Good morning and welcome to S&P Global's fourth quarter and full year 2025 earnings conference call. I'd like to inform you that this call is being recorded for broadcast. All participants are in a listen-only mode. We will open the conference to questions and answers after the presentation and instructions will follow at that time. To access the webcast and slides go to investor.spglobal.com. If you need any additional technical assistance, please press star zero and will assist you momentarily. I would now like to introduce Mr. Mark Grant, Senior Vice President of Investor Relations and Treasurer for S&P Global. Sir, you may begin. Good morning,

and thank you for joining today's S&P Global fourth quarter and full year 2025 earnings call. Presenting on today's call are Martina Chung, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Eric Abouaf, Chief Financial Officer. We issued a press release with our results earlier today. In addition, we have posted a supplemental slide deck with additional information on our results and guidance. If you need a copy of the release and financial schedules or the supplemental deck, they can be downloaded at investor.spglobal.com. The matters discussed in today's conference call may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1994. including projections, estimates, and descriptions of future events. Any such statements are based on current expectations and current economic conditions and are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from results anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Additional information concerning these risks and uncertainties can be found in our Forms 10-K and 10-Q filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. In today's earnings release and during the conference call, we're providing non-GAAP adjusted financial information. This information is provided to enable investors to make meaningful comparisons of the company's operating performance between periods and to view the company's business from the same perspective as management. The earnings release contains financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP that corresponds to the non-GAAP measures we are providing. and the press release and the supplemental deck contain reconciliations of such gap and non-gap measures. The financial metrics we'll be discussing today refer to non-gap adjusted metrics unless explicitly noted otherwise. As noted in the press release and slides, financial guidance provided today assumes contributions from mobility for the full year and excludes any impact from anticipated stranded costs the company expects to update adjusted guidance to exclude mobility and institute gap guidance upon completion of the spin i would also like to call your attention to certain european regulations any investor who has or expects to obtain ownership of five percent or more of s p global should contact investor relations to better understand the potential impact of this legislation on the investor and the company we are aware that we have some media representatives with us on the call. However, this call is intended for investors, and we would ask that questions from the media be directed to our media relations team, whose contact information can be found in the press release. At this time, I would like to turn the call over to Martina Chung.

Martina? Thank you, Mark. We had an excellent year in 2025, and we're very pleased with the results we delivered. We saw strong revenue growth, meaningful expansion of our operating margins, and 14 percent growth in EPS. We exceeded our initial guidance from last February on revenue growth, operating margin, and EPS while returning 113 percent of adjusted free cash flow to shareholders. We just announced the 53rd consecutive year of dividend increases and we repurchased more than five billion dollars in stock in 2025. Financial results like this are the evidence of a committed, tightly aligned and disciplined executive team and underscore the talent and dedication of our people. I'm exceptionally proud of what our people accomplished in my first full year as CEO. We launched our new strategic vision at our investor day in November and we're delivering against that vision of advancing essential intelligence. As we'll discuss today, we continue to see real momentum in our strategic initiatives and across our enterprise capabilities while a very dynamic macroeconomic and geopolitical backdrop persists we believe we are entering 2026 with more tailwinds than headwinds and the strength to seize the opportunities ahead of us our financial guidance which eric will outline in a moment calls for strong organic constant currency revenue growth continued margin expansion and eps growth our Our confidence in that outlook is bolstered by strong performance indicators for our subscription businesses. While we're taking a prudent approach to our outlook for the market-driven components of the business, we see encouraging leading indicators that could provide incremental tailwinds to the business. As always, we carefully monitor and assess the macroeconomic environment, geoeconomic and geopolitical dynamics, and the health of our customer end markets. while it's difficult to predict many of the factors that could impact our business this early in the year we believe there are more tailwinds and headwinds and expect to deliver real value to our customers and profitable growth for our shareholders now turning to our enterprise financial results as i mentioned previously the financial results show the strength of the business and demonstrate the discipline and execution of our people when we compare the full-year results to the original guidance that we had given for 2025 back in February, we are pleased to see that every division delivered revenue growth within or above those original guidance ranges, and every division delivered operating margins at or above the high end of those original guidance ranges. We also see the strength that comes from the diversification of our revenue in 2025. Through the year, we saw disruption in the issuance markets impacting our ratings business following Liberation Day in April, we saw incremental sanctions impacting our energy business midway through the year, and we saw volatility in the volume driven products emerge in market intelligence. Despite these various challenges in 2025, we raised our enterprise guidance through the second half of the year and we still delivered revenue growth at the high end with margins and EPS very near the high end of that elevated guidance. We were able to do this while still making incremental strategic investments to drive future growth. Now, as we outlined for you back in November, our strategic vision for S&P Global is to advance essential intelligence. We've been providing essential intelligence to our customers for over 150 years. Over 95% of our revenue is tied to proprietary benchmarks, differentiated data, and critical workflow tools and we expect that percentage to increase over time we have been a trusted partner for our customers for a very long time and every day our customers are telling us that they need our differentiated and proprietary data they need transparency at opaque markets they need trusted benchmarks and measures of risk and performance the message from our customers is consistent and simple what they need most is what we uniquely provide our mission is to advance essential intelligence and deliver that at scale better than anyone in the world. As I shared with you in November, we're going to achieve this through three strategic objectives. The first is advancing market leadership. We have some of the most trusted brands in our markets. We start from a position of great strength to continue to grow in our existing markets, identifying new use cases for our existing products, and constantly innovating to develop new products in these foundational areas. The second is expanding into high growth adjacencies. These are the initiatives you hear us talk about frequently. Private markets, energy expansion, supply chain, decentralized finance, and other rapidly evolving areas of the market. The third objective is amplifying our enterprise capabilities. We've made great progress with our enterprise data office and our chief client office in 2025, and we're scaling out additional enterprise capabilities through process engineering upskilling and training our people on new technologies and leveraging leading AI solutions, including those we built ourselves. These advancements generate value for our customers and our people at scale. In 2025, we made great strides in several of our key strategic focus areas. We delivered exceptional results in private markets. We expanded in private credit ratings. We significantly enhanced our private markets tools like iLevel with new AI functionality and launched private equity benchmarks and indices. We announced and completed the acquisition of WIT Intelligence and our partnership with Cambridge Associates and Mercer. We are well on our way to building the most comprehensive solution set in the world for the private markets. In energy expansion, we launched AI capabilities, making much of our research and insights available through Microsoft Copilot. We launched enhanced gas, power, and commodity flow intelligence and introduced new integrated energy scenarios to help market participants make sense of a challenging global energy environment. And we integrated the 451 team with our power team to connect the most sought-after themes from our customers and unlock new insights on data centers and power. We also continue to see capital flowing into the energy ecosystem, which benefits multiple divisions, including ratings. 2025 was truly a leap forward for S&P Global in AI. We launched new AI products and features in every division, many of which were on display at our investor day. Using a platform-agnostic approach to Gen AI solutions, we have announced collaborations with several major technology partners. We are also moving quickly in decentralized finance. We'll have more to share in this exciting area in the quarters to come, but we were thrilled to launch the world's most well-known index, the S&P 500, on-chain in collaboration with Centrifuge, in 2025, in addition to other exciting innovations. Now, turning to our enterprise capabilities. Two of the most impactful accomplishments of 2025 are the establishment and development of our Chief Client Office and our Enterprise Data Office. As you know, the Chief Client Office was established to deepen engagement with our large strategic customers at the most senior levels. In 2025, the CCO enabled S&P Global to bring the full enterprise value proposition to our clients. We have elevated engagement not just with our clients' business leaders, but also with their heads of technology, AI, and data science. Not only does that give us commercial advantages, but also gives us early insight into our customers' needs and challenges. In addition to the strategic meetings with the C-suite, our technologists are meeting with data scientists, AI experts, and developers that work in customer organizations to co-develop solutions that we can leverage across our customer base. We are finding time and time again that the challenges impacting our largest customers are mirrored in many ways among our other customers, and the solutions that we bring to CCO clients can be sold at scale. While still very early, we believe that the CCO, in collaboration with division teams and with Kensho Labs, will be a meaningful driver of both revenue growth and product innovation going forward. our enterprise data office also made meaningful headway in 2025 we are finding more ways to bring our data together faster methods to ingest integrate and distribute data and are communicating more effectively across the technology teams to drive efficiencies one of our goals with the edo is to reduce run rate expenses by more than 20 percent by the end of 2027 and we are well ahead of pace to achieve that goal. In 2025 alone we reduced manual data processing meaningfully with more than half of our total data workflows now processed via automation tools. We also eliminated more than 10 percent of applications in use and simplified the EDO technology stack to standardize on the best applications and reduce costs. One of the areas where we quickly saw the impact of our enterprise progress is in the integration of with intelligence. Through our collaboration across teams, including strategy, corporate development, finance, technology, legal, and others, we were able to shorten the close process to less than six weeks. That was an incredible accomplishment for an acquisition of this size and was much faster than our original assumed timeline. What our data and technology teams were able to accomplish after the close was no less impressive. We linked more than 75% of the fund manager and investor data sets in less than a month through the application of Kensho Link. We enabled single sign-on, or SSO, through Capital IQ Pro in January, which immediately helped us identify cross-sell opportunities. In collaboration with our chief client office and market intelligence, we held 20 regional training sessions for commercial teams and generated more than 200 new sales leads and cross-sell opportunities within the first 60 days. We've also already realized millions in cost synergies since the deal closed at the end of November. It's been truly exciting to see our people embrace the enterprise mindset and come together to create value. 2025 was an incredible year of progress and results. Now, I'd like to turn to 2026. We're entering 2026 with a strong backdrop for billed issuance, but we're lapping another record year. In 2025, billed issuance increased 11% and surpassed $4.3 trillion. This creates a challenging compare for 2026, but there are several drivers that give us confidence in the potential for continued positive growth. Our base case assumption therefore starts with bill issuance up low to mid single digits in 2026. We continue to see favorable market conditions with spreads remaining low and our expectation for two rate cuts from the US Fed in the back half of the year. We also see encouraging maturity walls as I'll discuss in a moment. M&A tends to be more challenging to predict but we saw a strong pipeline of deals announced in the back half of 2025 and continue to see pent-up demand given the dry powder in the market we also saw significant debt issuance from hyperscaler investment in ai infrastructure in the second half of 2025 and we expect that to continue in 2026 albeit spread more throughout the year given the phasing of issuance in 2025 and the expectations for 2026 we would expect growth rates to fluctuate from quarter to quarter. We expect bill issuance growth year over year in the first quarter, with acceleration in the second quarter as we lapped the disruption from last April. Given the difficult compare, we would then expect deceleration in the third quarter before bill issuance growth turns negative in the fourth quarter. In the event of macroeconomic distress, elevated market volatility or uncertainty, or a slowdown in economic growth, we would expect build issuance to be lower than our forecast. We could see potential upside if we see elevated M&A, additional pull forward from out-year maturity walls, or greater than expected debt for technology and infrastructure projects. Given that refinancing activity tends to be the most predictable issuance in a given year, I wanted to spend an extra moment to discuss what we're seeing for 2026. When comparing the 2026 maturity wall now to the 2025 maturity wall a year ago, we see 12% higher maturities and a stable mix of high yield versus investment grade. The two-year and three-year cumulative maturity walls are also up from last year. While our base case assumption is that we do not see dramatic pull forward from the 27 and 28 walls into 2026, we note that if credit conditions remain highly favorable and we see additional reductions in interest rates, we may start to see more of that debt coming to market early. now let me turn to the market factors and commercial conditions we're focused on in 2026 the list of factors on the slide illustrates the market dynamics that could influence our business either positively or negatively in 2026 importantly some of these factors can impact different parts of our business in different ways market volatility for example may temper issuance volumes and create temporary headwinds for ratings while at the same time driving revenue in the exchange traded derivatives of our indices business generally speaking s p global and our customers tend to do better in relatively stable market conditions with strong economic growth as we look to our customer end markets we see a reasonably healthy environment for financial services customers and our commercial engagements have been strong the energy space continues to evolve in the changing geopolitical landscape we expect oil prices to remain fairly stable but lower in 2026 than we saw on average over the last few years we continue to see great engagement from our customers strong demand for our differentiated offerings and excitement as we push forward on product innovation and growth before i turn it over to eric i want to pause and reflect on everything we accomplished in 2025 and what gives me so much confidence in the long-term success of s&p global we have a clearly defined and well articulated strategy We have assembled an incredible team of leaders, and we are all aligned behind the mission of advancing essential intelligence. When I speak to our large strategic customers, I routinely get the sense that we have deeper and more constructive relationships there than we have ever had before. We see both cyclical and secular tailwinds driving our business in the coming years. We've executed very well in our subscription business to create great momentum into 2026, and we continue to find new avenues to leverage processes and technologies to improve our productivity and free up capital to invest in future growth and steadily improve margins. I'm very proud of what we've delivered in 2025, and we're excited about our opportunity to drive value in 2026.

