Good day, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the GE Aerospace 4th Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. My name is Liz, and I will be your conference coordinator today. If you experience issues with the webcast slides refreshing, or there appears to be delays in the slide advancement, please hit F5 on your keyboard to refresh. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. I'd now like to turn the program over to your host for today's conference, Blair Schor from the GE Aerospace Investor Relations Team. Please proceed.

Thanks, Liz. Welcome to GE Aerospace's fourth quarter and full year 2025 earnings call. I'm joined by Chairman and CEO Larry Culp and CFO Rahul Guy. Many of the statements we're making are forward-looking and based on our best view of the world and our businesses as we see them today. As described in our SEC filings and website, those elements may change as the world changes. Additionally, Larry and Rahul, consistent with prior quarters, will speak to total company and corporate financial results and guidance on a non-GAAP basis. Now, over to Larry.

Larry Lundgren- Blair, thanks, and good morning, everyone. I'd like to begin with our purpose. We invent the future of flight, lift people up, and bring them home safely. Right now, nearly 1 million people are in flight with our technology, connecting people and goods worldwide. We play a vital role in powering consumers today. We're also inventing technology that will propel the industry forward. Our purpose is our call to action, and I couldn't be prouder of what our team achieved in 2025, but also how we got there with our culture of respect for people, being customer-driven, and continuous improvement. Turning to our results on slide four. 2025 was an outstanding year for GE Aerospace as we made operational progress, delivered on our financial commitments, and continued to invest in our future. The fourth quarter was a strong finish to the year. Orders were up 74%, reflecting continued robust demand for our services and equipment. Revenue increased 20% with double-digit growth in both segments. EPS was up 19% to $1.57, and free cash flow grew 15%. For the full year, we drove substantial improvement across all key metrics. Orders were up 32%, revenue increased 21%, operating profit grew $1.8 billion, and free cash flow was up $1.5 billion. dollars. In CES, orders were up 35% and revenue grew 24%, including services orders up 27% and revenue up 26%. This supported our profit growing 26% to $8.9 billion. In DPT, orders increased 19% and revenue was up 11% with increased deliveries and defense. Profit increased 22% to $1.3 billion. Our performance reflects the impact of flight debt, driving incremental gains that compounded into meaningful improvements. This enables us to accelerate output to deliver on our roughly $190 billion backlog, which is up nearly $20 billion over the last year. We're also investing to improve time on wing and reduce cost of ownership to deliver value to our customers, supporting growth today, tomorrow, and into the future. I want to thank the entire GE Aerospace team, our suppliers who put their trust in us. Looking to 2026, we're poised for another year of substantial revenue, EPS, and cash growth. Demand remains robust with 2025 orders up 32% and continued backlog growth. This supports our expectation for revenue to be up low double digits, including commercial services up mid-teens. We expect operating profit of $9.85 billion dollars to ten point two five billion dollars of a billion dollars at the midpoint this translates the EPS of seven dollars and ten cents to seven dollars and forty cents up nearly fifteen percent at the midpoint and we expect to generate eight to eight point four billion dollars of free cash flow with conversion remaining well above 100% this outlook builds on the progress we made in 24 and 25. We expect to deliver mid-teens revenue between 24 and 26 compounded, and $10 billion of profit in 26, two years earlier than our outlook had been. We continue to convert this into cash, expecting to generate more than $20 billion of cash between 24 and 26 to reinvest in our future, including in U.S. manufacturing to support both our commercial and defense customers. GE Aerospace is an exceptional franchise, servicing and growing the industry's most extensive installed base of 80,000 engines. As we further embed Flight Deck, we'll allot greater value for our customers and shareholders. Slide six. In their first year, our Technology and Operations, or T&O team, made a meaningful impact. We partnered more effectively with our suppliers, resulting in material input from our priority supply 40 percent year over year in 2025 and up double digits sequentially in the fourth quarter both translating to higher outputs while we're making progress we know our customers need more from us to further accelerate 2026 we're expanding ces to include tno now led by hamad ali integrating our product line engineering and supply chain teams will improve our end-to-end engine lifecycle management. We're also elevating our customer-facing teams, led by Jason Tonich, now reporting directly to me, aligned with our customer-driven approach. These changes will enable greater