year. This compares to our original full-year guidance range of $610 million to $640 million. Net interest expense is still expected to be approximately $130 million. Our adjusted effective tax rate is still expected to be between 26.5% and 27.5%. Full year depreciation and amortization expense is still expected to be approximately $170 million, and our fully diluted share count is still expected to be approximately 56.5 million shares. Combined, these assumptions result in full year adjusted diluted EPS in the range of $4.10 to $4.20, equating to year-on-year growth of 6% to 9%. Operating cash flow is now expected to be between $325 and $350 million. Now let me turn the call back over to Celeste.

Thank you, John. One of our most important strategic priorities is to be a talent magnet and the employer of choice in the adhesives industry. We do this through building upon our rich history, leveraging our winning spirit and fostering our entrepreneurial culture. We set high expectations for ourselves and track our effectiveness and progress regularly through frequent internal engagement surveys, internal promotion rates, and by monitoring which companies our job applicants are working for when they apply for positions at H.B. Fuller. I am very proud to announce that we were recently recognized by Newsweek as one of America's most admired workplaces. Newsweek surveyed more than 250,000 U.S. employees and collected over 1.5 million company reviews. One of the key questions they asked all survey respondents was a very simple yet powerful question, for which employer would you love to work? We know from tracking our own internal measures that we are doing well on this key strategic priority, but it is also wonderful to receive external recognition to independently corroborate our internal assessment. We are honored to be amongst the top 400 companies that foster innovation and professional growth, champion work-life balance, and set the standard for what it means to be an admired employer. We have a great culture and a fantastic team that embodies it. Congratulations and thank you to all of our team members. To wrap up, we are pleased with the progress we continue to make in improving our portfolio, streamlining our operations, and driving EBITDA margin expansion. While this quarter's volume growth was at the low end of our expectations, we have a clear and focused strategy and a highly engaged team that is well-equipped to execute and drive business success. We remain on track to deliver upon our long-term EBITDA margin and growth targets. That concludes our prepared remarks for today. Operator, please open the line for questions.

Our first question will come from Patrick Cunningham from Citi.

On the EA volume decline, just a couple of questions. Can you frame what was driving the significantly lower clean energy sales and maybe expectations for the next several quarters there? Do you expect any further deceleration in the autos and electronics growth rate?

Yes. So, as it relates to solar, our solar business saw volumes down in all global regions. And that's really a function of the overcapacity of solar panels that is plaguing that industry. But it is still an exciting industry for us, particularly as it relates to the new technology with HJT, but it's going to be a little bumpy. We're expanding with new customers, which is exciting. We're expanding into new regions. We have a very unique leading technology that allows us to succeed in that HJT, which is an offset of our PVS 101 product, which really helps reduce moisture sensitivity of the panels. And so, we see that as an opportunity to really transform an industry and to grow in it. But it is definitely a weak space today, given just the macro environment for solar. As it relates to some of the other durable goods markets, if you look at the EA business, actually 10 of our 15 market segments showed positive volume growth in Q3. So solar clearly did not. We did see positive growth in autos and electronics. It was solid. It was good single-digit growth, but it wasn't the double-digit growth that we've seen in previous quarters. So I anticipate we're going to continue to hold steady there. We've taken a lot of share in that market, and I just think that what's happening in durable goods is this fatigue around multiple years of higher interest rates is starting to catch up with those markets. And we're just now starting to see the front end of that.

And then similar follow-up on the prepared comments for EA, you mentioned some actions to reposition the portfolio. Is there some business that you're walking away from there? Just any additional color there would be helpful.

Yes, clearly, as we look at that solar industry, we are definitely picking where we play. We've had wins in a lot of new geographies, and as I mentioned, we've got great new technology. We're in the process of determining where do we best place that technology that we can derive value from. And there clearly are parts of that industry where we look at it and we say there's probably no short-term solution to the overcapacity that it is experiencing. So there are some places where we're going to retrench and walk back, where we can't generate real value. Meanwhile, we're going to really double down on the parts of the industry that believe in the value we're bringing and that are bringing new, great technology to the market. You might have noticed with our customer innovation awards that one of the customers we recognized was Anhui Huasun. They have really increased the efficiency of solar panels, and we're part of helping them achieve that. So we have customers like that. We have new customers in India where we're expanding. The IRA in North America is going to be beneficial to us. We're taking a leading position there. But it is a matter of rebalancing our efforts and moving away from some of the customer base that's really playing in the old technology passé market.

Our next question comes from Kevin McCarthy from Vertical Research Partners.

If we were to think about your volume trends on a regional basis, can you talk a little bit about what you saw in China versus other regions? And you mentioned the solar weakness. I assume that a large chunk of that may be in China. Can you talk about the recent stimulus efforts in China? It's only been a few days, but would welcome any comments you have on China's efforts to reinvigorate and how you see that playing out?