Eric, over to you. Thank you, Martina, and good morning, everyone. Starting with slide 16, our financial results underscore our market leadership and the strength of our execution in the fourth quarter. We finished 2025 with strong momentum in our subscription businesses and encouraging signs on the market backdrop for 2026. All of this reinforces our confidence in the medium-term financial targets we laid out at our recent investor day. Ratings and indices each posted double-digit growth during the quarter, driven by robust debt issuance and equity market appreciation and inflows, enabling us to make strategic incremental investments in key growth areas across the enterprise. We're also pleased with our strong subscription growth in both market intelligence and energy. Reported revenue grew 9%, while organic constant currency revenue rose 8%. Continued expense discipline allowed us to make important strategic investments in the fourth quarter while still expanding margins. Adjusted expenses increased 8%, resulting in 60 basis points of year-on-year margin expansion to 47.3%. As you'll recall, we divested the OSTRA joint venture in early October, and if we exclude the contribution from OSTRA in 2024 as well, margin expansion would have been 130 basis points year-over-year. We delivered 14% growth in adjusted diluted EPS in the quarter, resulting in full-year EPS at the higher end of our most recent guidance range and well above the initial guidance range we provided last February. While our tax rate for the full year was within our guidance range, it did come in a bit above our internal expectations and near the high end of guidance. Had our tax rate come in at the midpoint of guidance, EPS would have been approximately $0.08 higher. Now, turning to our key strategic investment areas on slide 17, private markets revenue grew 16% year-over-year, driven primarily by the ratings and market intelligence divisions. Ratings was the largest contributor to that growth, underscoring continued strong demand for debt ratings, private credit analysis, and credit estimates in the private credit Energy transition and sustainability revenue decreased 3% to $101 million in the quarter. This decline was not entirely unexpected and reflects the ongoing uncertainties that have led many customers to slow spending in this area, particularly in consulting engagements and one-time transaction spend in certain geographies. While we remain confident in the long-term growth of this important initiative, our outlook for 2026 does not depend on a meaningful recovery in the near term. Turning to Vitality, as we build on the new products, features, and enhancements that were highlighted earlier, I'm pleased to report we generated $470 million in Vitality revenue in the fourth quarter and continue to deliver a Vitality index of 12%. Going forward, while we do not intend to provide explicit disclosures on these metrics in this particular format, we will continue to provide investors with timely updates on the progress we make, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Turning to our divisions on slide 18, market intelligence reported revenue grew 7%, and organic constant currency revenue grew 5% in the fourth quarter. Subscription revenue, which constitutes roughly 85% of market intelligence, grew approximately 7%, both organically and as reported. One-time revenue and volume-driven revenue were flattish and aggregate in the quarter. Subscription revenue growth remains the single most important indicator of the health and execution of market intelligence, and we were very pleased with the results the team delivered. Data analytics and insights reported revenue growth of 7%, which included a $9 million revenue contribution from the With Intelligence acquisition. The performance was anchored by robust subscription sales of Capital IQ Pro and Visible Alpha. Credit and Risk Solutions revenue growth was 10%, driven by strong subscription sales of Ratings Express. We also benefited from some upfront revenue recognition tied to a major renewal in the Financial Risk Analytics product group, which lifted growth above what we had seen in the first three quarters. Enterprise Solutions boasted 4% revenue growth, which includes a two-percentage point headwind from EDM and Thinkfolio, both of which saw declines year-over-year in the fourth quarter wall street office notice manager and corporate actions all supported the underlying revenue growth across this part of our mi franchise however we did see a slowdown in our volume driven products in the quarter that are tied to capital markets activity this activity provided a tailwind to recurring variable revenue growth in the first three quarters of the year but didn't this quarter adjusted expenses increased seven percent year over year driven by higher compensation expense, additional long-term strategic investments, and higher-than-expected expenses from with intelligence given the accelerated close, partially offset by ongoing productivity initiatives. This resulted in 32.2% operating margins in market intelligence for the quarter. Given the sales outperformance we experienced in our market-driven businesses, both ratings and indices, we chose to pull forward some of our 2026 investments in market intelligence beyond what was contemplated in our latest 2025 guidance without the incremental investments in the quarter and earlier than expected close of the with intelligence acquisition mi's margin would have been approximately 80 basis points higher in the fourth quarter and 20 basis points higher for the full year now turning to ratings on slide 19. ratings revenue increased 12 percent year over year or 10 on an organic constant currency basis The increase was balanced across both transaction and non-transaction revenue streams, underscoring the breadth of our market coverage. Transaction revenue grew 12% in the fourth quarter, driven primarily by strong issuance volumes and investment grade. While we also saw healthy growth across high yield, structured finance, and governments, we did see a low double-digit decline in billed issuance from bank loans. That makeshift out of high yield and bank loans and into investment grade created an unusually large gap between billed issuance growth of 28 percent and transaction revenue growth of 12 percent. Non-transaction revenue increased to 11 percent, driven primarily by higher annual fee revenue from surveillance. We also saw very strong growth in Crystal, and we nearly tied last quarter's record in ratings evaluation services revenue adjusted expenses increased six percent reflecting higher compensation costs and continued strategic investments in our people technology and product development this contributed to the division's 210 basis points of margin expansion to 61.8 percent now turning to s p global energy on slide 20. energy revenue grew six percent in the fourth quarter, driven by continued strength in energy resources, data and insights, and price assessments. We continue to see very strong demand for our subscription offerings, including Platts benchmarks and our differentiated data, research, and thought leadership. Sanctions announced in the second half created a $3 million headwind on fourth quarter revenue, which negatively impacted energy resources, data and insights, and upstream data and insights revenue. We expect to lap those sanctions by the end of Q3, 2026. Energy resources data and insights and price assessments grew 9% and 8% respectively, driven by strength in petroleum, gas, power, and renewables. Advisory and transactional services revenue decreased by 5% as we continue to see some softness in consulting and events revenue. This was partially offset by double-digit growth in global trading services or higher trading volumes in petroleum, gas, and LNG offset the declines in one-time revenues. Upstream data and insights revenue increased slightly in the quarter, driven by upfront revenue recognition of certain software renewals. We're continuing to lay the groundwork for our upstream transformation strategy and see a path towards stabilization in 2026 through a combination of client platform upgrades, expanded distribution partnerships, and dedicated specialists in our go-to-market team. However, given the backdrop of lower oil prices and ongoing market uncertainty, it will take several quarters before these management actions will drive growth and upstream. Adjusted expenses rose 5%, driven by higher compensation costs and ongoing investments in growth initiatives, partially offset by productivity initiatives. Operating profit for the energy division increased 7%, and operating margin expanded by 50 basis points to 45.5%. Now turning to S&P Dow Jones indices on slide 21. Revenue grew by 14% with double-digit growth across all business lines, including asset-linked fees, which benefited from both higher AUM and net inflows. Revenue associated with asset-linked fees grew 13% in the fourth quarter. This was driven by equity market appreciation and strong net inflows into products based on S&P Dow Jones indices. Exchange-traded derivative