cross-functional problem-solving, agility, and alignment to deliver for our customers. I want to take a moment to thank Russell Stokes, who announced he'll retire from GE Aerospace in July after 29 years of service. His continuous improvement mindset and passion for developing leaders helped build this world-class business. Russell was one of the first leaders I met here at GE and he's been a critical partner over the last seven years. We wish him nothing but success in his next chapter. These changes along with Flight Deck will further support growth in deliveries in 26. Across our MRO network we are removing waste to improve shop visit output and turnaround times. For example we're converting from batch to flow production, which supported LEAP, CFM56, and GE90 turnaround times, improving over 10 percent year-over-year in the fourth quarter. Additionally, at our Wales facility, CFM56 turnaround time improved by 20 percent, and at Selma, we sustained turnaround times below 80 days. This enabled us to deliver our highest LEAP shop visit output of the year. With LEAP installed, base expected to roughly triple between 24 and 30 we're expanding capacity across our global mro network to support aftermarket demand in 2025 we added mtu dallas is our sixth premier mro partner supporting third-party shop visit growth now representing around 15 of total leap shop visits we're dedicating approximately 500 million dollars of our more than 1 billion dollars of investment in MRO to LEAP. This includes expanding several MRO sites, including Malaysia, Selma, and Dallas, and a new on-wing support facility in Dubai. We expect these investments will roughly double LEAP internal capacity. Taken together, these actions drove meaningful progress in services and equipment output in 2025. CES services revenue increased 26 percent, with internal shop visit revenue up 24% including LEAP internal shop visit volume up 27%. Spare parts revenue grew more than 25%. Deliveries across commercial and defense increased 26% for the year including a strong finish with 8% sequential growth in the fourth quarter. Commercial units increased 25% including LEAP up 28%, exceeding 1,800 units, a record output for the program. And defense engine deliveries increased 30%. While 2025 marked a year of progress, we know there's more to do to meet customer demand and I'm confident we'll deliver. Turning to slide seven, one of the behaviors that guides us is to be customer driven in all that we do. We're leveraging over 2.3 billion flight hours and nearly $3 billion in annual R&D to drive meaningful improvements for our customers. Our focus remains on delivering mature levels of time on wing and lowering costs of ownership. In November, the GENX fleet leader, equipped with the upgraded HPT blade, which has improved time on wing over two and a half times in hot and harsh environments, achieved a new milestone surpassing 4,000 cycles. Informed by our progress with the GENX, the LEAP 1A durability kit will improve time on wing by more than two times, matching our industry-leading CFM56 performance. This is now incorporated in all LEAP 1A new engine deliveries and shop visits with nearly 1,500 kits shipped since certification. In addition to improved durability, we're also expanding our LEAP repair catalog, which will lower cost of ownership and improve turnaround times. In 2025, LEAP parts certified for repair increased 20 percent, and we expect continued growth in 2026. Combined with our progress on delivery, we're actively working to meet customer expectations on LEAP. At the same time, utilization of our mature engines remains robust. CFM 56 is the most widely owned and operated engine in commercial aviation, with retirements in 25 consistent with the third-party MRO ecosystem provides customers with optionality for servicing their fleets, supporting higher asset values, and lowering costs of ownership. And we continue to strengthen MRO Axis M56 longevity. Last quarter, for example, we reached a materials agreement with EFTAI Aviation to support service of its growing fleet of CFM56 engines, the next generation of engines. We recently completed a ground test campaign demonstrating our first hybrid electric narrowbody engine architecture. The propulsion milestone demonstrates systems integration, advancing the technology from concept to practical, scalable. As we deliver greater customer value and advanced breakthrough technologies, we're growing our backlog. At the Dubai Air Show, we've recorded over 500 engine wins across narrow bodies and wide bodies, including Riyadh Air's commitment for 120 LEAF-1A engines and Fly Dubai's selection of 60 GENX engines. Additionally, Pegasus Airlines committed to up to 300 LEAF-1B engines to power its future Boeing 737-10 fleet. And we're honored that Delta, a new GENX customer, selected us to power and service their new fleet of 30 Boeing 787s. In defense, Hindustan Aeronautics ordered 113 F-404 engines for the Tejas fighter jets, demonstrating our position as a trusted partner for allied fighter. We're driving progress, improving field performance, turnaround times, and advancing future propulsion technologies. We're well positioned to strengthen our leadership across both the commercial and defense sectors in 2026.