Yes. So our China business this quarter was down low single-digits. But if you extract the impact of the solar market, it was actually up high single-digits. So we showed really strong growth in automotive in China, really good performance in HHC. In fact, interestingly in our HHC market, we're really revising our portfolio strategy in Asia. We actually grew volume in 10 of the 13 market segments where we participate in Asia, and that's because we are adjusting away from markets like baby diapers and focusing more on higher value markets like beverage labeling, packaging, fem care, and adult incontinence. The team there has done a remarkable job. When I look at where we were in the first quarter in Asia, we were down; organic growth was down high single-digits. They shifted that business to up high single-digit organic growth in Q2, and now it is double-digit organic growth in Q3. So, the HHC team in Asia has done a remarkable job in repositioning. And in EA, we've really done a tremendous job in automotive. In fact, we just signed a strategic alliance with the Chinese Tier 1 supplier to transform together exterior trim in ways that increase vehicle intelligence and comfort and environmental sustainability. We continue to have success with Chinese EV producers. So, we're in the right spaces there. Solar really overshoots the good performance we're seeing in China, the growth, again, high mid-single digits, if not for the solar business. Now you asked about the stimulus, what's going to happen with that. I'm very optimistic. I think we'll see some impact. We're not in the housing space, in construction in China, but still, it should build for a more robust economic environment.

That's very helpful. And then wanted to ask you about margins. Your adjusted gross margin notwithstanding maybe a little pressure on the top line but still north of 30% in the quarter at 30.4%. As you look ahead, what's your level of confidence that you'll be able to sustain that adjusted gross margin north of 30% and might you be able to grow it?

Yes. So a big part of achieving our 20% EBITDA margin target is to continue to grow those gross margins into the mid-30s. And so that's a major emphasis for the company. We're doing things like restructuring programs and footprint optimization to help reduce our conversion cost. We've really enhanced our pricing process and continue to be successful there. And as you look at how we're thinking about growing the business and acquiring, we have focused on selectively targeting our Top 20 opportunities, which are higher margin, faster-growing spaces. So the mix shift to higher margin products is part of this, but also our own self-help around restructuring and conversion cost optimization will help us continue to expand those.

Our next question comes from Mike Harrison from Seaport Research Partners.

I would like to discuss the construction business in more detail. Can you clarify if the current growth is influenced by restocking, pent-up demand, or other factors that may not be sustainable? I'm trying to understand your confidence in maintaining or increasing the activity level or revenue as we move into next year.

Yes. Our performance in the construction adhesives business is a culmination of a number of things. First of all, that team got after it in the fourth quarter of last year, really started to restructure the business, lower their breakeven point, and change their cost profile, recognizing that this is always going to be a cyclical end market. In the roofing space, in particular, we've continued to take share. We are in the right segments. So we're benefiting from growth in data centers and institutional buildings as well as participating in a few chip manufacturing projects, which is exciting. Then again, we're also taking share with innovation. We just introduced a product called PG-1 EF ECO; it’s a two-component canisterized foam spray adhesive, and it doesn't use a fluorinated hydrocarbon as a propellant. So it's much more environmentally friendly than other products. It's actually easier to dispense as well, which contractors like. It's labor-saving, and it's really been successful. So I think it's a combination of things when you look at our construction business: solid innovation, working closely with our customers to bring solutions and drive share, and our own self-help around driving cost reduction is what you're starting to see there. You asked about restocking. I don't see restocking. We monitor a few things to assess whether we've got volume flowing through, like order size, things like lead time, and how the distributors are responding, and we're really seeing flow through all the way to the market on the volume we're supplying. So I don't think we're seeing restocking. I think this is just good market demand, and we're seeing that carry into the fourth quarter.

And then I know it's still early and it seems like there are a lot of uncertainties around demand and the macro environment going into next year. But as we're starting to turn our attention and investors are thinking about fiscal '25, can you talk about some of the things that are within your control, things like restructuring, contribution from acquisitions, synergies? How much should those contribute to year-on-year EBITDA growth? And maybe any other puts and takes that we might want to keep in mind as we're starting to think about our models for next year?

Yes. Let me just talk a little bit about the macro, then I'm going to turn it over to John to talk a little bit more about some of the things you could use to model it. When I think about next year, what we're planning for relates to a continuation of what we're seeing from a volume perspective and sort of our P7 into the fourth quarter. So, sort of subdued market demand, good opportunities for us to continue to finish our restructuring program. As you'll recall, that was a $45 million restructuring program, with the last $10 million of benefits happening next year. I think the price-raw material balance is going to be a lot less lumpy than it was this year. It's going to be more normalized. And of course, then we've got great synergies and growth coming off the companies that we acquired in 2023 and now in 2024 that are really to be compounding starting next year. John, you might want to provide a little more detail on some of these things.