revenue was up 20% driven by strengthened SPX ETD volumes. Data and custom subscriptions increased 13% year-over-year, driven by new business growth and end-of-day contracts, and included a roughly 2% point contribution from revenue related to the ARC research acquisition. Adjusted expenses were up 11% year-over-year, driven by higher compensation costs and investments and growth initiatives. Indices operating profit grew 16%, and operating margin expanded 90 basis points to 68.8%. Now turning to mobility on slide 22. Revenue grew 8% year over year, with double-digit growth in Deore and financials and other. Customers continue to rely on the unique data and solutions from Carfax, driving strong subscription growth despite a complicated environment for automotive OEMs. Dealer revenue increased 10% year-over-year, owing to the healthy new customer growth in both Carfax and Automotive Mastermind. Manufacturing revenue grew 1% year-over-year as tariffs and regulatory uncertainty weighed on demand for consulting and lower recalls. Financials and others increased 11% as the business line continues to benefit from strong underwriting volumes and commercial momentum. Adjusted expenses grew 7%, driven by continued advertising and promotional investment, partially offset by the lapping of elevated incentive compensation last year. Mobility's operating margin expanded 70 basis points year-over-year to 35.4%. Before I move on to our guidance for 2026, I'd like to provide you with an update on our planned spin of the mobility business on slide 23. We have made significant progress against our separation plan, and we were excited to announce at the NADA conference last week that we've chosen Mobility Global as the name of the new, soon-to-be independent company. Since our last earnings call, we have also confidentially filed the Form 10 with the SEC, completed the senior leadership appointments, including naming Matt Calderon as CFO-designate. Looking ahead, our next major milestones are well-defined. We will continue to make progress in the separation process for the first quarter. In the second quarter, we expect to file our Form 10 publicly, and the Mobility Global team expects to host an investor day and launch its Equity Roadshow. We also expect to launch a public debt offering for mobility at some point in the second quarter, targeting an investment grade rating. From a financial reporting and guidance perspective, S&P Global will continue to fully consolidate Mobility Global in our financial statements and 2026 guidance until the separation is complete. We also want to ensure investors have clear comparability and a transparent view of S&P Global's post-separation financial profile. Upon completion of the spin, we intend to provide recast financials for the four quarters of 2025 and any 2026 periods reported, adjusted to exclude Mobility's contributions along with other relevant adjustments as outlined at our investor day. We also expect to issue updated 2026 financial guidance at that time, excluding mobility. Now turning to guidance on slide 24. I'd like to start by framing the key assumptions that underpin our guidance so that you can see what's driving the outlook, particularly around margin expansion and the certain inputs for our market-driven businesses. Our guidance rests on a simple premise. We plan to operate more efficiently while continuing to reinvest to drive organic growth. on investment priorities we're focused on a few clear themes first is product innovation and continuing to enhance our benchmarks proprietary data and workflow tools to support organic growth second is investment in strategic growth areas like private markets and energy expansion where we see durable long-term demand and opportunities to leverage synergies across multiple divisions third is our investment in ai for both our products and for our internal productivity and finally we're extending our geographic reach and client segment coverage so that we can bring our strongest offerings to more customers and capture new opportunities over time on productivity initiatives we're driving efficiencies through several work streams including enhancements and data operations software engineering and research we'll also continue scaling internal gen ai initiatives which are improving throughput and speed in a meaningful way And we're pairing these tools with end-to-end process re-engineering so the productivity gains are sustainable, long-term value generators that scale, not just isolated use cases. Turning to our market assumptions. In ratings, our outlook assumes billed issuance will be up low to mid-single digits in 2026, reflecting what we can see today in the maturity wall and underlying market conditions, while recognizing that M&A, infrastructure, and other opportunistic issuance remains unpredictable. In indices, we assume market appreciation of 5 to 7 percent from January 1 to December 31, consistent with the assumptions underpaying the medium-term targets from our investor day. Our exchange-traded derivatives business remains an important driver for indices, and our guidance assumes low single-digit growth in ETD volumes. In market intelligence, we expect continued momentum and healthy growth from our subscription-based offerings. We are taking a prudent approach to 2026 guidance from market intelligence, reflecting the unpredictability of some of our volume-driven products. Our guidance today assumes fairly modest growth in one-time sales as well as those volume-driven products. Our outlet for energy reflects the market environment and sanctions as discussed previously. This sanctions assumption remains unchanged based on the current environment and the expectation that the duration and scope of the sanctions will not materially change. This leads us to our guidance for the enterprise on slide 25. On an organic constant currency basis, we expect revenue growth of 6 percent to 8 percent. On a reported basis, growth is expected to be approximately 60 basis points higher, reflecting the impact from acquisitions, divestitures, and currency movements. Excluding the contributions from OSTRA in 2025, we expect to expand margins in 2026 by 50 to 75 basis points. Including the impact of OSTRA, we would expect adjusted operating margins to expand by 10 to 35 basis points. Finally, adjusted diluted EPS is expected to be in the range of $19.40 to $19.65, representing growth of 9% to 10% year-over-year, driven by operating income growth and share count reduction, partially offset by a higher tax rate. We're not providing 2026 cap guidance at this time, other than for reported revenue and capital expenditures. Because the timing of the mobility spin remains uncertain, we cannot reliably predict all the GAAP components. Upon completion of the spin, our plan is to initiate GAAP guidance for 2026. Let us now turn to our division revenue outlook for 2026 on slide 26. For market intelligence, we expect to sustain solid organic constant currency growth in 2026 in the range of 5.5 to 7%, supported by continued strength in subscription revenue, which we would expect to grow closer to the top half of the range, partially offset by the assumption of slower growth at one-time sales and volume-driven products. In ratings, we expect to see organic constant currency growth in the range of 4% to 7% in 2026. That outlook assumes Bill Dishwin's growth in the low-to-mid single-digit range, as highlighted earlier. Our guidance assumes transaction revenue and non-transaction revenue growth at similar rates in 2026. While we expect strong refinancing activity, M&A activity is inherently difficult to predict, as is the potential spend on technology infrastructure. We have also seen softness in bank loan volumes in January, and we are reflecting modest expectations for those volumes in our guidance as a result. As always, we expect to refine our issuance forecast as we progress through the year. For energy, we expect organic constant currency revenue growth of 5.5% to 7% in 2026. We'll continue to manage through known headwinds, including sanctions-related impacts and the work we're doing to stabilize and reposition parts of the upstream portfolio. Our guidance assumes approximately 60 basis points of headwind from the customer sanctions I discussed previously. For mobility, we expect organic constant currency growth of 7.5% to 9%, reflecting continued strength in the subscription base and the mission-critical nature of the products. While we remain confident in the long-term growth for manufacturing, our guidance for 2026 assumes only modest growth until we see more concrete signs of acceleration. And for indices, we expect organic constant currency revenue growth of 10% to 12%. After two consecutive years of strong equity markets performance, we're assuming a more normalized equity backdrop. Our exchange-traded derivatives remain an important contributor, particularly in volatile periods, and we continue to invest in innovation across new products, asset classes, and distribution channels to support growth. With that, let me turn the call back over to Mark for your questions.