Good morning, everyone. We closed out 2025 with another strong quarter. Fourth quarter orders were up 74%, with CES up 76%, and DPT up 61%. Revenue was up 20%, led by CES services up 31%. Operating profit was $2.3 billion, up 14%. Services volume, productivity, and price were partially offset by the impact of lower spare engine ratio, OE growth, including 9X shipments, and investments. Margins as for prior guidance were down 90 basis points to 19.2%. EPS was $1.57, up 19% from increased operating profit, a lower tax rate, and a reduced share account. Free cash flow was $1.8 billion, up 15 percent, largely driven by higher earnings with over 100 percent conversion. For the year, our results exceeded the high end of our guidance on all key metrics. Orders were up 32 percent, with commercial services orders up 27 percent, and total equipment up 48%. Revenue increased 21% from commercial services that was up 26% and higher deliveries of both commercial and defense units. Operating profit increased 25% to $9.1 billion with margins expanding 70 basis points to 21.4% as commercial services volume and price offset OE growth and investments. EPS increased 38% to $6.37. Free cash flow grew 24%, or $1.5 billion to $7.7 billion, with conversion over 110%, driven by earnings growth and continued contract asset favorability. It was partially offset by inventory growth to support continued output increases in 2026 overall very strong performance for GE Aerospace positioning us well for 2026 turning to our segments starting with CES in the fourth quarter orders were up 76% with services up 18% and equipment more than doubling revenue increased 24% services were up 31% internal shoppers at revenue grew 30% from higher volume and increased work scopes. Spare path sales were up over 25% as improved material availability supported increased output. Equipment grew 7% with engine deliveries up 40% including LEAP up 49%. This more than offset a decline in spare engine ratio due to timing of back and loaded spare engine deliveries in 2024. For the year, spare engine ratio was lower than 24 as planned. Profit was $2.3 billion, up 5% from higher services volume with improved margins, price, and favorable mix. This was partially offset by the impact of lower spare engine ratio, higher install shipments, including 9x, and an increase in R&D. As expected, margins were down 420 basis points to 24%. For the year, CES delivered outstanding results, with orders growing 35%, and services revenue and engine output both up roughly 25%. This supported profit growing 26% to $8.9 billion, and margins expanding 40 basis points to 26.6%. From services growth, productivity, and moving to DPT, orders were up 61%. with defense book-to-bill above 2. Revenue grew 13%. Defense and systems revenue was up 2%. Defense units were down 7% due to a difficult compare, which was more than offset by price and customer mix. Sequentially, this was the third consecutive quarter of strong defense engine shipments with full-year deliveries up 30%. Propulsion and additive technologies grew 33%, led by higher commercial and military volume at Avio. Profit was up 5% from volume, favorable mix, and price that was partially offset by investments and inflation. Margins were down 70 basis points to 8.9%. DPT also had a solid year, with orders up 19% and defense booked to bill 1.5, with backlog now at $21 billion, up nearly $3 billion. Improved output supported revenue growing 11%, profit was $1.3 billion with margins up 110 basis points to 12.3% from volume, mix, and price. Next, going deeper into the drivers of our 38% EPS growth for the year. Growth in operating profit drove $1.32 or 75% of the improvement in EPS, with the increased profit in CES and DPT partially offset by higher corporate costs and eliminations. Corporate cost was roughly $570 million, up about $170 million due to lowered interest income. Eliminations were about 530 million dollars, up approximately 70 million dollars. Lower tax rate, a reduction in share count and interest expense accounted for an additional 46 cents of EPS growth. Tax rate was down three points for the year, primarily from the benefits of long-term tax planning projects, and share count reduced by 26 million. Turning to slide 12. We are updating our segment reporting to reflect the organizational changes announced last week. Importantly, there is no change to total company metrics. Aero-derivative engines, which were previously reported in CES, will be included with DPT to drive greater supply chain alignment with the marine and mobility business. As a result, roughly $1.4 billion dollars of revenue and a couple of hundred million dollars of profit will move from CES to DPT. With the expansion of CES to include TNO we are also transitioning the cost of remaining sites and external engineering revenue to their respective businesses. This results in a small change to corporate cost and eliminations. The resegmentation impact is reflected in the 2025 segment financials on the left side of the page. We've also included a preliminary bridge in the appendix and plan to provide recasted segment financials for first quarter earnings. Turning to guidance, starting with CES, we expect mid-teens revenue growth including services up mid-teens. This includes internal shop visit revenue and spare parts revenue both up mid-teens from low double-digit engine removals combined with higher work scopes and price. LEAP internal shop visits are expected to grow 25%. We expect equipment up mid to high teens, including LEAP deliveries up 15%, with higher growth from whiteboarding programs. We expect $9.6 to $9.9 billion of profit, up about $1.2 billion at the midpoint. This reflects the benefit of services growth and price, which is partially offset by OE growth, including 9X, a lower spare engine ratio, and continued investments. In DPT, we expect mid- to high single-digit revenue growth and profit of $1.55 to $1.65 billion. Higher deliveries will be partially offset by inflation, mix, and investments. Corporate costs and eliminations are up year over year to $1.2 to $1.3 billion from lower interest income, AI investments, and higher eliminations from internal BAT growth. In total, we expect low double-digit revenue growth for the company with profit in the range of $9.85 to $10.25 billion, up $1 billion or more than 10% at the midpoint. Further unpacking the drivers of EPS and free cash flow growth. We expect EPS in the range of $7.10 to $7.40, up nearly 15% at the midpoint. About 85% of the improvement will be from higher operating profit. The balance will be from a marginal improvement in the tax rate to below 17% and a reduction of 18 million shares from our previously completed and announced capital allocation actions. Interest expense is expected to be roughly $900 million. We expect to generate $8 to $8.4 billion of free cash flow, primarily from higher earnings. Working capital and AD&A combined will be a source year-over-year from slower inventory growth. We continue to expect CapEx at roughly 3% of sales. Overall, we expect another year of conversion solidly above 100%. Taken together, GE Aerospace is poised for another year of solid growth ahead. With that,