Sure. So Mike, you asked about some of the self-help or other things that are maybe a little bit more market-dependent. We talked about our restructuring program delivering $40 million to $45 million of savings by the end of 2026. We'll be at a run rate of $30 million to $35 million by the end of this year. That carryover, the additional amount will show up in 2025. Acquisitions deliver probably another $20 million to $25 million of EBITDA based on the two deals we closed this year. We'll annualize those up, and then the synergies on those deals as well as the ones we closed last year. Always have wage inflation, merit increase. I think we ballparked that in the $20 million to $25 million range last year. I expect it to be the same. And then there will be some variable comp rebuild. It will probably be less than we anticipated coming into this year, but it will still be in that $10 million to $20 million range. So as said, we expect to grow volume; price and raws ought to be relatively neutral. So, we're still in the early days of our budgeting, but hopefully, that helps with a little bit of insight in terms of how we're thinking about the operating environment and some of the drivers.

Our next question comes from David Begleiter from Deutsche Bank.

Celeste, back on the solar business. How big is this business? How much of the business is in China? And what were volumes down in the quarter in China for you guys?

Dan, when you ask about how much were the volumes down in China, just for clarity, are you asking about solar, or are you asking about all in total?

Just solar.

Yes. Okay. So if you look at our portfolio, it's very diverse. And there's no single business that is no business, region, or market segment region combo that's greater than 5% of revenue. Now what was interesting in solar was the impact that we saw from that business was weak on a global level. Overall, we definitely experienced slowdowns such that I'd say some total, the impact of the solar business on our range pushed us to the bottom end of our EBITDA guidance. How much was it down in China? I mean, solar was down significantly in China, double-digit reduction, almost half.

Yes, that's right. And so yes, Celeste is right; it's less than 5%, probably between 2% and 3% in that range. About 60% of the business is in China, and about 40% outside of China. So hopefully, that helps dimensionalize it a little bit for you.

And is this destocking by power manufacturers? If so, how long do you expect this to continue? Are there competitive threats that are impacting your share in that region? Any further color on that?

So just to speak about the Chinese market in particular, that's in particular where we see heavy overcapacity. And one of the things that we've experienced since this construction market slowed down in China was that some of the silicon sealants from the construction industry have been redeployed into the solar industry. So you got to a situation which is compounded. We've got overcapacity in the end market, particularly in China, and we've got more suppliers bringing alternate raw material into the market. It was a double whammy in China.

Our next question comes from Jeff Zekauskas from JPMorgan.

Your guidance in EBITDA for the year used to be $630 million at the midpoint, and now it's $615 million. So there's a decrease of $15 million that you'll experience, I guess, mostly in the fourth quarter. Can you explain what that's from? Is it lower pricing or lower volumes? What's causing the lower returns?

Yes, I'll start, and then I'll turn it over to John. So originally, when we planned for 2024, we anticipated we would see solid mid-single-digit volume growth in the second half. And up until P7, that was definitely the case. In fact, P7 we thought would be very indicative of the volume profile we would see in the second half. What we experienced was a pronounced slowdown in P7 and P8. Still positive volume growth, but really a reset lower. And as we updated our guidance for the second half, we took that into account.

I'll just add a little color, Jeff. So just as it relates to previous guidance versus current guidance and how that pacing is working. We were about $5 million below our midpoint in Q3, and then we lowered the full year, as you said, midpoint by $15 million. And the way we thought about it is we looked at the way Q3 played out. It did weaken, but really in the second half of the quarter. And then we've projected that Q4 will look more like the second half of Q3 for those markets that we saw the weakness. And so it's kind of a full quarter versus a partial quarter. But it is really all volume, as Celeste alluded to, and you can see that in our revenue guidance. We lowered it by an equivalent kind of at the midpoint for the revenue guidance of about 1%. That's all volume. That would equate to roughly $35 million, and that flows through to the bottom line at roughly 40%. So that's kind of how you would bridge our previous guidance to our current guidance.

Secondly, I think for the first three quarters of the year your acquisition benefit to sales is about 4%. And for the first three quarters, you've grown your adjusted operating income and your adjusted EBITDA at about 8%. Is it fair to say that 4% of the growth comes from acquisitions? That is of the EBITDA growth or the operating income growth? Or is it higher? Or is it lower?