Thank you, Eric. For those on the line, if you would like to ask a question, please press star 1 and record your name. To cancel or withdraw your question, simply press star 2. For those joining via telephone, please turn off speakerphone in order to optimize sound quality. Participants will be limited to one question in order to allow time for others during today's Q&A session. Operator, we will now take the first question.

Thank you. Our first question will come from the line of Ashish Sabhadra with RBC Capital Market. Your line is open.

Thanks for taking my question. I just wanted to drill down on market intelligence, some of the softness that we saw on the volume-driven products. I was wondering if you could provide any incremental color. And as we think about 2026, some of the unpredictability that you mentioned on the volume driven, if you could also provide some color on that frame.

Ashish, it's Eric. Thanks very much for the question. As you know, market intelligence is comprised of a number of different revenue areas. Subscription revenue growth is about 85% of the revenues, and it was up nicely in the quarter at 6.6%. So a nice step-off as we go into 2026 as well and built up nicely from the first half of the year. At the same time, we do have volume-driven revenue growth in market intelligence, and that's really driven by a series of different products. And what we find is that in some quarters it's higher and some quarters a little lower. It's been running a little higher for the first three quarters of the year, a little lower in the fourth quarter. And we expect it to bounce around from time to time. You know, on the positive side, we've had some really nice volumetric revenue growth in WSO, notice manager, some of the corporate actions, and then some of the primary book building, in particular munis, where we saw some nice underlying, you know, muni issuances in the marketplace. and that reverberated back into us as revenue growth. At the same time, we've had other products that have, you know, gone the other way, which will happen from time to time. So in primary market book building, some of the investment grade and fixed income products came in a little lighter. Equity issuances came in a little lighter. And that's a mix of what's happening in the marketplace, which clients are lead book runners versus, you know, co-book runners, and so forth, and also has an effect. We also have a very attractive product in ClearPAR, which continues to do very well. It's driven by other factors like the number of loans traded. And that, as you know, was lower this quarter, and you saw that in the ratings business, you saw that in this business, and so also had some lower volume-driven revenues. So it's a mix. You know, we operate probably, I've given you examples of six or seven products or 20 to 25 products that have volume-driven drivers, and these will just move around with market dynamics that are generally, you know, things that we can monitor and measure and so forth. You know, going forward, as you ask, we're optimistic about the market environment. You know, capital markets activity has been steady, issuances and so forth, but we need to see how that plays out. And that's why, as part of our 2026 guidance, we guided to market intelligence in the 5.5% to 7%. We guided to subscription revenue growth in the top half of that range. And we said we'll be a little conservative or careful, I'd say, on the volumetric revenue growth because we think it'll bounce back, but it's just hard to tell exactly when and how and when and uh you know it'll uh uh we just want to uh to work through quarter by

quarter thanks for the question thank you our next question comes from george tong with goldman sachs

your line is open hi thanks good morning um anthropic recently announced a suite of 11 open source plugins for applaud co-work can you talk a bit about how you expect this competitive development to impact S&T's business?

Yeah, hi, George. It's Martina. Thanks so much for the question. Look, we think these kinds of announcements are really exciting, and we're actively involved in advancing this technology and actually helping to establish this ecosystem ourselves. As you know, we've worked with pretty much every major player in the AI space for some time, and we see AI really as a net tailwind for the business. You'll remember that last year, Cloud for Financial Services launched, and S&P Global is now one of the leading providers of financial data to our customers through Cloud for Financial Services, and we have a very good relationship with Anthropic. You'll also have seen in December, we announced a partnership with Google that gives us access to Gemini Enterprise, and of course, yesterday, we also announced our MCP connector for OpenAI. And if I go back to Investor Day, you know, it's important to remember what we laid out for you. So first, we're embedding leading AI tech in our products, and that's really to make sure our customers have access to that great AI functionality without needing to leave our platforms. And, of course, for customers who want to use third-party platforms with our flexible distribution philosophy, they can get access to the data they're licensing wherever they want to use it. And, you know, we've been doing this for years. We have hundreds of distribution partners, and, you know, adding the LLM players to this is another group of distribution partners. And with that, of course, we maintain control of the commercial relationship directly with those customers, and we don't allow the LLM providers to train on S&P global data. And then secondly, we've accelerated the deployment of AI internally, and that's really enabling us to accelerate our time to market for product innovation. We've scaled our productivity initiatives, and we're improving the timeliness and quality of our benchmarks as a result. I'd say ultimately the best barometer for the long-term potential of our business is what we hear from our customers. And they are consistently telling us that they want more from us, more data, like more AI functionality, more features and integrations. And we're going to continue to solve for that. We'll continue to deliver strong growth and profitability. We saw that in 2025, and we've guided to that in 2026. Thanks for the question.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Tony Kaplan with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open. Thanks so much.

I wanted to ask about ratings. You know, I know your guide is below the long-term framework, despite there being some positive tailwinds from the factors you spoke about, the refi wall, M&A, having closed a lot of it in the second half of last year, or announced in the second half of last year that it'll close this year, you know, AI infrastructure financing, I guess, why should this be a below normal year for ratings?