Larry, back to you. Arul, thank you. 2025 was another outstanding year. Our sustained competitive advantages support our leadership positions across both commercial and defense. With the industry's largest fleet, 80,000 engines and growing, we've accumulated over 2.3 billion flight hours. This experience keeps us close to our customers through decade-long life cycles, building enduring relationships and making us the partners combined with our nearly three billion dollars in annual R&D investments to drive continuous improvement across our services and products, enhancing time on wing and lower costs of ownership. As a result, across our narrowbody, widebody, regional, and defense platforms, we offer the best performing products under wing. Our world-class engineering teams developed next-gen technology to improve durability, efficiency, and turnaround times, along with advanced defense capabilities. Through Flight Deck, we're turning strategy into results with a focus on safety, quality, delivery, and cost. Stepping back, the GE Aerospace team is focused and ready for what's ahead in 2026. We're well positioned to deliver for our customers and shareholders, and I'm confident in our trajectory. With that, Blair, let's go to questions.

Before we open the line, I'd ask everyone in the queue to consider your fellow analysts and ask one question so that we can get to as many as possible. Liz, can you please open the line?

Ladies and gentlemen, if you wish to ask a question, please press star 11 on your telephone. If you wish to withdraw your question or your question has already been answered, please press star 1-1 again. Our first question comes from John Godin with Citigroup. Your line is now open.

Hey, thanks for taking my question. I was hoping you could elaborate a bit on the commercial aftermarket backdrop. Obviously, it was a great services quarter with revenue growth accelerating versus last quarter. So I'm just curious to what extent this momentum has carried through to start the year. And if you could just unpack some of the assumptions underlying the mid-team services growth guidance for 2026, is there any room there to outperform if recent momentum continues?