So yes, Jeff, I'd say that it's probably in that range. I think we indicated coming into the year that we thought we would see contributions from acquisitions in the $20 million to $25 million range. That will be a little bit higher now with the acquisition of ND Industries and HS Butyl. So as an example, in this quarter, we probably saw a contribution of about $7 million from acquisitions. And it will probably be similar, maybe $1 million more than that in Q4.

The sales in the third quarter were roughly the same as in the second quarter; however, the adjusted cost of goods sold increased by about $7 million. Should we interpret this as an indication that raw material costs are starting to rise or stabilize? Additionally, your gross margin typically improves in the fourth quarter compared to the third. What accounts for this trend, and do you anticipate it happening again this year?

Yes. The change in gross profit margin from Q2 to Q3 reflects a shift we discussed in the last call. During the first half of the year, pricing and raw material dynamics positively impacted us, contributing around $10 million in Q2. We anticipated this would reverse in the second half, which it did, resulting in an estimated negative $10 million effect in Q3 compared to last year. This change is what influenced the margin; there were no significant fluctuations in raw materials or pricing from the previous quarter, it's mainly the year-over-year comparison. Looking ahead to Q4, we expect the impact from pricing and raw materials to remain similar, possibly a bit more significant than a $10 million headwind. However, we anticipate a slight increase in gross profit margin due to higher volume, as Q4 is typically our strongest quarter in terms of sales, driven more by seasonality than market conditions.

And then lastly, I don't recall what your solar comparisons were in the first two quarters year-over-year. So could you just give us a rough idea of what the solar comparisons were like in the first two quarters? And how that compares to the third quarter?

In the first two quarters, we experienced a decline; organic volume was relatively flat in the first quarter and down in the mid-teens in the second quarter. By the third quarter, we saw a drop of over 30%. We anticipated a soft market, but the conditions turned out to be softer than we had expected in the third quarter.

Our next question comes from Ghansham Panjabi from Baird. Yes. So in the first two quarters, we experienced a decline; organic volume was relatively flat in the first quarter and down mid-teens in the second quarter. In the third quarter, however, we saw a decline of more than 30%. It really accelerated. We anticipated a soft market, but not as weak as what we encountered in the third quarter.

This is Matt Krueger sitting in for Ghansham. So given the level of volumes generated in the HHC business for the third quarter, were margins in that segment as you would have expected? And if not, was there anything unique or impactful in the quarter that you would call out for that segment from a profitability perspective?

The margins for HHC in the quarter were in line with expectations. As mentioned last quarter, we anticipated that the favorable trends in raw material prices would change mid-year. In Q3, we observed about a $10 million impact from that, which affected HHC. Now that this has been reflected in the P&L, looking ahead for HHC, we can expect continued pricing improvement. Price indexes are adjusting every quarter, and in the next quarter, we will begin to see less negative pricing in HHC, with a stabilization trend moving forward. Additionally, we've experienced positive volume growth in approximately 13 or 14 HHC market segments, contributing to solid volume growth alongside improved pricing. This quarter reflected the pressure we experienced.

And then understanding that the rollover in pricing has been largely formulaic across the business. Can you talk about what you're seeing from a competitive landscape perspective as volumes are fluctuating across certain end markets, and raw materials are oscillating? And then just a follow-on there: What are you expecting from price cost as it relates to the first half of 2025? I appreciate the comments that you've already given on the fourth quarter here.

Yes. I think this year in 2024, the price-raw bucket was really lumpy from one quarter to the next. That's what happens after we've had a strong increase or decrease in overall raw material prices. As we move into 2025, that's going to really level out a lot. If I look at the 4,000 raw materials that we monitor, those are pretty evenly balanced: about 1/3 of them are increasing, 1/3 of them are decreasing and 1/3 are staying flat. We're already taking pricing actions in Q4 as it relates to some of those markets. As far as the competitors go, we have very responsible and sophisticated, two or three large competitors. They have good pricing acumen and they will price responsibly. I'm seeing that across the market in general, and that really hasn't changed over time.

And Matt, just to add a little color on your question about what to expect going forward versus what we've seen in price and raws. Coming into this year, you're aware that our ability to capture price and manage raws has been a big generator of value. But there's also a lag impact. Coming into this year, we knew, although we captured a lot of raw material savings last year, there's a little bit of catch-up on pricing adjustments related to our index-based contracts. So we had expected it to be pretty neutral, but with pretty big numbers offsetting each other. As we exit this year, based on what we know today, both are relatively small impacts that would carry over, again, pretty much offsetting each other. We expect next year to be relatively neutral like this year, but less of the big volatility, less lumpy, yes, from a quarter-to-quarter basis.

We have no further questions in queue. I would like to turn the call back over to Celeste Mastin for any closing remarks.

Thanks, everyone else, for joining us this morning, and we look forward to having you back next quarter. Have a great day.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.