Hi, Tony. Thanks for the question. So with ratings and the Bill Dishman's Guide of Low to Mid-Single Digits, let me talk to you a little bit about some of the underlying assumptions there. So in the first case, I would say that we obviously have the maturity wall. Well, an important assumption here for us starting the year is that we would see the majority of the 26 refinancing coming to market this year, and not massive amounts of pull forward from 2027 and 2028. And some of that just has to do with, you know, the timing of when those issuances were They were done, for instance, many of them were done at very low interest rates. And so that's one key assumption. The second one would be modest M&A growth year over year. Yes, we certainly have seen all the announcements in the back half of 2025. The timing of those, the materialization of those is important, and I think we'll be able to gauge more of that as we go throughout the year. And maybe a third point that I would make here is that we saw quite a bit of issuance in the back half of the year from the hyperscale players. We know that creates a very difficult compare in the back half of the year this year. And on the hyperscale players, we've assumed continued growth but modest growth. Now, look, there are lots of big numbers being thrown around out there, you know, a total of about $650 billion in announced capex from the hyperscale players. I would say the way to think about, you know, how we've looked at that is first we need to see how much of that actually materializes within the current year, and secondly, how much of that would be debt funded. And so, you know, we take, you know, one haircut on our assumption for how much we think will materialize and then another haircut on how we think, how much we think would be debt Now, with all of that, it's early in the year. you know we'll update you as we go throughout the year if we saw for example higher levels of hyperscale issuance throughout the course of the year than we saw in 2025 we think that could possibly add a few percentage points to build issuance but it's too early to really make aggressive assumptions around this and so we're guiding to prudent levels and we'll keep you up to date throughout the course of the year thanks so much tony thank you our next question comes

from Faiza Alwi with Deutsche Bank. Your line is open. Yes. Hi. Thank you. So I wanted to follow

up on George's question, just given the panic and confusion that the market is experiencing as it relates to AI. And I know you've talked previously about, you know, revenues driven by benchmarks and proprietary data. And I think you've said you're fairly agnostic around the channel that data consumption occurs in. So I was hoping you could put a final point on that and talk, you know specifically about your workflow products and the mode there and to the extent there is a shift in channels sort of how do you overcome that is it potentially it's like higher pricing on the same data or just you know any more clarity you can provide on that I think would be helpful.

Yeah hi Faiza, thanks so much for the question. So of course as you pointed out we did illustrate during investor day that the vast majority of our revenues come from our unique and differentiated benchmark data and insights, as well as our critical workflows. Now, I know that with everything that's happened in the last week or so, that there is a lot of attention and a number of questions around workflows, and so let me talk about that for a little bit. But the workflow tools that S&P Global has developed are critical systems of record for our customers. So products like iLevel, ClearPower, CapIQ Pro, Plats Connect, and others, they're not simple apps. that were developed rapidly, and, in fact, they get smarter as we embed AI technology in them. So we think of these as enterprise-grade solutions that involve sophisticated integration. So many of them, for example, provide connectivity across industry networks of clients, and they enable capital flows, trading, reporting, and other mission-critical functions. And think about the regulated environment in which we operate. So we and many of our customers and the workflow tools we provide need to actually operate in very sophisticated ecosystems, and so our workflow tools embed functionality for compliance, risk management, data integration and segregation, and integrations with other tools that our customers use daily. And for our financial services clients, we need to, as a provider to them, comply with and attest to our compliance with complex digital regulations like DORA, for example. So our solutions have been developed and refined over many years to enable these mission-critical workflows, and we deploy them globally at scale. Another point I make here really is that our workflow tools have S&P Global data embedded in them to drive functionality. So the true value of many of our solutions like WSO can't be realized without S&P Global's world-class data sets like loan reference data. And our customers are consistently telling us they don't want to have to expand their list of vendors to get access to leading-edge technology. they want us to embed that technology in our products and we've been rapidly doing that now for several years and the message is consistent to what we've been saying to you over the last year our customers want fewer vendors and more strategic partnerships with comprehensive partners like ourselves they see the expertise we have what can show and they recognize that we have very unique and massively scaled data that we bring to the table so we're confident that our unique position as the world's leading provider of benchmarks and our combination of AI expertise, our differentiated data, and our enterprise-grade workflow tools enable us to continue advancing that essential intelligence for our customers around the world. Thanks for the question.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Sir Anderson with Jeffries. Your line is open.

Thank you. Martina, just following up on some of the earlier questions, at a high level, can you maybe talk about your assessment and experience with the AI technology and your attempts to deployed internally versus maybe the hype that's coming out of Silicon Valley and maybe what does this mean structurally for S&P in the sense that when we look at some of the the newer firms that are coming out they're coming out with a much smaller employee footprint these AI native companies versus maybe some of

the prior generation yeah hi surrender thanks for the question and as you rightly said we've been investing in this area for many years since we acquired Kensho in 2018. We've deployed about a billion dollars against this, and that's really put us in a great position as we think about deploying these capabilities both within our products and in our internal processes. And so I would say early days, but we are seeing traction in the momentum that we see with our customers, for instance, on the product side of this. So I'll give you some examples. We deployed the automated data ingestion tool on iLevel in 2025, and within six months, we had nearly 20% of the iLevel customers opting for that add-in, which is not part of the standard subscription. We also have seen very good demand in our energy clients for adding on the ability to pull energy research into CoPilot and CoPilot Studio. That's seen quite a robust pipeline over the course of last year, and we'd expect more of that in 2026. And so earlier opportunities here that we've seen, lots of good momentum. And, again, it comes back to what are our clients saying to us. We had one CCO client that was working with the CCO team recently and essentially said, look, we've seen some of the bigger tech firms. we're also looking at some of these niche providers that have AI-native shelves, if you like, without the data. And frankly, we prefer to work with you guys. We want to see you guys put the functionality into your tools, and we want to use you guys as a single pipe to get our data through. And so, you know, as I said earlier, the best barometer, really, of our long-term success here is what our customers are telling us, and we're moving faster and doing more with our customers. Maybe the other point that I would make, And then I do want to hand over to Eric on the productivity side of this and, you know, to your points around smaller teams, et cetera. We would certainly expect over the next several years that revenue growth will outstrip headcount growth. And in many ways, we're seeing places where we've reached peak headcount growth, and we'll see that continue to decline in certain areas over time where we've accelerated the application of these functions. Maybe, Eric, over to you.

Thanks, Martina. Now, Syringer, let me add that on the internal usage of AI, we're really accelerating a number of use cases, and not just, I'd call, proofs of concept, but actually changing the way we do work, changing the way our processes are developed and simplifying. I think if you remember back to Investor Day, we talked about some of the deep pools of opportunity. We named four, the Enterprise Data Office, the software development process, the researcher activity that we have, and then the analysts. And we describe those as, you know, pools of human resources that comprise about a third of our total 40,000-plus headcount. And each one of those has an industrious effort now underway to actually bring in and leverage a number of the new tools, some of them that we've developed internally, a number of which are available externally. You know, you're all well familiar with some of the software development tools that are having a very significant productivity impact for the developers and in those environments. Researchers are an area where we've already been able to simplify, streamline, and save, you know, $10 million plus over the last year as we provide them the tools and the functionality and the capabilities that they need to provide more research faster and more efficiently than before. And then, you know, the effort that's probably the furthest ahead is the enterprise data office where over time, over the next, you know, two years, we see about a 20% reduction in that cost base in that area. It's nearly a half billion dollar expense base out of seven and a half. And it's the kind of change that we see coming now because we have these AI tools. We know how to implement them. We know how to simplify what we have. We know how to lighten the set of internal processes, streamline. And I think over time, it's going to transform how we operate this company and create the productivity and our ability to reinvest in the top line as we've been doing over the last few years, but also deliver margin year after year after year in a way that will drive both margin expansion, top line growth, and EPS growth for our shareholders.

Thanks, Rwinder. Thank you. Our next question comes from Manav Potnick with Barclays. Your line is open.