Well, John, good morning. Thanks for getting us started. You know, I would say we haven't seen anything here at the beginning of the year that gives us pause. We know our share of cycles with LEAP in particular, in the nerve body segment being up, in the opportunities to leverage that underlying unit volume in the aftermarket with both expanded work scopes in both narrow and wide body as well as price. Another very strong commercial services year, we commented in the prepared remarks, at mid-teens. Will we be able to do better than that? We're certainly going to aim to do that, but as we talked through the course of 2025, five. We're not, I think, particularly concerned about the demand environment. It's really all about our ability to move parties to complete over-year numbers that we cited in the fourth quarter. There's much more to do here in 2026. It's a bit of what undergirds the organizational movement. And to the extent that we can continue to make progress, and we think we will, perhaps not in line with the 40% bump we saw from our priority suppliers last year on a full-year basis, I think we'll be able to satisfy that demand better than we did in 2025. Rahul, anything you'd add there?

Just a couple of things. John, welcome to our call here. Just as we said in our prepared remarks, we expect both shop visits and spare parts to be up kind of the same range as mid-teens as the overall services growth. On spare parts first, our delinquency when we ended 2025 was up 50% over where we ended 24. So as Larry mentioned, strong demand environment. And as you think about the spare parts growth, the spare parts growth is going to be primarily driven by narrow body. And that's coming as a LEAP external channel continues to grow. And about more than 15% of the LEAP shop visits are now performed by a third-party channel partner. And CFM56 continues to be strong as well. Larry mentioned in his prepared remarks about how we ended 25 retirements, which were similar to 24. And as we think about 2026, we expect retirements to be in the 2% range. Our prior expectations were 2% to 3% range, so trending a little bit better. And that puts CFM shop visits in the 23 to 2400 range between 26 and 28. So external demand environment looks good. Sharp is the same thing. You know, we're expecting double-digit removals this year from engines that they've already flown. Plus, the work scope continues to increase, a little bit of price. So all that adds to that 15% growth that we mentioned on Sharp. So overall, we feel good about the services outlook for 26.

The next question comes from Myles Walton with Wolf Research. Your line is now open.

Thanks. Good morning. I was wondering if I was on the leap break-even or LEAP profitability on the original equipment side, are we crossing the root counter profit or a break even in 26 still? And, Larry, you must be feeling a lot better about the trajectory to get output on LEAP to 2,500 by 2028. What, if anything, is required from an investment within the supply chain, not the MRO network, but more the OE side of the supply chain still to get to where the manufacturers want their production rates?

From a new make perspective, and as you know, as well as anyone, The supply chain that supports the new make also supports the aftermarket. So no one can really isolate the new make demand and invest for that without being mindful. I think we have improved over the course of 2025 our visibility and deeper with respect to readiness to satisfy our needs to serve both the airlines and the airframers. There will be capital investment in various places. I'll let different suppliers and different commodity categories speak to their own plans. But I think we're confident that as we move forward here through the rest of the decade, we'll be able to satisfy what the airlines need in the aftermarket and what the air framers are looking to do for the airlines as well, right? From a, again, I don't think we're going to be up 40% every year. Not that we have to. We're poised to step up again with the capital expansion and the like to keep pace with these considerable tailwinds.

I might also answer your question on the LEAP profitability. Yes, we expect LEAP OE to be profitable in 2026 as per our prior plans.

The next question comes from Douglas Harnett with Bernstein. Your line is now open.

Good morning. Good morning, Doug. You know, you talked about the improvement in turnaround times across the board, like LEAP, CFM56, GE90, by about 10%. And LEAP, I can see that. But CFM56, GE90, very mature engines. Is this turnaround time improvement, is that both for internal and third-party shop visits? And what levers enable you to do that? And if I can just add to that, How should we see that improvement reflected in financials since GFM 56 is largely time and materials in GE 90, you'd be on CSAs, I would assume.

Doug, it is an internally oriented number, right? We watch TAT turnaround time, kind of our shops across platforms, across the network. The way I think about TAT improvement, it's really driven by two things. One, material availability, and two, efficient execution of our standard work on the shop floor. We've talked a lot about supply chain. You've written about it as well. To the extent that we are getting not only more from our suppliers, but getting what we get in a more predictable way, the teams on the shop floor are better able to execute to bring down turnaround times. We talk about 40% year-over-year improvement from our priority suppliers. We talk about those suppliers delivering 90%-plus level to their commitments. It takes a lot of noise out of the system. That is an unlock for us, I think, to take full advantage by the way of flight deck that we've laid in the various shops. It's not equally spread across every shop, but those turnaround times, I think, that you see improve in the fourth quarter, for example, really is a combination of better input materials and better execution how does that show up in the financials well we should be getting more shop visits completed in terms of the the top line but also we believe it's a considerable productivity unlock if a team on the floor has to stop a shop visit if they are idle waiting for a that's obviously unproductive time if they have everything they need from induction to certification, we will see, and I think have seen, the early signs of real productivity bumps there as well.

The next question comes from Scott Deuschle with Deutsche Bank.

Hey, good morning. Rahul, can you quantify what the GE9X headwind ended up being in 2025 and what the incremental profit headwind is from 9X in 2026? And if you could comment on the quarterly earnings cadence, you're expecting it to see yes in 2026 as well. That would be helpful. So the question is around 9X losses and the earnings cadence.

So, Scott, on 9X, our losses ended. I mean, we said a couple of hundred million bucks of losses in 2025, and we've ended right about there, so right in line with our expectations. And for 26, as we previously said, we are going to ship more engines in 26, and the volume continues to grow up. And with that, our losses on the 9X programs will double year over year. So our current guidance for 26 incorporates those losses getting to that level. So all consistent with what we said previously. On the first quarter, and let me just elevate the question a little bit, Scott, and just kind of speak to total company here, including CES. I mean, first, we expect a solid start to the year. As you probably remember, our output started out slow last year in the first quarter. So we expect our engine and shop visit output to grow substantially here in the first quarter. And that will drive our revenue growth. And we expect kind of, if you put all that together at the total company level, we expect high teams revenue growth for the company. With both CES and DPT above their respective full-year guides. So the stronger start is going to come from both the segments. And now getting into the CES math services, we ended 25% with 27% orders growth. So we're entering 26% with a strong backlog, and about 85% of the spare parts that we need to ship in the first quarter are already in the backlog. And then we had a CMR charge in first quarter of last year that we're not expecting to repeat. So it'll be a strong start for our services business. and commercial equipment output would be strong. That'll drive revenue growth. But if you, you know, first quarter last year was our strongest spare engine shipment quarter. So there'll be some impact from that here as we think about the year-over-year revenue growth. But still, it'll be a strong revenue performance despite that. And then there'll be 9X shipments here in the first quarter as well, which we did not have in 25. And then DPT, you know, they're on a good run here on sequential performance. Expect that to continue. and that should drive revenue growth for the DPT segment. Now, as we switch to profit, expect that profit to be up year-over-year growth, up year-over-year, primarily from the services growth and the absence of the CMR chart that we took, which will offset the higher deliveries and the 9x shipments. But because of the lower spare engine ratio and 9x shipments, our total margins for the business will be kind of in line to slightly better, marginally better here versus where we ended fourth quarter of 2025. And free cash flow, we expect certain payments here in the first quarter, so free cash flow will be down year over year. But overall, as we think about revenue, we think about profit, we expect to get out of the gate here strong.

The next question comes from Sheila Kailou with Jeffries.

Good morning, Larry Raul. Good morning, my friend. Um, maybe Raul, since you were just speaking about CS profit guidance for 26, uh, you know, if you could walk us through margins at the input midpoint, it implies margins are flat. I know you gave a few pieces, the G9X, uh, headwinds. Uh, how are you thinking about shipments there? What are you seeing offset the goodness to help overcome some of the mixed issues you're facing with equipment growth, outpacing services? Um, 9X headwind, as you mentioned, spare, spares ratio and just leap-growing double digits while CFM is flat? How do we think about that?

Yeah, I think, Sheila, you kind of outlined some of the key drivers here in the math. I think the margin story at the CES level is exactly the way you said it. Strong services growth here, you know, we're expecting $3.5 billion of services revenue growth in 2026, which drops through at a LV clip despite LEAP being a bigger share of that growth, we still expect strong drop-through from our services revenue improvement year over year. And then the OE shipments are increasing, the spare engine ratio gradually comes down as we expected to as time passes on, and then 9X shipments with R&D coming in as well. So I think those are the big drivers for the CES margins here in 2026. Now, keep in mind that the margins ended up better than what we'd expected back when we gave the October guidance. You know, the margins were about 70 basis points better than where we thought they would be in October. So we have a higher jumping off point. And despite that, you know, you see, as you said, our margins are expected to be flattish in 2026. So we feel good about the trajectory that we're on.