Thank you, good morning, Martina, you talked about how you thought AI was a net tailwind for your business, and I was hoping to just elaborate on that more on the top line basis, so do you think, you know, all these enhancements that you're talking about will help you accelerate revenue growth, and also how do you think that changes your pricing strategy going forward?

Yeah, hi, Manav, thanks for the question. We do think this is a great opportunity, and we're excited by the announcements, a number of these we've been anticipating because we've been engaging very closely with the various players in the market. Maybe let me start with how we see this delivering additional value for our customers as we accelerate not just the integration of AI into our own tools but also leaning into partnerships with a number of these players. First I'd say that our clients are getting additional value by being able to use the data, our data, in more ways. And the more ways they use it, the more value it creates and the better opportunity for a value-based conversation at Renewal when we talk to those customers. We've also seen really nice uptick in demand for add-ons, and that's helped us obviously with net new revenue. examples of that that we mentioned were the automated data ingestion as well as in iLevel as well as Microsoft co-pilot add-on for our energy customers and then I would say that we also have seen our clients just this really really steep increase in interest in new data and so this is quite interesting and we're seeing a lot of that in the conversations that the CCO and the Kensha Labs teams are having with our CCO clients, so we'd expect to see maybe new data set sales opportunities there as we're having those conversations as well. And ultimately, the way that we're tracking this, and Eric and team are really doing quite a bit around this to make sure that we can see that adoption and track it, we're looking at retention, we're looking at net renewal rates, which would be inclusive of price increases, we're looking at add-ons, net new revenues, new product sales, and importantly, this is also helping with competitive wins. So we think a good opportunity there overall. We wouldn't change the pricing strategy around our enterprise opportunities, but maybe the way to think about it, Monav, would be that we see both opportunities around the renewal discussions as well as the opportunity to sell net new, whether it's add-ons or net new data sets. Thanks for the question.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Scott Wurzel with Wolf Research. Your line is open.

Hey, good morning, guys. Thanks for taking my question. Eric, just wondering if you can elaborate more on the pull forward of investments that you brought into the market intelligence business into 4Q. And, you know, I know you guys aren't guiding to segment-level margins anymore, but any qualitative color you can give us on sort of the expected, you know, growth in expenses with an MI for 2026 or 2025?

Scott, it's Eric. All right, thanks for the question. On some of the fourth quarter expenses in MI, I remember there were two factors. There was the early integration with intelligence, so that came on, and then which we're very excited about, you know, followed by some pull forward on investments. Those are really in the technology, I'll call it feature functionality area of several product lines, and it's the kind of reinvestment that we're making as we deliver productivity to also drive top-line growth. Some of them are actually AI investments and the infrastructure that helps support that, where we're finding that we've already seen, you know, quick adoption by clients. What we're trying to do is invest behind that very quickly to expand that, you know, that AI feature functionality in particular and some of the other features that'll drive future growth. In terms of margin expansion, you know, we're quite comfortable with the guide that we've provided in aggregate, the 50 to 75 basis points across the various divisions. I think as we get a little further during the year, we'll see how each of them perform, and we're, you know, we're We're being prudent in our guidance. Some of it in MI is the volumetric revenues, which we've seen, you know, bounce up and around from time to time. So this isn't anything particularly new. But if you go back over the last, you know, eight, 12 quarters, you'll see some of that. And so we're just being a little bit careful. In terms of margin expansion, we had said at Investor Day that MI has, I think we said clearly, the largest surface area for margin expansion. We think that over time it will be at the upper end of the 50 to 75 basis point margin guide. I think for this year we think it's solidly in the middle of our guide and, you know, we're here to meet that and to deliver on that and to do even better. And I think if some of the volumetric revenue growth comes in more like it did in 25 than And we're prudently guiding 4 and 26, right? So if we see that same total year revenue growth as we'd like it to see, it'll come in at the high end of the range. But it's a little early to, you know, make that prediction, given that the volumetric growth is driven by a number of external factors. And so we start MI in the middle of the range, And, you know, we're looking to take it up during the year as we deliver.

Thanks, Scott. Thank you. Our next question comes from Jeff Silber with BMO Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Thanks so much. Eric, I wanted to continue the margin guidance. Again, I know you're not getting specific guidance by the different segments, but any qualitative color, if you can talk about the other segments like you just gave us for MI, we'd really appreciate it.

Sure, Jeff. Jeff, let me, maybe we'll just take through. MI, we covered at a high level, and I think you've got a good sense there. If we go to ratings, one of our market-sensitive businesses, you know, it's clear that it'll depend upon the issuance environment, the rated issuance expansion during this year. And that's all driven by the M&A activity, the potential hyperscale or investment-grade issuances, structured finance, and so forth. So I think that one we've historically been careful at the beginning of the year and are doing so again. I think similarly in indices, you know, there we've delivered really nice margin expansion performance. We expect to continue to do that. Here we're being a little careful as well with the, you know, the guidance on equity market appreciation. There's a good tailwind because of the averages and where they've come out relative to the average of 25 and where we are today. But if markets continue to trend upwards, you know, there'll be opportunity towards the upper end of the range, but it's a little early to predict that. Energy, I think, will also deliver well. There we've got some headwinds, as we described, some of the sanctions, the turnaround in upstream is underway. And I think what we'll see is margins and revenue accelerate from the first half to the second half of the year. And there we're also confident we can meet the middle of the range. But, you know, in each one of these, it takes a series of actions, a number of which we control and some of which we don't control, for us to get to the upper end, which is where we always like to deliver. I mean, that's our intentionality. That's where management and the executive team is focused on. What we are committing to is that, you know, every division will expand margin. Every division will extend margin in this range. And there is certainly opportunities, I think, across every division, you know, starting with the market-sensitive divisions, but also in MI and in energy to deliver even more than the middle of the range, depending on execution, depending on the market environment.

Thanks, Jeff. Thank you. Our next question comes from Andrew Steinerman with J.P. Morgan. Your line is open.

Yes. Hi, this is Alex Hess on for Andrew Steinerman. I just wanted to get a few points of clarification, if you don't mind. Could you elaborate as to what organic ACV growth was in the fourth quarter in MI? I know that's been a point that you guys have been highlighting, certainly when it's been running ahead of pace. And then maybe on the balance sheet, just walking through sort of sources and uses of capital as you enter 26, any call-outs there, especially the debt buildup to end the year?

Let me take those in sequence. ACV growth continues to come in very nicely in MI. It was solidly in the 6.5% to 7% range this quarter, which gives us two quarters in a row of 6.5% to 7%. And if I remind you, you know, the first half of the year was sitting at 6% to 6.5%. So I think we're starting to see the acceleration, or maybe I'll say continuing to see the acceleration that we had seen, you know, from the first half into the third quarter. We're now seeing it first half to second half. And that's what gives us, you know, confidence in the step-off into next year. It's also related to where the subscription growth is coming in really nicely. And, you know, we think that subscription growth will be at the top half of our revenue guide. We think ACV will be at the top half of our organic constant currency revenue guide as well and will help propel revenue to, you know, to levels that we'd like to see this coming year. In terms of balance sheet and capital management, I think maybe a couple points that I'd highlight. A lot of the balance sheet management continues, you know, as we've previously discussed. We did go ahead with buyback, an expanded buyback in the fourth quarter. We funded some of that with some debt in commercial papers. So you see that come through in the balance sheet, and that resulted in $5 billion of buybacks for the year for 2025. As you recall, you know, our buybacks typically are lighter in the first quarter and then billed during the course of the year. You know, just given the market environment, the strength of our balance sheet, but also, you know, the stock price levels that we're seeing, we're likely to do a higher buyback this first quarter in 2026. I think last year was in the $650 million range. This year we're talking about a billion dollars of buyback and see that as a way to expand EPS in these volatile markets.

Thanks, Alex. Thank you. Our next question comes from Craig Huber with Huber Research Partners. Your line is open.