The next question comes from Seth Seifman with J.P. Morgan.

Hey, thanks very much. And good morning, everyone. Maybe just to continue along that line of questioning, as we think about the headwinds that we know are accumulating from a mixed perspective in CES, and then we look out beyond 2026, how should we think about the margin trajectory there with LEAP OE becoming profitable, LEAP aftermarket continuing to become more profitable, but, you know, maybe OE aftermarket mixed headwinds and more 9X. I guess I'm getting to like a 26.6 in CES for 2026. And so kind of where do we think about that going directionally in the years beyond?

Well, I think you captured some of the headwinds that led for 28. I think it's important to recognize that when we spun, we thought we would be at a $10 billion operating profit level two years from here, right? So we were able to hit that milestone. We think we'll hit it at the midpoint here in 2026. So there's a lot of things that are clearly, We continue to grow the install base, and as we install base at a low to mid-single-digit level and get the full benefit of utilization in term volume, commercial services business engine that drives the profit growth, you talked about how LEAP will be better, we'll look to have the 9X do the same, and all the while we don't want to forget about the progress that we made in defense, right, where we were up 11% last year, top line. operating profit up over 20%. So I think we have plenty of opportunity to deliver on that $11.5 billion of operating profit that we've talked about for 2028, potentially do better. But that's really the plan, to continue to serve the airlines as best we can in the aftermarket ramp with the air framers as they look to help the modernization and expansion programs from those same airlines, all the while supporting the warfighters to the fullest extent of our ability.

And so if we add a couple of things here, if you go back to July when we gave our 28 guidance, we said we expect 21-ish percent margins in 2028. Now we got there last year, so the jump-off point is substantially better than where we thought back in July. So we're jumping off that higher point. And as we even 26, we are maintaining that margin profile. So I think we're getting to the margin outlook that we had laid out for 28. You know, again, not just on profit, but also on the margins. So that's a good trajectory. And I think we spoke about the CFM 56 goodness here. Retirements are still trending low. Shop visits in the 23 to 2400 range now, which is maybe slightly better than what we thought back in July. And as you said, you know, LEAP service profitability continues to get better with the external channel. Larry mentioned the repairs that we are driving inside the company. We expect the number of repairs that are certified to continue to grow this year over 25. So that's helping. And with the incremental shop visits, it will drive productivity in the LEAP services as well. So all that points to the LEAP services tailwind kind of continuing here. So I think those would be the big levers along with continuing strong performance on the white body program, especially GE90, as we think about, you know, the retirements are pretty much non-existent there. So all of that lends well to, you know, how we think about 2028, and clearly it's a better margin profile than what we thought back in July.

The next question comes from Ron Epstein with Bank of America.

Hey, can you hear me? Sorry about that. Yeah, I got you. Yeah, good morning, guys. So, yeah, a lot's been asked already, but just coming back to your prepared remarks, you mentioned that you guys are spending, what, $3 billion a year on R&D. That's a big number. Can you maybe, for lack of better cliches, double-click on that, maybe give us some feel for how you guys are spending that and what you're spending it on, where those investments are being made?

Yeah, Ron, I would say that many of you anticipated Bing, right, very much focused first and foremost on improving the customer experience with the engines that we are running. We'll talk about LEAP in that regard. We want to make sure we continue to deliver improvements like the durability kit and the like to improve time on wing and to reduce the 9X, the 777X. So it's those newer programs that are either headed to EIS or that are ramping that are a few in particular about our RISE program. It's a technology development, not a product development program, but nevertheless, garners a big chunk of that annual spend. And then, of course, on the defense side, there are a number of next-gen programs that It represents another meaningful portion of our R&D spend. So you put that all together, coupled with the field experience we have on that 2.3 billion flight hour experience base, we think we're well positioned to shape the future of flight. And as we move forward, we've talked a lot about the puts and the takes in 26 on the road to 28. Rest assured, we're going to work very hard to protect and expand the size of the R&D envelope because we know this business is led through product cycles really on the back of innovation and technology. And we can't let that change into the 2030s.

The next question comes from Gavin Parsons with UBS. Thank you. Good morning. Good morning. You guys talked about

CFM56 retirements trending lower than you expected, I think at 2%, even though you're performing very well in leap deliveries. So curious if you're still expecting that to pick up to three or four percent what's changed there and if you still expect that shop visit peak in

27 thanks well i i think it's really you have a more than anything a function of demand that the airlines are trying to satisfy right which has them keeping the uh the cfm 56 powered planes in the air and i think if we look at retirements in 2025 we ended up at about 1.5 percent of the fleet it's relatively in line with what we saw in 24 I think on balance 26 probably a little bit better for our likely the 2% range compared to a two to three percent range we offered up in July so at this point from a shop visit perspective that we think we're going to be in that 23 to 2400 range through 20 28 and that's you know it's better than what we said in July where I think we We were soft-circling $2,300. So there will be a gradual come 2030. But here in the next couple of years, given utilization, given demand, we think retirement is going to be a little bit more muted, and the CFM 56 is going to be stronger for longer. All good.

The next question comes from Noah Pupanek with Goldman Sachs.

Hey, good morning, everybody.

Good morning, Noah. Good morning, Noah.

Could you elaborate on the agreement that's been announced with EFTAI, what that means, what are the implications? And then, Raul, on the free cash flow, you're now, this year, you're going to flirt with what you had provided for 2028. Anything abnormally high in 26 that has to fade, or just how should we think about the bridge from 26 to 28 now?

No, I would say just on the agreement, as you well know, we have an open third-party aftermarket. We want to make sure that customers have as much optionality as possible in how they service their fleets. That clearly, in turn, supports both asset values and lowers costs of ownership. And that's really, I think, the foundation for what we've done.

Yeah. And on cash flow, nothing abnormal here in 26. Our challenge last year was inventory growth, right? I mean, we added about a couple of billion dollars of inventory last year. And part of that is the supply chain is getting better, but it's not all there. So we get some parts, but not everything. So that adds to inventory. And some of that is an investment that we are making to make sure that we can continue to increase output in 2026. As we think about 26, we're expecting less contract asset favorability and that is getting offset here with slower inventory growth. So we added our total working capital in AD&A last year was about a half a billion dollars of net headwind and this year we expect slightly less than that, which is not bad given low double-digit revenue growth that we're expecting this year. So really nothing abnormal coming through our cash number here and more opportunity on inventory as we get out, and maybe slightly less on contract assets, which is all in line with what we previously communicated.

Liz, we have time for one last question.

This question comes from Gautam Khanna with T.D. Cowan.

Hey, thank you. Good morning.

Good morning.

And congrats to Mohamed and Russell. Just wanted to ask, on customer behavior in the aftermarket, have you seen any change? Do you anticipate seeing any change in terms of scope of overhauls, either on wide-body engines or on CFM56? Any indication, any pricing pushback? I'm just curious. Are you seeing any sort of discontinuity relative to what we've seen over the last couple of years?

Nothing that really jumps out, frankly. Again, the demand environment post-pandemic has been robust for the airlines. They need all they can possibly get from us, and that's why we've talked so much about flight deck and the supply chain over the last several years, particularly as it pertains to while making sure they're also able to expand and modernize. We talked a few minutes ago about the CFM-56 in all likelihood being more stable over the next few years. that clearly will creep into work scopes in certain instances work scopes that will expand as the engines get older but but I would say on balance they want more and they want it faster without any compromise with respect to safety or quality it's a it's a fair ask and one this team is committed to delivering on

in in the new year here Larry any final comments to wrap the call Blair thank

Thank you. The hour flew there. Now, I would just say to close, GE Aerospace remains a differentiated franchise defined by our enviable market position and flight deck supporting enhanced performance. As we look ahead, our outlook reflects confidence in our ability to deliver consistent value for our customers, shareholders, and the millions of people who rely on our services and products every day. We appreciate your time today and your interest in GE Aerospace.

Thank you ladies and gentlemen. This concludes today's conference. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.