Yes, hi there. Martina, you gave several examples of initiatives about the revenue front that AI is helping your revenues. But can you just succinctly, if you would, please give me your four to five revenue AI contributions that you think is going to help you the most for revenues this year, your products, your add-ons, etc. But what's your four to five ones you're most excited about? And then as you roll it all up, your AI enhancements to your products, how much do you think that's actually going to help your revenue growth this year? Your midpoint growth, 7.5% of revenue growth. Is it going to help by roughly one percentage point? Do you have a sense on that, please?

Hi, Craig. Thanks for the question. Well, look, we're not providing guidance around the contribution of AI or calling that out specifically. Let me maybe take a step back and characterize some of the groupings of how we benefit from AI as part of our products. And so, you know, as you know, we have been working really closely with our customers on this. And they're really pointing the way in many cases around the types of functionality they want to see. And so that demand is really coming from the customers themselves. And what we're doing essentially is making our products smarter on their behalf and at their request. And so, you know, some of the examples I called out earlier, maybe just, again, put them in buckets. So, you know, one would be how we're actually bringing really advanced capabilities into our products. We showed you document intelligence, for example, at the investor day, and that has seen a really good uptick and gotten very positive reception from our customers. A second category would be where we launch an add-on, which is charged for separately. And I mentioned automated data ingestion for I-Level. There are a number of others there across the divisions and within MI as well. The third would be just the overall conversation, oftentimes with the CCO clients and Kensho, is resulting in increased demand for new data as a result of clients being able to use these technologies to do lots more interesting things with data. And so we may expect to see new product sales, new data sales as part of this as well. And remember, we're doing all of this with our philosophy of flexible delivery. So we will, as we have done for many, many years, lean into our distribution partners, including the model developers and hyperscale partners to create as much value for our customers as possible. And then what's the result or the contribution? It's in a number of areas. It can be in revenues. It can be in retention. It can be in new data sales or new add-on sales. It can be in competitive wins. And we're seeing quite a bit of this across the businesses, whether it's in MI or in energy, for example. We're seeing AI-enabled capabilities, as we talked about last year, in index as well. And so this is quite exciting for us. We continue to lean in here, and we're seeing the momentum and some of the early traction, and we look forward to sharing more about that as we go throughout the course of the year. Thanks, Craig.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Shlomo Rosenbaum with Stiefel. Your line is open.

Hi. Thank you very much. I want to jump back to the volume-based sales that were later in the quarter. Can you just go over, you know, your view on that in terms of those sales being kind of market-driven or, you know, why else they would have been lower? I just wanted to ask, I mean, straight out, is any of the wallet share going to clients investing in AI in other areas that just might not be with S&P? And then also just in terms of, like, the margin expansion, even if you account for some of the pull forward of the investments, it sounds like the margin growth year over year would have been 80 basis points. We're just seeing a better trajectory in the last few quarters, and maybe you can kind of comment on that as well. I know it's a two-parter, but please indulge me.

Shlomo, it's Eric. Let me start with the margin impact. And maybe quantify it in a couple ways. As we described, with intelligence comes on in the fourth quarter, and that obviously starts at the lower margin, just given where it is in its growth trajectory, but one with significant margin expansion plans and forecasts. There's the pull forward on some of the investment spend as well, which we're pleased to have done. And that's really offset in a way in other divisions where we saw, you know, higher than expected growth in particular in indices. And so purposely, you know, planned on some investments in MI where it made sense and effectively funded by another area. And together, those were worth about, you know, 80 basis points for the quarter. And then there's another 50 base points or so that just comes from that lower variable revenues. If you factor that in, that, you know, between those, you know, those three areas, I think margins for MI would have been in the 33.5% level, which is pretty close to the full year 34% margin. So, you know, we're sort of consciously navigating and managing, I think, actively, and that's some of what you saw this quarter. In terms of the variable revenue, this is really driven by a set of external factors. It's, you know, there are no cancellations. There are no questions around pricing. It's all been the variability in some of those external market factors. And so, for example, we talked about the, you know, bank loan syndications and the loan markets being slower in transactional activity. That just comes back to us directly in clear par as a set of lower revenues in that particular quarter. And we'll be exposed to that kind of volatility. You know, conveniently in market intelligence, subscription revenues is 85 percent of total revenues. But we'll have a little variability around that. And that's, I think, just part of the business model. You know, clients want to have a pricing schedule that's tied to how they make money, which is partly on the amount of activity. And so we have a system that supports that. But, you know, we're pleased with the overall performance. And, you know, just calling out some of the volatility that we'll see from time to time. I think we saw some real positives in some quarters this year. you'll see some slower growth, but it was still in the, you know, it was still positive. And so it's just a matter of seeing that it evolves over time.

And Shlomo, maybe I could add a couple of additional examples here. So Eric mentioned earlier investments that will help with revenue growth. Maybe two examples of that to make this tangible. One is that we invested more in cloud to accelerate the bringing together of our data fabric and the EDO, and that's really creating the opportunity to do more with our content, connecting it together, produce more products, et cetera. And then the second area was we pulled forward some expense around sales enablement tools within market intelligence into Q4 as well. So, just a couple of examples there. Thanks for the question.

Thank you. Our next question comes from David Modumadam with Evercore. Your line is open.

Hey, thanks for squeezing me in. I just had a question on sales cycles within MI. Martina, have you seen any changes in MI sales cycles? And just given the announcements of, you know, some of the Gen AI enhancements at the LLMs over the last six months or so, has that impacted sales cycles at all? Are you seeing any changes to the pipeline? I'd be interested in what you are seeing.

Hi, David. Thanks so much for the question. I mean, I think the only time generally that we might see a sales cycle being longer, and this wouldn't be specific necessarily to AI or LLMs, but generally speaking, the only time we might see that happen is if you have a very large deal that, you know, might have multiple products in there. And so, you know, maybe some of the CCO deals where we're dealing with large enterprise opportunities could be some examples of that. But I wouldn't necessarily say that that has differed from what we've seen in the past. What I will say is that the volume of meetings has increased dramatically with our clients and particularly with the CCO accounts, not just because we are bringing the whole enterprise together for discussion with them, but also because they're looking at what more they can do with us. And so, you know, that's an area where, of course, we see opportunity as well. Thanks for the question.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Owen Lau with Clear Street. Your line is open.

thank you for taking my questions could you please add more color on the priorities of your private market solutions in 2026 what are some of the initiatives that can drive or even accelerate the growth in this area this year thanks a lot hi owen it's martina thanks so much

for the question while we're very excited about our private markets opportunities in 2026 maybe just to kind of point to the different divisions around this in ratings we've seen really strong performance around private market ratings certainly in 2025 and the work that we've done really there to make sure that the issuers in the market understand our methodologies and that we have very established clear relationships in in the broader business that's that's all helpful for us and we don't see a reduction in appetite for private market from investors and so So we'd expect that to continue to progress nicely in 2026. Look, it's possible that some of this hyperscale issuance could go through rated in our private markets teams. If that's the case, we might see a little bit of that potential for increased build issuance come through that channel, but generally very well positioned there. In index, we've seen a number of launches around private markets in 2025, and we are getting a lot of interest speaking with our clients about new index opportunities, and the team is also working with the market intelligence team to see how they can accelerate innovation using the data from both With Intelligence and from the Cambridge Mercer agreement that we've struck. And then NMI, look, we're so excited about the closure of the With Intelligence deal early, and just the spectacular capabilities of the EDO team enabling us to We link that data through Kensho Link and get it out to market faster. We've already seen really early momentum around cross-sells that we talked about in the prepared remarks. And that With Intelligence team is phenomenal. We're super excited to have them on board. And I would say maybe just a last quick point. We launched the beta for Cambridge Mercer in Q4, as we had discussed, got very positive feedback. The taxonomy for private markets that we discussed as well around standardizing reporting is also getting very very good feedback from the market and we're continuing to work with our customers on that and you can expect us to to keep you updated on that as we go throughout the year so you know i'd say owen uh we're excited uh you know there's uh there's always you know good opportunities here and we'll keep you updated as we go throughout the year thanks for the question

thank you our next question comes from jason ha with wells fargo your line is open hey good

Good morning, and thanks for taking my question. I'm curious if you could talk about your outlook for bank loan issuance in 2026. I'm curious why that's been softer over the past few months and why you expect it to be softer. It sounds like that's, and correct me if I'm wrong, but it sounds like that's maybe one of the key factors in terms of the softer market intelligence and rating outlook than what you had for the investor day.

Hi, Jason. Thanks for the question. So I think for bank loans, if you take a step back, It's more of the mix, the overall mix that we expect, right? So in Q4, we saw 50% increase in investment rate issuance in ratings. And so that weighed on the overall mix, which monetized, made this sort of like effective monetization a little bit lower than we would have seen had it been, you know, more skewed towards high yield and bank loans, for example. And so, you know, think of it as more of the mix. I think, you know, if you look into 2026, the near-term maturity walls are evenly mixed between high-yield and investment grade. There is that opportunity there for more investment grade if the issuance of hyperscalers were to increase. And so all of this we take into consideration not just as part, of course, of the build issuance, but also as part of the revenue guide. And so ultimately, I think we'd continue to expect to see a little bit of softness in bank loans, you know, as we think about the initial, you know, the overall guide here for bill issuance for 2026. And you know, as always, the timing of rate cuts, the spread environment and things like that could impact this to the upside or downside. But generally, we're being prudent on the guide here, including a little bit more softness in bank loans continuing into 2026. Thanks for the question.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Jeff Moeller with Baird. Your line is open.

Yeah, thank you. Can you just comment on how strategically important you think CapIQ is within market intelligence? Obviously, vendor consolidation and CCO are two themes. But just, like, where are there meaningful product integrations with other MI products? Or how you think it impacts cross-sales? just how we should think about CapIQ potentially impacting MI more broadly beyond the traditionally

reported desktop. Thank you. Hi, Jeff. It's Martina. Thanks so much for the question. I think the biggest picture view of desktop is that it's about 6% of our enterprise revenue. And as we think about the desktop going forward, firstly, I would say we have been really leaning into investing and accelerating the deployment and release of AI-enabled capabilities across the desktop. This is very valuable to our customers. The combination of unique content that we are adding is also very valuable. And so, you know, the single sign-on between Visible Alpha and the desktop, the single sign-on between the With Intelligence products and desktop, these are all things that create the important interconnectedness of this platform. And, you know, as I said earlier, this is a sort of product that really benefits and works at its highest level of value when it is used in conjunction with the unique data that we provide to our customers. I will say one of the examples of the launches that we did in Q4, for example, is the integration of Doc Intelligence with Salesforce. Now, that's something that our users who have really adopted Document Intelligence are asking us for. And so we're seeing a good reception from our users around all the ways in which we're enhancing the desktop. And, you know, that's coming through not just through the CCO conversations, but our broader usage base as well. You know, and maybe look, you know, I'd add just one last point on this. Unsolicited, I've had two ratings analysts come to me in the last several weeks and tell them that ChatIQ has been life-changing for them. And a fun fact is that the ratings analysts are actually the largest power user group of CapIQ Pro, so it was nice to hear that on an unsolicited basis from our own internal customers as well. So thanks for the question, Jeff.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Andrew Nicholas with William Blair. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning. Appreciate you taking my question. I wanted to double back on capital allocation and more specifically the preference between buybacks and M&A. Obviously, it sounds like with intelligence has gone very well and quicker than expected. You've talked countless times about how important proprietary data is to your moat in this new AI paradigm. So, just understanding you want to be aggressive on the buybacks also uh in light of those factors curious um how you stack or rank the priorities and and where you might be most interested to deploy capital on the m a fund going forward thank you andrew it's uh it's all right let me

let me start and and say that um you know we're focused on all the opportunities in the marketplace i think right now we see uh and a potential opportunity with uh with buybacks just uh you you know, given the stock market performance, accretion, and so forth. And so it's a natural time for us to accelerate some of the buybacks from the back half of the year into the first half of the year. And in a way, that is the active financial management that we're doing. I think at the same time, we're not signaling that, you know, buybacks are more important than growth. In fact, growth is what dominates our thinking, our activity, interactions, how to fund the growth through productivity. I got into that earlier. But buybacks is just one of the many tools. I think the other tools are continuing to invest through the P&L. We've done that actively this quarter, and we even did that with a view that margin might decline or not expand as quickly as we'd like in one business. But we did that very consciously and purposely and, you know, see good payback. And I think in M&A, you saw us do the kind of acquisition that we'd like to do, which is a bolt-on or tuck-in or complimentary consolidating acquisition that's going to fuel future growth. And so pretty consistent. But maybe I'll turn it over to Martina as well.

Yeah, thanks, Eric. Andrew, maybe the only other point I would add is, and you hear me saying this all the time, we don't have any appetite for transformational M&A. We're always going to be very disciplined, and ultimately we're solving for long-term shareholder value as part of this. Thanks for the question.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Peter Christensen with Citi. Your line is open.

Good morning. Thanks for fitting me in. Martina, you continue to call out decentralized finance as a strategic focus. The thinking is, you know, as DeFi protocols increasingly embed real-world assets, credit exposure, do you see a role for S&P on on-chain credit assessment or Oracle-style type of verification, or is the strategy more to be a layer removed from direct protocol integration? And I'm just curious, if we see market structure legislation get passed this year, does that equate to a stepped-up investment in DeFi? Thanks much.

Hi, Peter. Thanks for the question. And I'd maybe answer this in the context of ratings and index, where we see some of the earlier opportunities here. So we're excited about this. We've been calling it out because we see a really good opportunity and we've been leaning into it. So our stablecoin stability assessments, for example, are frequently featured as part of describing the overall health of some of the stablecoin issuers. And so you'll see us mentioned quite frequently in terms of helping the market to understand the risk associated with various different stablecoins. And we cover the vast majority of stablecoin market cap. I'd also say that we have been leaning into our methodologies for thinking about rating some of these things. So we did the first rating of a protocol, for example, in Q3. We mentioned that in one of our prior calls. and that was a way for us to signal to the market that we are leaning into assessing the risk of these new types of infrastructure providers and protocols. So I'd say definitely leaning in. And then for on-chain presence, we have some partnerships. We've actually had those partnerships for years now, and we're excited about the potential opportunity there for on-chain credit assessment. In INDEX, I would say that we've been innovating very, very quickly here. You've seen us announce the opportunity to tokenize the 500 on-chain. We've done some really innovative launches off the back of that tokenization. So I'd say tokenization there is a good opportunity for that business. And, you know, we're going to talk to you a lot more about this over the course of the year, but I appreciate the question, and we see it as an opportunity, and we're leaning in. Thanks, Peter.

Thank you. Our final question will come from Sean Kennedy with Mizuho. Your line is open.

Hi, good morning. Thanks for taking my question. So I know there was some pull forward this quarter, but I was wondering if the expected investment in AI capabilities and products is greater than what you were thinking six months or even three months ago with everything that's happening in the AI and software markets, and how can show provides a significant advantage here versus the competition?

Sean and Derek, let me start. No, this is not a higher level of investment scenario for the year. We don't expect that to be higher than expected. next year from relative to six months ago. I mean, we routinely invest through the P&L, you know, three, 4% of our expense base. And we're just continuing to do that. We're just shifting in some cases, how we invest, where we invest, and the particular feature functionalities that are important to customers changes over time. But we see it as quite sustainable and just part of our continued pattern.

And maybe I'd just add in there, Sean, on just by having the Kensho team and our choice in how to allocate those as a really valuable scarce resource, that also gives us a lot of leverage around how we can actually make things happen more quickly across the organization as well as how we can actually generate growth opportunities through Kensho Labs. So, well, thank you so much for all your time today. I'd like to reiterate how proud I am of what we've accomplished in 2025. We have a clearly defined strategy, an incredible leadership team, the best people, and deep relationships with our customers and partners, all aligned on our mission of advancing essential intelligence. Thank you to our customers, our people, and our shareholders who continue to support us in this mission. We are exceptionally well positioned and excited about the opportunity to drive value in 2026. Thanks for joining the call today.